Lecture Instructions Take out a sheet of paper. While listening write down 8-10 facts you found interesting. While listening write down anything that.

Lecture Instructions

• Take out a sheet of paper.

• While listening write down 8-10 facts you found interesting.

• While listening write down anything that you find confusing.

Chapter 18: Section 2

Part 2

The Reign of Terror

Reign of Terror• Courts were set up to prosecute

counter-revolutionaries and traitors.• Throughout France 40,000 people

were killed during the Reign of Terror.• 16,000 were killed via the guillotine.• In Lyon, 1,880 citizens of the city were

executed. When the guillotine proved to slow the rest were shot.

• 15% of all killed were from the First and Second Estate.

• The Committee of Public Safety promised that the bloodletting was temporary. They promise that once it was over, the Republic of Virtue would begin!

The Republic of Virtue• Created by Robespierre and the

Committee of Public Safety to control and shape French society.

• Would be a democratic republic composed of good citizens.

• Primary education was established. (Not widely implemented.)

• Slavery in French colonies was abolished.

• Tried to control prices of food and other commodities. (Failed as the government had no way to enforce them.)

The De-Christianization of France• Believe that religion

encouraged superstition rather than reason.

• Removed “saint” from all street signs.

• Changed the calendar to omit Sat, Sun and all church holidays.

• Ultimately failed as France was a staunchly Catholic nation.

The Revolutionary Army• In less that a year an army

of a more than a million soldiers was raised. The largest army ever seen in Europe.

• The people created the government and now fought the people’s wars (rather than the kings, as they had in the past).

• Austria and Prussia were pushed out of France, and the war shifted to a French invasion of Europe.

End of the Terror

• With France well defended the need for the Terror had passed, but still it continued.

• Robespierre was obsessed with ridding France of all threats.

• Rivals, fearful of being killed, condemned Robespierre and guillotined him on July 28th, 1794.

• The end of the Terror quickly followed.

The Directory• With the terror over the National Convention moved

in a more conservative direction.• Religion was permitted, the Committee of Public

Safety’s power limited and a new Constitution drafted.

• The “Directory” was an executive council of five elders.

• Many people, tired of the suffering and sacrifice of the Terror turned to selfish greed, graft and theft.

• The governmental experiment was largely a failure as it became know for little else but corruption.

Chapter 18: Section 3

The Age

of Napoleon

The Rise of Napoleon• b. 1769 in Corsica (two

months after annexation by France).

• son of a minor Italian noble.

• attended military school on scholarship.

• commissioned as a lieutenant in the French Army.

The Rise of Napoleon

Military Successes:• 1792 made a captain.• 1794 made brigadier general

at 24 (by the Committee of Public Safety).

• 1796 made commander of French armies in Italy.

• 1797 charged with preparing and leading an army to invade England.

Rise of Napoleon

The Egyptian Campaign• Napoleon decided to

attack Egypt rather than Britain directly.

• Egypt was on the route to India, a major source of wealth for the British Empire.

• Napoleon could not overcome British naval superiority. He abandoned his army, returning to Paris.

Coup d’etat!• 1799, Napoleon takes part

in coup d’etat.• A consulate (in theory a

republic) government is created.

• Napoleon is named First Consul, he rules with absolute power.

• 1802, he is made Consul for Life.

• 1804, he crowns himself emperor, Napoleon I.

Napoleon’s Domestic Policies• Made peace with the church

by recognizing the Catholic Church as the religion of France, while not returning seized church lands.

• Codified laws of France, the most important was the Civil Code or Napoleonic Code.

• Women lost all rights under new laws of the French Empire.

• Created a strong central administration, focusing on capable officials.

Preserver of the Revolution?Oui!•The Civil Code reflected the revolutionary ideal of all citizens being equal before the law.•Opening of government careers to people of skill and ability.

Non!•Liberty replaced by despotism.•Shut down 60 of France’s 73 newspapers. All manuscripts reviewed and mail inspected by government.

Haiku Activity• Using your back side

of paper or a new sheet of paper compose a haiku about Napoleon’s rise to power.

• A haiku is a three line poem. The first line is five syllables, the second, seven syllables and the third, five syllables.

Here is my example:

Teacher is insane!

(5)

Making us write haikus? No! (7)

Oh?! I have no choice.

(5)