LECTURE II:

LECTURE II:

THE HISTORY OF SOCIOLOGY. THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIOLOGY OF

MEDICINE

Plan: 1.     The first sociological institutions and researches. 2.     Auguste Comte and his followers. 3.     The main sociological schools: -         social Darwinism; -         race-anthropologic school; -         geographic school; -         the theory of imitation; 4.     The main periods in the development of sociology of

medicine. -         the early period; -         the period of formation -         the period of development; -         the period of development as a science; -         the modern period.

The first book with the term 'sociology' in its title was The Study of Sociology (1874) by the English philosopher Herbert Spencer.

In the United States, Lester Frank Ward, described by some as the father of American sociology, published Dynamic Sociology in 1883 and the discipline was taught by its own name for the first time at the University of Kansas, Lawrence in 1890 under the course title Elements of Sociology (the oldest continuing sociology course in America).

The Department of History and Sociology at the University of Kansas was established in 1891 and the first full-fledged independent university department of sociology was established in 1892 at the University of Chicago by Albion W. Small, who in 1895 founded the American Journal of Sociology. The first European department of sociology was founded in 1895 at the University of Bordeaux by Émile Durkheim, founder of L'Année Sociologique (1896). The first sociology department to be established in the United Kingdom was at the London School of Economics and Political Science (home of the British Journal of Sociology) in 1904. In 1919 a sociology department was established in Germany at the Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich by Max Weber and in 1920 in Poland by Florian Znaniecki.

International cooperation in sociology began in 1893 when René Worms founded the small Institut International de Sociologie that was later on eclipsed by the much larger International Sociological Association starting in 1949 (ISA). 1905, the American Sociological Association, the world's largest association of professional sociologists, was founded; 1909 as well der Deutsche Gesellschaft für Soziologie

Auguste Comte Born 20.1.1798, died 1857

Author of Cours de Philosophie Positive (6 volumes), published 1830, to 1842; translated into English 1853. The word Sociologie was first coined in volume four (1839). Comte argued that sociology would have two closely inter-related parts, statics and dynamics. Statics would be about social organisation and stability, dynamics about change and history. Comte divided the history of ideas into three stages: 1) theological 2) philosophical (critical) and 3) scientific (positive).

- social Darwinism – lies in naturalization of the society, this school recognizes natural selection and the struggle for existence as the main determiners for the development of the society (representatives: W. Mac-Dugal);

-  race-anthropologic school – recognizes race factor as crucial for historic process, its representatives Chamberlain, Hobino etc, were for the preservation of pure race and they were against race mixing ;

-         geographic school – Bokl and Mechnikov developed the psychological trend in sociology and the terms “psychology of a people and a crowd”;

-         the theory of imitation – H.Tard introduced three processes in the society: imitation, opposition, adaptation and also two types of imitation: fashion and customs.

-         the early period (the 19th century) – the first investigations of the relations of public health, people psychic and physical state, their diseases with social factors (Mac-Intire);

-         the period of formation (the beginning of 20th till World War I) – the book “Medical sociology” by Blackwell in 1910;

-         the period of development (20-30 of the 20th century) - the introduction of social analysis into medical researches – G.Stern and his book “”Social factors of medical progress”;

-         the period of development as a science – after World War II sociology of medicine became an independent science. The main characteristics of this period: sociologic realization of the role and place of medicine, health care system, patients in modern social-economic conditions and the necessity of sociologic education for medical personnel;

the modern period – (since 1999 and up to now) the investigations of the influence of the scientific technical progress on people’s lifestyles, their behavior stereotypes, diseases and health.