Lecture Four: Party State and Politics in China.

Lecture Four:Lecture Four:

Party State and Politics in ChinaParty State and Politics in China

Country Bio: ChinaCountry Bio: China

Politics In ChinaPolitics In China

Mao Zedong 1949 Communist: People’s Republic of China Until death in 1976, moving agrarian people

to modernization, prosperity, communist utopia

New Economic Pragmatism Retreat from government’s administration of

economy Tolerates no challenge to Communist Party’s

monopolyInstitutionalization in ChinaPromote more transparency, stability, responsiveness

Mao Zedong 1949 Communist: People’s Republic of China Until death in 1976, moving agrarian people

to modernization, prosperity, communist utopia

New Economic Pragmatism Retreat from government’s administration of

economy Tolerates no challenge to Communist Party’s

monopolyInstitutionalization in ChinaPromote more transparency, stability, responsiveness

Current Policy ChallengesCurrent Policy Challenges

Fostering economic growth and material life Economy has grown at rate of 10 percent

per year since 1980 Economic success has not been costless

Corruption Rural land reform Growing wealth gap

Abandoned strictures of communist ideology Opened up political processes to most

diversified inputs Suppressed challenges to Communist

Party

Fostering economic growth and material life Economy has grown at rate of 10 percent

per year since 1980 Economic success has not been costless

Corruption Rural land reform Growing wealth gap

Abandoned strictures of communist ideology Opened up political processes to most

diversified inputs Suppressed challenges to Communist

Party

Historical SettingHistorical Setting

Confusianism: Conservative philosophy, hierarchy of harmonious relationships

Imperial order to Founding of PRC Nationalist Party Chinese Communist Party History of PRC

Learning from Soviet Union Great Leap Forward, Maoist Retreat from the Leap Cultural Revolution

Confusianism: Conservative philosophy, hierarchy of harmonious relationships

Imperial order to Founding of PRC Nationalist Party Chinese Communist Party History of PRC

Learning from Soviet Union Great Leap Forward, Maoist Retreat from the Leap Cultural Revolution

Social ConditionsSocial Conditions Huge population

Most live in countryside Rural collective industry is dynamic

industrial sector Geography

Population concentrated in eastern third Only ¼ of land is arable

Multiethnic state 92 percent of Chinese are ethnically Han 55 recognized ethnic minorities Language Chinese share same written language,

unifying

Huge population Most live in countryside Rural collective industry is dynamic

industrial sector Geography

Population concentrated in eastern third Only ¼ of land is arable

Multiethnic state 92 percent of Chinese are ethnically Han 55 recognized ethnic minorities Language Chinese share same written language,

unifying

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Structure of the Party StateStructure of the Party State

Design Features Guardianship

Describes main relationship between Communist Party and society

Party Organization Democratic centralism – Leninist principle Refers to consultation: opportunities for

discussion, criticism, proposals Two Hierarchies, with Party Leadership

Division of labor between party and government structures

Design Features Guardianship

Describes main relationship between Communist Party and society

Party Organization Democratic centralism – Leninist principle Refers to consultation: opportunities for

discussion, criticism, proposals Two Hierarchies, with Party Leadership

Division of labor between party and government structures

Structure of the Party StateStructure of the Party State

Government StructuresNational People’s Congress (NPC) – legislature

Elected for 5-year terms by delegates in provincial congresses and armed forces

Assemble annually for a plenary session of 2 weeks

Extensive powers: amendment of constitution, passage and amendment of legislation, approval of economic plans

Too large, meets infrequently, Lawmaking role of less cumbersome NPC

Standing Committee gaining

Government StructuresNational People’s Congress (NPC) – legislature

Elected for 5-year terms by delegates in provincial congresses and armed forces

Assemble annually for a plenary session of 2 weeks

Extensive powers: amendment of constitution, passage and amendment of legislation, approval of economic plans

Too large, meets infrequently, Lawmaking role of less cumbersome NPC

Standing Committee gaining

Structure of the Party StateStructure of the Party State

State Council: Premier, cabinet of vice-premiers, state councillors, ministers, auditor general, secretary general

Standing Committee, meets twice weekly

Legislation drafted by specialized ministries under direction of cabinet

President, Head of State: ceremonial office

Communist Party Leadership: Party leaders have veto power over legislation

Judiciary: Supreme People’s Court Supreme People’s Procuratorate

State Council: Premier, cabinet of vice-premiers, state councillors, ministers, auditor general, secretary general

Standing Committee, meets twice weekly

Legislation drafted by specialized ministries under direction of cabinet

President, Head of State: ceremonial office

Communist Party Leadership: Party leaders have veto power over legislation

Judiciary: Supreme People’s Court Supreme People’s Procuratorate

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Structure of the Party StateStructure of the Party State

Party Structures National Party Congress Central Committee

Exercises powers of congress between sessions

Chinese political elites Politburo

Politburo Standing Committee Top Leader and Succession Problem Party Bureaucracy

Party Structures National Party Congress Central Committee

Exercises powers of congress between sessions

Chinese political elites Politburo

Politburo Standing Committee Top Leader and Succession Problem Party Bureaucracy

Sickle & Hammer: Symbol of CPSickle & Hammer: Symbol of CP

Structure of the Party StateStructure of the Party State

Party Dominance Nomenklatura System: mechanism by

which Communist Party exerts control over officials

Party Membership Party Core Groups Overlapping Directorships Elite Recruitment

Rule by Law Socialist Legality Legal Reform Criticism of Legal Practices

Party Dominance Nomenklatura System: mechanism by

which Communist Party exerts control over officials

Party Membership Party Core Groups Overlapping Directorships Elite Recruitment

Rule by Law Socialist Legality Legal Reform Criticism of Legal Practices

Mao ZedongMao Zedong

Deng XiaopingDeng Xiaoping

Jiang ZeminJiang Zemin

Hu JintaoHu Jintao

Wen JiabaoWen Jiabao

Political SocializationPolitical Socialization Mass Media

Citizens exposed to news, opinions, public affairs Hong Kong: free, critical mass media Leaders shut down publications that go too far Internet: tens/thousands cyber police block

foreign news Education System

Past: ideological, persecution of scholars Today: respect for expertise

Mass Media Citizens exposed to news, opinions, public affairs Hong Kong: free, critical mass media Leaders shut down publications that go too far Internet: tens/thousands cyber police block

foreign news Education System

Past: ideological, persecution of scholars Today: respect for expertise

Political CulturePolitical Culture

Radicalism to reform, opening to world Political Knowledge

Not uniformly distributed More knowledge, interest found in

men, highly educated, higher incomes Political Values

Reject democratic values Influence of non-Chinese evident Impact of socioeconomic

development: urban more supportive of democratic values

Radicalism to reform, opening to world Political Knowledge

Not uniformly distributed More knowledge, interest found in

men, highly educated, higher incomes Political Values

Reject democratic values Influence of non-Chinese evident Impact of socioeconomic

development: urban more supportive of democratic values

Political ParticipationPolitical Participation

Changes in the Rules Political participation was required, now

optional Mao: mass mobilization campaign Rejection of mass mobilization as

dominant mode of political participation Local Congress Elections Village Committees: autonomous self-

government Unacceptable Political Participation:

increasing Protestors and Reformers

Changes in the Rules Political participation was required, now

optional Mao: mass mobilization campaign Rejection of mass mobilization as

dominant mode of political participation Local Congress Elections Village Committees: autonomous self-

government Unacceptable Political Participation:

increasing Protestors and Reformers

Interest Articulation and AggregationInterest Articulation and Aggregation

Organizations Under Party Leadership Satellite parties Chinese People’s Political Consultative

Conference Important mass organizations

NGOs: Nongovernmental organizations Most active in environmental issues

GONGOs: Government-organized NGOs Front operations for government agencies Take advantage of interest of foreign

governments, international NGOs to support civil society

Business associations set up to organize firms

Organizations Under Party Leadership Satellite parties Chinese People’s Political Consultative

Conference Important mass organizations

NGOs: Nongovernmental organizations Most active in environmental issues

GONGOs: Government-organized NGOs Front operations for government agencies Take advantage of interest of foreign

governments, international NGOs to support civil society

Business associations set up to organize firms

Policymaking and ImplementationPolicymaking and Implementation

Policymaking: 3 tiers Politburo and its Standing Committee Leading small groups (LSGs) Relevant party departments and

government ministries From agenda setting to implementing

regulation 5 stages: agenda setting, interagency

review, Politburo approval, NPC review, debate, passage

Policy implementation Monitoring Policy Priorities Adapting Policy to Local Conditions

Corruption

Policymaking: 3 tiers Politburo and its Standing Committee Leading small groups (LSGs) Relevant party departments and

government ministries From agenda setting to implementing

regulation 5 stages: agenda setting, interagency

review, Politburo approval, NPC review, debate, passage

Policy implementation Monitoring Policy Priorities Adapting Policy to Local Conditions

Corruption

Policy PerformancePolicy Performance

Economic Growth Opening to foreign trade, investment Decentralization Reform of State Owned Enterprises (SOE)

Environmental Degradation Economic growth = serious environmental

damage Health, productivity costs EPBs: local environmental protection bureaus State Environmental Protection Agency (SEPA)

Population Control: one-child family policy Policy implementation: incentives used to

encourage one child policy Perverse outcomes: shortage of girls

Economic Growth Opening to foreign trade, investment Decentralization Reform of State Owned Enterprises (SOE)

Environmental Degradation Economic growth = serious environmental

damage Health, productivity costs EPBs: local environmental protection bureaus State Environmental Protection Agency (SEPA)

Population Control: one-child family policy Policy implementation: incentives used to

encourage one child policy Perverse outcomes: shortage of girls

Copyright © 2012, 2010, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2012, 2010, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Hong KongHong Kong

1842, 1860: island of Hong Kong, adjacent territory ceded by treaty to British in perpetuity Result of wars fought to impose trade

on China Communists: “one country, two systems”

applicable to Hong Kong Hong Kong reverted to Chinese in 1997 Continues to enjoy autonomy Authorities hope outcome will woo

Taiwan back

1842, 1860: island of Hong Kong, adjacent territory ceded by treaty to British in perpetuity Result of wars fought to impose trade

on China Communists: “one country, two systems”

applicable to Hong Kong Hong Kong reverted to Chinese in 1997 Continues to enjoy autonomy Authorities hope outcome will woo

Taiwan back

China and the WorldChina and the World

1949-1979: Ally of Soviet Union – until split 1960

Relationship with US defined by Taiwan

1979 US recognized China Seat on UN Security Council

Will not reign in North Korea Today: powerful, confident,

international player

1949-1979: Ally of Soviet Union – until split 1960

Relationship with US defined by Taiwan

1979 US recognized China Seat on UN Security Council

Will not reign in North Korea Today: powerful, confident,

international player

China’s Political FutureChina’s Political Future

Dramatic changes in economy, polity, society

Will democratization reach China? Authoritarianism has not survived

intact with economic modernization in many East Asian countries.

Communist Party will continue to transform China, transform itself in order to continue rule

Dramatic changes in economy, polity, society

Will democratization reach China? Authoritarianism has not survived

intact with economic modernization in many East Asian countries.

Communist Party will continue to transform China, transform itself in order to continue rule

The New Standing Committee of CPCCC, Nov. 2012

Xi Jinping and Li Keqiang