Lecture Demo-unlocking the Immune System

8/8/2019 Lecture Demo-unlocking the Immune System

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FROM LIFE TO DEATH


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theeffective

teacher =

learning

theeffective

teacher +??? =

learning


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tabula rasaclean slate


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Nan-in, a Japenese master during the Meiji era

(1868-1912), served tea to a professor who

inquired about Zen.

He poured his visitor's cup full, and then kept on

going.

The professor watched the overflow until he no

longer could restrain himself. "It is overfull.

No more will go in!

"Like this cup," Nan-in said, "you are full of your

own opinions and speculations


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How can I show you

Zen unless you firstempty your cup?"


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How can we learn

from each other if our

minds are full?"


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the receptivestudent

LEARNING

the effective

teacher


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UNLOCKING THEIMMUNE SYSTEM 2BRIEF COURSE ONTHE BASICS OF IMMUNITY

AMADO O. TANDOC III, M.D.PATHOLOGIST


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LAST WEEK

THE IMMUNE

SYSTEM


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THE THYMUS

THE

LYMPHNODE


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B-cells

10-20% of peripheral

lymphocytes form plasma cells that

secrete immunoglobulins

humoral immunity

T-cells

60-70% of peripheral

lymphocytes

cellularimmunity

transported from marrow to

thymus for maturation to

CD4+ and CD8+ T cells


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The UNDERLYINGUNIVERSAL

PRINCIPLE of the immune

system deals with recognizingSELF FROMNONSELF

(FOREIGN) based on the

principle ofligand/receptor

binding. In a competitive and deadly

world, self is usuallyGOOD and

non-self is usuallyBAD.

This LAW defines both thestrengths and the weaknesses

of the immune system and

foreshadows its inherent

problems


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LIGAND-RECEPTOR BINDINGMEANS A KEY FOR EVERY LOCK.


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On this protein antigen there are certain GROUPSOF ATOMS that

comprise EPITOPES. These groups are defined as epitopes BECAUSETHEYELICIT AN IMMUNERESPONSE .

Since each of the epitopes is a DIFFERENT and unique chemical

cluster, each one of them induces a UNIQUE ANTIBODY.

Each antibody will bind tightly to its particular epitope and NOT TO ANY

OF THEOTHERS.

HOW ARE ANTIGENS

RECOGNIZED?


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A KEY FOR EVERY LOCK?


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Defense against microbes is mediated by the EARLY reactions of innate

immunity and the LATER responses of adaptive immunity. BOTH ACT

TO PROTECT THE ORGANISM FROM HARM.

INNATE (NATURAL, NATIVE) IMMUNITYconsists of cellularand biochemical defense mechanisms that are in place even

before infection and poised to respond rapidly to infections

ADAPTIVE (SPECIFIC) IMMUNITYare immune responses

that are stimulated by exposure to infectious agents andincrease in magnitude and defensive capabilities with each

successive exposure to a particular microbe

INNATE & ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY

INNATE IMMUNITY = This can best be

described as GENETIC IMMUNITY or

immunity an organism is BORN WITH.


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INNATE IMMUNITY provides the EARLY, INITIAL DEFENSE.

ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY develops later and consists of activation of

lymphocytes.


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1. BARRIERS. Physical and chemical barriers such asepithelia and antimicrobial substances produced at

epithelial surfaces

2. NON-SPECIFIC CELLS. Phagocytic cells (neutrophilsand macrophages) and natural killer (NK) cells

3. COMPLEMENT. Blood proteins, including members of

the complement system and other mediators of

inflammation

4. CYTOKINES. Proteins called cytokines that regulate

and coordinate many of the activities of the cells of

innate immunity

COMPONENTS OF INNATE IMMUNITY

Cells of the NON-SPECIFIC IMMUNE SYSTEM, known as

macrophages and polymorphonuclear neutrophils,

RECOGNIZE and then ATTACK NON-SELF MATERIAL,

destroy it, and more importantly:

PROCESS IT FORUSEBY THESPECIFIC IMMUNESYSTEM.


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This refers to immunity against SPECIFIC ANTIGENS that one acquires in

one of two ways, ACTIVE or PASSIVE.

ACTIVE NATURALLY ACQUIRED IMMUNITY = This occurs when

individuals suffer from a natural infection of a pathogen and become

immune to that pathogen upon recovery (e.g. chickenpox).

ACTIVE ARTIFICIALLY ACQUIRED IMMUNITY = This occurs when

individuals are actively vaccinated with an antigen that confers

immunity.

PASSIVENATURALLY ACQUIRED IMMUNITY = This occurs when

individuals receive antibodies from their mother by a natural process,such as in BREAST MILK or in-utero transfer of antibodies from mother

to fetus.

PASSIVE ARTIFICIALLY ACQUIRED IMMUNITY = This occurs when

individuals are injected with POOLED serum from immune individuals

that contain antibodies against a large number of pathogens.

ACQUIRED OR ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY


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ARTIFICIALLY ACQUIRED IMMUNITY:

THE CONCEPT OF VACCINATION


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1. SPECIFIC CELLS. Lymphocytes.

2. ANTIBODIES.

COMPONENTS OF ACTIVE NATURALLY-

ACQUIRED IMMUNITY


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INNATE & ACQUIRED IMMUNITY: QUICK SUMMARY


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The specific or acquired immune system exists throughout the body, but a major

portion of it circulates in the blood and lymphatic systems, as they flow throughoutthe body. The human specific immune system is a TWOLEVELORDUAL

SYSTEMconsisting of soluble antibodies and special immune cells. The two

systems work intimately as a coordinated unit. Foreign material is dealt with by

both components of this dual system.

THE DUAL LEVELS OF ACQUIRED IMMUNITY


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THE DUAL LEVELS OF ACQUIRED IMMUNITY

ACTUALLY REFERS TO THE TWO

COMPONENTS OF THE ACQUIRED IMMUNITY

SYSTEM.


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WHAT

HAPPENSUPON

EXPOSURE

TO ANTIGEN?


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A KEY FOR EVERY LOCK: THE ANTIBODY


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IT ISNOT ONLY THE ANTIBODY THAT BINDS

ANTIGENS.


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MEET THE OTHER AG PRESENTING CELLS:


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FINALLY This lecture is by no means a substitute to

reading your books.

Please read your books.

A copy of this lecture will be given to you so you

can study the diagrams and understand how the

immune system works.

Lecture Demo-unlocking the Immune System

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