TDM 458 Ara Pachmayer TOURISM IN ASIA
May 17, 2015
TDM 458Ara Pachmayer
TOURISM IN ASIA
Strong and vibrant culturesLess assimilated by the westPreserved traditional practices
LanguageAgriculturalReligionLifestyle
OVERVIEW OF ASIA
South AsiaPakistan, India, Bangladesh, Nepal . . .Greatest diversity of ethnicities in the world
South East AsiaThailand, Vietnam, Cambodia, Singapore . . . Culturally diverse
East AsiaChina, Korea, Japan . . .Relatively homogenous, share Chinese influences
OVERVIEW OF ASIA
Size - largest continent Area - 31,415,000 sq km (23% of the
global land area)Variety of countries - 48 Population - close to 3.8 billion or 56%
of the world’s populationLarge population base for domestic and regional travel, short and long haul tourism
FACTORS AFFECTING ASIA TOURISM EVOLUTION AND
DEVELOPMENT
Has more than double the average world population - crowded cities
Has 6 of the world’s 10 largest cities: Tokyo, Mumbai (Bombay), Shanghai, Calcutta, Seoul, Beijing
Diversity - Oil rich to peasant poor, rural to urban, industrialized to traditional; varying political systems
FACTORS AFFECTING ASIA TOURISM EVOLUTION AND
DEVELOPMENT
Tremendous historical and cultural resources: religious, architectural, festivals, gastronomic, lifestyle - which makes it an attractive and interesting place to visit
Variation in landforms, ecological and physical environments: almost from the Mediterranean to the Pacific and the Indian Ocean; deserts to alpine and forests zones; plains to mountains; islands to mainland
FACTORS AFFECTING ASIA TOURISM EVOLUTION AND
DEVELOPMENT
In 2011Asia accounted for about 20% of global arrivals
Asia and the Pacific accounted for 20% of departures
Both are increasing quickly!Asia and the Pacific account +30%
global arrivals by 2030
TOURISM OVERVIEW
INTERNATIONAL TOURIST ARRIVALS, 1950-2030
KEY DESTINATIONS IN ASIA 2011
Country Arrivals (Millions) Receipts (Billions of $)
China 57.6 48.5Hong Kong 22.3 27.7Malaysia 24.7 18.3Thailand 19.1 26.3Macau 13 NRSingapore 10.4 18Indonesia 7.7 8
* In 2011 growth was primarily driven by Southeast Asian destinations (Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia, Cambodia . . . )
Four Countries receive over 65% of arrivals in Asia
These are China (including Hong Kong and Macau) Thailand, Malaysia and Singapore
CONCENTRATION OF TOURISM
OTHER DESTINATIONS IN ASIA 2011
Country Arrivals (Millions)Receipts
(Billions of $)
South Korea 9.8 12.3Japan (-27.8%) 6.2 11India 6.3 17.5Taiwan 6.0 11.0Vietnam 6.0 5.6Philippines 3.9 3.2Cambodia 2.9 1.7
FREE FLIGHTS TO BOOST TOURISM TO JAPAN
http://www.abc.net.au/news/2011-10-10/japan-offering-free-trips-to-foreigners/3459548?section=world
Global (and Asian) recessionTerrorism targeting tourism enterprises
especially Indonesia, India, Philippines Islamic FundamentalismCivil wars - India/Pakistan, East Timor, Tamil
TigersNorth - South Korea conflict Illegal drug traffi c Disasters - earthquakes, tsunamis, floods,
droughts, environmental disasters
CURRENT AND FUTURE ISSUES IN ASIA
TOURISM IN SOUTH ASIA
PakistanIndiaBangladeshNepalBhutanSri LankaThe Maldives
SOUTH ASIA
The world’s second largest population cluster (where is 1st?)
Significant demographic problems Linguistic diversity & More than 2000 ethnic groups Strong cultural regionalism - culturally fragmented Fast growing birthrates
Religious Patterns Islam, Hinduism, Sikhism, Buddhism
Low income economies - 2nd lowest average income after Sub-Saharan Africa Culture Shock for western visitors
Population concentrated in villages - subsistence agriculture
Boundary problems (Pakistan - India, Jammu & Kashmir)
Climatic disturbance
MAJOR QUALITIES OF SOUTH ASIA
PAKISTAN
Islamic Republic of PakistanPopulation - 166.9 million80% Sunni Muslim; 16% Shia Minority
PAKISTAN
West PakistanEast Pakistan
India
PAKISTAN (AT PARTITION)
Partition and Independence Leaders of Jammu and Kashmir joined with India (they were Hindu) Hindu ruler but Muslim population
Pakistan wants region backAlmost continuous state of war since 1947Long history of tourism in the region, Main source of
income Floating luxury hotels and houseboats on lakes
However, issues with tourism in the region include Dal Lake - has shrunk due to unregulated tourism and
residential development Periodic terrorist and military action Decline in tourism
KASHMIR
Used to be fairly significant Abundance of natural and cultural resources
Political crisis and war have deteriorated tourism Travel warnings abound
Relationship between India and PakistanLittle other tourism beyond VFR
but missing India to some degree Difficult for Indians and Pakistanis to get visas to
either country (though citizens of other countries can cross)
TOURISM IN PAKISTAN
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KWc1cEV-wAo
BORDER CROSSING VIDEO
INDIA
Encompasses 75% of the total area in South Asia
Population - 1.2 billion - largest democracy in the world
28% Urbanized14 major and many minor languages
INDIA
Average annual income - $2,880 Per person
38% live below the poverty lineTraditional village farming and modern
agricultureHandicraft, old and new branches of
industrySupport services - Call CentersClothing Industry
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
Kolkatta (Calcutta) - 14.6 million500,000 Homeless/est. 200,000 are children
Former British Colonial Capital - 1772 - 1911
Delhi (New and Old) - 16.2 millionBritish and Indian seat of Government
Mumbai (Bombay) - 18.9 millionAchieved primacy based on location (Suez Canal)
CITIES
TransportationWell developed train system allowed for mobility, also comprehensive road network
Adapted from the English Legal system Political systemEducation system
Conflicts between Hindus and Muslims (partition)
Caste systemAbolished in 1950 but still important in rural and more traditional areas
COLONIALISM AND THE MODERNIZATION OF INDIA
Grew by 9% in 2011, 12% in 2010 Growing as a source market as wellVFR
Huge Indian Diaspora from emigration, voluntary and forced (indentured servitude). These people return “home”
Backpacker Exotic, beaches, trekkingRishikesh - 100K visitors/per year (vegetarian city by law, have banned the use of plastic bags, world capital of Yoga, famous for the Beatles visit)
TOURISM IN INDIA
NatureNational parks, mountains and nature preserves
CultureMultiplicity of cultures and historic sites
Religious TourismHindu, Buddhist and Muslim pilgrimagesKumbha Mela and other festivalsAshrams (meditation centers
Medical Tourism Full Service “package”
Business Tourism
TOURISM IN INDIA
TRANSPORTATION/INFRASTRUCTURE
VFR
BANGLADESH
Independent since 1971Formerly East PakistanPopulation - 147 millionDensity - 3914/square mile (AZ =
91/square mile, Phoenix = 2700/square mile
2.1% annual growth rateAnnual income $1870 per personNatural Hazards - Cyclones, Flooding
BANGLADESH
TOURISM POTENTIAL
World’s largest unbroken beach in the Bay of Bengal
World’s largest mangrove forestHome of the Bengal tigerSeveral ancient cities dating to the
12th century
BARRIERS TO TOURISM
Annual Climatic Disturbances
Muslim - perceived security concerns
Low levels of technological development
One of the world’s poorest and least developed countries
HIMALAYAN KINGDOMS
Turbulent political situation Maoist rebels, Changes in government
Traditions of tourism due to hundreds of years of religious tourism
Culture Kathmandu - City of Temples, Freak Street, gateway to Everest Kathmandu Valley - 7 UNESCO WHS Lumbini - birthplace of Lord Buddha - WHS
Nature Chitwan National Park - Rhinos, tigers, and elephants, oh my!
Trekking - Annapurna Mount Everest
Mt. Everest…Grew by 37% in 2007…declined by 5% in 2008 $10K - $65K per person for a climbing permit which =major
revenue Environmental degradation is a major issue! - trash, tramping,
burning bushes which leads to erosion
NEPAL
Mountain Kingdom in HimalayasClosed Buddhist SocietyGNH - Gross National HappinessUnique tourism model
Tourism highly restricted, only 25,000 a yearProtectionism
Culture and religionNatural environment“High Value, Low Volume/Low Impact”
BHUTAN
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m9MFDOGUJA0 Watch this short video if you would like additional
information on Bhutan - not requiredhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FbCus2hNU
co Sustainable Adventure Rural Tourism Project
between Bhutan and Costa Rica
BHUTAN
The Maldives >1,000 Islands <115 square miles Population - 300,000 Mainly Muslim Highest GNP in the region Tourism dependent Prone to disasters
Only 8 feet above sea level on average so vulnerable to storms, tsunamis
The sinking islands It is expected that the Maldives will be below sea
level within the next century due to rising sea levels
THE MALDIVES
Unique tourism modelCatering to affluent Europeans Islands as self-contained resortsTourists aren’t encouraged to leave resortsTourism restricted by the government
Maldives PR disasterhttp://minivannews.com/society/resort-wedding-ceremony-in-dhivehi-degrades-tourist-couple-as-infidel-swine-mocks-islam-12671
THE MALDIVES