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Title Slide
Structural Steel
Members and Systems Assoc. Prof. Dr. Fadzil Hassan
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Overview of
Structural Steel Members and Systems
A x i a l l y L o a d e d
S p a n n i n
g M e m b e r s
Steel Piles
Lintels
Steel Trusses
Steel Beams / Girders
Open Web Joists / Girders
Linear Configurations
Space Frames
Decking / Diaphragms
Planar Members and Configurations
Steel Bracing
Steel Columns
CONTENTS
CONTENTSStructural Steel Members and Systems |
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CHOICE OFCONSTRUCTION
MATERIAL
• Steel
• Reinforced concrete
• Timber (domestic)
• Aluminum alloy
The choice:
• Availability of material
• Cost
• Speed of erection
• Possibility of standardizing the
sizes of the structural
members
• Size and nature of site
• Fire resistance required
Steel Structures | Overview
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Comparison/similarities:
Steel Concrete
Site
consideration
Made under factory
condition – BS
Fabricate “off-site”
Strict supervision on
site
Manufacturing on
site
Cost and
speed of
erection
Erection by skilled-
labour, quickly &
accurately
Early completion but
may be limited due to the
large number of
complicated connections.
Combination or
skilled & unskilled
Site space required
for storage & mixing
Cheaper in cost but
longer in construction
Steel Structures | Overview
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Comparison/similarities:
Steel Concrete
Designconsideration
Extension – need to
expose by the removal
of any fire-resisting
casing
Flexibility in design-monolithic in nature ¬ confine to standard
sections but limit to the
cost of formwork
Steel Structures | Overview
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Steel Structures | Overview
Manufacturing: Hot Rolled & Cold Rolled Steel Sections
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Steel as a material:- High strength: weight ratio- Hot rolled and cold rolled sections- Loses strength rapidly in fires- Liable to corrosion- Carbon steel (common strength grade 36,000psi)- High strength steel (50,000 psi)
• Alloys:- Aluminum: improve surface hardening- Chromium: Increase hardness and corrosion resistant- Copper: Increase hardness and corrosion resistant- Manganese: Promotes hardness and wear resistance- Molybdenum: Increase strength and corrosion resistance- Nickel : Increase tensile strength and corrosion resistance
- Tungsten : Improve strength retention at high temperatures
Steel Structures | Overview
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Steel Structures | Overview
Hot Rolled Steel Sections
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Steel Structures | Overview
Hot Rolled Steel Sections:
•Process where large pieces of metal, are heated
and then deformed between rollers to form thinner
cross sections.
•Shapes: Universal Columns, Universal Beams,
Tees, Channels, Angles, Pound, Rectangular, Boxed,
Plates.
• Mainly used for heavy construction – primary
elements of large buildings (heavy loading)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal
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Steel Structures | Overview
Universal BeamUniversal Beam & Column Shapes
Angles U Channels
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Cold-Rolled Steel Section Shapes
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Steel Structures are skeletal frame systems.
Steel frames can handle heavy loadsand long spans.
Steel is an ideal material for tension applications.
Steel is also very strong in shear.
Field welding is more costly than shop welding.
Field welding is more costly than field bolting.
Steel is fabricated in the shop and assembledon the site (not a wet trade).
Special attention is required to protect steelstructures against fire and corrosion.
Accuracy, precision and tolerancesare very high in steel construction.
OVERVIEW
Steel Structures | Overview
Structural Steel Members and Systems |
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Joints and connections are particularly vulnerable and must be designed carefully.
Rigidity of the frame must be secured against buckling (unlike wood and concrete,steel members are typically slender).
Lateral loads must be resisted through the use of diaphragms, rigid connections,bracing or shear walls.
Gravitational loads are resisted in roof / floor decking, joists, beams, girders,columns and walls.
OVERVIEWStructural Steel Members and Systems |
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Steel Welding
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Bolts
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STRUCTURAL STEEL CONNECTORS
17
There are four basic connectors used in making structural steel connections.
They are:
- bolts,
- welds,
- pins,and
-rivets.
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Rivets
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Long span system
Light / uniform roof loads
Works best for square bays, but canaccommodate highly irregular configurations
Visually rich, uniform in all directions
Usually left exposed to express visual richness
Linear members - all same size
Essentially a space frame is a 3-dimensional truss,in other words, two triangulated grids
Depth is constant and equals plan cell dimensions
Cross-Sectional shape : Tubular (Pipe) in shape
Space frames are visually rich, light,and span great distances.
SPACE FRAMES
Steel Structures | Space Frames
Structural Steel Members and Systems | 19
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Cell configuration: tetrahedral, pyramidal
Typical modules: 4’, 5’, 8’, 12’
Overhang: 1/4 span
Joints: balls / socket - all the samemechanically fastened - bolted / welded / screwed
Different support conditions affect the depth
Column support - single-point- multi-point.
Perimeter support - beam / girder- wall.
Multi-point column support Perimeter SupportMulti-point column support
Space frame assembly (courtesy of Douglas Steel)
20SPACE FRAMESStructural Steel Members and Systems |
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SPACE FRAMESStructural Steel Members and Systems | 21
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Fabricated from copper-alloy steel.
Deck is galvanized or painted againstmoisture and condensation.
May be corrugated or cellular.
Addition of a straight piece of sheet metalat the bottom can turn corrugations intoelectric / information raceways.
Serves as a platform during construction.
Deck transfers a uniform load to the beam
Shear studs make the concrete deck and the steel beamact together. This is called composite action
Steel | Decking and Diaphragms
DECKING AND DIAPHRAGMSStructural Steel Members and Systems |
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Serves as formwork and reinforcing for concrete.
Composite construction with concrete.
Welded Wire Mesh / Fabric used in composite construction for
moederating temperature and shrinkage steel.
Deformations on the surface of the metal deck allow the concrete
to bond to the decking.
Perforations in roof deck allow steam of hydration to escape.
DECKING AND DIAPHRAGMSStructural Steel Members and Systems |
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Shear Studs fastened to the top flange of thesupporting beam or girder will create a lockbetween the concrete and the top flange.
This creates a composite action in which theconcrete deck and the supporting member actas a unit.
When concrete is poured in a metal deck,it is forms a rigid composite structure (diaphragm)
and is enables the floor to lateral loads.
Pouring concrete on deck gives a rigid diaphragm.
DECKING AND DIAPHRAGMSStructural Steel Members and Systems |
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Flexible diaphragms are metal decks that do NOT
have concrete poured in them.
Roof diaphragms are often constructed as flexible
diaphragms (rigid insulation, water-proof
membrane, ballast, etc…without concrete).
As long as a roof is constructed of panels andis not “monolithic”, then the diaphragm is
considered flexible.
DECKING AND DIAPHRAGMS
Flexible diaphragms
Structural Steel Members and Systems |
Y
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Lightweight structure, capable of long spans.
Repetitive members that are closely spacedand that support uniform loads.
Support members may be beams,girders, or load-bearing walls.
Shop fabricated, welded very quickly.
Bar joists have standardized span, depth,member size, dead and live load capacity.
Span of bar joists depends on: depth, topand bottom chord areas, web areas,configuration, and deck load.
Spacing of bar joists depends on the
span capability of the deck (gauge of deck,spacing, and depth of corrugations).
Ceiling may be hung from bottom chord.
Integration with HVAC - could run parallel,in between, or perpendicular to bar joists.
Bar joists support uniform loads.
OPEN WEB JOISTS / GIRDERS
The depth of the bearing seat is variable and depends
on the joist configuration and type of support
Steel Structures | Open Web Joists / Girders
Structural Steel Members and Systems |
Y
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Closer spacing allows shallower floor / roof thickness
Fire rating depends on floor / ceiling material.
Bearing length varies with type and size of openweb joist
Horizontal or diagonal bridging to prevent lateralmovement of top and bottom chords.
Joist span and chord size determine
bridging requirements (10’
-15’
c/c. max).
Horizontal bridging must be top and bottom.
Top chord overhangs are possible.
Horizontal bridging of top and bottom chords.
Diagonal bridging between top and bottom
chords.
OPEN WEB JOISTS / GIRDERSStructural Steel Members and Systems |
Y
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Top and bottom chords for all bar joists in all series are a pair of angles.
8 - 24 Deep 32 - 36 Deep
Typical Web
a Round Bar (Rod)
may also be Crimped Angle
LH - Series DLH - Series
LH & DLH SERIESK -SERIES
Shortspans Longspans
Typical Web
Crimped Angle / Lighter loads
Double Angle / Heavier loads
G - SERIES
Supports other joists
Typical Web
Double Crimped Angles
K-Series G - Series
OPEN WEB JOISTS / GIRDERSStructural Steel Members and Systems |
Y
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Standard depth ranges from 4” - 44”.
Steel beams and girders may receive uniformlydistributed or concentrated loads.
A steel girder is a large member that supportsother beams, joists or decking.
Increasing the depth of a beam, increases
its section modulus which improves its abilityto withstand bending moments.
Bar joists receive a uniform load from the deck. Beamreceives a uniform load from the bar joists and deliversa concentrated load to the column.
Girder supports loads from decking , bar joists or otherbeams.
Coped Flanges Coped Flanges
Steel Structures | Beams / Girders
BEAMS / GIRDERSStructural Steel Members and Systems |
W Sections S Sections
Y
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All physical dimensions andproperties of steel shapes are
listedin tables in the SteelManufacturersManual.
The further the flanges are
from each other (deeperbeam), the larger the bendingmoment capacity of thesection.
Beams that have a thin web or
a narrow flange aresusceptible to lateral buckling.
BEAMS / GIRDERSStructural Steel Members and Systems |
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In a wide flange beam or girdersubjected to downward gravitationalloads, the top flange is in compressionwhile the bottom flange is in tension.
The thicker and deeper the web,the larger the shear capacity of theshape.
If the web of a member is slender for theconcentrated load it supports, stiffeners
are added to prevent the web fromcrippling.Stiffeners prevent buckling of the web
BEAMS / GIRDERSStructural Steel Members and Systems |
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The wider and / or thicker theflanges, the larger the abilityof the structure to
withstanding bendingmoment forces.
When deck is parallel to beam compression flange, no lateralsupport is provided.
BEAMS / GIRDERSStructural Steel Members and Systems |
When the deck is perpendicular to the beam flange, lateral support is provided.
Since the beam is perpendicular to the girder flange, they provide lateral support.
BEAMGIRDER
Y
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Steel Fireproofing
Y
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Fireproofing Materials
Y
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Fireproofing Materials
Y
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Fireproofing Materials
Y
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Fire Protection for Steel
•
Fire protection in a building, offshore facility or a ship, is asystem with equally important components, including:
• Active fire protection, which is detection and suppressionby automatic or manual means
• Passive fire protection, which is compartmentalisation ofthe fire through the use of walls and floors, and theircomponents
- proven to bear a prescribed fire-resistance rating onthe basis of fire testing and product certification,
- organised into fire compartments, which may consist ofone or more rooms or floors,
- allowing emergency evacuations and protection ofcritical building components, such as an area of refuge
Y
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compartmentalisationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compartmentalisation
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Fire Rating
• A fire-resistance rating typically meansthe duration for which a passive fire
protection system can withstand a standard
fire resistance test.
• This can be quantified simply as a measure
of time, or it may entail a host of other
criteria, involving other evidence offunctionality or fitness for purpose.
Y
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_fire_protectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_fire_protectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_testhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_testhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_fire_protectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_fire_protection
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Fireproofing structural steel
• In order for a fireproofing product to qualify for a
certification listing of structural steel, through a fire
test, the critical temperature is set by the national
standard, which governs the test.
• In Japan, this is below 400°C. In China, Europe
and North America, it is set at ca. 540°C. The time
it takes for the steel element that is being tested to
reach the temperature set by the national standarddetermines the duration of the fire-resistance rating.
Y
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire-resistance_ratinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire-resistance_ratinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire-resistance_ratinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire-resistance_ratinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan
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Fireproofing structural steel
•
Care must be taken to ensure that thermalexpansion of structural elements does notdamage fire-resistance rated wall and floorassemblies.
• Penetrants in a firewalls and ferrous cabletrays in organic firestops should be installedin accordance with an appropriate
certification listing that complies with thelocal building code.
Y
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_expansionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_expansionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire-resistance_ratinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penetranthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firewall_(construction)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_trayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_trayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firestophttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certification_listinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_codehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_codehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_codehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_codehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certification_listinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certification_listinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certification_listinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firestophttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_trayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_trayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_trayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firewall_(construction)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penetranthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire-resistance_ratinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire-resistance_ratinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire-resistance_ratinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire-resistance_ratinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire-resistance_ratinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_expansionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_expansionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_expansion
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Fireproofing structural steel• Structural steel requires external insulation
(fireproofing) in order to prevent the steel fromweakening in the event of a fire.
• When heated, steel expands and softens,eventually losing its structural integrity. Given
enough energy, it can also melt.
• Heat transfer to the steel can be slowed by the useof fireproofing materials. While concrete structures
that comprise buildings are able to achieve fire-resistance ratings with out additional fireproofing,concrete can be subject to severe spalling,particularly if it has an elevated moisture content.
AY
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Thank you