lecture 5 (25.07

MORBIDITY & MORTALITY

• Morbidity = Morbid 1.(of sb’s mind or ideas) having or showing an interest in gloomy or unpleasant things, esp. disease or death: ‘He might even die’, ‘don’t be so morbid’. 2.(medical) diseased: ‘a morbid growth e.g. cancer/tumour’

• Mortality = Number of death in a specified period of time: infant mortality (the rate at which baby die) was 20 deaths per thousand live birth in 1986.

Municipal Solid WasteMunicipal Solid Waste•Waste = (1) Schedule Waste & (2) Municipal Waste = (1) Schedule Waste & (2) Municipal Solid Waste.Solid Waste.

•(1) Schedule Waste = Hazardous (ignitable, (1) Schedule Waste = Hazardous (ignitable, corrosive, reactive & toxic) is dealt under the corrosive, reactive & toxic) is dealt under the Environment Quality Act 1974 by the DOE.Environment Quality Act 1974 by the DOE.

•(2) MSW = total of all material thrown from (2) MSW = total of all material thrown from homes & commercial establishment homes & commercial establishment (trash/refuse/garbage).(trash/refuse/garbage).

MSW Disposal• In M’sia, no Federal or State Legislation deals directly on

MSW.• MSW is being managed under the extrapolation of the

LOCAL GOVERNMENT ACT 1976 & The STREET, DRAINAGE & BUILDING ACT 1974.

• Some Local Authorities implemented by-laws → the REFUCE COLLECTION, REMOVAL & DISPOSAL BY-LAWS under the Local Government Act.

• Overall, Local Government (‘kerajaan tempatan’- MPPP,MPSP,MPPJ etc.) responsible for collecting & disposal.

• State & Federal Regulations apply to point of disposal.

MSW Composition• MSW ↑ due to ↑ population & ↑ use of disposable

materials & excessive packaging.• MSW composition vary according to:

– Generator (Commercial vs. residential)– Neighbourhood (poor vs. rich)– Time of year (summer vs. winter)

• In M’sia, MSW is divided into 5 types:– Domestic Waste– Industrial Waste (non-scheduled)– Bulk Waste– Sea Waste– River Waste

MSW Management in Penang

• Goto: http://www.unep.or.jp/Ietc/Publications/spc/State_of_waste_Management/2.asp for statistic on waste generation in Malaysia & other SEA countries.

• Penang Generates ~ 655 tons/day MSW (2004), 768 tons/day (2005).

• Does not include Construction & Demolition Waste ~ 428 tons/day (Penang).

• All Penang MSW dispose to landfill.• Waste collection has been outsourced since early 1980s.

5 private contractors (cover 80% of Penang Island, the rest by MPPP).

MSW composition of Penang (2003)

• More reference :http://www.vitalgraphics.net/waste/download/waste2223.PDF

Points of disposal in Penang

• 2 active landfills –(1) Jelutong Landfill-construction waste (2) Pulau Burung Sanitary Landfill.

• Both sites are naturally line with clay (prevent contamination of ground water).

• Both sites close to sea (danger of spillage of leachate).

• All MSW from Penang Island→Batu Maung Transfer Station →Put on barge → towed by tug boat → Pulau Burung (south of Seberang Perai Selatan).

Ways of Disposal

• Until 1980’s, most MSW was disposed in open burning dump (Jelutong Landfill).

• Open burning dump – Refuse fails to burn well,air pollution,site for flies & rats.

• Incinerators (or combustion facilities) – huge furnaces,high temperature, prime source of air pollution.

• Public objection & air pollution laws force the close down of many open burning dump & incinerator. Open burning dump converts to landfills.

U.S. MSW disposal

• US (1996)- 56% Landfill,27% recycle & compost, 17% combustion.

• Japan- over 60% combustion, > 20% recycle.• Most Western Europe-<50% Landfill,Compost &

recycle the rest.• Malaysia - >90% Landfill (~230 dump site, only

10% comes with leachate treatment pond & gas ventilation), < 5% recycle, the rest combustion. Penang ~12.7% recycle.

Landfills• Waste is put on or in the ground and covered with soil.• Air pollution & vermin population (flies,crows,rats etc.)

are kept down.• Generally, on any cheap,conveniently located piece of

land (frequently a gully or ravine,abandoned stone quarry,wetlands or previous dump).

• Problems with Landfills -Biological & Physical factors:– Leachate generation & groundwater contamination– Methane production– Incomplete decomposition– Settling