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Chapter 11: Stereotyping, Prejudice, and DiscriminationSocial Psychology by Tom Giliovich, Dacher Keltner, and Richard Nisbett
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Characterizing Intergroup Bias Stereotypes - beliefs about attributes that are thought to be characteristic of members of particular groupsPrejudice - a negative attitude or affective response toward a certain group and its individual members
Discrimination - unfair treatment of members of a particular group based on their membership in that group
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Sources of PrejudiceSocial SourcesUnequal StatusSocial IdentityCognitive SourcesStereotypesPerceived Similarities and DifferencesIllusory Correlation
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Social Sources of PrejudiceUnequal Statusrealistic conflict theory - direct competition between groups over valued resources (jobs, schools)Robbers Cave ExperimentFrustration-Aggression Hypothesis
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Racial Violence and Economic Conditions
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Frustration During ExerciseBack
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Social Sources of PrejudiceSocial Identitysocial categorization- divide world into in-group (us) and out-group (them)in-group bias- view own group more favorablyBele: You're finished Lokai. Oh, we got your kind penned in on Cheron in a little district. And it's not going to change. You half-white. Lokai: You half-black.
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In-Group Bias from Exercise
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Cognitive Sources of Prejudiceprejudice is by-product of our thinking processesstereotypes- sweeping generalizations of social groups influence social thought by:process information consistent with stereotype quickerfocus on information consistent with stereotypeuse tacit inferences to make inconsistent information appear consistent
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Cognitive Sources of Prejudiceout-group homogeneityout-group members seen as more alikein-group differentiationin-group members seen as more diverse (heterogeneous) illusory correlations overestimating rates of negative behavior in minority groups
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Out-Group Homogeneity
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DiscriminationDiscrimination- negative behaviors directed toward members of some social groupsubtle formstokenism- perform trivial actions for minoritiesreverse discrimination- leaning over backwards to treat targets of prejudice favorablymodern racism
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Characterizing Intergroup Bias1. Modern Racism and SexismModern racism - prejudice directed at other racial groups that exists alongside a rejection of explicitly racist beliefsa. Benevolent Racism and Sexism
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Characterizing Intergroup Bias2. Measures to Assess True Attitudesa. Implicit Association Test (IAT)technique for revealing unconscious prejudices toward particular groupsb. Priming and Implicit Prejudice
Priming - procedure used to increase the accessibility of a concept or schema (for example, a stereotype)
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Implicit AttitudesAre automatically activated evaluations outside of a persons awareness (unconscious)Formed slowly through experienceVery resistant to extinctionChanging implicit attitudesCan be changed without subjects conscious awarenessPrime subjects with counterstereotypes
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Being a Member of a Stigmatized Group1. Attributional Ambiguity2. Stereotype Threat- fear that one will confirm the stereotypes that others have regarding some salient group of which one is a member
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Reducing PrejudiceSocial Learningteach parents to socialize children to be tolerantIncrease intergroup contactcontact must involve cooperation and interdependencenorms favoring group equality must existfocus on individual-based (vs. category) processingExtended Contact Hypothesisknowing that members of in-group have formed friendships with out-group members may reduce prejudice
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Reducing Prejudice (cont)Have groups work on superordinate goalsFocus on similarities between in-group and nonthreatening out-groupRecategorizationreset boundaries between us and them, so former out-group is now included in in-groupFocus on others specific traits and outcomes (attribute-driven processing) rather than on group stereotypes (category-driven processing)
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