Lecture 3.2

Lecture 3.2 Chapter 7

Firms in Perfectly Competitive Markets

1. Explain what a perfectly competitive market is and why a perfect competitor faces a horizontal demand curve.

2. Explain how a firm maximises profits in a perfectly competitive market.

3. Use graphs to show a firm’s profit or loss.

4. Explain why firms may shut down temporarily.

5. Explain how entry and exit ensure that firms earn zero economic profit in the long run.

6. Explain how perfect competition leads to economic efficiency.

Learning Objectives

2 Copyright © 2013 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442558069/Hubbard and O'Brien/Essentials of Economics/2e

Market structures

Economists group industries into four market structures:

Perfect competition

Monopolistic competition

Oligopoly

Monopoly


Characteristic Perfect competition

Monopolistic competition

Oligopoly Monopoly

Number of firms

Many Many Few One

Type of product

Identical Differentiated Identical or differentiated

Unique

Ease of entry High High Low Entry blocked

Examples of industries

– Apples

– Wheat

– Selling DVDs

– Restaurants

– Banking– Manufacturing cars

– Letter delivery– Tap water

Copyright © 2013 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442558069/Hubbard and O'Brien/Essentials of Economics/2e 4

The four market structures

Perfectly competitive markets

The conditions that make a market perfectly competitive are:

1. There are many buyers and sellers, all of whom are small relative to the market.

2. All firms sell identical products.

3. There are no barriers to new firms entering the market or to existing firms leaving the market.


A perfectly competitive firm cannot affect the market price

Price taker: A buyer or seller that is unable to affect the market price.

The demand curve for a price taker is horizontal, or perfectly elastic.


Perfectly competitive markets

Profit: Total revenue (TR) minus total cost (TC).

Profit = TR - TC

How a firm maximises profit in a perfectly competitive market


(b) Demand for an individual farmer’s oats

0

(a) Market for oats

Quantity of oats (bushels per year)

Supply of oats

Demand for oats

$4

Demand for Farmer Jones’ oats

2. …which must be accepted by Farmer Jones and every other seller of oats.

80 000 000

Price of oats (dollars per bushel)

Price of oats (dollars per bushel)

Quantity of oats (bushels per year)

0 7500

$4

1. The intersection of market supply and market demand determines the equilibrium price of oats...


Market demand and individual firm demand: Figure 7.2

Revenue for a firm in a perfectly competitive market

Average revenue (AR): Total revenue divided by the number of units sold.

Marginal revenue (MR): Change in total revenue from selling one more unit.

Q

TRAR P

Q

QPAR

so,

or, ΔQ

ΔTRMR

quantity in Change

revenue total in Change revenue Marginal


LEARNING OBJECTIVE 2


Number of bushels (Q)

Market price per bushel ($P)

Total revenue (TR)

Average revenue (AR)

Marginal revenue (MR)

0 $4 $0 - -

1 4 4 $4 $4

2 4 8 4 4

3 4 12 4 4

4 4 16 4 4

5 4 20 4 4

6 4 24 4 4

7 4 28 4 4

8 4 32 4 4

9 4 36 4 4

10 4 40 4 4


Farmer Jones’ revenue from oats farming

Determining the profit-maximising level of output

Since producers in a perfectly competitive market can sell as much produce as they wish to at the same constant price:

Average revenue (AR) = Marginal revenue (MR)

Price = AR = MR



Determining the profit-maximising level of output, cont.

The profit-maximising level of output is where the difference between total revenue and total cost is the greatest.

The profit-maximising level of output is also where marginal revenue equals marginal cost, or MR = MC.



Quantity (bushels)(Q)

Total revenue (TR)

Total cost (TC)

Profit (TR – TC)

Marginal revenue (MR)

Marginal cost (MC)

0 $0 $1.00 - $1.00 - -

1 4.00 4.00 0.00 $4.00 $3.00

2 8.00 6.00 2.00 4.00 2.00

3 12.00 7.50 4.50 4.00 1.50

4 16.00 9.50 6.50 4.00. 2.00

5 20.00 12.00 8.00 4.00 2.50

6 24.00 15.00 9.00 4.00 3.00

7 28.00 19.50 8.50 4.00 4.50

8 32.00 25.50 6.50 4.00 6.00

9 36.00 32.50 3.50 4.00 7.00

10 40.00 40.50 - 0.50 4.00 8.00


Farmer Jones’ profits from oats farming: Table 7.3


The profit-maximising level of output: Figure 7.3

Illustrating profit or loss on the cost curve graph

Profit = (P x Q) TC

or

Profit per unit =

Total profit = (P ATC) x Q

Q

Q)(P

QProfit

QTC

ATCPQ

Profit


Price and cost (dollars per bushel)

Quantity0

Demand = marginal revenue

P

Q

Market price

Profit-maximising level of output

MC

ATCTotal profit = (P – ATC) x Q

Profit per unit of output (P – ATC)

Copyright © 2013 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442558069/Hubbard and O'Brien/Essentials of Economics/2e

16

The area of maximum profit: Figure 7.4

Illustrating when a firm is breaking even or operating at a loss

If P > ATC; the firm makes a profit.

If P = ATC; the firm breaks even (its per unit cost equals per unit revenue; thus, the firm’s total cost equals its total revenue).

If P < ATC; the firm experiences losses.Copyright © 2013 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781442558069/Hubbard and O'Brien/Essentials of Economics/2e 17

Illustrating profit or loss on the cost curve graph

Quantity0


P

QProfit-maximising level of output

MC

ATCBreak-even point

Price and cost


18

A firm breaking even: Figure 7.5a

Price and cost

0


P

QLoss minimising level of output

MC

ATC

Losses

ATC

Quantity


19

A firm experiencing losses: Figure 7.5b

In the short run, a firm suffering losses has two choices:

– Continue to produce

– Stop production by shutting down temporarily

Sunk cost: A cost that has already been paid and cannot be recovered.

Deciding whether to produce or to shut down in the short run


The supply curve of a firm in the short run

For any given price, the marginal cost curve shows the quantity of output that a firm will supply.

Therefore, the perfectly competitive firm’s marginal cost curve is also its supply curve—but only for prices at or above average variable cost.



21

The supply curve of a firm in the short run, cont.

Even if a firm suffers losses, it should continue to operate as long as P > AVC.

Shutdown point: The minimum point on a firm’s average variable cost curve; if the price falls below this point, the firm shuts down production in the short run.

– Shutdown point: P < AVC



22

Price and cost

Quantity0

PMIN

QSD

MCATC

Shutdown point

AVCThe minimum price at which the firm will continue to produce

The supply curve for the firm in the short run


The firm’s short-run supply curve: Figure 7.6

23

The market supply curve in a perfectly competitive industry

The market supply curve is derived from individual firms’ marginal cost curves.



24

(b) Market supply

0

(a) Individual firm supply

Quantity (bushels)

MC

$4

8000

Price (dollars per bushel)

Price (dollars per bushel)

Quantity (bushels)

0

$4

Oats marketOne oats farmer

80 000 000

Supply


Firm supply and market supply: Figure 7.7

The entry and exit of firms in the long run

Economic profit and the entry or exit decision

Economic profit: A firm’s revenues minus all its costs, implicit and explicit.

Economic profit in a perfectly competitive industry is only a short-run occurrence.

Economic profit leads to the entry of new firms into the industry.


Explicit costs

Water $10 000

Wages $15 000

Organic fertiliser $10 000

Electricity $ 5 000

Payment on bank loan $45 000

Implicit costs

Foregone salary $30 000

Opportunity cost of the $100 000 she has invested in her farm

$10 000

Total cost $125 000


Costs per year for Anne Moreno’s organic food farm: Table 7.4


The effect of entry on economic profits: Figure 7.8

Economic profit and the entry or exit decision, cont.

Economic loss: The situation in which a firm’s total revenue is less than its total cost, including all implicit costs.

Economic loss in a perfectly competitive industry is only a short-run occurrence.

Economic loss leads to the exit of some firms from the industry.





The effect of exit on economic losses: Figure 7.9, panels (a) and (b)

30


The effect of exit on economic losses: Figure 7.9, panels (c) and (d)

31

Long-run equilibrium in a perfectly competitive market

Long-run competitive equilibrium: The situation in which the entry and exit of firms has resulted in the typical firm breaking even.

The long-run equilibrium market price is at the minimum point on the typical firm’s average total cost curve.




Long-run equilibrium in a perfectly competitive market, cont.

Long-run supply curve: A curve showing the relationship in the long run between market price and the quantity supplied.

The long-run supply curve will be horizontal at the market price.



Long-run equilibrium in a perfectly competitive market, cont.

In the long run, a perfectly competitive market will supply whatever amount of a good consumers demand at a price determined by the minimum point on the typical firm’s average total cost curve.




The long-run supply curve in a perfectly competitive industry: Figure 7.10

Increasing-cost and decreasing-cost industries

Constant-cost industry: An industry in which a firm’s average costs do not change as the industry expands (horizontal long-run supply curve).

Increasing-cost industry: An industry in which a firm’s average costs rise as the industry expands (upward-sloping long-run supply curve).

Decreasing-cost industry: An industry in which a firm’s average costs fall as the industry expands (downward-sloping long-run supply curve).



Perfect competition and efficiency Productive efficiency: When a good or service is

produced using the least amount of resources.

Allocative efficiency:Firms will supply all those goods that provide consumers with a marginal benefit at least as great as the marginal cost of producing them:

– The price of a good represents the marginal benefit consumers receive from the last unit of the good consumed.

– Perfectly competitive firms produce up to the point where the price of the good equals the marginal cost of producing the last unit.

– Therefore, firms produce up to the point where the last unit provides a marginal benefit to consumers equal to the marginal cost of producing it.


Allocative efficiency

Firms will supply all those goods that provide consumers with a marginal benefit at least as great as the marginal cost of producing them:

– The price of a good represents the marginal benefit consumers receive from the last unit of the good consumed.

– Perfectly competitive firms produce up to the point where the price of the good equals the marginal cost of producing the last unit.

– Therefore, firms produce up to the point where the last unit provides a marginal benefit to consumers equal to the marginal cost of producing it.


Perfect competition and efficiency

Dynamic efficiency: Occurs when new technologies and innovation are adopted over time, and when firms adapt their product to changes in consumer preferences and tastes.

– When striving for dynamic efficiency, firms will use new technology and thereby reduce production costs (productive efficiency).

– By adapting their product to changes in consumer preferences, firms will produce goods and services consumers value the most (allocative efficiency).


Perfect competition and efficiency

Lecture 3.2

Documents

competitive markets

competitive firm

market priceprice taker

competitive marketscopyright

existing firms

new firms

economic profit

perfect competitor