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Transcript
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike License Your use of this material constitutes acceptance of that license and the conditions of use of materials on this site
Copyright 2006 The Johns Hopkins University and Frances Stillman All rights reserved Use of these materials permitted only in accordance with license rights granted Materials provided ldquoAS ISrdquo no representations or warranties provided User assumes all responsibility for use and all liability related thereto and must independently review all materials for accuracy and efficacy May contain materials owned by others User is responsible for obtaining permissions for use from third parties as needed
The Transnational Tobacco Industry
Frances Stillman EdD and Heather Wipfli MAInstitute for Global Tobacco ControlJohns Hopkins University
Section A
Background
4
Why Study the Industry
ldquoA sane policy response to the evidence against tobacco does and should threaten the viability of the industries themselvesrdquo
Advocacy Institute Smoke and Mirrors 1998
5
Describing a Disease
HOST
VECTOR
AGENT ENVIRONMENT
6
The Agent
Image source wwwcdcgovtobacco imagessgrad6jpg retrieved 22806
7
The Host
Image source Institute for Global Tobacco Control
8
The Vector
Image source httpwwwnlmnihgovhmdfrankensteinfrank_promisehtml retrieved 21206
Section B
Background
10
Background
1890mdashAmerican Tobacco Company (ATC) formed
1900mdashATC virtually controls all tobacco production and trade worldwide
1911mdashATC broken up into several companies including ATC RJ Reynolds (RJR) Liggett amp Meyers Tobacco Company Lorillard and British American Tobacco (BAT)
Continued
11
Background
1911ndash1980 minus Tobacco industry comprised of numerous
independent companiesminus Tobacco growing and trade flow largely between
US and Western Europe
1980ndashPresentminus A few mega companies minus Majority of tobacco growing in low- and middle-
income countriesminus Global production and trade
12
What Is a ldquoTransnationalrdquo Company
An enterprise comprising entities in more than one country which operate under a system of decision-making that permits coherent policies and a common strategy
The entities are so linked by ownership or otherwise that one or more of them may be able to exercise a significant influence over the others and in particular to share knowledge resources and responsibilities with the others
13
Major Transnational Tobacco Companies
Philip Morris (USA)British American Tobacco (UK)Japan Tobacco (Japan)Reemsta (Germany)Altadis (Spain France)
14
Cigarette Production
World Cigarette Production
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
1950
1970
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
Year
Num
ber o
f cig
aret
tes
(bill
ions
)
Data sources US Department of Agriculture and US Bureau of Census as quoted in Vital Signs 2005 published by WorldWatch Institute
15
Company Size and Wealth
PMI BAT JT own or lease manufacturing facilities in over 50 countries
PMI BAT JT have combined sales of over US $121 billion
16
TNC Sales and Developing Countries
Philip Morrisrsquo (PM) 1998 revenues ($74 billion) exceeded the GDP of many countries including Ireland Hungary Ecuador Kuwait Guatemala and Kenya
RJR Nabiscorsquos 1998 revenues ($14 billion) exceeded the GDP of Jamaica Laos or Malawi
Sources Philip Morris 1999 Annual Report (consolidated revenues) RJR Nabisco 1998 Annual Report (does not include RJR International revenues) CIA World Factbook 1999
17
China National Tobacco Corporation
Worldrsquos largest tobacco company
Near monopoly over domestic market
Numerous cooperative agreements with TTCs to modernize manufacturing improve crop yields and build tobacco processing plants
Indications that it is considering entering international market
Continued
18
A Return to the Past
Global Cigarette Market Share
31
3000 720
1640
1540
Philip MorrisBATJTIChina TobaccoOther
Data sources 1 Mackay J and M Eriksen 2002 The Tobacco Atlas World Health Organization 2 World Health Organization httpwwwwprowhointmedia_centrepress_releasespr_20050830htm retrieved 3706
Section C
Globalization of the Tobacco Industry
20
A Global Market
0100020003000400050006000
Num
ber o
f ci
gare
ttes
(bill
ions
)
1880189019001910192019301940195019601970198019902000
Year
Global Cigarette Consumption
0200400600800
10001200140016001800
Num
ber o
f ci
gare
ttes
con
sum
ed
in 1
998
(bill
ions
)
Indonesia Russia Japan USA China
Country
Cigarette Consumption - Top 5 countries
Data source Mackay J and Eriksen M 2002 The Tobacco Atlas World Health Organization
21
Looking Abroad
ldquoTobacco exports should be expanded aggressively because Americans are smoking lessrdquo
mdashVice President Dan Quayle (1990)
22
Going Abroad
Accessed on 22106 from the National Center for Tobacco-Free Kids httpwwwtobaccofreekidsorgreportsfalsefriendsphilipmorrisuspdf
23
A Global Business
2004 Revenue amp Profit Splits for British American Tobacco Net Sales
Latin America15
Europe26
Africa amp Middle East13
Asia-Pacific18
America-Pacific28
Data source httpwwwbatcomonewebsitesuk__3mnfennsfvwPagesWebLiveDO59NQAGopendocumentampSID=ampDTC=ampTMP=1 accessed 22106
24
Factors Fueling Global Expansion
Opening of formally closed economies in former Soviet Union Eastern Europe and China
World Bank and IMF pressure to liberalize foreign investment laws and privatize state-owned companies
Expansion of free trade areas
25
Trade Liberalization
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
World Trade Organization (WTO)
Regional Agreements (NAFTA)
26
Impact of Trade Liberalization
Korea (1988ndash1989)184ndash30 in teenage boys16ndash87 teenage girlsminus 6 of market in one year
Taiwan50 increase in high school students in two yearsminus 1 to 20 of annual sales in less than two years
Japan (1990ndash1996)26ndash40 in 17 year old boys 5ndash15 in 17 year old girlsminus 2 to 22 market share in ten years
27
Tobacco Leaf Production
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
Thou
sand
s of
met
ric
tons
China
India
Brazil
USATurk
eyZim
babweIn
donesia
Italy
Greece
MalawiPakista
nArg
entina
Leading Producers of Tobacco Leaves 2001
Data source Mackay J and Eriksen M 2002 The Tobacco Atlas World Health Organization
28
Tobacco Leaf Trade
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Thou
sand
met
ric
tons
Brazil USA Zimbabwe China Turkey India Greece Italy Malawi Argentina
Top 10 Tobacco Leaf Exporters 1999
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Tho
usan
d m
etri
c to
ns
Russia USA Germany UK Netherlands Japan France Ukraine Poland Egypt
Top 10 Tobacco Leaf Importers 1999
Data source Mackay J and Eriksen M 2002 The Tobacco Atlas World Health Organization
29
Privatization
Over 140 mergers and acquisitions between international companies and state-run companies
A few examplesminus 2003 BAT buys Duvanska (Serbia) minus 1997 PM buys Tabaqueira (Portugal)minus 1994 PM buys Kharkov (Ukraine)minus 1993 PM buys Klaipeda (Lithuania)minus 1992 PM buys Czech Tabacminus 1991 BAT buys Hungaryrsquos State company
30
Foreign InvestmentmdashUkraine
Foreign tobacco firms invested $520 million between 1991 and 1999mdash14 of all foreign direct investment
Over 90 manufacturing capacity now run by Western companies
Platform for exporting to other countries throughout Central and Eastern Europe
31
Major Company Mergers
1999 minus BAT buys Rothmansminus Philip Morris buys Liggettminus Japan Tobacco buys RJR International
Transformed size and global reach of largest three companies
32
Marlboro Market Share (2001)
Netherlandsmdash39Francemdash30Germanymdash30Spainmdash155Polandmdash72Russiamdash20Romaniamdash18Saudi Arabiamdash532Mexicomdash425
33
Marlbororsquos Global Penetration
Creditcopy 1993 Lauren Goodsmith Courtesy of Photoshare
Image source httpwwwlibraryuiucedumortensonimagesmarlborojpgaccessed 22106
Section D
Industry Strategies I Science and Public Relations
35
Industry Strategies
Advertising and promotionBuying sciencePublic relationsPhilanthropyLobbyingFront groupsIntimidationLegislation and public policy
36
Modeling Industry Activities
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
37
Undermining Science
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
38
Sworn Public Statements
ldquoI believe nicotine is not addictiverdquo
mdash William Campbell (Phillip Morris US Congressional Hearings 1994)
Image source httpwwwnlmnihgovhmdfrankensteinfrank_promisehtml retrieved 2806
39
Confidential Statements
ldquoNicotine is addictive We are then in the business of selling nicotinemdashan addictive drug effective in the release of stress mechanismsrdquominus Brown and Williamson 1963
ldquohellipBAT should learn to look at itself as a drug company rather than as a tobacco companyrdquominus BAT 1980
ldquo [T]he entire matter of addiction is the most potent weapon a prosecuting attorney can have in a lung cancercigarette case We canrsquot defend continued smoking as lsquofree choicersquo if the person was lsquoaddictedrsquordquominus Tobacco Institute 1980
40
Buying Science and Intimidation
Letters to BMJ regarding the 1981 Hirayama StudyminusMisclassification
Active smokingPassive smoking
minusConfoundingminusStatistical errorminusPlausibility
0
10
20
30
21895 69645 17366
Population at enrollment
Stan
dard
ised
mor
talit
y ra
te fo
r lun
g ca
ncer
pe
r 100
000
32-79
15-50
8-70
Cigarette smokers
Non smoker Familial passive
smoking (-)
Non smoker Familial passive
smoking (+)
Total 108905
(Non smoker wives of non
smoker husbands)
(Non smoker wives of husbands
with smoking habits)
(Women with smoking habits)
Data source Hirayama T 1981 Non-smoking wives of heavy smokers have a higher risk of lung cancer a study from Japan BMJ 282183ndash5
41
The Attack on Meta-Analysis
Tweedie RL amp KL Mengersen 1995 Meta-analytic approaches to dose-response relationships with application in studies of lung cancer and exposure to environmental tobacco smoke Statistics in Medicine 14 545-569
Excerpt from Acknowledgements ndash ldquoThe paper was completed at Colorado State University with partial support from several tobacco companies the methods and analysis here are however entirely those of the authors and should not be otherwise ascribedrdquo
Bailar JC 1997 The promise and problems of meta-analysis New England Journal of Medicine 337 (8) 559-61
Fleiss JL amp AJ Gross 1991 Meta-analysis in epidemiology with special reference to studies of the association between exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and lung cancer a critique Journal of Clinical Epidemiology44 (2) 127-139
Excerpt from Acknowledgements ndash ldquoThis research was supported by a grant from The Tobacco Institute Washington DC USA We thank Dr Myron Weinberg President of the Weinberg GroupWASHTECH for encouraging us to develop this critiquerdquo
42
Junk Science
Gori GB JC Luik Passive Smoke The EPArsquos betrayal of science and
policy The Fraser Institute
Milloy SJ 1995 Science without sense The risky business of public
health research Cato Institute Washington DC
43
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
ldquoThe massive effort launched across the tobacco industry against one scientific
study is remarkablerdquo
Source Ong E K and Glantz S A (2000 April 8) Tobacco industry efforts subverting International Agency for Research on Cancerrsquos second-hand smoke study The Lancet 355 (9211) 1253ndash1259
44
Industry Tactics to Undermine IARC
ldquoDelay the progress andor release of the studyrdquoldquoAffect the wording of its conclusions and official statement of resultsrdquoldquoNeutralize possible negative results of the study rdquoldquoCounteract the potential impact of the study on government policy public opinion and actions by private employers and proprietorsrdquominus WHO Expert Panel on Industry Documents
45
Philip Morris and SHS
ldquoPublic health officials have concluded that secondhand smoke from cigarettes causes disease including lung cancer and heart disease in non-smoking adults as well as causes conditions in children such as asthma respiratory infections cough wheeze otitis media (middle ear infection) and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome In addition public health officials have concluded that secondhand smoke can exacerbate adult asthma and cause eye throat and nasal irritationrdquo
Source Philip Morris USA websitehttpwwwphilipmorrisusacomenhealth_issuessecondhand_smokeaspRetrieved 22106
46
Japan Tobacco and SHS
ldquo available evidence does not support the assertion that environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is harmful to healthrdquo
mdash Japan Tobacco
Source Submission to the WHO Public Hearings on the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control October 2000
47
Public Relations
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
48
Public Statements on Youth
ldquo would be willing to support prevention efforts that affected our bottom line Absolutely if we can come up with a program that prevents all teenagers from smoking cigarettes we would be delighted to see that happen And if that meant that fewer people smoked as adults so be itrdquo
mdash Corky Newton Vice President of Corporate and Youth Responsibility
Programs Brown and Williamson
Source Transcript of meeting with SWAT (Students Working Against Tobacco) US November 6 1999 Cited in PR in the Playground ASH UK 2000
49
Private Statements on Youth
ldquoWe [Philip Morris] refined the objective of a juvenile initiative program as follows maintain and proactively protect our ability to advertise promote and market our products via a juvenile initiativerdquo
ldquoJuvenile initiative = a series of programs and events to discourage juvenile smoking because smoking is an adult decisionrdquo
Source Cathy Leiber (18 May 1995) Philip Morris International Youth Initiatives Bates No 250301901114 Cited in PR in the Playground ASH UK 2000
50
Minimum Age 18
Image source Image source httpkumuicsdhawaiigovhealthhealthy- httpwwwdhssdelawaregovdhssdphlifestylestobaccotpeprtochtm dpcyouthaccesshtml retrieved 21206) retrieved 21206
51
Changing the Issues
Smoking manners
ldquoSmoking is prohibited in public places like railway stations airports museums and art galleries except for designated smoking areas There are some wards (ku in Japanese) that have specific rules in the form of bylaws concerning smoking If these regulations are broken the smoker is liable to pay a fine There is a provision of punishment for smoking on the street or in public places without carrying a portable ashtray as well as for throwing away cigarette buttsrdquo
httpwwwtourismmetrotokyojpenglishbasicbasic09htmlSource accessed 22306
52
Philanthropy
53
Corporate Social Responsibility
ldquohellip Because for us economic performance is not the only measure of our success Honesty integrity and social responsibility are just as important to the way we measure ourselvesrdquominus Philip Morris International
ldquoOur companies are committed to providing consumers with pleasure through excellent products and to demonstrating that we are meeting our commercial goals in ways that are consistent with reasonable societal expectations of a responsible tobacco group in the 21st centuryrdquominus British American Tobacco
54
BATS Social Reports
Argentina AustraliaBrazil GermanyHong KongHungaryJapanKoreaMalaysiaMexicoNew ZealandNigeriaPolandRussiaSouth Africa USA
55
Today on Addiction
PHILIP MORRIS USAPHILIP MORRIS INTERNATIONAL
TOBACCO ISSUESCigarette Smoking Health Issues for Smokers
Cigarette Smoking and AddictionWe agree with the overwhelming medical and scientific consensus that cigarette smoking is addictive It can be very difficult to quit smoking but this should not deter smokers who want to quit from trying to do so
minus httpphilipmorriscomdefaultasp
Continued
56
Today on AddictionPHILIP MORRIS USAPHILIP MORRIS INTERNATIONAL
TOBACCO ISSUESCigarette Smoking Health Issues for Smokers
Cigarette Smoking and Disease in SmokersThere is an overwhelming medical and scientific consensus that cigarette smoking causes lung cancer heart disease emphysema and other serious diseases in smokers Smokers are far more likely to develop serious diseases like lung cancer than non-smokers There is no safe cigarette These are and have been the messages of public health authorities worldwide Smokers and potential smokers should rely on these messages in making all smoking-related decisions
minus httpphilipmorriscomdefaultasp
57
Public Health Advocates
ldquoIntroducing QuitAssistQuitAssist is an information resource sponsored by Philip Morris USA Itrsquos designed to help you connect with a wealth of expert quitting information available ndash usually for free ndash from government agencies universities and respected nonprofit organizations This QuitAssist guide points the way to programs telephone quitlines websites guides and more that can help you find your own path to success
You can also read this guide at QuitAssist Online Log on through wwwphilipmorrisusacom
From there you can link directly to dozens of resources to help you move ahead and leave cigarettes behindrdquo
If you decide to quit smokinghellip
QuitAssistInformation Resource
Philip Morris USA
Never mentions the word ldquoaddictionrdquo
Source httpphilipmorrisusacomenquitassistindex_flashasp accessed 22306
58
Truth in Advertising
Aggressively markets the only legal product that when used as intended by its manufacturers eventually kills half its users
Section E
Industry Tactics II Industry Advertising Promotion and Sponsorship
60
Marketing
ldquoWe refined the objective of a juvenile initiative program as follows Maintain and proactively protect our ability to advertise promote and market our products via a juvenile initiativeldquo
mdash Cathy Leiber PM International 1995
Notes Juvenile initiative = a series of programs and events designed to discourage juvenile smoking because smoking is an adult decision
61
Industry Expenditures on Advertising
0100020003000400050006000700080009000
10000
Am
ount
spe
nt $
mill
ion
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Changes in cigarette marketing expenditure in the USA 1970-99
Data source Mackay J amp M Eriksen 2002 The Tobacco Atlas World Health Organization
62
Communicating Disease
According to the trade magazine ldquoAdvertising Agerdquo the Marlboro man was the most powerful advertising image of the 20th century
Image source httpwwwcdcgovtobaccosgrsgr4kidsadbusthtm retrieved 22306
63
Advertising Strategies
Targeting womenTargeting youthSelling AmericaSponsorship of sporting events and concertsContests and give-awaysBrand stretching
64
Grand Prix
Image source httpwwwnasnasagovAboutEducationRacecardevelopment_emobightml retrieved 22306
Section F
Industry Tactics III Lobbying Legislation and Litigation
66
Lobbying and Legislation
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
67
A Long History of Lobbying
1890mdashTobacco appeared in the US Pharmacopeia(official US government listing of drugs)1905mdashDropped from list before the 1906 Food and Drug Act (legislation that created the Food and Drug Administration)2005mdashFDA cannot regulate nicotine in tobacco
68
Political Lobbying US
Four of the twelve most generous donors to the 2000 Bush Campaign (1 Phillip Morris RJR UST Brown and Williamson)$18 million to federal candidates between 1997 and 2003 minus 82 to Republican candidates and committees
US $43 million spent to counter McCain bill (highest amount ever spent on a sustained issue advocacy campaign in the US)
69
The Latin Project Argentina
Counter regulations aimed at creating smoke-free workplaces and public placesminus September 30 1991mdashNeri Bill approved by Senate
(advertising promotion and sampling ban limit public smoking)
minus Industry campaignmdashmedia debates briefing packages to Senators and the President paid chief scientific advisor to President
minus October 13 1991mdashPresident vetoes law
70
The Czech Republic
June 2001
Philip Morris presents members of the Health and Social Affairs Committee of the Czech Parliament a study concluding that smoking is good for the Czech governments finances because of the savings from early deaths caused by smoking
71
Preemption
ldquoWe could never win at the local level The reason is [that] all of the health advocates the ones that I unfortunately used to call lsquohealth nazisrsquotheyrsquore all local activists who run the little political organizations So the Tobacco Institute and the tobacco companiesrsquo first priority has always been to preempt the field preferably to put it all on the federal level but if they canrsquot do that at least on the state level because the health advocates canrsquot compete with me on the state levelrdquo
mdash Victor Crawford former Maryland state legislator
72
Industry Self-Regulation
British American Tobacco
11 September 2001
INTERNATIONAL TOBACCO PRODUCTS MARKETING STANDARDS
The parties subscribing to these Standards (the ldquoParticipantsrdquo) wish to record their belief that tobacco products should be marketed in a responsible manner and that reasonable measures should be taken to ensure that the promotion and distribution of tobacco products is
bull directed at adult smokers and not at youth and
bull consistent with the principle of informed adult choice
73
International Tobacco Marketing Standards
ldquoWe have analyzed the nine-page agreement and believe that the multinationalsrsquo strategy is proactive and is a way to improve their image rdquoldquoAlso by proactively setting new international tobacco marketing standards the multinationals could be trying to counter a number of proposals that the WHO has been working on to curb the amount of cigarettes that are consumed on an international levelrdquoldquo Interestingly in many countries the existing laws or industry codes are already more restrictive than the provisions of the international marketing standardsrdquo
Source International Tobacco Marketing Standards September 2001
74
Creating the Illusion of Support
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
75
Front Groups
Buying citizen involvement (letter writing phone banking campaigns) by supporting front groups
ldquoHandrdquo of the industry remains hidden
It has been a common practice of Big Tobacco to use third parties or to create front groups to be out in front fighting smokefreepolicies while the industry remains behind the scenes protecting its public image
-Americans for Nonsmokersrsquo Rightshttpwwwno-smokeorggetthefactsphpdp=d21|d23 accessed 22306
76
Industry Front Groups and Allies
Ive learned from experience that as soon as Im identified as a representative of the Tobacco Institute I lose all credibility They just sneer us awayso I try to work behind the scenes whenever I can
- Ron Saldana lobbyist for the Tobacco Institute 82486
Source httpwwwno-smokeorggetthefactsphpdp=d21|d23 accessed 22306
77
International Tobacco Growers Association
ITGAldquo[Establish] ITGA [International Tobacco Growers Association] [as a] front group for our third world lobby activities at WHOrdquo
Source Report of the WHO Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents
Source Report of the WHO Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents
78
Legal and Economic Intimidation
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
79
Intimidating Johns Hopkins
ldquoThe tobacco companies have commenced nothing short of a campaign of harassment against the academic institutions that discovered smoking is injurious to the public healthrdquominus Estelle A Fishbein general
council for Johns Hopkins University
ldquoTobacco Industry in Fight To Get
Universitiesrsquo DataLegal Moves Termed Fishing Expeditionrdquo
-The New York Times Jan 20 2002
80
Industry Harassment
PUBLIC HEALTH MATTERS
Public Health Under Attack The American Stop Smoking Intervention Study (ASSIST) and the
Tobacco Industry
- White J and LA Bero
- The Transnational Tobacco Industry
- Section A
- Describing a Disease
- The Agent
- The Host
- The Vector
- Section B
- Background
- Background
- What Is a ldquoTransnationalrdquo Company
- Major Transnational Tobacco Companies
- Cigarette Production
- Company Size and Wealth
- TNC Sales and Developing Countries
- China National Tobacco Corporation
- A Return to the Past
- Section C
- A Global Market
- Looking Abroad
- Going Abroad
- A Global Business
- Factors Fueling Global Expansion
- Trade Liberalization
- Impact of Trade Liberalization
- Tobacco Leaf Production
- Tobacco Leaf Trade
- Privatization
- Foreign InvestmentmdashUkraine
- Major Company Mergers
- Marlboro Market Share (2001)
- Marlbororsquos Global Penetration
- Section D
- Industry Strategies
- Modeling Industry Activities
- Undermining Science
- Sworn Public Statements
- Confidential Statements
- Buying Science and Intimidation
- The Attack on Meta-Analysis
- Junk Science
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
- Industry Tactics to Undermine IARC
- Philip Morris and SHS
- Japan Tobacco and SHS
- Public Relations
- Public Statements on Youth
- Private Statements on Youth
- Minimum Age 18
- Changing the Issues
- Philanthropy
- Corporate Social Responsibility
- BATS Social Reports
- Today on Addiction
- Today on Addiction
- Public Health Advocates
- Truth in Advertising
- Section E
- Marketing
- Industry Expenditures on Advertising
- Communicating Disease
- Advertising Strategies
- Grand Prix
- Section F
- Lobbying and Legislation
- A Long History of Lobbying
- Political Lobbying US
- The Latin Project Argentina
- The Czech Republic
- Preemption
- Industry Self-Regulation
- International Tobacco Marketing Standards
- Creating the Illusion of Support
- Front Groups
- Industry Front Groups and Allies
- International Tobacco Growers Association
- Legal and Economic Intimidation
- Intimidating Johns Hopkins
- Industry Harassment
-
The Transnational Tobacco Industry
Frances Stillman EdD and Heather Wipfli MAInstitute for Global Tobacco ControlJohns Hopkins University
Section A
Background
4
Why Study the Industry
ldquoA sane policy response to the evidence against tobacco does and should threaten the viability of the industries themselvesrdquo
Advocacy Institute Smoke and Mirrors 1998
5
Describing a Disease
HOST
VECTOR
AGENT ENVIRONMENT
6
The Agent
Image source wwwcdcgovtobacco imagessgrad6jpg retrieved 22806
7
The Host
Image source Institute for Global Tobacco Control
8
The Vector
Image source httpwwwnlmnihgovhmdfrankensteinfrank_promisehtml retrieved 21206
Section B
Background
10
Background
1890mdashAmerican Tobacco Company (ATC) formed
1900mdashATC virtually controls all tobacco production and trade worldwide
1911mdashATC broken up into several companies including ATC RJ Reynolds (RJR) Liggett amp Meyers Tobacco Company Lorillard and British American Tobacco (BAT)
Continued
11
Background
1911ndash1980 minus Tobacco industry comprised of numerous
independent companiesminus Tobacco growing and trade flow largely between
US and Western Europe
1980ndashPresentminus A few mega companies minus Majority of tobacco growing in low- and middle-
income countriesminus Global production and trade
12
What Is a ldquoTransnationalrdquo Company
An enterprise comprising entities in more than one country which operate under a system of decision-making that permits coherent policies and a common strategy
The entities are so linked by ownership or otherwise that one or more of them may be able to exercise a significant influence over the others and in particular to share knowledge resources and responsibilities with the others
13
Major Transnational Tobacco Companies
Philip Morris (USA)British American Tobacco (UK)Japan Tobacco (Japan)Reemsta (Germany)Altadis (Spain France)
14
Cigarette Production
World Cigarette Production
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
1950
1970
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
Year
Num
ber o
f cig
aret
tes
(bill
ions
)
Data sources US Department of Agriculture and US Bureau of Census as quoted in Vital Signs 2005 published by WorldWatch Institute
15
Company Size and Wealth
PMI BAT JT own or lease manufacturing facilities in over 50 countries
PMI BAT JT have combined sales of over US $121 billion
16
TNC Sales and Developing Countries
Philip Morrisrsquo (PM) 1998 revenues ($74 billion) exceeded the GDP of many countries including Ireland Hungary Ecuador Kuwait Guatemala and Kenya
RJR Nabiscorsquos 1998 revenues ($14 billion) exceeded the GDP of Jamaica Laos or Malawi
Sources Philip Morris 1999 Annual Report (consolidated revenues) RJR Nabisco 1998 Annual Report (does not include RJR International revenues) CIA World Factbook 1999
17
China National Tobacco Corporation
Worldrsquos largest tobacco company
Near monopoly over domestic market
Numerous cooperative agreements with TTCs to modernize manufacturing improve crop yields and build tobacco processing plants
Indications that it is considering entering international market
Continued
18
A Return to the Past
Global Cigarette Market Share
31
3000 720
1640
1540
Philip MorrisBATJTIChina TobaccoOther
Data sources 1 Mackay J and M Eriksen 2002 The Tobacco Atlas World Health Organization 2 World Health Organization httpwwwwprowhointmedia_centrepress_releasespr_20050830htm retrieved 3706
Section C
Globalization of the Tobacco Industry
20
A Global Market
0100020003000400050006000
Num
ber o
f ci
gare
ttes
(bill
ions
)
1880189019001910192019301940195019601970198019902000
Year
Global Cigarette Consumption
0200400600800
10001200140016001800
Num
ber o
f ci
gare
ttes
con
sum
ed
in 1
998
(bill
ions
)
Indonesia Russia Japan USA China
Country
Cigarette Consumption - Top 5 countries
Data source Mackay J and Eriksen M 2002 The Tobacco Atlas World Health Organization
21
Looking Abroad
ldquoTobacco exports should be expanded aggressively because Americans are smoking lessrdquo
mdashVice President Dan Quayle (1990)
22
Going Abroad
Accessed on 22106 from the National Center for Tobacco-Free Kids httpwwwtobaccofreekidsorgreportsfalsefriendsphilipmorrisuspdf
23
A Global Business
2004 Revenue amp Profit Splits for British American Tobacco Net Sales
Latin America15
Europe26
Africa amp Middle East13
Asia-Pacific18
America-Pacific28
Data source httpwwwbatcomonewebsitesuk__3mnfennsfvwPagesWebLiveDO59NQAGopendocumentampSID=ampDTC=ampTMP=1 accessed 22106
24
Factors Fueling Global Expansion
Opening of formally closed economies in former Soviet Union Eastern Europe and China
World Bank and IMF pressure to liberalize foreign investment laws and privatize state-owned companies
Expansion of free trade areas
25
Trade Liberalization
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
World Trade Organization (WTO)
Regional Agreements (NAFTA)
26
Impact of Trade Liberalization
Korea (1988ndash1989)184ndash30 in teenage boys16ndash87 teenage girlsminus 6 of market in one year
Taiwan50 increase in high school students in two yearsminus 1 to 20 of annual sales in less than two years
Japan (1990ndash1996)26ndash40 in 17 year old boys 5ndash15 in 17 year old girlsminus 2 to 22 market share in ten years
27
Tobacco Leaf Production
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
Thou
sand
s of
met
ric
tons
China
India
Brazil
USATurk
eyZim
babweIn
donesia
Italy
Greece
MalawiPakista
nArg
entina
Leading Producers of Tobacco Leaves 2001
Data source Mackay J and Eriksen M 2002 The Tobacco Atlas World Health Organization
28
Tobacco Leaf Trade
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Thou
sand
met
ric
tons
Brazil USA Zimbabwe China Turkey India Greece Italy Malawi Argentina
Top 10 Tobacco Leaf Exporters 1999
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Tho
usan
d m
etri
c to
ns
Russia USA Germany UK Netherlands Japan France Ukraine Poland Egypt
Top 10 Tobacco Leaf Importers 1999
Data source Mackay J and Eriksen M 2002 The Tobacco Atlas World Health Organization
29
Privatization
Over 140 mergers and acquisitions between international companies and state-run companies
A few examplesminus 2003 BAT buys Duvanska (Serbia) minus 1997 PM buys Tabaqueira (Portugal)minus 1994 PM buys Kharkov (Ukraine)minus 1993 PM buys Klaipeda (Lithuania)minus 1992 PM buys Czech Tabacminus 1991 BAT buys Hungaryrsquos State company
30
Foreign InvestmentmdashUkraine
Foreign tobacco firms invested $520 million between 1991 and 1999mdash14 of all foreign direct investment
Over 90 manufacturing capacity now run by Western companies
Platform for exporting to other countries throughout Central and Eastern Europe
31
Major Company Mergers
1999 minus BAT buys Rothmansminus Philip Morris buys Liggettminus Japan Tobacco buys RJR International
Transformed size and global reach of largest three companies
32
Marlboro Market Share (2001)
Netherlandsmdash39Francemdash30Germanymdash30Spainmdash155Polandmdash72Russiamdash20Romaniamdash18Saudi Arabiamdash532Mexicomdash425
33
Marlbororsquos Global Penetration
Creditcopy 1993 Lauren Goodsmith Courtesy of Photoshare
Image source httpwwwlibraryuiucedumortensonimagesmarlborojpgaccessed 22106
Section D
Industry Strategies I Science and Public Relations
35
Industry Strategies
Advertising and promotionBuying sciencePublic relationsPhilanthropyLobbyingFront groupsIntimidationLegislation and public policy
36
Modeling Industry Activities
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
37
Undermining Science
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
38
Sworn Public Statements
ldquoI believe nicotine is not addictiverdquo
mdash William Campbell (Phillip Morris US Congressional Hearings 1994)
Image source httpwwwnlmnihgovhmdfrankensteinfrank_promisehtml retrieved 2806
39
Confidential Statements
ldquoNicotine is addictive We are then in the business of selling nicotinemdashan addictive drug effective in the release of stress mechanismsrdquominus Brown and Williamson 1963
ldquohellipBAT should learn to look at itself as a drug company rather than as a tobacco companyrdquominus BAT 1980
ldquo [T]he entire matter of addiction is the most potent weapon a prosecuting attorney can have in a lung cancercigarette case We canrsquot defend continued smoking as lsquofree choicersquo if the person was lsquoaddictedrsquordquominus Tobacco Institute 1980
40
Buying Science and Intimidation
Letters to BMJ regarding the 1981 Hirayama StudyminusMisclassification
Active smokingPassive smoking
minusConfoundingminusStatistical errorminusPlausibility
0
10
20
30
21895 69645 17366
Population at enrollment
Stan
dard
ised
mor
talit
y ra
te fo
r lun
g ca
ncer
pe
r 100
000
32-79
15-50
8-70
Cigarette smokers
Non smoker Familial passive
smoking (-)
Non smoker Familial passive
smoking (+)
Total 108905
(Non smoker wives of non
smoker husbands)
(Non smoker wives of husbands
with smoking habits)
(Women with smoking habits)
Data source Hirayama T 1981 Non-smoking wives of heavy smokers have a higher risk of lung cancer a study from Japan BMJ 282183ndash5
41
The Attack on Meta-Analysis
Tweedie RL amp KL Mengersen 1995 Meta-analytic approaches to dose-response relationships with application in studies of lung cancer and exposure to environmental tobacco smoke Statistics in Medicine 14 545-569
Excerpt from Acknowledgements ndash ldquoThe paper was completed at Colorado State University with partial support from several tobacco companies the methods and analysis here are however entirely those of the authors and should not be otherwise ascribedrdquo
Bailar JC 1997 The promise and problems of meta-analysis New England Journal of Medicine 337 (8) 559-61
Fleiss JL amp AJ Gross 1991 Meta-analysis in epidemiology with special reference to studies of the association between exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and lung cancer a critique Journal of Clinical Epidemiology44 (2) 127-139
Excerpt from Acknowledgements ndash ldquoThis research was supported by a grant from The Tobacco Institute Washington DC USA We thank Dr Myron Weinberg President of the Weinberg GroupWASHTECH for encouraging us to develop this critiquerdquo
42
Junk Science
Gori GB JC Luik Passive Smoke The EPArsquos betrayal of science and
policy The Fraser Institute
Milloy SJ 1995 Science without sense The risky business of public
health research Cato Institute Washington DC
43
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
ldquoThe massive effort launched across the tobacco industry against one scientific
study is remarkablerdquo
Source Ong E K and Glantz S A (2000 April 8) Tobacco industry efforts subverting International Agency for Research on Cancerrsquos second-hand smoke study The Lancet 355 (9211) 1253ndash1259
44
Industry Tactics to Undermine IARC
ldquoDelay the progress andor release of the studyrdquoldquoAffect the wording of its conclusions and official statement of resultsrdquoldquoNeutralize possible negative results of the study rdquoldquoCounteract the potential impact of the study on government policy public opinion and actions by private employers and proprietorsrdquominus WHO Expert Panel on Industry Documents
45
Philip Morris and SHS
ldquoPublic health officials have concluded that secondhand smoke from cigarettes causes disease including lung cancer and heart disease in non-smoking adults as well as causes conditions in children such as asthma respiratory infections cough wheeze otitis media (middle ear infection) and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome In addition public health officials have concluded that secondhand smoke can exacerbate adult asthma and cause eye throat and nasal irritationrdquo
Source Philip Morris USA websitehttpwwwphilipmorrisusacomenhealth_issuessecondhand_smokeaspRetrieved 22106
46
Japan Tobacco and SHS
ldquo available evidence does not support the assertion that environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is harmful to healthrdquo
mdash Japan Tobacco
Source Submission to the WHO Public Hearings on the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control October 2000
47
Public Relations
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
48
Public Statements on Youth
ldquo would be willing to support prevention efforts that affected our bottom line Absolutely if we can come up with a program that prevents all teenagers from smoking cigarettes we would be delighted to see that happen And if that meant that fewer people smoked as adults so be itrdquo
mdash Corky Newton Vice President of Corporate and Youth Responsibility
Programs Brown and Williamson
Source Transcript of meeting with SWAT (Students Working Against Tobacco) US November 6 1999 Cited in PR in the Playground ASH UK 2000
49
Private Statements on Youth
ldquoWe [Philip Morris] refined the objective of a juvenile initiative program as follows maintain and proactively protect our ability to advertise promote and market our products via a juvenile initiativerdquo
ldquoJuvenile initiative = a series of programs and events to discourage juvenile smoking because smoking is an adult decisionrdquo
Source Cathy Leiber (18 May 1995) Philip Morris International Youth Initiatives Bates No 250301901114 Cited in PR in the Playground ASH UK 2000
50
Minimum Age 18
Image source Image source httpkumuicsdhawaiigovhealthhealthy- httpwwwdhssdelawaregovdhssdphlifestylestobaccotpeprtochtm dpcyouthaccesshtml retrieved 21206) retrieved 21206
51
Changing the Issues
Smoking manners
ldquoSmoking is prohibited in public places like railway stations airports museums and art galleries except for designated smoking areas There are some wards (ku in Japanese) that have specific rules in the form of bylaws concerning smoking If these regulations are broken the smoker is liable to pay a fine There is a provision of punishment for smoking on the street or in public places without carrying a portable ashtray as well as for throwing away cigarette buttsrdquo
httpwwwtourismmetrotokyojpenglishbasicbasic09htmlSource accessed 22306
52
Philanthropy
53
Corporate Social Responsibility
ldquohellip Because for us economic performance is not the only measure of our success Honesty integrity and social responsibility are just as important to the way we measure ourselvesrdquominus Philip Morris International
ldquoOur companies are committed to providing consumers with pleasure through excellent products and to demonstrating that we are meeting our commercial goals in ways that are consistent with reasonable societal expectations of a responsible tobacco group in the 21st centuryrdquominus British American Tobacco
54
BATS Social Reports
Argentina AustraliaBrazil GermanyHong KongHungaryJapanKoreaMalaysiaMexicoNew ZealandNigeriaPolandRussiaSouth Africa USA
55
Today on Addiction
PHILIP MORRIS USAPHILIP MORRIS INTERNATIONAL
TOBACCO ISSUESCigarette Smoking Health Issues for Smokers
Cigarette Smoking and AddictionWe agree with the overwhelming medical and scientific consensus that cigarette smoking is addictive It can be very difficult to quit smoking but this should not deter smokers who want to quit from trying to do so
minus httpphilipmorriscomdefaultasp
Continued
56
Today on AddictionPHILIP MORRIS USAPHILIP MORRIS INTERNATIONAL
TOBACCO ISSUESCigarette Smoking Health Issues for Smokers
Cigarette Smoking and Disease in SmokersThere is an overwhelming medical and scientific consensus that cigarette smoking causes lung cancer heart disease emphysema and other serious diseases in smokers Smokers are far more likely to develop serious diseases like lung cancer than non-smokers There is no safe cigarette These are and have been the messages of public health authorities worldwide Smokers and potential smokers should rely on these messages in making all smoking-related decisions
minus httpphilipmorriscomdefaultasp
57
Public Health Advocates
ldquoIntroducing QuitAssistQuitAssist is an information resource sponsored by Philip Morris USA Itrsquos designed to help you connect with a wealth of expert quitting information available ndash usually for free ndash from government agencies universities and respected nonprofit organizations This QuitAssist guide points the way to programs telephone quitlines websites guides and more that can help you find your own path to success
You can also read this guide at QuitAssist Online Log on through wwwphilipmorrisusacom
From there you can link directly to dozens of resources to help you move ahead and leave cigarettes behindrdquo
If you decide to quit smokinghellip
QuitAssistInformation Resource
Philip Morris USA
Never mentions the word ldquoaddictionrdquo
Source httpphilipmorrisusacomenquitassistindex_flashasp accessed 22306
58
Truth in Advertising
Aggressively markets the only legal product that when used as intended by its manufacturers eventually kills half its users
Section E
Industry Tactics II Industry Advertising Promotion and Sponsorship
60
Marketing
ldquoWe refined the objective of a juvenile initiative program as follows Maintain and proactively protect our ability to advertise promote and market our products via a juvenile initiativeldquo
mdash Cathy Leiber PM International 1995
Notes Juvenile initiative = a series of programs and events designed to discourage juvenile smoking because smoking is an adult decision
61
Industry Expenditures on Advertising
0100020003000400050006000700080009000
10000
Am
ount
spe
nt $
mill
ion
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Changes in cigarette marketing expenditure in the USA 1970-99
Data source Mackay J amp M Eriksen 2002 The Tobacco Atlas World Health Organization
62
Communicating Disease
According to the trade magazine ldquoAdvertising Agerdquo the Marlboro man was the most powerful advertising image of the 20th century
Image source httpwwwcdcgovtobaccosgrsgr4kidsadbusthtm retrieved 22306
63
Advertising Strategies
Targeting womenTargeting youthSelling AmericaSponsorship of sporting events and concertsContests and give-awaysBrand stretching
64
Grand Prix
Image source httpwwwnasnasagovAboutEducationRacecardevelopment_emobightml retrieved 22306
Section F
Industry Tactics III Lobbying Legislation and Litigation
66
Lobbying and Legislation
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
67
A Long History of Lobbying
1890mdashTobacco appeared in the US Pharmacopeia(official US government listing of drugs)1905mdashDropped from list before the 1906 Food and Drug Act (legislation that created the Food and Drug Administration)2005mdashFDA cannot regulate nicotine in tobacco
68
Political Lobbying US
Four of the twelve most generous donors to the 2000 Bush Campaign (1 Phillip Morris RJR UST Brown and Williamson)$18 million to federal candidates between 1997 and 2003 minus 82 to Republican candidates and committees
US $43 million spent to counter McCain bill (highest amount ever spent on a sustained issue advocacy campaign in the US)
69
The Latin Project Argentina
Counter regulations aimed at creating smoke-free workplaces and public placesminus September 30 1991mdashNeri Bill approved by Senate
(advertising promotion and sampling ban limit public smoking)
minus Industry campaignmdashmedia debates briefing packages to Senators and the President paid chief scientific advisor to President
minus October 13 1991mdashPresident vetoes law
70
The Czech Republic
June 2001
Philip Morris presents members of the Health and Social Affairs Committee of the Czech Parliament a study concluding that smoking is good for the Czech governments finances because of the savings from early deaths caused by smoking
71
Preemption
ldquoWe could never win at the local level The reason is [that] all of the health advocates the ones that I unfortunately used to call lsquohealth nazisrsquotheyrsquore all local activists who run the little political organizations So the Tobacco Institute and the tobacco companiesrsquo first priority has always been to preempt the field preferably to put it all on the federal level but if they canrsquot do that at least on the state level because the health advocates canrsquot compete with me on the state levelrdquo
mdash Victor Crawford former Maryland state legislator
72
Industry Self-Regulation
British American Tobacco
11 September 2001
INTERNATIONAL TOBACCO PRODUCTS MARKETING STANDARDS
The parties subscribing to these Standards (the ldquoParticipantsrdquo) wish to record their belief that tobacco products should be marketed in a responsible manner and that reasonable measures should be taken to ensure that the promotion and distribution of tobacco products is
bull directed at adult smokers and not at youth and
bull consistent with the principle of informed adult choice
73
International Tobacco Marketing Standards
ldquoWe have analyzed the nine-page agreement and believe that the multinationalsrsquo strategy is proactive and is a way to improve their image rdquoldquoAlso by proactively setting new international tobacco marketing standards the multinationals could be trying to counter a number of proposals that the WHO has been working on to curb the amount of cigarettes that are consumed on an international levelrdquoldquo Interestingly in many countries the existing laws or industry codes are already more restrictive than the provisions of the international marketing standardsrdquo
Source International Tobacco Marketing Standards September 2001
74
Creating the Illusion of Support
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
75
Front Groups
Buying citizen involvement (letter writing phone banking campaigns) by supporting front groups
ldquoHandrdquo of the industry remains hidden
It has been a common practice of Big Tobacco to use third parties or to create front groups to be out in front fighting smokefreepolicies while the industry remains behind the scenes protecting its public image
-Americans for Nonsmokersrsquo Rightshttpwwwno-smokeorggetthefactsphpdp=d21|d23 accessed 22306
76
Industry Front Groups and Allies
Ive learned from experience that as soon as Im identified as a representative of the Tobacco Institute I lose all credibility They just sneer us awayso I try to work behind the scenes whenever I can
- Ron Saldana lobbyist for the Tobacco Institute 82486
Source httpwwwno-smokeorggetthefactsphpdp=d21|d23 accessed 22306
77
International Tobacco Growers Association
ITGAldquo[Establish] ITGA [International Tobacco Growers Association] [as a] front group for our third world lobby activities at WHOrdquo
Source Report of the WHO Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents
Source Report of the WHO Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents
78
Legal and Economic Intimidation
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
79
Intimidating Johns Hopkins
ldquoThe tobacco companies have commenced nothing short of a campaign of harassment against the academic institutions that discovered smoking is injurious to the public healthrdquominus Estelle A Fishbein general
council for Johns Hopkins University
ldquoTobacco Industry in Fight To Get
Universitiesrsquo DataLegal Moves Termed Fishing Expeditionrdquo
-The New York Times Jan 20 2002
80
Industry Harassment
PUBLIC HEALTH MATTERS
Public Health Under Attack The American Stop Smoking Intervention Study (ASSIST) and the
Tobacco Industry
- White J and LA Bero
- The Transnational Tobacco Industry
- Section A
- Describing a Disease
- The Agent
- The Host
- The Vector
- Section B
- Background
- Background
- What Is a ldquoTransnationalrdquo Company
- Major Transnational Tobacco Companies
- Cigarette Production
- Company Size and Wealth
- TNC Sales and Developing Countries
- China National Tobacco Corporation
- A Return to the Past
- Section C
- A Global Market
- Looking Abroad
- Going Abroad
- A Global Business
- Factors Fueling Global Expansion
- Trade Liberalization
- Impact of Trade Liberalization
- Tobacco Leaf Production
- Tobacco Leaf Trade
- Privatization
- Foreign InvestmentmdashUkraine
- Major Company Mergers
- Marlboro Market Share (2001)
- Marlbororsquos Global Penetration
- Section D
- Industry Strategies
- Modeling Industry Activities
- Undermining Science
- Sworn Public Statements
- Confidential Statements
- Buying Science and Intimidation
- The Attack on Meta-Analysis
- Junk Science
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
- Industry Tactics to Undermine IARC
- Philip Morris and SHS
- Japan Tobacco and SHS
- Public Relations
- Public Statements on Youth
- Private Statements on Youth
- Minimum Age 18
- Changing the Issues
- Philanthropy
- Corporate Social Responsibility
- BATS Social Reports
- Today on Addiction
- Today on Addiction
- Public Health Advocates
- Truth in Advertising
- Section E
- Marketing
- Industry Expenditures on Advertising
- Communicating Disease
- Advertising Strategies
- Grand Prix
- Section F
- Lobbying and Legislation
- A Long History of Lobbying
- Political Lobbying US
- The Latin Project Argentina
- The Czech Republic
- Preemption
- Industry Self-Regulation
- International Tobacco Marketing Standards
- Creating the Illusion of Support
- Front Groups
- Industry Front Groups and Allies
- International Tobacco Growers Association
- Legal and Economic Intimidation
- Intimidating Johns Hopkins
- Industry Harassment
-
Section A
Background
4
Why Study the Industry
ldquoA sane policy response to the evidence against tobacco does and should threaten the viability of the industries themselvesrdquo
Advocacy Institute Smoke and Mirrors 1998
5
Describing a Disease
HOST
VECTOR
AGENT ENVIRONMENT
6
The Agent
Image source wwwcdcgovtobacco imagessgrad6jpg retrieved 22806
7
The Host
Image source Institute for Global Tobacco Control
8
The Vector
Image source httpwwwnlmnihgovhmdfrankensteinfrank_promisehtml retrieved 21206
Section B
Background
10
Background
1890mdashAmerican Tobacco Company (ATC) formed
1900mdashATC virtually controls all tobacco production and trade worldwide
1911mdashATC broken up into several companies including ATC RJ Reynolds (RJR) Liggett amp Meyers Tobacco Company Lorillard and British American Tobacco (BAT)
Continued
11
Background
1911ndash1980 minus Tobacco industry comprised of numerous
independent companiesminus Tobacco growing and trade flow largely between
US and Western Europe
1980ndashPresentminus A few mega companies minus Majority of tobacco growing in low- and middle-
income countriesminus Global production and trade
12
What Is a ldquoTransnationalrdquo Company
An enterprise comprising entities in more than one country which operate under a system of decision-making that permits coherent policies and a common strategy
The entities are so linked by ownership or otherwise that one or more of them may be able to exercise a significant influence over the others and in particular to share knowledge resources and responsibilities with the others
13
Major Transnational Tobacco Companies
Philip Morris (USA)British American Tobacco (UK)Japan Tobacco (Japan)Reemsta (Germany)Altadis (Spain France)
14
Cigarette Production
World Cigarette Production
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
1950
1970
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
Year
Num
ber o
f cig
aret
tes
(bill
ions
)
Data sources US Department of Agriculture and US Bureau of Census as quoted in Vital Signs 2005 published by WorldWatch Institute
15
Company Size and Wealth
PMI BAT JT own or lease manufacturing facilities in over 50 countries
PMI BAT JT have combined sales of over US $121 billion
16
TNC Sales and Developing Countries
Philip Morrisrsquo (PM) 1998 revenues ($74 billion) exceeded the GDP of many countries including Ireland Hungary Ecuador Kuwait Guatemala and Kenya
RJR Nabiscorsquos 1998 revenues ($14 billion) exceeded the GDP of Jamaica Laos or Malawi
Sources Philip Morris 1999 Annual Report (consolidated revenues) RJR Nabisco 1998 Annual Report (does not include RJR International revenues) CIA World Factbook 1999
17
China National Tobacco Corporation
Worldrsquos largest tobacco company
Near monopoly over domestic market
Numerous cooperative agreements with TTCs to modernize manufacturing improve crop yields and build tobacco processing plants
Indications that it is considering entering international market
Continued
18
A Return to the Past
Global Cigarette Market Share
31
3000 720
1640
1540
Philip MorrisBATJTIChina TobaccoOther
Data sources 1 Mackay J and M Eriksen 2002 The Tobacco Atlas World Health Organization 2 World Health Organization httpwwwwprowhointmedia_centrepress_releasespr_20050830htm retrieved 3706
Section C
Globalization of the Tobacco Industry
20
A Global Market
0100020003000400050006000
Num
ber o
f ci
gare
ttes
(bill
ions
)
1880189019001910192019301940195019601970198019902000
Year
Global Cigarette Consumption
0200400600800
10001200140016001800
Num
ber o
f ci
gare
ttes
con
sum
ed
in 1
998
(bill
ions
)
Indonesia Russia Japan USA China
Country
Cigarette Consumption - Top 5 countries
Data source Mackay J and Eriksen M 2002 The Tobacco Atlas World Health Organization
21
Looking Abroad
ldquoTobacco exports should be expanded aggressively because Americans are smoking lessrdquo
mdashVice President Dan Quayle (1990)
22
Going Abroad
Accessed on 22106 from the National Center for Tobacco-Free Kids httpwwwtobaccofreekidsorgreportsfalsefriendsphilipmorrisuspdf
23
A Global Business
2004 Revenue amp Profit Splits for British American Tobacco Net Sales
Latin America15
Europe26
Africa amp Middle East13
Asia-Pacific18
America-Pacific28
Data source httpwwwbatcomonewebsitesuk__3mnfennsfvwPagesWebLiveDO59NQAGopendocumentampSID=ampDTC=ampTMP=1 accessed 22106
24
Factors Fueling Global Expansion
Opening of formally closed economies in former Soviet Union Eastern Europe and China
World Bank and IMF pressure to liberalize foreign investment laws and privatize state-owned companies
Expansion of free trade areas
25
Trade Liberalization
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
World Trade Organization (WTO)
Regional Agreements (NAFTA)
26
Impact of Trade Liberalization
Korea (1988ndash1989)184ndash30 in teenage boys16ndash87 teenage girlsminus 6 of market in one year
Taiwan50 increase in high school students in two yearsminus 1 to 20 of annual sales in less than two years
Japan (1990ndash1996)26ndash40 in 17 year old boys 5ndash15 in 17 year old girlsminus 2 to 22 market share in ten years
27
Tobacco Leaf Production
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
Thou
sand
s of
met
ric
tons
China
India
Brazil
USATurk
eyZim
babweIn
donesia
Italy
Greece
MalawiPakista
nArg
entina
Leading Producers of Tobacco Leaves 2001
Data source Mackay J and Eriksen M 2002 The Tobacco Atlas World Health Organization
28
Tobacco Leaf Trade
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Thou
sand
met
ric
tons
Brazil USA Zimbabwe China Turkey India Greece Italy Malawi Argentina
Top 10 Tobacco Leaf Exporters 1999
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Tho
usan
d m
etri
c to
ns
Russia USA Germany UK Netherlands Japan France Ukraine Poland Egypt
Top 10 Tobacco Leaf Importers 1999
Data source Mackay J and Eriksen M 2002 The Tobacco Atlas World Health Organization
29
Privatization
Over 140 mergers and acquisitions between international companies and state-run companies
A few examplesminus 2003 BAT buys Duvanska (Serbia) minus 1997 PM buys Tabaqueira (Portugal)minus 1994 PM buys Kharkov (Ukraine)minus 1993 PM buys Klaipeda (Lithuania)minus 1992 PM buys Czech Tabacminus 1991 BAT buys Hungaryrsquos State company
30
Foreign InvestmentmdashUkraine
Foreign tobacco firms invested $520 million between 1991 and 1999mdash14 of all foreign direct investment
Over 90 manufacturing capacity now run by Western companies
Platform for exporting to other countries throughout Central and Eastern Europe
31
Major Company Mergers
1999 minus BAT buys Rothmansminus Philip Morris buys Liggettminus Japan Tobacco buys RJR International
Transformed size and global reach of largest three companies
32
Marlboro Market Share (2001)
Netherlandsmdash39Francemdash30Germanymdash30Spainmdash155Polandmdash72Russiamdash20Romaniamdash18Saudi Arabiamdash532Mexicomdash425
33
Marlbororsquos Global Penetration
Creditcopy 1993 Lauren Goodsmith Courtesy of Photoshare
Image source httpwwwlibraryuiucedumortensonimagesmarlborojpgaccessed 22106
Section D
Industry Strategies I Science and Public Relations
35
Industry Strategies
Advertising and promotionBuying sciencePublic relationsPhilanthropyLobbyingFront groupsIntimidationLegislation and public policy
36
Modeling Industry Activities
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
37
Undermining Science
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
38
Sworn Public Statements
ldquoI believe nicotine is not addictiverdquo
mdash William Campbell (Phillip Morris US Congressional Hearings 1994)
Image source httpwwwnlmnihgovhmdfrankensteinfrank_promisehtml retrieved 2806
39
Confidential Statements
ldquoNicotine is addictive We are then in the business of selling nicotinemdashan addictive drug effective in the release of stress mechanismsrdquominus Brown and Williamson 1963
ldquohellipBAT should learn to look at itself as a drug company rather than as a tobacco companyrdquominus BAT 1980
ldquo [T]he entire matter of addiction is the most potent weapon a prosecuting attorney can have in a lung cancercigarette case We canrsquot defend continued smoking as lsquofree choicersquo if the person was lsquoaddictedrsquordquominus Tobacco Institute 1980
40
Buying Science and Intimidation
Letters to BMJ regarding the 1981 Hirayama StudyminusMisclassification
Active smokingPassive smoking
minusConfoundingminusStatistical errorminusPlausibility
0
10
20
30
21895 69645 17366
Population at enrollment
Stan
dard
ised
mor
talit
y ra
te fo
r lun
g ca
ncer
pe
r 100
000
32-79
15-50
8-70
Cigarette smokers
Non smoker Familial passive
smoking (-)
Non smoker Familial passive
smoking (+)
Total 108905
(Non smoker wives of non
smoker husbands)
(Non smoker wives of husbands
with smoking habits)
(Women with smoking habits)
Data source Hirayama T 1981 Non-smoking wives of heavy smokers have a higher risk of lung cancer a study from Japan BMJ 282183ndash5
41
The Attack on Meta-Analysis
Tweedie RL amp KL Mengersen 1995 Meta-analytic approaches to dose-response relationships with application in studies of lung cancer and exposure to environmental tobacco smoke Statistics in Medicine 14 545-569
Excerpt from Acknowledgements ndash ldquoThe paper was completed at Colorado State University with partial support from several tobacco companies the methods and analysis here are however entirely those of the authors and should not be otherwise ascribedrdquo
Bailar JC 1997 The promise and problems of meta-analysis New England Journal of Medicine 337 (8) 559-61
Fleiss JL amp AJ Gross 1991 Meta-analysis in epidemiology with special reference to studies of the association between exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and lung cancer a critique Journal of Clinical Epidemiology44 (2) 127-139
Excerpt from Acknowledgements ndash ldquoThis research was supported by a grant from The Tobacco Institute Washington DC USA We thank Dr Myron Weinberg President of the Weinberg GroupWASHTECH for encouraging us to develop this critiquerdquo
42
Junk Science
Gori GB JC Luik Passive Smoke The EPArsquos betrayal of science and
policy The Fraser Institute
Milloy SJ 1995 Science without sense The risky business of public
health research Cato Institute Washington DC
43
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
ldquoThe massive effort launched across the tobacco industry against one scientific
study is remarkablerdquo
Source Ong E K and Glantz S A (2000 April 8) Tobacco industry efforts subverting International Agency for Research on Cancerrsquos second-hand smoke study The Lancet 355 (9211) 1253ndash1259
44
Industry Tactics to Undermine IARC
ldquoDelay the progress andor release of the studyrdquoldquoAffect the wording of its conclusions and official statement of resultsrdquoldquoNeutralize possible negative results of the study rdquoldquoCounteract the potential impact of the study on government policy public opinion and actions by private employers and proprietorsrdquominus WHO Expert Panel on Industry Documents
45
Philip Morris and SHS
ldquoPublic health officials have concluded that secondhand smoke from cigarettes causes disease including lung cancer and heart disease in non-smoking adults as well as causes conditions in children such as asthma respiratory infections cough wheeze otitis media (middle ear infection) and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome In addition public health officials have concluded that secondhand smoke can exacerbate adult asthma and cause eye throat and nasal irritationrdquo
Source Philip Morris USA websitehttpwwwphilipmorrisusacomenhealth_issuessecondhand_smokeaspRetrieved 22106
46
Japan Tobacco and SHS
ldquo available evidence does not support the assertion that environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is harmful to healthrdquo
mdash Japan Tobacco
Source Submission to the WHO Public Hearings on the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control October 2000
47
Public Relations
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
48
Public Statements on Youth
ldquo would be willing to support prevention efforts that affected our bottom line Absolutely if we can come up with a program that prevents all teenagers from smoking cigarettes we would be delighted to see that happen And if that meant that fewer people smoked as adults so be itrdquo
mdash Corky Newton Vice President of Corporate and Youth Responsibility
Programs Brown and Williamson
Source Transcript of meeting with SWAT (Students Working Against Tobacco) US November 6 1999 Cited in PR in the Playground ASH UK 2000
49
Private Statements on Youth
ldquoWe [Philip Morris] refined the objective of a juvenile initiative program as follows maintain and proactively protect our ability to advertise promote and market our products via a juvenile initiativerdquo
ldquoJuvenile initiative = a series of programs and events to discourage juvenile smoking because smoking is an adult decisionrdquo
Source Cathy Leiber (18 May 1995) Philip Morris International Youth Initiatives Bates No 250301901114 Cited in PR in the Playground ASH UK 2000
50
Minimum Age 18
Image source Image source httpkumuicsdhawaiigovhealthhealthy- httpwwwdhssdelawaregovdhssdphlifestylestobaccotpeprtochtm dpcyouthaccesshtml retrieved 21206) retrieved 21206
51
Changing the Issues
Smoking manners
ldquoSmoking is prohibited in public places like railway stations airports museums and art galleries except for designated smoking areas There are some wards (ku in Japanese) that have specific rules in the form of bylaws concerning smoking If these regulations are broken the smoker is liable to pay a fine There is a provision of punishment for smoking on the street or in public places without carrying a portable ashtray as well as for throwing away cigarette buttsrdquo
httpwwwtourismmetrotokyojpenglishbasicbasic09htmlSource accessed 22306
52
Philanthropy
53
Corporate Social Responsibility
ldquohellip Because for us economic performance is not the only measure of our success Honesty integrity and social responsibility are just as important to the way we measure ourselvesrdquominus Philip Morris International
ldquoOur companies are committed to providing consumers with pleasure through excellent products and to demonstrating that we are meeting our commercial goals in ways that are consistent with reasonable societal expectations of a responsible tobacco group in the 21st centuryrdquominus British American Tobacco
54
BATS Social Reports
Argentina AustraliaBrazil GermanyHong KongHungaryJapanKoreaMalaysiaMexicoNew ZealandNigeriaPolandRussiaSouth Africa USA
55
Today on Addiction
PHILIP MORRIS USAPHILIP MORRIS INTERNATIONAL
TOBACCO ISSUESCigarette Smoking Health Issues for Smokers
Cigarette Smoking and AddictionWe agree with the overwhelming medical and scientific consensus that cigarette smoking is addictive It can be very difficult to quit smoking but this should not deter smokers who want to quit from trying to do so
minus httpphilipmorriscomdefaultasp
Continued
56
Today on AddictionPHILIP MORRIS USAPHILIP MORRIS INTERNATIONAL
TOBACCO ISSUESCigarette Smoking Health Issues for Smokers
Cigarette Smoking and Disease in SmokersThere is an overwhelming medical and scientific consensus that cigarette smoking causes lung cancer heart disease emphysema and other serious diseases in smokers Smokers are far more likely to develop serious diseases like lung cancer than non-smokers There is no safe cigarette These are and have been the messages of public health authorities worldwide Smokers and potential smokers should rely on these messages in making all smoking-related decisions
minus httpphilipmorriscomdefaultasp
57
Public Health Advocates
ldquoIntroducing QuitAssistQuitAssist is an information resource sponsored by Philip Morris USA Itrsquos designed to help you connect with a wealth of expert quitting information available ndash usually for free ndash from government agencies universities and respected nonprofit organizations This QuitAssist guide points the way to programs telephone quitlines websites guides and more that can help you find your own path to success
You can also read this guide at QuitAssist Online Log on through wwwphilipmorrisusacom
From there you can link directly to dozens of resources to help you move ahead and leave cigarettes behindrdquo
If you decide to quit smokinghellip
QuitAssistInformation Resource
Philip Morris USA
Never mentions the word ldquoaddictionrdquo
Source httpphilipmorrisusacomenquitassistindex_flashasp accessed 22306
58
Truth in Advertising
Aggressively markets the only legal product that when used as intended by its manufacturers eventually kills half its users
Section E
Industry Tactics II Industry Advertising Promotion and Sponsorship
60
Marketing
ldquoWe refined the objective of a juvenile initiative program as follows Maintain and proactively protect our ability to advertise promote and market our products via a juvenile initiativeldquo
mdash Cathy Leiber PM International 1995
Notes Juvenile initiative = a series of programs and events designed to discourage juvenile smoking because smoking is an adult decision
61
Industry Expenditures on Advertising
0100020003000400050006000700080009000
10000
Am
ount
spe
nt $
mill
ion
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Changes in cigarette marketing expenditure in the USA 1970-99
Data source Mackay J amp M Eriksen 2002 The Tobacco Atlas World Health Organization
62
Communicating Disease
According to the trade magazine ldquoAdvertising Agerdquo the Marlboro man was the most powerful advertising image of the 20th century
Image source httpwwwcdcgovtobaccosgrsgr4kidsadbusthtm retrieved 22306
63
Advertising Strategies
Targeting womenTargeting youthSelling AmericaSponsorship of sporting events and concertsContests and give-awaysBrand stretching
64
Grand Prix
Image source httpwwwnasnasagovAboutEducationRacecardevelopment_emobightml retrieved 22306
Section F
Industry Tactics III Lobbying Legislation and Litigation
66
Lobbying and Legislation
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
67
A Long History of Lobbying
1890mdashTobacco appeared in the US Pharmacopeia(official US government listing of drugs)1905mdashDropped from list before the 1906 Food and Drug Act (legislation that created the Food and Drug Administration)2005mdashFDA cannot regulate nicotine in tobacco
68
Political Lobbying US
Four of the twelve most generous donors to the 2000 Bush Campaign (1 Phillip Morris RJR UST Brown and Williamson)$18 million to federal candidates between 1997 and 2003 minus 82 to Republican candidates and committees
US $43 million spent to counter McCain bill (highest amount ever spent on a sustained issue advocacy campaign in the US)
69
The Latin Project Argentina
Counter regulations aimed at creating smoke-free workplaces and public placesminus September 30 1991mdashNeri Bill approved by Senate
(advertising promotion and sampling ban limit public smoking)
minus Industry campaignmdashmedia debates briefing packages to Senators and the President paid chief scientific advisor to President
minus October 13 1991mdashPresident vetoes law
70
The Czech Republic
June 2001
Philip Morris presents members of the Health and Social Affairs Committee of the Czech Parliament a study concluding that smoking is good for the Czech governments finances because of the savings from early deaths caused by smoking
71
Preemption
ldquoWe could never win at the local level The reason is [that] all of the health advocates the ones that I unfortunately used to call lsquohealth nazisrsquotheyrsquore all local activists who run the little political organizations So the Tobacco Institute and the tobacco companiesrsquo first priority has always been to preempt the field preferably to put it all on the federal level but if they canrsquot do that at least on the state level because the health advocates canrsquot compete with me on the state levelrdquo
mdash Victor Crawford former Maryland state legislator
72
Industry Self-Regulation
British American Tobacco
11 September 2001
INTERNATIONAL TOBACCO PRODUCTS MARKETING STANDARDS
The parties subscribing to these Standards (the ldquoParticipantsrdquo) wish to record their belief that tobacco products should be marketed in a responsible manner and that reasonable measures should be taken to ensure that the promotion and distribution of tobacco products is
bull directed at adult smokers and not at youth and
bull consistent with the principle of informed adult choice
73
International Tobacco Marketing Standards
ldquoWe have analyzed the nine-page agreement and believe that the multinationalsrsquo strategy is proactive and is a way to improve their image rdquoldquoAlso by proactively setting new international tobacco marketing standards the multinationals could be trying to counter a number of proposals that the WHO has been working on to curb the amount of cigarettes that are consumed on an international levelrdquoldquo Interestingly in many countries the existing laws or industry codes are already more restrictive than the provisions of the international marketing standardsrdquo
Source International Tobacco Marketing Standards September 2001
74
Creating the Illusion of Support
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
75
Front Groups
Buying citizen involvement (letter writing phone banking campaigns) by supporting front groups
ldquoHandrdquo of the industry remains hidden
It has been a common practice of Big Tobacco to use third parties or to create front groups to be out in front fighting smokefreepolicies while the industry remains behind the scenes protecting its public image
-Americans for Nonsmokersrsquo Rightshttpwwwno-smokeorggetthefactsphpdp=d21|d23 accessed 22306
76
Industry Front Groups and Allies
Ive learned from experience that as soon as Im identified as a representative of the Tobacco Institute I lose all credibility They just sneer us awayso I try to work behind the scenes whenever I can
- Ron Saldana lobbyist for the Tobacco Institute 82486
Source httpwwwno-smokeorggetthefactsphpdp=d21|d23 accessed 22306
77
International Tobacco Growers Association
ITGAldquo[Establish] ITGA [International Tobacco Growers Association] [as a] front group for our third world lobby activities at WHOrdquo
Source Report of the WHO Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents
Source Report of the WHO Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents
78
Legal and Economic Intimidation
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
79
Intimidating Johns Hopkins
ldquoThe tobacco companies have commenced nothing short of a campaign of harassment against the academic institutions that discovered smoking is injurious to the public healthrdquominus Estelle A Fishbein general
council for Johns Hopkins University
ldquoTobacco Industry in Fight To Get
Universitiesrsquo DataLegal Moves Termed Fishing Expeditionrdquo
-The New York Times Jan 20 2002
80
Industry Harassment
PUBLIC HEALTH MATTERS
Public Health Under Attack The American Stop Smoking Intervention Study (ASSIST) and the
Tobacco Industry
- White J and LA Bero
- The Transnational Tobacco Industry
- Section A
- Describing a Disease
- The Agent
- The Host
- The Vector
- Section B
- Background
- Background
- What Is a ldquoTransnationalrdquo Company
- Major Transnational Tobacco Companies
- Cigarette Production
- Company Size and Wealth
- TNC Sales and Developing Countries
- China National Tobacco Corporation
- A Return to the Past
- Section C
- A Global Market
- Looking Abroad
- Going Abroad
- A Global Business
- Factors Fueling Global Expansion
- Trade Liberalization
- Impact of Trade Liberalization
- Tobacco Leaf Production
- Tobacco Leaf Trade
- Privatization
- Foreign InvestmentmdashUkraine
- Major Company Mergers
- Marlboro Market Share (2001)
- Marlbororsquos Global Penetration
- Section D
- Industry Strategies
- Modeling Industry Activities
- Undermining Science
- Sworn Public Statements
- Confidential Statements
- Buying Science and Intimidation
- The Attack on Meta-Analysis
- Junk Science
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
- Industry Tactics to Undermine IARC
- Philip Morris and SHS
- Japan Tobacco and SHS
- Public Relations
- Public Statements on Youth
- Private Statements on Youth
- Minimum Age 18
- Changing the Issues
- Philanthropy
- Corporate Social Responsibility
- BATS Social Reports
- Today on Addiction
- Today on Addiction
- Public Health Advocates
- Truth in Advertising
- Section E
- Marketing
- Industry Expenditures on Advertising
- Communicating Disease
- Advertising Strategies
- Grand Prix
- Section F
- Lobbying and Legislation
- A Long History of Lobbying
- Political Lobbying US
- The Latin Project Argentina
- The Czech Republic
- Preemption
- Industry Self-Regulation
- International Tobacco Marketing Standards
- Creating the Illusion of Support
- Front Groups
- Industry Front Groups and Allies
- International Tobacco Growers Association
- Legal and Economic Intimidation
- Intimidating Johns Hopkins
- Industry Harassment
-
4
Why Study the Industry
ldquoA sane policy response to the evidence against tobacco does and should threaten the viability of the industries themselvesrdquo
Advocacy Institute Smoke and Mirrors 1998
5
Describing a Disease
HOST
VECTOR
AGENT ENVIRONMENT
6
The Agent
Image source wwwcdcgovtobacco imagessgrad6jpg retrieved 22806
7
The Host
Image source Institute for Global Tobacco Control
8
The Vector
Image source httpwwwnlmnihgovhmdfrankensteinfrank_promisehtml retrieved 21206
Section B
Background
10
Background
1890mdashAmerican Tobacco Company (ATC) formed
1900mdashATC virtually controls all tobacco production and trade worldwide
1911mdashATC broken up into several companies including ATC RJ Reynolds (RJR) Liggett amp Meyers Tobacco Company Lorillard and British American Tobacco (BAT)
Continued
11
Background
1911ndash1980 minus Tobacco industry comprised of numerous
independent companiesminus Tobacco growing and trade flow largely between
US and Western Europe
1980ndashPresentminus A few mega companies minus Majority of tobacco growing in low- and middle-
income countriesminus Global production and trade
12
What Is a ldquoTransnationalrdquo Company
An enterprise comprising entities in more than one country which operate under a system of decision-making that permits coherent policies and a common strategy
The entities are so linked by ownership or otherwise that one or more of them may be able to exercise a significant influence over the others and in particular to share knowledge resources and responsibilities with the others
13
Major Transnational Tobacco Companies
Philip Morris (USA)British American Tobacco (UK)Japan Tobacco (Japan)Reemsta (Germany)Altadis (Spain France)
14
Cigarette Production
World Cigarette Production
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
1950
1970
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
Year
Num
ber o
f cig
aret
tes
(bill
ions
)
Data sources US Department of Agriculture and US Bureau of Census as quoted in Vital Signs 2005 published by WorldWatch Institute
15
Company Size and Wealth
PMI BAT JT own or lease manufacturing facilities in over 50 countries
PMI BAT JT have combined sales of over US $121 billion
16
TNC Sales and Developing Countries
Philip Morrisrsquo (PM) 1998 revenues ($74 billion) exceeded the GDP of many countries including Ireland Hungary Ecuador Kuwait Guatemala and Kenya
RJR Nabiscorsquos 1998 revenues ($14 billion) exceeded the GDP of Jamaica Laos or Malawi
Sources Philip Morris 1999 Annual Report (consolidated revenues) RJR Nabisco 1998 Annual Report (does not include RJR International revenues) CIA World Factbook 1999
17
China National Tobacco Corporation
Worldrsquos largest tobacco company
Near monopoly over domestic market
Numerous cooperative agreements with TTCs to modernize manufacturing improve crop yields and build tobacco processing plants
Indications that it is considering entering international market
Continued
18
A Return to the Past
Global Cigarette Market Share
31
3000 720
1640
1540
Philip MorrisBATJTIChina TobaccoOther
Data sources 1 Mackay J and M Eriksen 2002 The Tobacco Atlas World Health Organization 2 World Health Organization httpwwwwprowhointmedia_centrepress_releasespr_20050830htm retrieved 3706
Section C
Globalization of the Tobacco Industry
20
A Global Market
0100020003000400050006000
Num
ber o
f ci
gare
ttes
(bill
ions
)
1880189019001910192019301940195019601970198019902000
Year
Global Cigarette Consumption
0200400600800
10001200140016001800
Num
ber o
f ci
gare
ttes
con
sum
ed
in 1
998
(bill
ions
)
Indonesia Russia Japan USA China
Country
Cigarette Consumption - Top 5 countries
Data source Mackay J and Eriksen M 2002 The Tobacco Atlas World Health Organization
21
Looking Abroad
ldquoTobacco exports should be expanded aggressively because Americans are smoking lessrdquo
mdashVice President Dan Quayle (1990)
22
Going Abroad
Accessed on 22106 from the National Center for Tobacco-Free Kids httpwwwtobaccofreekidsorgreportsfalsefriendsphilipmorrisuspdf
23
A Global Business
2004 Revenue amp Profit Splits for British American Tobacco Net Sales
Latin America15
Europe26
Africa amp Middle East13
Asia-Pacific18
America-Pacific28
Data source httpwwwbatcomonewebsitesuk__3mnfennsfvwPagesWebLiveDO59NQAGopendocumentampSID=ampDTC=ampTMP=1 accessed 22106
24
Factors Fueling Global Expansion
Opening of formally closed economies in former Soviet Union Eastern Europe and China
World Bank and IMF pressure to liberalize foreign investment laws and privatize state-owned companies
Expansion of free trade areas
25
Trade Liberalization
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
World Trade Organization (WTO)
Regional Agreements (NAFTA)
26
Impact of Trade Liberalization
Korea (1988ndash1989)184ndash30 in teenage boys16ndash87 teenage girlsminus 6 of market in one year
Taiwan50 increase in high school students in two yearsminus 1 to 20 of annual sales in less than two years
Japan (1990ndash1996)26ndash40 in 17 year old boys 5ndash15 in 17 year old girlsminus 2 to 22 market share in ten years
27
Tobacco Leaf Production
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
Thou
sand
s of
met
ric
tons
China
India
Brazil
USATurk
eyZim
babweIn
donesia
Italy
Greece
MalawiPakista
nArg
entina
Leading Producers of Tobacco Leaves 2001
Data source Mackay J and Eriksen M 2002 The Tobacco Atlas World Health Organization
28
Tobacco Leaf Trade
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Thou
sand
met
ric
tons
Brazil USA Zimbabwe China Turkey India Greece Italy Malawi Argentina
Top 10 Tobacco Leaf Exporters 1999
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Tho
usan
d m
etri
c to
ns
Russia USA Germany UK Netherlands Japan France Ukraine Poland Egypt
Top 10 Tobacco Leaf Importers 1999
Data source Mackay J and Eriksen M 2002 The Tobacco Atlas World Health Organization
29
Privatization
Over 140 mergers and acquisitions between international companies and state-run companies
A few examplesminus 2003 BAT buys Duvanska (Serbia) minus 1997 PM buys Tabaqueira (Portugal)minus 1994 PM buys Kharkov (Ukraine)minus 1993 PM buys Klaipeda (Lithuania)minus 1992 PM buys Czech Tabacminus 1991 BAT buys Hungaryrsquos State company
30
Foreign InvestmentmdashUkraine
Foreign tobacco firms invested $520 million between 1991 and 1999mdash14 of all foreign direct investment
Over 90 manufacturing capacity now run by Western companies
Platform for exporting to other countries throughout Central and Eastern Europe
31
Major Company Mergers
1999 minus BAT buys Rothmansminus Philip Morris buys Liggettminus Japan Tobacco buys RJR International
Transformed size and global reach of largest three companies
32
Marlboro Market Share (2001)
Netherlandsmdash39Francemdash30Germanymdash30Spainmdash155Polandmdash72Russiamdash20Romaniamdash18Saudi Arabiamdash532Mexicomdash425
33
Marlbororsquos Global Penetration
Creditcopy 1993 Lauren Goodsmith Courtesy of Photoshare
Image source httpwwwlibraryuiucedumortensonimagesmarlborojpgaccessed 22106
Section D
Industry Strategies I Science and Public Relations
35
Industry Strategies
Advertising and promotionBuying sciencePublic relationsPhilanthropyLobbyingFront groupsIntimidationLegislation and public policy
36
Modeling Industry Activities
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
37
Undermining Science
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
38
Sworn Public Statements
ldquoI believe nicotine is not addictiverdquo
mdash William Campbell (Phillip Morris US Congressional Hearings 1994)
Image source httpwwwnlmnihgovhmdfrankensteinfrank_promisehtml retrieved 2806
39
Confidential Statements
ldquoNicotine is addictive We are then in the business of selling nicotinemdashan addictive drug effective in the release of stress mechanismsrdquominus Brown and Williamson 1963
ldquohellipBAT should learn to look at itself as a drug company rather than as a tobacco companyrdquominus BAT 1980
ldquo [T]he entire matter of addiction is the most potent weapon a prosecuting attorney can have in a lung cancercigarette case We canrsquot defend continued smoking as lsquofree choicersquo if the person was lsquoaddictedrsquordquominus Tobacco Institute 1980
40
Buying Science and Intimidation
Letters to BMJ regarding the 1981 Hirayama StudyminusMisclassification
Active smokingPassive smoking
minusConfoundingminusStatistical errorminusPlausibility
0
10
20
30
21895 69645 17366
Population at enrollment
Stan
dard
ised
mor
talit
y ra
te fo
r lun
g ca
ncer
pe
r 100
000
32-79
15-50
8-70
Cigarette smokers
Non smoker Familial passive
smoking (-)
Non smoker Familial passive
smoking (+)
Total 108905
(Non smoker wives of non
smoker husbands)
(Non smoker wives of husbands
with smoking habits)
(Women with smoking habits)
Data source Hirayama T 1981 Non-smoking wives of heavy smokers have a higher risk of lung cancer a study from Japan BMJ 282183ndash5
41
The Attack on Meta-Analysis
Tweedie RL amp KL Mengersen 1995 Meta-analytic approaches to dose-response relationships with application in studies of lung cancer and exposure to environmental tobacco smoke Statistics in Medicine 14 545-569
Excerpt from Acknowledgements ndash ldquoThe paper was completed at Colorado State University with partial support from several tobacco companies the methods and analysis here are however entirely those of the authors and should not be otherwise ascribedrdquo
Bailar JC 1997 The promise and problems of meta-analysis New England Journal of Medicine 337 (8) 559-61
Fleiss JL amp AJ Gross 1991 Meta-analysis in epidemiology with special reference to studies of the association between exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and lung cancer a critique Journal of Clinical Epidemiology44 (2) 127-139
Excerpt from Acknowledgements ndash ldquoThis research was supported by a grant from The Tobacco Institute Washington DC USA We thank Dr Myron Weinberg President of the Weinberg GroupWASHTECH for encouraging us to develop this critiquerdquo
42
Junk Science
Gori GB JC Luik Passive Smoke The EPArsquos betrayal of science and
policy The Fraser Institute
Milloy SJ 1995 Science without sense The risky business of public
health research Cato Institute Washington DC
43
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
ldquoThe massive effort launched across the tobacco industry against one scientific
study is remarkablerdquo
Source Ong E K and Glantz S A (2000 April 8) Tobacco industry efforts subverting International Agency for Research on Cancerrsquos second-hand smoke study The Lancet 355 (9211) 1253ndash1259
44
Industry Tactics to Undermine IARC
ldquoDelay the progress andor release of the studyrdquoldquoAffect the wording of its conclusions and official statement of resultsrdquoldquoNeutralize possible negative results of the study rdquoldquoCounteract the potential impact of the study on government policy public opinion and actions by private employers and proprietorsrdquominus WHO Expert Panel on Industry Documents
45
Philip Morris and SHS
ldquoPublic health officials have concluded that secondhand smoke from cigarettes causes disease including lung cancer and heart disease in non-smoking adults as well as causes conditions in children such as asthma respiratory infections cough wheeze otitis media (middle ear infection) and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome In addition public health officials have concluded that secondhand smoke can exacerbate adult asthma and cause eye throat and nasal irritationrdquo
Source Philip Morris USA websitehttpwwwphilipmorrisusacomenhealth_issuessecondhand_smokeaspRetrieved 22106
46
Japan Tobacco and SHS
ldquo available evidence does not support the assertion that environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is harmful to healthrdquo
mdash Japan Tobacco
Source Submission to the WHO Public Hearings on the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control October 2000
47
Public Relations
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
48
Public Statements on Youth
ldquo would be willing to support prevention efforts that affected our bottom line Absolutely if we can come up with a program that prevents all teenagers from smoking cigarettes we would be delighted to see that happen And if that meant that fewer people smoked as adults so be itrdquo
mdash Corky Newton Vice President of Corporate and Youth Responsibility
Programs Brown and Williamson
Source Transcript of meeting with SWAT (Students Working Against Tobacco) US November 6 1999 Cited in PR in the Playground ASH UK 2000
49
Private Statements on Youth
ldquoWe [Philip Morris] refined the objective of a juvenile initiative program as follows maintain and proactively protect our ability to advertise promote and market our products via a juvenile initiativerdquo
ldquoJuvenile initiative = a series of programs and events to discourage juvenile smoking because smoking is an adult decisionrdquo
Source Cathy Leiber (18 May 1995) Philip Morris International Youth Initiatives Bates No 250301901114 Cited in PR in the Playground ASH UK 2000
50
Minimum Age 18
Image source Image source httpkumuicsdhawaiigovhealthhealthy- httpwwwdhssdelawaregovdhssdphlifestylestobaccotpeprtochtm dpcyouthaccesshtml retrieved 21206) retrieved 21206
51
Changing the Issues
Smoking manners
ldquoSmoking is prohibited in public places like railway stations airports museums and art galleries except for designated smoking areas There are some wards (ku in Japanese) that have specific rules in the form of bylaws concerning smoking If these regulations are broken the smoker is liable to pay a fine There is a provision of punishment for smoking on the street or in public places without carrying a portable ashtray as well as for throwing away cigarette buttsrdquo
httpwwwtourismmetrotokyojpenglishbasicbasic09htmlSource accessed 22306
52
Philanthropy
53
Corporate Social Responsibility
ldquohellip Because for us economic performance is not the only measure of our success Honesty integrity and social responsibility are just as important to the way we measure ourselvesrdquominus Philip Morris International
ldquoOur companies are committed to providing consumers with pleasure through excellent products and to demonstrating that we are meeting our commercial goals in ways that are consistent with reasonable societal expectations of a responsible tobacco group in the 21st centuryrdquominus British American Tobacco
54
BATS Social Reports
Argentina AustraliaBrazil GermanyHong KongHungaryJapanKoreaMalaysiaMexicoNew ZealandNigeriaPolandRussiaSouth Africa USA
55
Today on Addiction
PHILIP MORRIS USAPHILIP MORRIS INTERNATIONAL
TOBACCO ISSUESCigarette Smoking Health Issues for Smokers
Cigarette Smoking and AddictionWe agree with the overwhelming medical and scientific consensus that cigarette smoking is addictive It can be very difficult to quit smoking but this should not deter smokers who want to quit from trying to do so
minus httpphilipmorriscomdefaultasp
Continued
56
Today on AddictionPHILIP MORRIS USAPHILIP MORRIS INTERNATIONAL
TOBACCO ISSUESCigarette Smoking Health Issues for Smokers
Cigarette Smoking and Disease in SmokersThere is an overwhelming medical and scientific consensus that cigarette smoking causes lung cancer heart disease emphysema and other serious diseases in smokers Smokers are far more likely to develop serious diseases like lung cancer than non-smokers There is no safe cigarette These are and have been the messages of public health authorities worldwide Smokers and potential smokers should rely on these messages in making all smoking-related decisions
minus httpphilipmorriscomdefaultasp
57
Public Health Advocates
ldquoIntroducing QuitAssistQuitAssist is an information resource sponsored by Philip Morris USA Itrsquos designed to help you connect with a wealth of expert quitting information available ndash usually for free ndash from government agencies universities and respected nonprofit organizations This QuitAssist guide points the way to programs telephone quitlines websites guides and more that can help you find your own path to success
You can also read this guide at QuitAssist Online Log on through wwwphilipmorrisusacom
From there you can link directly to dozens of resources to help you move ahead and leave cigarettes behindrdquo
If you decide to quit smokinghellip
QuitAssistInformation Resource
Philip Morris USA
Never mentions the word ldquoaddictionrdquo
Source httpphilipmorrisusacomenquitassistindex_flashasp accessed 22306
58
Truth in Advertising
Aggressively markets the only legal product that when used as intended by its manufacturers eventually kills half its users
Section E
Industry Tactics II Industry Advertising Promotion and Sponsorship
60
Marketing
ldquoWe refined the objective of a juvenile initiative program as follows Maintain and proactively protect our ability to advertise promote and market our products via a juvenile initiativeldquo
mdash Cathy Leiber PM International 1995
Notes Juvenile initiative = a series of programs and events designed to discourage juvenile smoking because smoking is an adult decision
61
Industry Expenditures on Advertising
0100020003000400050006000700080009000
10000
Am
ount
spe
nt $
mill
ion
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Changes in cigarette marketing expenditure in the USA 1970-99
Data source Mackay J amp M Eriksen 2002 The Tobacco Atlas World Health Organization
62
Communicating Disease
According to the trade magazine ldquoAdvertising Agerdquo the Marlboro man was the most powerful advertising image of the 20th century
Image source httpwwwcdcgovtobaccosgrsgr4kidsadbusthtm retrieved 22306
63
Advertising Strategies
Targeting womenTargeting youthSelling AmericaSponsorship of sporting events and concertsContests and give-awaysBrand stretching
64
Grand Prix
Image source httpwwwnasnasagovAboutEducationRacecardevelopment_emobightml retrieved 22306
Section F
Industry Tactics III Lobbying Legislation and Litigation
66
Lobbying and Legislation
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
67
A Long History of Lobbying
1890mdashTobacco appeared in the US Pharmacopeia(official US government listing of drugs)1905mdashDropped from list before the 1906 Food and Drug Act (legislation that created the Food and Drug Administration)2005mdashFDA cannot regulate nicotine in tobacco
68
Political Lobbying US
Four of the twelve most generous donors to the 2000 Bush Campaign (1 Phillip Morris RJR UST Brown and Williamson)$18 million to federal candidates between 1997 and 2003 minus 82 to Republican candidates and committees
US $43 million spent to counter McCain bill (highest amount ever spent on a sustained issue advocacy campaign in the US)
69
The Latin Project Argentina
Counter regulations aimed at creating smoke-free workplaces and public placesminus September 30 1991mdashNeri Bill approved by Senate
(advertising promotion and sampling ban limit public smoking)
minus Industry campaignmdashmedia debates briefing packages to Senators and the President paid chief scientific advisor to President
minus October 13 1991mdashPresident vetoes law
70
The Czech Republic
June 2001
Philip Morris presents members of the Health and Social Affairs Committee of the Czech Parliament a study concluding that smoking is good for the Czech governments finances because of the savings from early deaths caused by smoking
71
Preemption
ldquoWe could never win at the local level The reason is [that] all of the health advocates the ones that I unfortunately used to call lsquohealth nazisrsquotheyrsquore all local activists who run the little political organizations So the Tobacco Institute and the tobacco companiesrsquo first priority has always been to preempt the field preferably to put it all on the federal level but if they canrsquot do that at least on the state level because the health advocates canrsquot compete with me on the state levelrdquo
mdash Victor Crawford former Maryland state legislator
72
Industry Self-Regulation
British American Tobacco
11 September 2001
INTERNATIONAL TOBACCO PRODUCTS MARKETING STANDARDS
The parties subscribing to these Standards (the ldquoParticipantsrdquo) wish to record their belief that tobacco products should be marketed in a responsible manner and that reasonable measures should be taken to ensure that the promotion and distribution of tobacco products is
bull directed at adult smokers and not at youth and
bull consistent with the principle of informed adult choice
73
International Tobacco Marketing Standards
ldquoWe have analyzed the nine-page agreement and believe that the multinationalsrsquo strategy is proactive and is a way to improve their image rdquoldquoAlso by proactively setting new international tobacco marketing standards the multinationals could be trying to counter a number of proposals that the WHO has been working on to curb the amount of cigarettes that are consumed on an international levelrdquoldquo Interestingly in many countries the existing laws or industry codes are already more restrictive than the provisions of the international marketing standardsrdquo
Source International Tobacco Marketing Standards September 2001
74
Creating the Illusion of Support
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
75
Front Groups
Buying citizen involvement (letter writing phone banking campaigns) by supporting front groups
ldquoHandrdquo of the industry remains hidden
It has been a common practice of Big Tobacco to use third parties or to create front groups to be out in front fighting smokefreepolicies while the industry remains behind the scenes protecting its public image
-Americans for Nonsmokersrsquo Rightshttpwwwno-smokeorggetthefactsphpdp=d21|d23 accessed 22306
76
Industry Front Groups and Allies
Ive learned from experience that as soon as Im identified as a representative of the Tobacco Institute I lose all credibility They just sneer us awayso I try to work behind the scenes whenever I can
- Ron Saldana lobbyist for the Tobacco Institute 82486
Source httpwwwno-smokeorggetthefactsphpdp=d21|d23 accessed 22306
77
International Tobacco Growers Association
ITGAldquo[Establish] ITGA [International Tobacco Growers Association] [as a] front group for our third world lobby activities at WHOrdquo
Source Report of the WHO Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents
Source Report of the WHO Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents
78
Legal and Economic Intimidation
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
79
Intimidating Johns Hopkins
ldquoThe tobacco companies have commenced nothing short of a campaign of harassment against the academic institutions that discovered smoking is injurious to the public healthrdquominus Estelle A Fishbein general
council for Johns Hopkins University
ldquoTobacco Industry in Fight To Get
Universitiesrsquo DataLegal Moves Termed Fishing Expeditionrdquo
-The New York Times Jan 20 2002
80
Industry Harassment
PUBLIC HEALTH MATTERS
Public Health Under Attack The American Stop Smoking Intervention Study (ASSIST) and the
Tobacco Industry
- White J and LA Bero
- The Transnational Tobacco Industry
- Section A
- Describing a Disease
- The Agent
- The Host
- The Vector
- Section B
- Background
- Background
- What Is a ldquoTransnationalrdquo Company
- Major Transnational Tobacco Companies
- Cigarette Production
- Company Size and Wealth
- TNC Sales and Developing Countries
- China National Tobacco Corporation
- A Return to the Past
- Section C
- A Global Market
- Looking Abroad
- Going Abroad
- A Global Business
- Factors Fueling Global Expansion
- Trade Liberalization
- Impact of Trade Liberalization
- Tobacco Leaf Production
- Tobacco Leaf Trade
- Privatization
- Foreign InvestmentmdashUkraine
- Major Company Mergers
- Marlboro Market Share (2001)
- Marlbororsquos Global Penetration
- Section D
- Industry Strategies
- Modeling Industry Activities
- Undermining Science
- Sworn Public Statements
- Confidential Statements
- Buying Science and Intimidation
- The Attack on Meta-Analysis
- Junk Science
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
- Industry Tactics to Undermine IARC
- Philip Morris and SHS
- Japan Tobacco and SHS
- Public Relations
- Public Statements on Youth
- Private Statements on Youth
- Minimum Age 18
- Changing the Issues
- Philanthropy
- Corporate Social Responsibility
- BATS Social Reports
- Today on Addiction
- Today on Addiction
- Public Health Advocates
- Truth in Advertising
- Section E
- Marketing
- Industry Expenditures on Advertising
- Communicating Disease
- Advertising Strategies
- Grand Prix
- Section F
- Lobbying and Legislation
- A Long History of Lobbying
- Political Lobbying US
- The Latin Project Argentina
- The Czech Republic
- Preemption
- Industry Self-Regulation
- International Tobacco Marketing Standards
- Creating the Illusion of Support
- Front Groups
- Industry Front Groups and Allies
- International Tobacco Growers Association
- Legal and Economic Intimidation
- Intimidating Johns Hopkins
- Industry Harassment
-
5
Describing a Disease
HOST
VECTOR
AGENT ENVIRONMENT
6
The Agent
Image source wwwcdcgovtobacco imagessgrad6jpg retrieved 22806
7
The Host
Image source Institute for Global Tobacco Control
8
The Vector
Image source httpwwwnlmnihgovhmdfrankensteinfrank_promisehtml retrieved 21206
Section B
Background
10
Background
1890mdashAmerican Tobacco Company (ATC) formed
1900mdashATC virtually controls all tobacco production and trade worldwide
1911mdashATC broken up into several companies including ATC RJ Reynolds (RJR) Liggett amp Meyers Tobacco Company Lorillard and British American Tobacco (BAT)
Continued
11
Background
1911ndash1980 minus Tobacco industry comprised of numerous
independent companiesminus Tobacco growing and trade flow largely between
US and Western Europe
1980ndashPresentminus A few mega companies minus Majority of tobacco growing in low- and middle-
income countriesminus Global production and trade
12
What Is a ldquoTransnationalrdquo Company
An enterprise comprising entities in more than one country which operate under a system of decision-making that permits coherent policies and a common strategy
The entities are so linked by ownership or otherwise that one or more of them may be able to exercise a significant influence over the others and in particular to share knowledge resources and responsibilities with the others
13
Major Transnational Tobacco Companies
Philip Morris (USA)British American Tobacco (UK)Japan Tobacco (Japan)Reemsta (Germany)Altadis (Spain France)
14
Cigarette Production
World Cigarette Production
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
1950
1970
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
Year
Num
ber o
f cig
aret
tes
(bill
ions
)
Data sources US Department of Agriculture and US Bureau of Census as quoted in Vital Signs 2005 published by WorldWatch Institute
15
Company Size and Wealth
PMI BAT JT own or lease manufacturing facilities in over 50 countries
PMI BAT JT have combined sales of over US $121 billion
16
TNC Sales and Developing Countries
Philip Morrisrsquo (PM) 1998 revenues ($74 billion) exceeded the GDP of many countries including Ireland Hungary Ecuador Kuwait Guatemala and Kenya
RJR Nabiscorsquos 1998 revenues ($14 billion) exceeded the GDP of Jamaica Laos or Malawi
Sources Philip Morris 1999 Annual Report (consolidated revenues) RJR Nabisco 1998 Annual Report (does not include RJR International revenues) CIA World Factbook 1999
17
China National Tobacco Corporation
Worldrsquos largest tobacco company
Near monopoly over domestic market
Numerous cooperative agreements with TTCs to modernize manufacturing improve crop yields and build tobacco processing plants
Indications that it is considering entering international market
Continued
18
A Return to the Past
Global Cigarette Market Share
31
3000 720
1640
1540
Philip MorrisBATJTIChina TobaccoOther
Data sources 1 Mackay J and M Eriksen 2002 The Tobacco Atlas World Health Organization 2 World Health Organization httpwwwwprowhointmedia_centrepress_releasespr_20050830htm retrieved 3706
Section C
Globalization of the Tobacco Industry
20
A Global Market
0100020003000400050006000
Num
ber o
f ci
gare
ttes
(bill
ions
)
1880189019001910192019301940195019601970198019902000
Year
Global Cigarette Consumption
0200400600800
10001200140016001800
Num
ber o
f ci
gare
ttes
con
sum
ed
in 1
998
(bill
ions
)
Indonesia Russia Japan USA China
Country
Cigarette Consumption - Top 5 countries
Data source Mackay J and Eriksen M 2002 The Tobacco Atlas World Health Organization
21
Looking Abroad
ldquoTobacco exports should be expanded aggressively because Americans are smoking lessrdquo
mdashVice President Dan Quayle (1990)
22
Going Abroad
Accessed on 22106 from the National Center for Tobacco-Free Kids httpwwwtobaccofreekidsorgreportsfalsefriendsphilipmorrisuspdf
23
A Global Business
2004 Revenue amp Profit Splits for British American Tobacco Net Sales
Latin America15
Europe26
Africa amp Middle East13
Asia-Pacific18
America-Pacific28
Data source httpwwwbatcomonewebsitesuk__3mnfennsfvwPagesWebLiveDO59NQAGopendocumentampSID=ampDTC=ampTMP=1 accessed 22106
24
Factors Fueling Global Expansion
Opening of formally closed economies in former Soviet Union Eastern Europe and China
World Bank and IMF pressure to liberalize foreign investment laws and privatize state-owned companies
Expansion of free trade areas
25
Trade Liberalization
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
World Trade Organization (WTO)
Regional Agreements (NAFTA)
26
Impact of Trade Liberalization
Korea (1988ndash1989)184ndash30 in teenage boys16ndash87 teenage girlsminus 6 of market in one year
Taiwan50 increase in high school students in two yearsminus 1 to 20 of annual sales in less than two years
Japan (1990ndash1996)26ndash40 in 17 year old boys 5ndash15 in 17 year old girlsminus 2 to 22 market share in ten years
27
Tobacco Leaf Production
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
Thou
sand
s of
met
ric
tons
China
India
Brazil
USATurk
eyZim
babweIn
donesia
Italy
Greece
MalawiPakista
nArg
entina
Leading Producers of Tobacco Leaves 2001
Data source Mackay J and Eriksen M 2002 The Tobacco Atlas World Health Organization
28
Tobacco Leaf Trade
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Thou
sand
met
ric
tons
Brazil USA Zimbabwe China Turkey India Greece Italy Malawi Argentina
Top 10 Tobacco Leaf Exporters 1999
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Tho
usan
d m
etri
c to
ns
Russia USA Germany UK Netherlands Japan France Ukraine Poland Egypt
Top 10 Tobacco Leaf Importers 1999
Data source Mackay J and Eriksen M 2002 The Tobacco Atlas World Health Organization
29
Privatization
Over 140 mergers and acquisitions between international companies and state-run companies
A few examplesminus 2003 BAT buys Duvanska (Serbia) minus 1997 PM buys Tabaqueira (Portugal)minus 1994 PM buys Kharkov (Ukraine)minus 1993 PM buys Klaipeda (Lithuania)minus 1992 PM buys Czech Tabacminus 1991 BAT buys Hungaryrsquos State company
30
Foreign InvestmentmdashUkraine
Foreign tobacco firms invested $520 million between 1991 and 1999mdash14 of all foreign direct investment
Over 90 manufacturing capacity now run by Western companies
Platform for exporting to other countries throughout Central and Eastern Europe
31
Major Company Mergers
1999 minus BAT buys Rothmansminus Philip Morris buys Liggettminus Japan Tobacco buys RJR International
Transformed size and global reach of largest three companies
32
Marlboro Market Share (2001)
Netherlandsmdash39Francemdash30Germanymdash30Spainmdash155Polandmdash72Russiamdash20Romaniamdash18Saudi Arabiamdash532Mexicomdash425
33
Marlbororsquos Global Penetration
Creditcopy 1993 Lauren Goodsmith Courtesy of Photoshare
Image source httpwwwlibraryuiucedumortensonimagesmarlborojpgaccessed 22106
Section D
Industry Strategies I Science and Public Relations
35
Industry Strategies
Advertising and promotionBuying sciencePublic relationsPhilanthropyLobbyingFront groupsIntimidationLegislation and public policy
36
Modeling Industry Activities
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
37
Undermining Science
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
38
Sworn Public Statements
ldquoI believe nicotine is not addictiverdquo
mdash William Campbell (Phillip Morris US Congressional Hearings 1994)
Image source httpwwwnlmnihgovhmdfrankensteinfrank_promisehtml retrieved 2806
39
Confidential Statements
ldquoNicotine is addictive We are then in the business of selling nicotinemdashan addictive drug effective in the release of stress mechanismsrdquominus Brown and Williamson 1963
ldquohellipBAT should learn to look at itself as a drug company rather than as a tobacco companyrdquominus BAT 1980
ldquo [T]he entire matter of addiction is the most potent weapon a prosecuting attorney can have in a lung cancercigarette case We canrsquot defend continued smoking as lsquofree choicersquo if the person was lsquoaddictedrsquordquominus Tobacco Institute 1980
40
Buying Science and Intimidation
Letters to BMJ regarding the 1981 Hirayama StudyminusMisclassification
Active smokingPassive smoking
minusConfoundingminusStatistical errorminusPlausibility
0
10
20
30
21895 69645 17366
Population at enrollment
Stan
dard
ised
mor
talit
y ra
te fo
r lun
g ca
ncer
pe
r 100
000
32-79
15-50
8-70
Cigarette smokers
Non smoker Familial passive
smoking (-)
Non smoker Familial passive
smoking (+)
Total 108905
(Non smoker wives of non
smoker husbands)
(Non smoker wives of husbands
with smoking habits)
(Women with smoking habits)
Data source Hirayama T 1981 Non-smoking wives of heavy smokers have a higher risk of lung cancer a study from Japan BMJ 282183ndash5
41
The Attack on Meta-Analysis
Tweedie RL amp KL Mengersen 1995 Meta-analytic approaches to dose-response relationships with application in studies of lung cancer and exposure to environmental tobacco smoke Statistics in Medicine 14 545-569
Excerpt from Acknowledgements ndash ldquoThe paper was completed at Colorado State University with partial support from several tobacco companies the methods and analysis here are however entirely those of the authors and should not be otherwise ascribedrdquo
Bailar JC 1997 The promise and problems of meta-analysis New England Journal of Medicine 337 (8) 559-61
Fleiss JL amp AJ Gross 1991 Meta-analysis in epidemiology with special reference to studies of the association between exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and lung cancer a critique Journal of Clinical Epidemiology44 (2) 127-139
Excerpt from Acknowledgements ndash ldquoThis research was supported by a grant from The Tobacco Institute Washington DC USA We thank Dr Myron Weinberg President of the Weinberg GroupWASHTECH for encouraging us to develop this critiquerdquo
42
Junk Science
Gori GB JC Luik Passive Smoke The EPArsquos betrayal of science and
policy The Fraser Institute
Milloy SJ 1995 Science without sense The risky business of public
health research Cato Institute Washington DC
43
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
ldquoThe massive effort launched across the tobacco industry against one scientific
study is remarkablerdquo
Source Ong E K and Glantz S A (2000 April 8) Tobacco industry efforts subverting International Agency for Research on Cancerrsquos second-hand smoke study The Lancet 355 (9211) 1253ndash1259
44
Industry Tactics to Undermine IARC
ldquoDelay the progress andor release of the studyrdquoldquoAffect the wording of its conclusions and official statement of resultsrdquoldquoNeutralize possible negative results of the study rdquoldquoCounteract the potential impact of the study on government policy public opinion and actions by private employers and proprietorsrdquominus WHO Expert Panel on Industry Documents
45
Philip Morris and SHS
ldquoPublic health officials have concluded that secondhand smoke from cigarettes causes disease including lung cancer and heart disease in non-smoking adults as well as causes conditions in children such as asthma respiratory infections cough wheeze otitis media (middle ear infection) and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome In addition public health officials have concluded that secondhand smoke can exacerbate adult asthma and cause eye throat and nasal irritationrdquo
Source Philip Morris USA websitehttpwwwphilipmorrisusacomenhealth_issuessecondhand_smokeaspRetrieved 22106
46
Japan Tobacco and SHS
ldquo available evidence does not support the assertion that environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is harmful to healthrdquo
mdash Japan Tobacco
Source Submission to the WHO Public Hearings on the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control October 2000
47
Public Relations
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
48
Public Statements on Youth
ldquo would be willing to support prevention efforts that affected our bottom line Absolutely if we can come up with a program that prevents all teenagers from smoking cigarettes we would be delighted to see that happen And if that meant that fewer people smoked as adults so be itrdquo
mdash Corky Newton Vice President of Corporate and Youth Responsibility
Programs Brown and Williamson
Source Transcript of meeting with SWAT (Students Working Against Tobacco) US November 6 1999 Cited in PR in the Playground ASH UK 2000
49
Private Statements on Youth
ldquoWe [Philip Morris] refined the objective of a juvenile initiative program as follows maintain and proactively protect our ability to advertise promote and market our products via a juvenile initiativerdquo
ldquoJuvenile initiative = a series of programs and events to discourage juvenile smoking because smoking is an adult decisionrdquo
Source Cathy Leiber (18 May 1995) Philip Morris International Youth Initiatives Bates No 250301901114 Cited in PR in the Playground ASH UK 2000
50
Minimum Age 18
Image source Image source httpkumuicsdhawaiigovhealthhealthy- httpwwwdhssdelawaregovdhssdphlifestylestobaccotpeprtochtm dpcyouthaccesshtml retrieved 21206) retrieved 21206
51
Changing the Issues
Smoking manners
ldquoSmoking is prohibited in public places like railway stations airports museums and art galleries except for designated smoking areas There are some wards (ku in Japanese) that have specific rules in the form of bylaws concerning smoking If these regulations are broken the smoker is liable to pay a fine There is a provision of punishment for smoking on the street or in public places without carrying a portable ashtray as well as for throwing away cigarette buttsrdquo
httpwwwtourismmetrotokyojpenglishbasicbasic09htmlSource accessed 22306
52
Philanthropy
53
Corporate Social Responsibility
ldquohellip Because for us economic performance is not the only measure of our success Honesty integrity and social responsibility are just as important to the way we measure ourselvesrdquominus Philip Morris International
ldquoOur companies are committed to providing consumers with pleasure through excellent products and to demonstrating that we are meeting our commercial goals in ways that are consistent with reasonable societal expectations of a responsible tobacco group in the 21st centuryrdquominus British American Tobacco
54
BATS Social Reports
Argentina AustraliaBrazil GermanyHong KongHungaryJapanKoreaMalaysiaMexicoNew ZealandNigeriaPolandRussiaSouth Africa USA
55
Today on Addiction
PHILIP MORRIS USAPHILIP MORRIS INTERNATIONAL
TOBACCO ISSUESCigarette Smoking Health Issues for Smokers
Cigarette Smoking and AddictionWe agree with the overwhelming medical and scientific consensus that cigarette smoking is addictive It can be very difficult to quit smoking but this should not deter smokers who want to quit from trying to do so
minus httpphilipmorriscomdefaultasp
Continued
56
Today on AddictionPHILIP MORRIS USAPHILIP MORRIS INTERNATIONAL
TOBACCO ISSUESCigarette Smoking Health Issues for Smokers
Cigarette Smoking and Disease in SmokersThere is an overwhelming medical and scientific consensus that cigarette smoking causes lung cancer heart disease emphysema and other serious diseases in smokers Smokers are far more likely to develop serious diseases like lung cancer than non-smokers There is no safe cigarette These are and have been the messages of public health authorities worldwide Smokers and potential smokers should rely on these messages in making all smoking-related decisions
minus httpphilipmorriscomdefaultasp
57
Public Health Advocates
ldquoIntroducing QuitAssistQuitAssist is an information resource sponsored by Philip Morris USA Itrsquos designed to help you connect with a wealth of expert quitting information available ndash usually for free ndash from government agencies universities and respected nonprofit organizations This QuitAssist guide points the way to programs telephone quitlines websites guides and more that can help you find your own path to success
You can also read this guide at QuitAssist Online Log on through wwwphilipmorrisusacom
From there you can link directly to dozens of resources to help you move ahead and leave cigarettes behindrdquo
If you decide to quit smokinghellip
QuitAssistInformation Resource
Philip Morris USA
Never mentions the word ldquoaddictionrdquo
Source httpphilipmorrisusacomenquitassistindex_flashasp accessed 22306
58
Truth in Advertising
Aggressively markets the only legal product that when used as intended by its manufacturers eventually kills half its users
Section E
Industry Tactics II Industry Advertising Promotion and Sponsorship
60
Marketing
ldquoWe refined the objective of a juvenile initiative program as follows Maintain and proactively protect our ability to advertise promote and market our products via a juvenile initiativeldquo
mdash Cathy Leiber PM International 1995
Notes Juvenile initiative = a series of programs and events designed to discourage juvenile smoking because smoking is an adult decision
61
Industry Expenditures on Advertising
0100020003000400050006000700080009000
10000
Am
ount
spe
nt $
mill
ion
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Changes in cigarette marketing expenditure in the USA 1970-99
Data source Mackay J amp M Eriksen 2002 The Tobacco Atlas World Health Organization
62
Communicating Disease
According to the trade magazine ldquoAdvertising Agerdquo the Marlboro man was the most powerful advertising image of the 20th century
Image source httpwwwcdcgovtobaccosgrsgr4kidsadbusthtm retrieved 22306
63
Advertising Strategies
Targeting womenTargeting youthSelling AmericaSponsorship of sporting events and concertsContests and give-awaysBrand stretching
64
Grand Prix
Image source httpwwwnasnasagovAboutEducationRacecardevelopment_emobightml retrieved 22306
Section F
Industry Tactics III Lobbying Legislation and Litigation
66
Lobbying and Legislation
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
67
A Long History of Lobbying
1890mdashTobacco appeared in the US Pharmacopeia(official US government listing of drugs)1905mdashDropped from list before the 1906 Food and Drug Act (legislation that created the Food and Drug Administration)2005mdashFDA cannot regulate nicotine in tobacco
68
Political Lobbying US
Four of the twelve most generous donors to the 2000 Bush Campaign (1 Phillip Morris RJR UST Brown and Williamson)$18 million to federal candidates between 1997 and 2003 minus 82 to Republican candidates and committees
US $43 million spent to counter McCain bill (highest amount ever spent on a sustained issue advocacy campaign in the US)
69
The Latin Project Argentina
Counter regulations aimed at creating smoke-free workplaces and public placesminus September 30 1991mdashNeri Bill approved by Senate
(advertising promotion and sampling ban limit public smoking)
minus Industry campaignmdashmedia debates briefing packages to Senators and the President paid chief scientific advisor to President
minus October 13 1991mdashPresident vetoes law
70
The Czech Republic
June 2001
Philip Morris presents members of the Health and Social Affairs Committee of the Czech Parliament a study concluding that smoking is good for the Czech governments finances because of the savings from early deaths caused by smoking
71
Preemption
ldquoWe could never win at the local level The reason is [that] all of the health advocates the ones that I unfortunately used to call lsquohealth nazisrsquotheyrsquore all local activists who run the little political organizations So the Tobacco Institute and the tobacco companiesrsquo first priority has always been to preempt the field preferably to put it all on the federal level but if they canrsquot do that at least on the state level because the health advocates canrsquot compete with me on the state levelrdquo
mdash Victor Crawford former Maryland state legislator
72
Industry Self-Regulation
British American Tobacco
11 September 2001
INTERNATIONAL TOBACCO PRODUCTS MARKETING STANDARDS
The parties subscribing to these Standards (the ldquoParticipantsrdquo) wish to record their belief that tobacco products should be marketed in a responsible manner and that reasonable measures should be taken to ensure that the promotion and distribution of tobacco products is
bull directed at adult smokers and not at youth and
bull consistent with the principle of informed adult choice
73
International Tobacco Marketing Standards
ldquoWe have analyzed the nine-page agreement and believe that the multinationalsrsquo strategy is proactive and is a way to improve their image rdquoldquoAlso by proactively setting new international tobacco marketing standards the multinationals could be trying to counter a number of proposals that the WHO has been working on to curb the amount of cigarettes that are consumed on an international levelrdquoldquo Interestingly in many countries the existing laws or industry codes are already more restrictive than the provisions of the international marketing standardsrdquo
Source International Tobacco Marketing Standards September 2001
74
Creating the Illusion of Support
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
75
Front Groups
Buying citizen involvement (letter writing phone banking campaigns) by supporting front groups
ldquoHandrdquo of the industry remains hidden
It has been a common practice of Big Tobacco to use third parties or to create front groups to be out in front fighting smokefreepolicies while the industry remains behind the scenes protecting its public image
-Americans for Nonsmokersrsquo Rightshttpwwwno-smokeorggetthefactsphpdp=d21|d23 accessed 22306
76
Industry Front Groups and Allies
Ive learned from experience that as soon as Im identified as a representative of the Tobacco Institute I lose all credibility They just sneer us awayso I try to work behind the scenes whenever I can
- Ron Saldana lobbyist for the Tobacco Institute 82486
Source httpwwwno-smokeorggetthefactsphpdp=d21|d23 accessed 22306
77
International Tobacco Growers Association
ITGAldquo[Establish] ITGA [International Tobacco Growers Association] [as a] front group for our third world lobby activities at WHOrdquo
Source Report of the WHO Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents
Source Report of the WHO Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents
78
Legal and Economic Intimidation
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
79
Intimidating Johns Hopkins
ldquoThe tobacco companies have commenced nothing short of a campaign of harassment against the academic institutions that discovered smoking is injurious to the public healthrdquominus Estelle A Fishbein general
council for Johns Hopkins University
ldquoTobacco Industry in Fight To Get
Universitiesrsquo DataLegal Moves Termed Fishing Expeditionrdquo
-The New York Times Jan 20 2002
80
Industry Harassment
PUBLIC HEALTH MATTERS
Public Health Under Attack The American Stop Smoking Intervention Study (ASSIST) and the
Tobacco Industry
- White J and LA Bero
- The Transnational Tobacco Industry
- Section A
- Describing a Disease
- The Agent
- The Host
- The Vector
- Section B
- Background
- Background
- What Is a ldquoTransnationalrdquo Company
- Major Transnational Tobacco Companies
- Cigarette Production
- Company Size and Wealth
- TNC Sales and Developing Countries
- China National Tobacco Corporation
- A Return to the Past
- Section C
- A Global Market
- Looking Abroad
- Going Abroad
- A Global Business
- Factors Fueling Global Expansion
- Trade Liberalization
- Impact of Trade Liberalization
- Tobacco Leaf Production
- Tobacco Leaf Trade
- Privatization
- Foreign InvestmentmdashUkraine
- Major Company Mergers
- Marlboro Market Share (2001)
- Marlbororsquos Global Penetration
- Section D
- Industry Strategies
- Modeling Industry Activities
- Undermining Science
- Sworn Public Statements
- Confidential Statements
- Buying Science and Intimidation
- The Attack on Meta-Analysis
- Junk Science
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
- Industry Tactics to Undermine IARC
- Philip Morris and SHS
- Japan Tobacco and SHS
- Public Relations
- Public Statements on Youth
- Private Statements on Youth
- Minimum Age 18
- Changing the Issues
- Philanthropy
- Corporate Social Responsibility
- BATS Social Reports
- Today on Addiction
- Today on Addiction
- Public Health Advocates
- Truth in Advertising
- Section E
- Marketing
- Industry Expenditures on Advertising
- Communicating Disease
- Advertising Strategies
- Grand Prix
- Section F
- Lobbying and Legislation
- A Long History of Lobbying
- Political Lobbying US
- The Latin Project Argentina
- The Czech Republic
- Preemption
- Industry Self-Regulation
- International Tobacco Marketing Standards
- Creating the Illusion of Support
- Front Groups
- Industry Front Groups and Allies
- International Tobacco Growers Association
- Legal and Economic Intimidation
- Intimidating Johns Hopkins
- Industry Harassment
-
6
The Agent
Image source wwwcdcgovtobacco imagessgrad6jpg retrieved 22806
7
The Host
Image source Institute for Global Tobacco Control
8
The Vector
Image source httpwwwnlmnihgovhmdfrankensteinfrank_promisehtml retrieved 21206
Section B
Background
10
Background
1890mdashAmerican Tobacco Company (ATC) formed
1900mdashATC virtually controls all tobacco production and trade worldwide
1911mdashATC broken up into several companies including ATC RJ Reynolds (RJR) Liggett amp Meyers Tobacco Company Lorillard and British American Tobacco (BAT)
Continued
11
Background
1911ndash1980 minus Tobacco industry comprised of numerous
independent companiesminus Tobacco growing and trade flow largely between
US and Western Europe
1980ndashPresentminus A few mega companies minus Majority of tobacco growing in low- and middle-
income countriesminus Global production and trade
12
What Is a ldquoTransnationalrdquo Company
An enterprise comprising entities in more than one country which operate under a system of decision-making that permits coherent policies and a common strategy
The entities are so linked by ownership or otherwise that one or more of them may be able to exercise a significant influence over the others and in particular to share knowledge resources and responsibilities with the others
13
Major Transnational Tobacco Companies
Philip Morris (USA)British American Tobacco (UK)Japan Tobacco (Japan)Reemsta (Germany)Altadis (Spain France)
14
Cigarette Production
World Cigarette Production
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
1950
1970
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
Year
Num
ber o
f cig
aret
tes
(bill
ions
)
Data sources US Department of Agriculture and US Bureau of Census as quoted in Vital Signs 2005 published by WorldWatch Institute
15
Company Size and Wealth
PMI BAT JT own or lease manufacturing facilities in over 50 countries
PMI BAT JT have combined sales of over US $121 billion
16
TNC Sales and Developing Countries
Philip Morrisrsquo (PM) 1998 revenues ($74 billion) exceeded the GDP of many countries including Ireland Hungary Ecuador Kuwait Guatemala and Kenya
RJR Nabiscorsquos 1998 revenues ($14 billion) exceeded the GDP of Jamaica Laos or Malawi
Sources Philip Morris 1999 Annual Report (consolidated revenues) RJR Nabisco 1998 Annual Report (does not include RJR International revenues) CIA World Factbook 1999
17
China National Tobacco Corporation
Worldrsquos largest tobacco company
Near monopoly over domestic market
Numerous cooperative agreements with TTCs to modernize manufacturing improve crop yields and build tobacco processing plants
Indications that it is considering entering international market
Continued
18
A Return to the Past
Global Cigarette Market Share
31
3000 720
1640
1540
Philip MorrisBATJTIChina TobaccoOther
Data sources 1 Mackay J and M Eriksen 2002 The Tobacco Atlas World Health Organization 2 World Health Organization httpwwwwprowhointmedia_centrepress_releasespr_20050830htm retrieved 3706
Section C
Globalization of the Tobacco Industry
20
A Global Market
0100020003000400050006000
Num
ber o
f ci
gare
ttes
(bill
ions
)
1880189019001910192019301940195019601970198019902000
Year
Global Cigarette Consumption
0200400600800
10001200140016001800
Num
ber o
f ci
gare
ttes
con
sum
ed
in 1
998
(bill
ions
)
Indonesia Russia Japan USA China
Country
Cigarette Consumption - Top 5 countries
Data source Mackay J and Eriksen M 2002 The Tobacco Atlas World Health Organization
21
Looking Abroad
ldquoTobacco exports should be expanded aggressively because Americans are smoking lessrdquo
mdashVice President Dan Quayle (1990)
22
Going Abroad
Accessed on 22106 from the National Center for Tobacco-Free Kids httpwwwtobaccofreekidsorgreportsfalsefriendsphilipmorrisuspdf
23
A Global Business
2004 Revenue amp Profit Splits for British American Tobacco Net Sales
Latin America15
Europe26
Africa amp Middle East13
Asia-Pacific18
America-Pacific28
Data source httpwwwbatcomonewebsitesuk__3mnfennsfvwPagesWebLiveDO59NQAGopendocumentampSID=ampDTC=ampTMP=1 accessed 22106
24
Factors Fueling Global Expansion
Opening of formally closed economies in former Soviet Union Eastern Europe and China
World Bank and IMF pressure to liberalize foreign investment laws and privatize state-owned companies
Expansion of free trade areas
25
Trade Liberalization
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
World Trade Organization (WTO)
Regional Agreements (NAFTA)
26
Impact of Trade Liberalization
Korea (1988ndash1989)184ndash30 in teenage boys16ndash87 teenage girlsminus 6 of market in one year
Taiwan50 increase in high school students in two yearsminus 1 to 20 of annual sales in less than two years
Japan (1990ndash1996)26ndash40 in 17 year old boys 5ndash15 in 17 year old girlsminus 2 to 22 market share in ten years
27
Tobacco Leaf Production
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
Thou
sand
s of
met
ric
tons
China
India
Brazil
USATurk
eyZim
babweIn
donesia
Italy
Greece
MalawiPakista
nArg
entina
Leading Producers of Tobacco Leaves 2001
Data source Mackay J and Eriksen M 2002 The Tobacco Atlas World Health Organization
28
Tobacco Leaf Trade
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Thou
sand
met
ric
tons
Brazil USA Zimbabwe China Turkey India Greece Italy Malawi Argentina
Top 10 Tobacco Leaf Exporters 1999
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Tho
usan
d m
etri
c to
ns
Russia USA Germany UK Netherlands Japan France Ukraine Poland Egypt
Top 10 Tobacco Leaf Importers 1999
Data source Mackay J and Eriksen M 2002 The Tobacco Atlas World Health Organization
29
Privatization
Over 140 mergers and acquisitions between international companies and state-run companies
A few examplesminus 2003 BAT buys Duvanska (Serbia) minus 1997 PM buys Tabaqueira (Portugal)minus 1994 PM buys Kharkov (Ukraine)minus 1993 PM buys Klaipeda (Lithuania)minus 1992 PM buys Czech Tabacminus 1991 BAT buys Hungaryrsquos State company
30
Foreign InvestmentmdashUkraine
Foreign tobacco firms invested $520 million between 1991 and 1999mdash14 of all foreign direct investment
Over 90 manufacturing capacity now run by Western companies
Platform for exporting to other countries throughout Central and Eastern Europe
31
Major Company Mergers
1999 minus BAT buys Rothmansminus Philip Morris buys Liggettminus Japan Tobacco buys RJR International
Transformed size and global reach of largest three companies
32
Marlboro Market Share (2001)
Netherlandsmdash39Francemdash30Germanymdash30Spainmdash155Polandmdash72Russiamdash20Romaniamdash18Saudi Arabiamdash532Mexicomdash425
33
Marlbororsquos Global Penetration
Creditcopy 1993 Lauren Goodsmith Courtesy of Photoshare
Image source httpwwwlibraryuiucedumortensonimagesmarlborojpgaccessed 22106
Section D
Industry Strategies I Science and Public Relations
35
Industry Strategies
Advertising and promotionBuying sciencePublic relationsPhilanthropyLobbyingFront groupsIntimidationLegislation and public policy
36
Modeling Industry Activities
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
37
Undermining Science
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
38
Sworn Public Statements
ldquoI believe nicotine is not addictiverdquo
mdash William Campbell (Phillip Morris US Congressional Hearings 1994)
Image source httpwwwnlmnihgovhmdfrankensteinfrank_promisehtml retrieved 2806
39
Confidential Statements
ldquoNicotine is addictive We are then in the business of selling nicotinemdashan addictive drug effective in the release of stress mechanismsrdquominus Brown and Williamson 1963
ldquohellipBAT should learn to look at itself as a drug company rather than as a tobacco companyrdquominus BAT 1980
ldquo [T]he entire matter of addiction is the most potent weapon a prosecuting attorney can have in a lung cancercigarette case We canrsquot defend continued smoking as lsquofree choicersquo if the person was lsquoaddictedrsquordquominus Tobacco Institute 1980
40
Buying Science and Intimidation
Letters to BMJ regarding the 1981 Hirayama StudyminusMisclassification
Active smokingPassive smoking
minusConfoundingminusStatistical errorminusPlausibility
0
10
20
30
21895 69645 17366
Population at enrollment
Stan
dard
ised
mor
talit
y ra
te fo
r lun
g ca
ncer
pe
r 100
000
32-79
15-50
8-70
Cigarette smokers
Non smoker Familial passive
smoking (-)
Non smoker Familial passive
smoking (+)
Total 108905
(Non smoker wives of non
smoker husbands)
(Non smoker wives of husbands
with smoking habits)
(Women with smoking habits)
Data source Hirayama T 1981 Non-smoking wives of heavy smokers have a higher risk of lung cancer a study from Japan BMJ 282183ndash5
41
The Attack on Meta-Analysis
Tweedie RL amp KL Mengersen 1995 Meta-analytic approaches to dose-response relationships with application in studies of lung cancer and exposure to environmental tobacco smoke Statistics in Medicine 14 545-569
Excerpt from Acknowledgements ndash ldquoThe paper was completed at Colorado State University with partial support from several tobacco companies the methods and analysis here are however entirely those of the authors and should not be otherwise ascribedrdquo
Bailar JC 1997 The promise and problems of meta-analysis New England Journal of Medicine 337 (8) 559-61
Fleiss JL amp AJ Gross 1991 Meta-analysis in epidemiology with special reference to studies of the association between exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and lung cancer a critique Journal of Clinical Epidemiology44 (2) 127-139
Excerpt from Acknowledgements ndash ldquoThis research was supported by a grant from The Tobacco Institute Washington DC USA We thank Dr Myron Weinberg President of the Weinberg GroupWASHTECH for encouraging us to develop this critiquerdquo
42
Junk Science
Gori GB JC Luik Passive Smoke The EPArsquos betrayal of science and
policy The Fraser Institute
Milloy SJ 1995 Science without sense The risky business of public
health research Cato Institute Washington DC
43
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
ldquoThe massive effort launched across the tobacco industry against one scientific
study is remarkablerdquo
Source Ong E K and Glantz S A (2000 April 8) Tobacco industry efforts subverting International Agency for Research on Cancerrsquos second-hand smoke study The Lancet 355 (9211) 1253ndash1259
44
Industry Tactics to Undermine IARC
ldquoDelay the progress andor release of the studyrdquoldquoAffect the wording of its conclusions and official statement of resultsrdquoldquoNeutralize possible negative results of the study rdquoldquoCounteract the potential impact of the study on government policy public opinion and actions by private employers and proprietorsrdquominus WHO Expert Panel on Industry Documents
45
Philip Morris and SHS
ldquoPublic health officials have concluded that secondhand smoke from cigarettes causes disease including lung cancer and heart disease in non-smoking adults as well as causes conditions in children such as asthma respiratory infections cough wheeze otitis media (middle ear infection) and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome In addition public health officials have concluded that secondhand smoke can exacerbate adult asthma and cause eye throat and nasal irritationrdquo
Source Philip Morris USA websitehttpwwwphilipmorrisusacomenhealth_issuessecondhand_smokeaspRetrieved 22106
46
Japan Tobacco and SHS
ldquo available evidence does not support the assertion that environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is harmful to healthrdquo
mdash Japan Tobacco
Source Submission to the WHO Public Hearings on the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control October 2000
47
Public Relations
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
48
Public Statements on Youth
ldquo would be willing to support prevention efforts that affected our bottom line Absolutely if we can come up with a program that prevents all teenagers from smoking cigarettes we would be delighted to see that happen And if that meant that fewer people smoked as adults so be itrdquo
mdash Corky Newton Vice President of Corporate and Youth Responsibility
Programs Brown and Williamson
Source Transcript of meeting with SWAT (Students Working Against Tobacco) US November 6 1999 Cited in PR in the Playground ASH UK 2000
49
Private Statements on Youth
ldquoWe [Philip Morris] refined the objective of a juvenile initiative program as follows maintain and proactively protect our ability to advertise promote and market our products via a juvenile initiativerdquo
ldquoJuvenile initiative = a series of programs and events to discourage juvenile smoking because smoking is an adult decisionrdquo
Source Cathy Leiber (18 May 1995) Philip Morris International Youth Initiatives Bates No 250301901114 Cited in PR in the Playground ASH UK 2000
50
Minimum Age 18
Image source Image source httpkumuicsdhawaiigovhealthhealthy- httpwwwdhssdelawaregovdhssdphlifestylestobaccotpeprtochtm dpcyouthaccesshtml retrieved 21206) retrieved 21206
51
Changing the Issues
Smoking manners
ldquoSmoking is prohibited in public places like railway stations airports museums and art galleries except for designated smoking areas There are some wards (ku in Japanese) that have specific rules in the form of bylaws concerning smoking If these regulations are broken the smoker is liable to pay a fine There is a provision of punishment for smoking on the street or in public places without carrying a portable ashtray as well as for throwing away cigarette buttsrdquo
httpwwwtourismmetrotokyojpenglishbasicbasic09htmlSource accessed 22306
52
Philanthropy
53
Corporate Social Responsibility
ldquohellip Because for us economic performance is not the only measure of our success Honesty integrity and social responsibility are just as important to the way we measure ourselvesrdquominus Philip Morris International
ldquoOur companies are committed to providing consumers with pleasure through excellent products and to demonstrating that we are meeting our commercial goals in ways that are consistent with reasonable societal expectations of a responsible tobacco group in the 21st centuryrdquominus British American Tobacco
54
BATS Social Reports
Argentina AustraliaBrazil GermanyHong KongHungaryJapanKoreaMalaysiaMexicoNew ZealandNigeriaPolandRussiaSouth Africa USA
55
Today on Addiction
PHILIP MORRIS USAPHILIP MORRIS INTERNATIONAL
TOBACCO ISSUESCigarette Smoking Health Issues for Smokers
Cigarette Smoking and AddictionWe agree with the overwhelming medical and scientific consensus that cigarette smoking is addictive It can be very difficult to quit smoking but this should not deter smokers who want to quit from trying to do so
minus httpphilipmorriscomdefaultasp
Continued
56
Today on AddictionPHILIP MORRIS USAPHILIP MORRIS INTERNATIONAL
TOBACCO ISSUESCigarette Smoking Health Issues for Smokers
Cigarette Smoking and Disease in SmokersThere is an overwhelming medical and scientific consensus that cigarette smoking causes lung cancer heart disease emphysema and other serious diseases in smokers Smokers are far more likely to develop serious diseases like lung cancer than non-smokers There is no safe cigarette These are and have been the messages of public health authorities worldwide Smokers and potential smokers should rely on these messages in making all smoking-related decisions
minus httpphilipmorriscomdefaultasp
57
Public Health Advocates
ldquoIntroducing QuitAssistQuitAssist is an information resource sponsored by Philip Morris USA Itrsquos designed to help you connect with a wealth of expert quitting information available ndash usually for free ndash from government agencies universities and respected nonprofit organizations This QuitAssist guide points the way to programs telephone quitlines websites guides and more that can help you find your own path to success
You can also read this guide at QuitAssist Online Log on through wwwphilipmorrisusacom
From there you can link directly to dozens of resources to help you move ahead and leave cigarettes behindrdquo
If you decide to quit smokinghellip
QuitAssistInformation Resource
Philip Morris USA
Never mentions the word ldquoaddictionrdquo
Source httpphilipmorrisusacomenquitassistindex_flashasp accessed 22306
58
Truth in Advertising
Aggressively markets the only legal product that when used as intended by its manufacturers eventually kills half its users
Section E
Industry Tactics II Industry Advertising Promotion and Sponsorship
60
Marketing
ldquoWe refined the objective of a juvenile initiative program as follows Maintain and proactively protect our ability to advertise promote and market our products via a juvenile initiativeldquo
mdash Cathy Leiber PM International 1995
Notes Juvenile initiative = a series of programs and events designed to discourage juvenile smoking because smoking is an adult decision
61
Industry Expenditures on Advertising
0100020003000400050006000700080009000
10000
Am
ount
spe
nt $
mill
ion
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Changes in cigarette marketing expenditure in the USA 1970-99
Data source Mackay J amp M Eriksen 2002 The Tobacco Atlas World Health Organization
62
Communicating Disease
According to the trade magazine ldquoAdvertising Agerdquo the Marlboro man was the most powerful advertising image of the 20th century
Image source httpwwwcdcgovtobaccosgrsgr4kidsadbusthtm retrieved 22306
63
Advertising Strategies
Targeting womenTargeting youthSelling AmericaSponsorship of sporting events and concertsContests and give-awaysBrand stretching
64
Grand Prix
Image source httpwwwnasnasagovAboutEducationRacecardevelopment_emobightml retrieved 22306
Section F
Industry Tactics III Lobbying Legislation and Litigation
66
Lobbying and Legislation
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
67
A Long History of Lobbying
1890mdashTobacco appeared in the US Pharmacopeia(official US government listing of drugs)1905mdashDropped from list before the 1906 Food and Drug Act (legislation that created the Food and Drug Administration)2005mdashFDA cannot regulate nicotine in tobacco
68
Political Lobbying US
Four of the twelve most generous donors to the 2000 Bush Campaign (1 Phillip Morris RJR UST Brown and Williamson)$18 million to federal candidates between 1997 and 2003 minus 82 to Republican candidates and committees
US $43 million spent to counter McCain bill (highest amount ever spent on a sustained issue advocacy campaign in the US)
69
The Latin Project Argentina
Counter regulations aimed at creating smoke-free workplaces and public placesminus September 30 1991mdashNeri Bill approved by Senate
(advertising promotion and sampling ban limit public smoking)
minus Industry campaignmdashmedia debates briefing packages to Senators and the President paid chief scientific advisor to President
minus October 13 1991mdashPresident vetoes law
70
The Czech Republic
June 2001
Philip Morris presents members of the Health and Social Affairs Committee of the Czech Parliament a study concluding that smoking is good for the Czech governments finances because of the savings from early deaths caused by smoking
71
Preemption
ldquoWe could never win at the local level The reason is [that] all of the health advocates the ones that I unfortunately used to call lsquohealth nazisrsquotheyrsquore all local activists who run the little political organizations So the Tobacco Institute and the tobacco companiesrsquo first priority has always been to preempt the field preferably to put it all on the federal level but if they canrsquot do that at least on the state level because the health advocates canrsquot compete with me on the state levelrdquo
mdash Victor Crawford former Maryland state legislator
72
Industry Self-Regulation
British American Tobacco
11 September 2001
INTERNATIONAL TOBACCO PRODUCTS MARKETING STANDARDS
The parties subscribing to these Standards (the ldquoParticipantsrdquo) wish to record their belief that tobacco products should be marketed in a responsible manner and that reasonable measures should be taken to ensure that the promotion and distribution of tobacco products is
bull directed at adult smokers and not at youth and
bull consistent with the principle of informed adult choice
73
International Tobacco Marketing Standards
ldquoWe have analyzed the nine-page agreement and believe that the multinationalsrsquo strategy is proactive and is a way to improve their image rdquoldquoAlso by proactively setting new international tobacco marketing standards the multinationals could be trying to counter a number of proposals that the WHO has been working on to curb the amount of cigarettes that are consumed on an international levelrdquoldquo Interestingly in many countries the existing laws or industry codes are already more restrictive than the provisions of the international marketing standardsrdquo
Source International Tobacco Marketing Standards September 2001
74
Creating the Illusion of Support
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
75
Front Groups
Buying citizen involvement (letter writing phone banking campaigns) by supporting front groups
ldquoHandrdquo of the industry remains hidden
It has been a common practice of Big Tobacco to use third parties or to create front groups to be out in front fighting smokefreepolicies while the industry remains behind the scenes protecting its public image
-Americans for Nonsmokersrsquo Rightshttpwwwno-smokeorggetthefactsphpdp=d21|d23 accessed 22306
76
Industry Front Groups and Allies
Ive learned from experience that as soon as Im identified as a representative of the Tobacco Institute I lose all credibility They just sneer us awayso I try to work behind the scenes whenever I can
- Ron Saldana lobbyist for the Tobacco Institute 82486
Source httpwwwno-smokeorggetthefactsphpdp=d21|d23 accessed 22306
77
International Tobacco Growers Association
ITGAldquo[Establish] ITGA [International Tobacco Growers Association] [as a] front group for our third world lobby activities at WHOrdquo
Source Report of the WHO Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents
Source Report of the WHO Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents
78
Legal and Economic Intimidation
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
79
Intimidating Johns Hopkins
ldquoThe tobacco companies have commenced nothing short of a campaign of harassment against the academic institutions that discovered smoking is injurious to the public healthrdquominus Estelle A Fishbein general
council for Johns Hopkins University
ldquoTobacco Industry in Fight To Get
Universitiesrsquo DataLegal Moves Termed Fishing Expeditionrdquo
-The New York Times Jan 20 2002
80
Industry Harassment
PUBLIC HEALTH MATTERS
Public Health Under Attack The American Stop Smoking Intervention Study (ASSIST) and the
Tobacco Industry
- White J and LA Bero
- The Transnational Tobacco Industry
- Section A
- Describing a Disease
- The Agent
- The Host
- The Vector
- Section B
- Background
- Background
- What Is a ldquoTransnationalrdquo Company
- Major Transnational Tobacco Companies
- Cigarette Production
- Company Size and Wealth
- TNC Sales and Developing Countries
- China National Tobacco Corporation
- A Return to the Past
- Section C
- A Global Market
- Looking Abroad
- Going Abroad
- A Global Business
- Factors Fueling Global Expansion
- Trade Liberalization
- Impact of Trade Liberalization
- Tobacco Leaf Production
- Tobacco Leaf Trade
- Privatization
- Foreign InvestmentmdashUkraine
- Major Company Mergers
- Marlboro Market Share (2001)
- Marlbororsquos Global Penetration
- Section D
- Industry Strategies
- Modeling Industry Activities
- Undermining Science
- Sworn Public Statements
- Confidential Statements
- Buying Science and Intimidation
- The Attack on Meta-Analysis
- Junk Science
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
- Industry Tactics to Undermine IARC
- Philip Morris and SHS
- Japan Tobacco and SHS
- Public Relations
- Public Statements on Youth
- Private Statements on Youth
- Minimum Age 18
- Changing the Issues
- Philanthropy
- Corporate Social Responsibility
- BATS Social Reports
- Today on Addiction
- Today on Addiction
- Public Health Advocates
- Truth in Advertising
- Section E
- Marketing
- Industry Expenditures on Advertising
- Communicating Disease
- Advertising Strategies
- Grand Prix
- Section F
- Lobbying and Legislation
- A Long History of Lobbying
- Political Lobbying US
- The Latin Project Argentina
- The Czech Republic
- Preemption
- Industry Self-Regulation
- International Tobacco Marketing Standards
- Creating the Illusion of Support
- Front Groups
- Industry Front Groups and Allies
- International Tobacco Growers Association
- Legal and Economic Intimidation
- Intimidating Johns Hopkins
- Industry Harassment
-
7
The Host
Image source Institute for Global Tobacco Control
8
The Vector
Image source httpwwwnlmnihgovhmdfrankensteinfrank_promisehtml retrieved 21206
Section B
Background
10
Background
1890mdashAmerican Tobacco Company (ATC) formed
1900mdashATC virtually controls all tobacco production and trade worldwide
1911mdashATC broken up into several companies including ATC RJ Reynolds (RJR) Liggett amp Meyers Tobacco Company Lorillard and British American Tobacco (BAT)
Continued
11
Background
1911ndash1980 minus Tobacco industry comprised of numerous
independent companiesminus Tobacco growing and trade flow largely between
US and Western Europe
1980ndashPresentminus A few mega companies minus Majority of tobacco growing in low- and middle-
income countriesminus Global production and trade
12
What Is a ldquoTransnationalrdquo Company
An enterprise comprising entities in more than one country which operate under a system of decision-making that permits coherent policies and a common strategy
The entities are so linked by ownership or otherwise that one or more of them may be able to exercise a significant influence over the others and in particular to share knowledge resources and responsibilities with the others
13
Major Transnational Tobacco Companies
Philip Morris (USA)British American Tobacco (UK)Japan Tobacco (Japan)Reemsta (Germany)Altadis (Spain France)
14
Cigarette Production
World Cigarette Production
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
1950
1970
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
Year
Num
ber o
f cig
aret
tes
(bill
ions
)
Data sources US Department of Agriculture and US Bureau of Census as quoted in Vital Signs 2005 published by WorldWatch Institute
15
Company Size and Wealth
PMI BAT JT own or lease manufacturing facilities in over 50 countries
PMI BAT JT have combined sales of over US $121 billion
16
TNC Sales and Developing Countries
Philip Morrisrsquo (PM) 1998 revenues ($74 billion) exceeded the GDP of many countries including Ireland Hungary Ecuador Kuwait Guatemala and Kenya
RJR Nabiscorsquos 1998 revenues ($14 billion) exceeded the GDP of Jamaica Laos or Malawi
Sources Philip Morris 1999 Annual Report (consolidated revenues) RJR Nabisco 1998 Annual Report (does not include RJR International revenues) CIA World Factbook 1999
17
China National Tobacco Corporation
Worldrsquos largest tobacco company
Near monopoly over domestic market
Numerous cooperative agreements with TTCs to modernize manufacturing improve crop yields and build tobacco processing plants
Indications that it is considering entering international market
Continued
18
A Return to the Past
Global Cigarette Market Share
31
3000 720
1640
1540
Philip MorrisBATJTIChina TobaccoOther
Data sources 1 Mackay J and M Eriksen 2002 The Tobacco Atlas World Health Organization 2 World Health Organization httpwwwwprowhointmedia_centrepress_releasespr_20050830htm retrieved 3706
Section C
Globalization of the Tobacco Industry
20
A Global Market
0100020003000400050006000
Num
ber o
f ci
gare
ttes
(bill
ions
)
1880189019001910192019301940195019601970198019902000
Year
Global Cigarette Consumption
0200400600800
10001200140016001800
Num
ber o
f ci
gare
ttes
con
sum
ed
in 1
998
(bill
ions
)
Indonesia Russia Japan USA China
Country
Cigarette Consumption - Top 5 countries
Data source Mackay J and Eriksen M 2002 The Tobacco Atlas World Health Organization
21
Looking Abroad
ldquoTobacco exports should be expanded aggressively because Americans are smoking lessrdquo
mdashVice President Dan Quayle (1990)
22
Going Abroad
Accessed on 22106 from the National Center for Tobacco-Free Kids httpwwwtobaccofreekidsorgreportsfalsefriendsphilipmorrisuspdf
23
A Global Business
2004 Revenue amp Profit Splits for British American Tobacco Net Sales
Latin America15
Europe26
Africa amp Middle East13
Asia-Pacific18
America-Pacific28
Data source httpwwwbatcomonewebsitesuk__3mnfennsfvwPagesWebLiveDO59NQAGopendocumentampSID=ampDTC=ampTMP=1 accessed 22106
24
Factors Fueling Global Expansion
Opening of formally closed economies in former Soviet Union Eastern Europe and China
World Bank and IMF pressure to liberalize foreign investment laws and privatize state-owned companies
Expansion of free trade areas
25
Trade Liberalization
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
World Trade Organization (WTO)
Regional Agreements (NAFTA)
26
Impact of Trade Liberalization
Korea (1988ndash1989)184ndash30 in teenage boys16ndash87 teenage girlsminus 6 of market in one year
Taiwan50 increase in high school students in two yearsminus 1 to 20 of annual sales in less than two years
Japan (1990ndash1996)26ndash40 in 17 year old boys 5ndash15 in 17 year old girlsminus 2 to 22 market share in ten years
27
Tobacco Leaf Production
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
Thou
sand
s of
met
ric
tons
China
India
Brazil
USATurk
eyZim
babweIn
donesia
Italy
Greece
MalawiPakista
nArg
entina
Leading Producers of Tobacco Leaves 2001
Data source Mackay J and Eriksen M 2002 The Tobacco Atlas World Health Organization
28
Tobacco Leaf Trade
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Thou
sand
met
ric
tons
Brazil USA Zimbabwe China Turkey India Greece Italy Malawi Argentina
Top 10 Tobacco Leaf Exporters 1999
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Tho
usan
d m
etri
c to
ns
Russia USA Germany UK Netherlands Japan France Ukraine Poland Egypt
Top 10 Tobacco Leaf Importers 1999
Data source Mackay J and Eriksen M 2002 The Tobacco Atlas World Health Organization
29
Privatization
Over 140 mergers and acquisitions between international companies and state-run companies
A few examplesminus 2003 BAT buys Duvanska (Serbia) minus 1997 PM buys Tabaqueira (Portugal)minus 1994 PM buys Kharkov (Ukraine)minus 1993 PM buys Klaipeda (Lithuania)minus 1992 PM buys Czech Tabacminus 1991 BAT buys Hungaryrsquos State company
30
Foreign InvestmentmdashUkraine
Foreign tobacco firms invested $520 million between 1991 and 1999mdash14 of all foreign direct investment
Over 90 manufacturing capacity now run by Western companies
Platform for exporting to other countries throughout Central and Eastern Europe
31
Major Company Mergers
1999 minus BAT buys Rothmansminus Philip Morris buys Liggettminus Japan Tobacco buys RJR International
Transformed size and global reach of largest three companies
32
Marlboro Market Share (2001)
Netherlandsmdash39Francemdash30Germanymdash30Spainmdash155Polandmdash72Russiamdash20Romaniamdash18Saudi Arabiamdash532Mexicomdash425
33
Marlbororsquos Global Penetration
Creditcopy 1993 Lauren Goodsmith Courtesy of Photoshare
Image source httpwwwlibraryuiucedumortensonimagesmarlborojpgaccessed 22106
Section D
Industry Strategies I Science and Public Relations
35
Industry Strategies
Advertising and promotionBuying sciencePublic relationsPhilanthropyLobbyingFront groupsIntimidationLegislation and public policy
36
Modeling Industry Activities
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
37
Undermining Science
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
38
Sworn Public Statements
ldquoI believe nicotine is not addictiverdquo
mdash William Campbell (Phillip Morris US Congressional Hearings 1994)
Image source httpwwwnlmnihgovhmdfrankensteinfrank_promisehtml retrieved 2806
39
Confidential Statements
ldquoNicotine is addictive We are then in the business of selling nicotinemdashan addictive drug effective in the release of stress mechanismsrdquominus Brown and Williamson 1963
ldquohellipBAT should learn to look at itself as a drug company rather than as a tobacco companyrdquominus BAT 1980
ldquo [T]he entire matter of addiction is the most potent weapon a prosecuting attorney can have in a lung cancercigarette case We canrsquot defend continued smoking as lsquofree choicersquo if the person was lsquoaddictedrsquordquominus Tobacco Institute 1980
40
Buying Science and Intimidation
Letters to BMJ regarding the 1981 Hirayama StudyminusMisclassification
Active smokingPassive smoking
minusConfoundingminusStatistical errorminusPlausibility
0
10
20
30
21895 69645 17366
Population at enrollment
Stan
dard
ised
mor
talit
y ra
te fo
r lun
g ca
ncer
pe
r 100
000
32-79
15-50
8-70
Cigarette smokers
Non smoker Familial passive
smoking (-)
Non smoker Familial passive
smoking (+)
Total 108905
(Non smoker wives of non
smoker husbands)
(Non smoker wives of husbands
with smoking habits)
(Women with smoking habits)
Data source Hirayama T 1981 Non-smoking wives of heavy smokers have a higher risk of lung cancer a study from Japan BMJ 282183ndash5
41
The Attack on Meta-Analysis
Tweedie RL amp KL Mengersen 1995 Meta-analytic approaches to dose-response relationships with application in studies of lung cancer and exposure to environmental tobacco smoke Statistics in Medicine 14 545-569
Excerpt from Acknowledgements ndash ldquoThe paper was completed at Colorado State University with partial support from several tobacco companies the methods and analysis here are however entirely those of the authors and should not be otherwise ascribedrdquo
Bailar JC 1997 The promise and problems of meta-analysis New England Journal of Medicine 337 (8) 559-61
Fleiss JL amp AJ Gross 1991 Meta-analysis in epidemiology with special reference to studies of the association between exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and lung cancer a critique Journal of Clinical Epidemiology44 (2) 127-139
Excerpt from Acknowledgements ndash ldquoThis research was supported by a grant from The Tobacco Institute Washington DC USA We thank Dr Myron Weinberg President of the Weinberg GroupWASHTECH for encouraging us to develop this critiquerdquo
42
Junk Science
Gori GB JC Luik Passive Smoke The EPArsquos betrayal of science and
policy The Fraser Institute
Milloy SJ 1995 Science without sense The risky business of public
health research Cato Institute Washington DC
43
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
ldquoThe massive effort launched across the tobacco industry against one scientific
study is remarkablerdquo
Source Ong E K and Glantz S A (2000 April 8) Tobacco industry efforts subverting International Agency for Research on Cancerrsquos second-hand smoke study The Lancet 355 (9211) 1253ndash1259
44
Industry Tactics to Undermine IARC
ldquoDelay the progress andor release of the studyrdquoldquoAffect the wording of its conclusions and official statement of resultsrdquoldquoNeutralize possible negative results of the study rdquoldquoCounteract the potential impact of the study on government policy public opinion and actions by private employers and proprietorsrdquominus WHO Expert Panel on Industry Documents
45
Philip Morris and SHS
ldquoPublic health officials have concluded that secondhand smoke from cigarettes causes disease including lung cancer and heart disease in non-smoking adults as well as causes conditions in children such as asthma respiratory infections cough wheeze otitis media (middle ear infection) and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome In addition public health officials have concluded that secondhand smoke can exacerbate adult asthma and cause eye throat and nasal irritationrdquo
Source Philip Morris USA websitehttpwwwphilipmorrisusacomenhealth_issuessecondhand_smokeaspRetrieved 22106
46
Japan Tobacco and SHS
ldquo available evidence does not support the assertion that environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is harmful to healthrdquo
mdash Japan Tobacco
Source Submission to the WHO Public Hearings on the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control October 2000
47
Public Relations
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
48
Public Statements on Youth
ldquo would be willing to support prevention efforts that affected our bottom line Absolutely if we can come up with a program that prevents all teenagers from smoking cigarettes we would be delighted to see that happen And if that meant that fewer people smoked as adults so be itrdquo
mdash Corky Newton Vice President of Corporate and Youth Responsibility
Programs Brown and Williamson
Source Transcript of meeting with SWAT (Students Working Against Tobacco) US November 6 1999 Cited in PR in the Playground ASH UK 2000
49
Private Statements on Youth
ldquoWe [Philip Morris] refined the objective of a juvenile initiative program as follows maintain and proactively protect our ability to advertise promote and market our products via a juvenile initiativerdquo
ldquoJuvenile initiative = a series of programs and events to discourage juvenile smoking because smoking is an adult decisionrdquo
Source Cathy Leiber (18 May 1995) Philip Morris International Youth Initiatives Bates No 250301901114 Cited in PR in the Playground ASH UK 2000
50
Minimum Age 18
Image source Image source httpkumuicsdhawaiigovhealthhealthy- httpwwwdhssdelawaregovdhssdphlifestylestobaccotpeprtochtm dpcyouthaccesshtml retrieved 21206) retrieved 21206
51
Changing the Issues
Smoking manners
ldquoSmoking is prohibited in public places like railway stations airports museums and art galleries except for designated smoking areas There are some wards (ku in Japanese) that have specific rules in the form of bylaws concerning smoking If these regulations are broken the smoker is liable to pay a fine There is a provision of punishment for smoking on the street or in public places without carrying a portable ashtray as well as for throwing away cigarette buttsrdquo
httpwwwtourismmetrotokyojpenglishbasicbasic09htmlSource accessed 22306
52
Philanthropy
53
Corporate Social Responsibility
ldquohellip Because for us economic performance is not the only measure of our success Honesty integrity and social responsibility are just as important to the way we measure ourselvesrdquominus Philip Morris International
ldquoOur companies are committed to providing consumers with pleasure through excellent products and to demonstrating that we are meeting our commercial goals in ways that are consistent with reasonable societal expectations of a responsible tobacco group in the 21st centuryrdquominus British American Tobacco
54
BATS Social Reports
Argentina AustraliaBrazil GermanyHong KongHungaryJapanKoreaMalaysiaMexicoNew ZealandNigeriaPolandRussiaSouth Africa USA
55
Today on Addiction
PHILIP MORRIS USAPHILIP MORRIS INTERNATIONAL
TOBACCO ISSUESCigarette Smoking Health Issues for Smokers
Cigarette Smoking and AddictionWe agree with the overwhelming medical and scientific consensus that cigarette smoking is addictive It can be very difficult to quit smoking but this should not deter smokers who want to quit from trying to do so
minus httpphilipmorriscomdefaultasp
Continued
56
Today on AddictionPHILIP MORRIS USAPHILIP MORRIS INTERNATIONAL
TOBACCO ISSUESCigarette Smoking Health Issues for Smokers
Cigarette Smoking and Disease in SmokersThere is an overwhelming medical and scientific consensus that cigarette smoking causes lung cancer heart disease emphysema and other serious diseases in smokers Smokers are far more likely to develop serious diseases like lung cancer than non-smokers There is no safe cigarette These are and have been the messages of public health authorities worldwide Smokers and potential smokers should rely on these messages in making all smoking-related decisions
minus httpphilipmorriscomdefaultasp
57
Public Health Advocates
ldquoIntroducing QuitAssistQuitAssist is an information resource sponsored by Philip Morris USA Itrsquos designed to help you connect with a wealth of expert quitting information available ndash usually for free ndash from government agencies universities and respected nonprofit organizations This QuitAssist guide points the way to programs telephone quitlines websites guides and more that can help you find your own path to success
You can also read this guide at QuitAssist Online Log on through wwwphilipmorrisusacom
From there you can link directly to dozens of resources to help you move ahead and leave cigarettes behindrdquo
If you decide to quit smokinghellip
QuitAssistInformation Resource
Philip Morris USA
Never mentions the word ldquoaddictionrdquo
Source httpphilipmorrisusacomenquitassistindex_flashasp accessed 22306
58
Truth in Advertising
Aggressively markets the only legal product that when used as intended by its manufacturers eventually kills half its users
Section E
Industry Tactics II Industry Advertising Promotion and Sponsorship
60
Marketing
ldquoWe refined the objective of a juvenile initiative program as follows Maintain and proactively protect our ability to advertise promote and market our products via a juvenile initiativeldquo
mdash Cathy Leiber PM International 1995
Notes Juvenile initiative = a series of programs and events designed to discourage juvenile smoking because smoking is an adult decision
61
Industry Expenditures on Advertising
0100020003000400050006000700080009000
10000
Am
ount
spe
nt $
mill
ion
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Changes in cigarette marketing expenditure in the USA 1970-99
Data source Mackay J amp M Eriksen 2002 The Tobacco Atlas World Health Organization
62
Communicating Disease
According to the trade magazine ldquoAdvertising Agerdquo the Marlboro man was the most powerful advertising image of the 20th century
Image source httpwwwcdcgovtobaccosgrsgr4kidsadbusthtm retrieved 22306
63
Advertising Strategies
Targeting womenTargeting youthSelling AmericaSponsorship of sporting events and concertsContests and give-awaysBrand stretching
64
Grand Prix
Image source httpwwwnasnasagovAboutEducationRacecardevelopment_emobightml retrieved 22306
Section F
Industry Tactics III Lobbying Legislation and Litigation
66
Lobbying and Legislation
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
67
A Long History of Lobbying
1890mdashTobacco appeared in the US Pharmacopeia(official US government listing of drugs)1905mdashDropped from list before the 1906 Food and Drug Act (legislation that created the Food and Drug Administration)2005mdashFDA cannot regulate nicotine in tobacco
68
Political Lobbying US
Four of the twelve most generous donors to the 2000 Bush Campaign (1 Phillip Morris RJR UST Brown and Williamson)$18 million to federal candidates between 1997 and 2003 minus 82 to Republican candidates and committees
US $43 million spent to counter McCain bill (highest amount ever spent on a sustained issue advocacy campaign in the US)
69
The Latin Project Argentina
Counter regulations aimed at creating smoke-free workplaces and public placesminus September 30 1991mdashNeri Bill approved by Senate
(advertising promotion and sampling ban limit public smoking)
minus Industry campaignmdashmedia debates briefing packages to Senators and the President paid chief scientific advisor to President
minus October 13 1991mdashPresident vetoes law
70
The Czech Republic
June 2001
Philip Morris presents members of the Health and Social Affairs Committee of the Czech Parliament a study concluding that smoking is good for the Czech governments finances because of the savings from early deaths caused by smoking
71
Preemption
ldquoWe could never win at the local level The reason is [that] all of the health advocates the ones that I unfortunately used to call lsquohealth nazisrsquotheyrsquore all local activists who run the little political organizations So the Tobacco Institute and the tobacco companiesrsquo first priority has always been to preempt the field preferably to put it all on the federal level but if they canrsquot do that at least on the state level because the health advocates canrsquot compete with me on the state levelrdquo
mdash Victor Crawford former Maryland state legislator
72
Industry Self-Regulation
British American Tobacco
11 September 2001
INTERNATIONAL TOBACCO PRODUCTS MARKETING STANDARDS
The parties subscribing to these Standards (the ldquoParticipantsrdquo) wish to record their belief that tobacco products should be marketed in a responsible manner and that reasonable measures should be taken to ensure that the promotion and distribution of tobacco products is
bull directed at adult smokers and not at youth and
bull consistent with the principle of informed adult choice
73
International Tobacco Marketing Standards
ldquoWe have analyzed the nine-page agreement and believe that the multinationalsrsquo strategy is proactive and is a way to improve their image rdquoldquoAlso by proactively setting new international tobacco marketing standards the multinationals could be trying to counter a number of proposals that the WHO has been working on to curb the amount of cigarettes that are consumed on an international levelrdquoldquo Interestingly in many countries the existing laws or industry codes are already more restrictive than the provisions of the international marketing standardsrdquo
Source International Tobacco Marketing Standards September 2001
74
Creating the Illusion of Support
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
75
Front Groups
Buying citizen involvement (letter writing phone banking campaigns) by supporting front groups
ldquoHandrdquo of the industry remains hidden
It has been a common practice of Big Tobacco to use third parties or to create front groups to be out in front fighting smokefreepolicies while the industry remains behind the scenes protecting its public image
-Americans for Nonsmokersrsquo Rightshttpwwwno-smokeorggetthefactsphpdp=d21|d23 accessed 22306
76
Industry Front Groups and Allies
Ive learned from experience that as soon as Im identified as a representative of the Tobacco Institute I lose all credibility They just sneer us awayso I try to work behind the scenes whenever I can
- Ron Saldana lobbyist for the Tobacco Institute 82486
Source httpwwwno-smokeorggetthefactsphpdp=d21|d23 accessed 22306
77
International Tobacco Growers Association
ITGAldquo[Establish] ITGA [International Tobacco Growers Association] [as a] front group for our third world lobby activities at WHOrdquo
Source Report of the WHO Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents
Source Report of the WHO Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents
78
Legal and Economic Intimidation
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
79
Intimidating Johns Hopkins
ldquoThe tobacco companies have commenced nothing short of a campaign of harassment against the academic institutions that discovered smoking is injurious to the public healthrdquominus Estelle A Fishbein general
council for Johns Hopkins University
ldquoTobacco Industry in Fight To Get
Universitiesrsquo DataLegal Moves Termed Fishing Expeditionrdquo
-The New York Times Jan 20 2002
80
Industry Harassment
PUBLIC HEALTH MATTERS
Public Health Under Attack The American Stop Smoking Intervention Study (ASSIST) and the
Tobacco Industry
- White J and LA Bero
- The Transnational Tobacco Industry
- Section A
- Describing a Disease
- The Agent
- The Host
- The Vector
- Section B
- Background
- Background
- What Is a ldquoTransnationalrdquo Company
- Major Transnational Tobacco Companies
- Cigarette Production
- Company Size and Wealth
- TNC Sales and Developing Countries
- China National Tobacco Corporation
- A Return to the Past
- Section C
- A Global Market
- Looking Abroad
- Going Abroad
- A Global Business
- Factors Fueling Global Expansion
- Trade Liberalization
- Impact of Trade Liberalization
- Tobacco Leaf Production
- Tobacco Leaf Trade
- Privatization
- Foreign InvestmentmdashUkraine
- Major Company Mergers
- Marlboro Market Share (2001)
- Marlbororsquos Global Penetration
- Section D
- Industry Strategies
- Modeling Industry Activities
- Undermining Science
- Sworn Public Statements
- Confidential Statements
- Buying Science and Intimidation
- The Attack on Meta-Analysis
- Junk Science
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
- Industry Tactics to Undermine IARC
- Philip Morris and SHS
- Japan Tobacco and SHS
- Public Relations
- Public Statements on Youth
- Private Statements on Youth
- Minimum Age 18
- Changing the Issues
- Philanthropy
- Corporate Social Responsibility
- BATS Social Reports
- Today on Addiction
- Today on Addiction
- Public Health Advocates
- Truth in Advertising
- Section E
- Marketing
- Industry Expenditures on Advertising
- Communicating Disease
- Advertising Strategies
- Grand Prix
- Section F
- Lobbying and Legislation
- A Long History of Lobbying
- Political Lobbying US
- The Latin Project Argentina
- The Czech Republic
- Preemption
- Industry Self-Regulation
- International Tobacco Marketing Standards
- Creating the Illusion of Support
- Front Groups
- Industry Front Groups and Allies
- International Tobacco Growers Association
- Legal and Economic Intimidation
- Intimidating Johns Hopkins
- Industry Harassment
-
8
The Vector
Image source httpwwwnlmnihgovhmdfrankensteinfrank_promisehtml retrieved 21206
Section B
Background
10
Background
1890mdashAmerican Tobacco Company (ATC) formed
1900mdashATC virtually controls all tobacco production and trade worldwide
1911mdashATC broken up into several companies including ATC RJ Reynolds (RJR) Liggett amp Meyers Tobacco Company Lorillard and British American Tobacco (BAT)
Continued
11
Background
1911ndash1980 minus Tobacco industry comprised of numerous
independent companiesminus Tobacco growing and trade flow largely between
US and Western Europe
1980ndashPresentminus A few mega companies minus Majority of tobacco growing in low- and middle-
income countriesminus Global production and trade
12
What Is a ldquoTransnationalrdquo Company
An enterprise comprising entities in more than one country which operate under a system of decision-making that permits coherent policies and a common strategy
The entities are so linked by ownership or otherwise that one or more of them may be able to exercise a significant influence over the others and in particular to share knowledge resources and responsibilities with the others
13
Major Transnational Tobacco Companies
Philip Morris (USA)British American Tobacco (UK)Japan Tobacco (Japan)Reemsta (Germany)Altadis (Spain France)
14
Cigarette Production
World Cigarette Production
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
1950
1970
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
Year
Num
ber o
f cig
aret
tes
(bill
ions
)
Data sources US Department of Agriculture and US Bureau of Census as quoted in Vital Signs 2005 published by WorldWatch Institute
15
Company Size and Wealth
PMI BAT JT own or lease manufacturing facilities in over 50 countries
PMI BAT JT have combined sales of over US $121 billion
16
TNC Sales and Developing Countries
Philip Morrisrsquo (PM) 1998 revenues ($74 billion) exceeded the GDP of many countries including Ireland Hungary Ecuador Kuwait Guatemala and Kenya
RJR Nabiscorsquos 1998 revenues ($14 billion) exceeded the GDP of Jamaica Laos or Malawi
Sources Philip Morris 1999 Annual Report (consolidated revenues) RJR Nabisco 1998 Annual Report (does not include RJR International revenues) CIA World Factbook 1999
17
China National Tobacco Corporation
Worldrsquos largest tobacco company
Near monopoly over domestic market
Numerous cooperative agreements with TTCs to modernize manufacturing improve crop yields and build tobacco processing plants
Indications that it is considering entering international market
Continued
18
A Return to the Past
Global Cigarette Market Share
31
3000 720
1640
1540
Philip MorrisBATJTIChina TobaccoOther
Data sources 1 Mackay J and M Eriksen 2002 The Tobacco Atlas World Health Organization 2 World Health Organization httpwwwwprowhointmedia_centrepress_releasespr_20050830htm retrieved 3706
Section C
Globalization of the Tobacco Industry
20
A Global Market
0100020003000400050006000
Num
ber o
f ci
gare
ttes
(bill
ions
)
1880189019001910192019301940195019601970198019902000
Year
Global Cigarette Consumption
0200400600800
10001200140016001800
Num
ber o
f ci
gare
ttes
con
sum
ed
in 1
998
(bill
ions
)
Indonesia Russia Japan USA China
Country
Cigarette Consumption - Top 5 countries
Data source Mackay J and Eriksen M 2002 The Tobacco Atlas World Health Organization
21
Looking Abroad
ldquoTobacco exports should be expanded aggressively because Americans are smoking lessrdquo
mdashVice President Dan Quayle (1990)
22
Going Abroad
Accessed on 22106 from the National Center for Tobacco-Free Kids httpwwwtobaccofreekidsorgreportsfalsefriendsphilipmorrisuspdf
23
A Global Business
2004 Revenue amp Profit Splits for British American Tobacco Net Sales
Latin America15
Europe26
Africa amp Middle East13
Asia-Pacific18
America-Pacific28
Data source httpwwwbatcomonewebsitesuk__3mnfennsfvwPagesWebLiveDO59NQAGopendocumentampSID=ampDTC=ampTMP=1 accessed 22106
24
Factors Fueling Global Expansion
Opening of formally closed economies in former Soviet Union Eastern Europe and China
World Bank and IMF pressure to liberalize foreign investment laws and privatize state-owned companies
Expansion of free trade areas
25
Trade Liberalization
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
World Trade Organization (WTO)
Regional Agreements (NAFTA)
26
Impact of Trade Liberalization
Korea (1988ndash1989)184ndash30 in teenage boys16ndash87 teenage girlsminus 6 of market in one year
Taiwan50 increase in high school students in two yearsminus 1 to 20 of annual sales in less than two years
Japan (1990ndash1996)26ndash40 in 17 year old boys 5ndash15 in 17 year old girlsminus 2 to 22 market share in ten years
27
Tobacco Leaf Production
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
Thou
sand
s of
met
ric
tons
China
India
Brazil
USATurk
eyZim
babweIn
donesia
Italy
Greece
MalawiPakista
nArg
entina
Leading Producers of Tobacco Leaves 2001
Data source Mackay J and Eriksen M 2002 The Tobacco Atlas World Health Organization
28
Tobacco Leaf Trade
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Thou
sand
met
ric
tons
Brazil USA Zimbabwe China Turkey India Greece Italy Malawi Argentina
Top 10 Tobacco Leaf Exporters 1999
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Tho
usan
d m
etri
c to
ns
Russia USA Germany UK Netherlands Japan France Ukraine Poland Egypt
Top 10 Tobacco Leaf Importers 1999
Data source Mackay J and Eriksen M 2002 The Tobacco Atlas World Health Organization
29
Privatization
Over 140 mergers and acquisitions between international companies and state-run companies
A few examplesminus 2003 BAT buys Duvanska (Serbia) minus 1997 PM buys Tabaqueira (Portugal)minus 1994 PM buys Kharkov (Ukraine)minus 1993 PM buys Klaipeda (Lithuania)minus 1992 PM buys Czech Tabacminus 1991 BAT buys Hungaryrsquos State company
30
Foreign InvestmentmdashUkraine
Foreign tobacco firms invested $520 million between 1991 and 1999mdash14 of all foreign direct investment
Over 90 manufacturing capacity now run by Western companies
Platform for exporting to other countries throughout Central and Eastern Europe
31
Major Company Mergers
1999 minus BAT buys Rothmansminus Philip Morris buys Liggettminus Japan Tobacco buys RJR International
Transformed size and global reach of largest three companies
32
Marlboro Market Share (2001)
Netherlandsmdash39Francemdash30Germanymdash30Spainmdash155Polandmdash72Russiamdash20Romaniamdash18Saudi Arabiamdash532Mexicomdash425
33
Marlbororsquos Global Penetration
Creditcopy 1993 Lauren Goodsmith Courtesy of Photoshare
Image source httpwwwlibraryuiucedumortensonimagesmarlborojpgaccessed 22106
Section D
Industry Strategies I Science and Public Relations
35
Industry Strategies
Advertising and promotionBuying sciencePublic relationsPhilanthropyLobbyingFront groupsIntimidationLegislation and public policy
36
Modeling Industry Activities
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
37
Undermining Science
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
38
Sworn Public Statements
ldquoI believe nicotine is not addictiverdquo
mdash William Campbell (Phillip Morris US Congressional Hearings 1994)
Image source httpwwwnlmnihgovhmdfrankensteinfrank_promisehtml retrieved 2806
39
Confidential Statements
ldquoNicotine is addictive We are then in the business of selling nicotinemdashan addictive drug effective in the release of stress mechanismsrdquominus Brown and Williamson 1963
ldquohellipBAT should learn to look at itself as a drug company rather than as a tobacco companyrdquominus BAT 1980
ldquo [T]he entire matter of addiction is the most potent weapon a prosecuting attorney can have in a lung cancercigarette case We canrsquot defend continued smoking as lsquofree choicersquo if the person was lsquoaddictedrsquordquominus Tobacco Institute 1980
40
Buying Science and Intimidation
Letters to BMJ regarding the 1981 Hirayama StudyminusMisclassification
Active smokingPassive smoking
minusConfoundingminusStatistical errorminusPlausibility
0
10
20
30
21895 69645 17366
Population at enrollment
Stan
dard
ised
mor
talit
y ra
te fo
r lun
g ca
ncer
pe
r 100
000
32-79
15-50
8-70
Cigarette smokers
Non smoker Familial passive
smoking (-)
Non smoker Familial passive
smoking (+)
Total 108905
(Non smoker wives of non
smoker husbands)
(Non smoker wives of husbands
with smoking habits)
(Women with smoking habits)
Data source Hirayama T 1981 Non-smoking wives of heavy smokers have a higher risk of lung cancer a study from Japan BMJ 282183ndash5
41
The Attack on Meta-Analysis
Tweedie RL amp KL Mengersen 1995 Meta-analytic approaches to dose-response relationships with application in studies of lung cancer and exposure to environmental tobacco smoke Statistics in Medicine 14 545-569
Excerpt from Acknowledgements ndash ldquoThe paper was completed at Colorado State University with partial support from several tobacco companies the methods and analysis here are however entirely those of the authors and should not be otherwise ascribedrdquo
Bailar JC 1997 The promise and problems of meta-analysis New England Journal of Medicine 337 (8) 559-61
Fleiss JL amp AJ Gross 1991 Meta-analysis in epidemiology with special reference to studies of the association between exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and lung cancer a critique Journal of Clinical Epidemiology44 (2) 127-139
Excerpt from Acknowledgements ndash ldquoThis research was supported by a grant from The Tobacco Institute Washington DC USA We thank Dr Myron Weinberg President of the Weinberg GroupWASHTECH for encouraging us to develop this critiquerdquo
42
Junk Science
Gori GB JC Luik Passive Smoke The EPArsquos betrayal of science and
policy The Fraser Institute
Milloy SJ 1995 Science without sense The risky business of public
health research Cato Institute Washington DC
43
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
ldquoThe massive effort launched across the tobacco industry against one scientific
study is remarkablerdquo
Source Ong E K and Glantz S A (2000 April 8) Tobacco industry efforts subverting International Agency for Research on Cancerrsquos second-hand smoke study The Lancet 355 (9211) 1253ndash1259
44
Industry Tactics to Undermine IARC
ldquoDelay the progress andor release of the studyrdquoldquoAffect the wording of its conclusions and official statement of resultsrdquoldquoNeutralize possible negative results of the study rdquoldquoCounteract the potential impact of the study on government policy public opinion and actions by private employers and proprietorsrdquominus WHO Expert Panel on Industry Documents
45
Philip Morris and SHS
ldquoPublic health officials have concluded that secondhand smoke from cigarettes causes disease including lung cancer and heart disease in non-smoking adults as well as causes conditions in children such as asthma respiratory infections cough wheeze otitis media (middle ear infection) and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome In addition public health officials have concluded that secondhand smoke can exacerbate adult asthma and cause eye throat and nasal irritationrdquo
Source Philip Morris USA websitehttpwwwphilipmorrisusacomenhealth_issuessecondhand_smokeaspRetrieved 22106
46
Japan Tobacco and SHS
ldquo available evidence does not support the assertion that environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is harmful to healthrdquo
mdash Japan Tobacco
Source Submission to the WHO Public Hearings on the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control October 2000
47
Public Relations
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
48
Public Statements on Youth
ldquo would be willing to support prevention efforts that affected our bottom line Absolutely if we can come up with a program that prevents all teenagers from smoking cigarettes we would be delighted to see that happen And if that meant that fewer people smoked as adults so be itrdquo
mdash Corky Newton Vice President of Corporate and Youth Responsibility
Programs Brown and Williamson
Source Transcript of meeting with SWAT (Students Working Against Tobacco) US November 6 1999 Cited in PR in the Playground ASH UK 2000
49
Private Statements on Youth
ldquoWe [Philip Morris] refined the objective of a juvenile initiative program as follows maintain and proactively protect our ability to advertise promote and market our products via a juvenile initiativerdquo
ldquoJuvenile initiative = a series of programs and events to discourage juvenile smoking because smoking is an adult decisionrdquo
Source Cathy Leiber (18 May 1995) Philip Morris International Youth Initiatives Bates No 250301901114 Cited in PR in the Playground ASH UK 2000
50
Minimum Age 18
Image source Image source httpkumuicsdhawaiigovhealthhealthy- httpwwwdhssdelawaregovdhssdphlifestylestobaccotpeprtochtm dpcyouthaccesshtml retrieved 21206) retrieved 21206
51
Changing the Issues
Smoking manners
ldquoSmoking is prohibited in public places like railway stations airports museums and art galleries except for designated smoking areas There are some wards (ku in Japanese) that have specific rules in the form of bylaws concerning smoking If these regulations are broken the smoker is liable to pay a fine There is a provision of punishment for smoking on the street or in public places without carrying a portable ashtray as well as for throwing away cigarette buttsrdquo
httpwwwtourismmetrotokyojpenglishbasicbasic09htmlSource accessed 22306
52
Philanthropy
53
Corporate Social Responsibility
ldquohellip Because for us economic performance is not the only measure of our success Honesty integrity and social responsibility are just as important to the way we measure ourselvesrdquominus Philip Morris International
ldquoOur companies are committed to providing consumers with pleasure through excellent products and to demonstrating that we are meeting our commercial goals in ways that are consistent with reasonable societal expectations of a responsible tobacco group in the 21st centuryrdquominus British American Tobacco
54
BATS Social Reports
Argentina AustraliaBrazil GermanyHong KongHungaryJapanKoreaMalaysiaMexicoNew ZealandNigeriaPolandRussiaSouth Africa USA
55
Today on Addiction
PHILIP MORRIS USAPHILIP MORRIS INTERNATIONAL
TOBACCO ISSUESCigarette Smoking Health Issues for Smokers
Cigarette Smoking and AddictionWe agree with the overwhelming medical and scientific consensus that cigarette smoking is addictive It can be very difficult to quit smoking but this should not deter smokers who want to quit from trying to do so
minus httpphilipmorriscomdefaultasp
Continued
56
Today on AddictionPHILIP MORRIS USAPHILIP MORRIS INTERNATIONAL
TOBACCO ISSUESCigarette Smoking Health Issues for Smokers
Cigarette Smoking and Disease in SmokersThere is an overwhelming medical and scientific consensus that cigarette smoking causes lung cancer heart disease emphysema and other serious diseases in smokers Smokers are far more likely to develop serious diseases like lung cancer than non-smokers There is no safe cigarette These are and have been the messages of public health authorities worldwide Smokers and potential smokers should rely on these messages in making all smoking-related decisions
minus httpphilipmorriscomdefaultasp
57
Public Health Advocates
ldquoIntroducing QuitAssistQuitAssist is an information resource sponsored by Philip Morris USA Itrsquos designed to help you connect with a wealth of expert quitting information available ndash usually for free ndash from government agencies universities and respected nonprofit organizations This QuitAssist guide points the way to programs telephone quitlines websites guides and more that can help you find your own path to success
You can also read this guide at QuitAssist Online Log on through wwwphilipmorrisusacom
From there you can link directly to dozens of resources to help you move ahead and leave cigarettes behindrdquo
If you decide to quit smokinghellip
QuitAssistInformation Resource
Philip Morris USA
Never mentions the word ldquoaddictionrdquo
Source httpphilipmorrisusacomenquitassistindex_flashasp accessed 22306
58
Truth in Advertising
Aggressively markets the only legal product that when used as intended by its manufacturers eventually kills half its users
Section E
Industry Tactics II Industry Advertising Promotion and Sponsorship
60
Marketing
ldquoWe refined the objective of a juvenile initiative program as follows Maintain and proactively protect our ability to advertise promote and market our products via a juvenile initiativeldquo
mdash Cathy Leiber PM International 1995
Notes Juvenile initiative = a series of programs and events designed to discourage juvenile smoking because smoking is an adult decision
61
Industry Expenditures on Advertising
0100020003000400050006000700080009000
10000
Am
ount
spe
nt $
mill
ion
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Changes in cigarette marketing expenditure in the USA 1970-99
Data source Mackay J amp M Eriksen 2002 The Tobacco Atlas World Health Organization
62
Communicating Disease
According to the trade magazine ldquoAdvertising Agerdquo the Marlboro man was the most powerful advertising image of the 20th century
Image source httpwwwcdcgovtobaccosgrsgr4kidsadbusthtm retrieved 22306
63
Advertising Strategies
Targeting womenTargeting youthSelling AmericaSponsorship of sporting events and concertsContests and give-awaysBrand stretching
64
Grand Prix
Image source httpwwwnasnasagovAboutEducationRacecardevelopment_emobightml retrieved 22306
Section F
Industry Tactics III Lobbying Legislation and Litigation
66
Lobbying and Legislation
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
67
A Long History of Lobbying
1890mdashTobacco appeared in the US Pharmacopeia(official US government listing of drugs)1905mdashDropped from list before the 1906 Food and Drug Act (legislation that created the Food and Drug Administration)2005mdashFDA cannot regulate nicotine in tobacco
68
Political Lobbying US
Four of the twelve most generous donors to the 2000 Bush Campaign (1 Phillip Morris RJR UST Brown and Williamson)$18 million to federal candidates between 1997 and 2003 minus 82 to Republican candidates and committees
US $43 million spent to counter McCain bill (highest amount ever spent on a sustained issue advocacy campaign in the US)
69
The Latin Project Argentina
Counter regulations aimed at creating smoke-free workplaces and public placesminus September 30 1991mdashNeri Bill approved by Senate
(advertising promotion and sampling ban limit public smoking)
minus Industry campaignmdashmedia debates briefing packages to Senators and the President paid chief scientific advisor to President
minus October 13 1991mdashPresident vetoes law
70
The Czech Republic
June 2001
Philip Morris presents members of the Health and Social Affairs Committee of the Czech Parliament a study concluding that smoking is good for the Czech governments finances because of the savings from early deaths caused by smoking
71
Preemption
ldquoWe could never win at the local level The reason is [that] all of the health advocates the ones that I unfortunately used to call lsquohealth nazisrsquotheyrsquore all local activists who run the little political organizations So the Tobacco Institute and the tobacco companiesrsquo first priority has always been to preempt the field preferably to put it all on the federal level but if they canrsquot do that at least on the state level because the health advocates canrsquot compete with me on the state levelrdquo
mdash Victor Crawford former Maryland state legislator
72
Industry Self-Regulation
British American Tobacco
11 September 2001
INTERNATIONAL TOBACCO PRODUCTS MARKETING STANDARDS
The parties subscribing to these Standards (the ldquoParticipantsrdquo) wish to record their belief that tobacco products should be marketed in a responsible manner and that reasonable measures should be taken to ensure that the promotion and distribution of tobacco products is
bull directed at adult smokers and not at youth and
bull consistent with the principle of informed adult choice
73
International Tobacco Marketing Standards
ldquoWe have analyzed the nine-page agreement and believe that the multinationalsrsquo strategy is proactive and is a way to improve their image rdquoldquoAlso by proactively setting new international tobacco marketing standards the multinationals could be trying to counter a number of proposals that the WHO has been working on to curb the amount of cigarettes that are consumed on an international levelrdquoldquo Interestingly in many countries the existing laws or industry codes are already more restrictive than the provisions of the international marketing standardsrdquo
Source International Tobacco Marketing Standards September 2001
74
Creating the Illusion of Support
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
75
Front Groups
Buying citizen involvement (letter writing phone banking campaigns) by supporting front groups
ldquoHandrdquo of the industry remains hidden
It has been a common practice of Big Tobacco to use third parties or to create front groups to be out in front fighting smokefreepolicies while the industry remains behind the scenes protecting its public image
-Americans for Nonsmokersrsquo Rightshttpwwwno-smokeorggetthefactsphpdp=d21|d23 accessed 22306
76
Industry Front Groups and Allies
Ive learned from experience that as soon as Im identified as a representative of the Tobacco Institute I lose all credibility They just sneer us awayso I try to work behind the scenes whenever I can
- Ron Saldana lobbyist for the Tobacco Institute 82486
Source httpwwwno-smokeorggetthefactsphpdp=d21|d23 accessed 22306
77
International Tobacco Growers Association
ITGAldquo[Establish] ITGA [International Tobacco Growers Association] [as a] front group for our third world lobby activities at WHOrdquo
Source Report of the WHO Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents
Source Report of the WHO Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents
78
Legal and Economic Intimidation
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
79
Intimidating Johns Hopkins
ldquoThe tobacco companies have commenced nothing short of a campaign of harassment against the academic institutions that discovered smoking is injurious to the public healthrdquominus Estelle A Fishbein general
council for Johns Hopkins University
ldquoTobacco Industry in Fight To Get
Universitiesrsquo DataLegal Moves Termed Fishing Expeditionrdquo
-The New York Times Jan 20 2002
80
Industry Harassment
PUBLIC HEALTH MATTERS
Public Health Under Attack The American Stop Smoking Intervention Study (ASSIST) and the
Tobacco Industry
- White J and LA Bero
- The Transnational Tobacco Industry
- Section A
- Describing a Disease
- The Agent
- The Host
- The Vector
- Section B
- Background
- Background
- What Is a ldquoTransnationalrdquo Company
- Major Transnational Tobacco Companies
- Cigarette Production
- Company Size and Wealth
- TNC Sales and Developing Countries
- China National Tobacco Corporation
- A Return to the Past
- Section C
- A Global Market
- Looking Abroad
- Going Abroad
- A Global Business
- Factors Fueling Global Expansion
- Trade Liberalization
- Impact of Trade Liberalization
- Tobacco Leaf Production
- Tobacco Leaf Trade
- Privatization
- Foreign InvestmentmdashUkraine
- Major Company Mergers
- Marlboro Market Share (2001)
- Marlbororsquos Global Penetration
- Section D
- Industry Strategies
- Modeling Industry Activities
- Undermining Science
- Sworn Public Statements
- Confidential Statements
- Buying Science and Intimidation
- The Attack on Meta-Analysis
- Junk Science
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
- Industry Tactics to Undermine IARC
- Philip Morris and SHS
- Japan Tobacco and SHS
- Public Relations
- Public Statements on Youth
- Private Statements on Youth
- Minimum Age 18
- Changing the Issues
- Philanthropy
- Corporate Social Responsibility
- BATS Social Reports
- Today on Addiction
- Today on Addiction
- Public Health Advocates
- Truth in Advertising
- Section E
- Marketing
- Industry Expenditures on Advertising
- Communicating Disease
- Advertising Strategies
- Grand Prix
- Section F
- Lobbying and Legislation
- A Long History of Lobbying
- Political Lobbying US
- The Latin Project Argentina
- The Czech Republic
- Preemption
- Industry Self-Regulation
- International Tobacco Marketing Standards
- Creating the Illusion of Support
- Front Groups
- Industry Front Groups and Allies
- International Tobacco Growers Association
- Legal and Economic Intimidation
- Intimidating Johns Hopkins
- Industry Harassment
-
Section B
Background
10
Background
1890mdashAmerican Tobacco Company (ATC) formed
1900mdashATC virtually controls all tobacco production and trade worldwide
1911mdashATC broken up into several companies including ATC RJ Reynolds (RJR) Liggett amp Meyers Tobacco Company Lorillard and British American Tobacco (BAT)
Continued
11
Background
1911ndash1980 minus Tobacco industry comprised of numerous
independent companiesminus Tobacco growing and trade flow largely between
US and Western Europe
1980ndashPresentminus A few mega companies minus Majority of tobacco growing in low- and middle-
income countriesminus Global production and trade
12
What Is a ldquoTransnationalrdquo Company
An enterprise comprising entities in more than one country which operate under a system of decision-making that permits coherent policies and a common strategy
The entities are so linked by ownership or otherwise that one or more of them may be able to exercise a significant influence over the others and in particular to share knowledge resources and responsibilities with the others
13
Major Transnational Tobacco Companies
Philip Morris (USA)British American Tobacco (UK)Japan Tobacco (Japan)Reemsta (Germany)Altadis (Spain France)
14
Cigarette Production
World Cigarette Production
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
1950
1970
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
Year
Num
ber o
f cig
aret
tes
(bill
ions
)
Data sources US Department of Agriculture and US Bureau of Census as quoted in Vital Signs 2005 published by WorldWatch Institute
15
Company Size and Wealth
PMI BAT JT own or lease manufacturing facilities in over 50 countries
PMI BAT JT have combined sales of over US $121 billion
16
TNC Sales and Developing Countries
Philip Morrisrsquo (PM) 1998 revenues ($74 billion) exceeded the GDP of many countries including Ireland Hungary Ecuador Kuwait Guatemala and Kenya
RJR Nabiscorsquos 1998 revenues ($14 billion) exceeded the GDP of Jamaica Laos or Malawi
Sources Philip Morris 1999 Annual Report (consolidated revenues) RJR Nabisco 1998 Annual Report (does not include RJR International revenues) CIA World Factbook 1999
17
China National Tobacco Corporation
Worldrsquos largest tobacco company
Near monopoly over domestic market
Numerous cooperative agreements with TTCs to modernize manufacturing improve crop yields and build tobacco processing plants
Indications that it is considering entering international market
Continued
18
A Return to the Past
Global Cigarette Market Share
31
3000 720
1640
1540
Philip MorrisBATJTIChina TobaccoOther
Data sources 1 Mackay J and M Eriksen 2002 The Tobacco Atlas World Health Organization 2 World Health Organization httpwwwwprowhointmedia_centrepress_releasespr_20050830htm retrieved 3706
Section C
Globalization of the Tobacco Industry
20
A Global Market
0100020003000400050006000
Num
ber o
f ci
gare
ttes
(bill
ions
)
1880189019001910192019301940195019601970198019902000
Year
Global Cigarette Consumption
0200400600800
10001200140016001800
Num
ber o
f ci
gare
ttes
con
sum
ed
in 1
998
(bill
ions
)
Indonesia Russia Japan USA China
Country
Cigarette Consumption - Top 5 countries
Data source Mackay J and Eriksen M 2002 The Tobacco Atlas World Health Organization
21
Looking Abroad
ldquoTobacco exports should be expanded aggressively because Americans are smoking lessrdquo
mdashVice President Dan Quayle (1990)
22
Going Abroad
Accessed on 22106 from the National Center for Tobacco-Free Kids httpwwwtobaccofreekidsorgreportsfalsefriendsphilipmorrisuspdf
23
A Global Business
2004 Revenue amp Profit Splits for British American Tobacco Net Sales
Latin America15
Europe26
Africa amp Middle East13
Asia-Pacific18
America-Pacific28
Data source httpwwwbatcomonewebsitesuk__3mnfennsfvwPagesWebLiveDO59NQAGopendocumentampSID=ampDTC=ampTMP=1 accessed 22106
24
Factors Fueling Global Expansion
Opening of formally closed economies in former Soviet Union Eastern Europe and China
World Bank and IMF pressure to liberalize foreign investment laws and privatize state-owned companies
Expansion of free trade areas
25
Trade Liberalization
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
World Trade Organization (WTO)
Regional Agreements (NAFTA)
26
Impact of Trade Liberalization
Korea (1988ndash1989)184ndash30 in teenage boys16ndash87 teenage girlsminus 6 of market in one year
Taiwan50 increase in high school students in two yearsminus 1 to 20 of annual sales in less than two years
Japan (1990ndash1996)26ndash40 in 17 year old boys 5ndash15 in 17 year old girlsminus 2 to 22 market share in ten years
27
Tobacco Leaf Production
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
Thou
sand
s of
met
ric
tons
China
India
Brazil
USATurk
eyZim
babweIn
donesia
Italy
Greece
MalawiPakista
nArg
entina
Leading Producers of Tobacco Leaves 2001
Data source Mackay J and Eriksen M 2002 The Tobacco Atlas World Health Organization
28
Tobacco Leaf Trade
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Thou
sand
met
ric
tons
Brazil USA Zimbabwe China Turkey India Greece Italy Malawi Argentina
Top 10 Tobacco Leaf Exporters 1999
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Tho
usan
d m
etri
c to
ns
Russia USA Germany UK Netherlands Japan France Ukraine Poland Egypt
Top 10 Tobacco Leaf Importers 1999
Data source Mackay J and Eriksen M 2002 The Tobacco Atlas World Health Organization
29
Privatization
Over 140 mergers and acquisitions between international companies and state-run companies
A few examplesminus 2003 BAT buys Duvanska (Serbia) minus 1997 PM buys Tabaqueira (Portugal)minus 1994 PM buys Kharkov (Ukraine)minus 1993 PM buys Klaipeda (Lithuania)minus 1992 PM buys Czech Tabacminus 1991 BAT buys Hungaryrsquos State company
30
Foreign InvestmentmdashUkraine
Foreign tobacco firms invested $520 million between 1991 and 1999mdash14 of all foreign direct investment
Over 90 manufacturing capacity now run by Western companies
Platform for exporting to other countries throughout Central and Eastern Europe
31
Major Company Mergers
1999 minus BAT buys Rothmansminus Philip Morris buys Liggettminus Japan Tobacco buys RJR International
Transformed size and global reach of largest three companies
32
Marlboro Market Share (2001)
Netherlandsmdash39Francemdash30Germanymdash30Spainmdash155Polandmdash72Russiamdash20Romaniamdash18Saudi Arabiamdash532Mexicomdash425
33
Marlbororsquos Global Penetration
Creditcopy 1993 Lauren Goodsmith Courtesy of Photoshare
Image source httpwwwlibraryuiucedumortensonimagesmarlborojpgaccessed 22106
Section D
Industry Strategies I Science and Public Relations
35
Industry Strategies
Advertising and promotionBuying sciencePublic relationsPhilanthropyLobbyingFront groupsIntimidationLegislation and public policy
36
Modeling Industry Activities
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
37
Undermining Science
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
38
Sworn Public Statements
ldquoI believe nicotine is not addictiverdquo
mdash William Campbell (Phillip Morris US Congressional Hearings 1994)
Image source httpwwwnlmnihgovhmdfrankensteinfrank_promisehtml retrieved 2806
39
Confidential Statements
ldquoNicotine is addictive We are then in the business of selling nicotinemdashan addictive drug effective in the release of stress mechanismsrdquominus Brown and Williamson 1963
ldquohellipBAT should learn to look at itself as a drug company rather than as a tobacco companyrdquominus BAT 1980
ldquo [T]he entire matter of addiction is the most potent weapon a prosecuting attorney can have in a lung cancercigarette case We canrsquot defend continued smoking as lsquofree choicersquo if the person was lsquoaddictedrsquordquominus Tobacco Institute 1980
40
Buying Science and Intimidation
Letters to BMJ regarding the 1981 Hirayama StudyminusMisclassification
Active smokingPassive smoking
minusConfoundingminusStatistical errorminusPlausibility
0
10
20
30
21895 69645 17366
Population at enrollment
Stan
dard
ised
mor
talit
y ra
te fo
r lun
g ca
ncer
pe
r 100
000
32-79
15-50
8-70
Cigarette smokers
Non smoker Familial passive
smoking (-)
Non smoker Familial passive
smoking (+)
Total 108905
(Non smoker wives of non
smoker husbands)
(Non smoker wives of husbands
with smoking habits)
(Women with smoking habits)
Data source Hirayama T 1981 Non-smoking wives of heavy smokers have a higher risk of lung cancer a study from Japan BMJ 282183ndash5
41
The Attack on Meta-Analysis
Tweedie RL amp KL Mengersen 1995 Meta-analytic approaches to dose-response relationships with application in studies of lung cancer and exposure to environmental tobacco smoke Statistics in Medicine 14 545-569
Excerpt from Acknowledgements ndash ldquoThe paper was completed at Colorado State University with partial support from several tobacco companies the methods and analysis here are however entirely those of the authors and should not be otherwise ascribedrdquo
Bailar JC 1997 The promise and problems of meta-analysis New England Journal of Medicine 337 (8) 559-61
Fleiss JL amp AJ Gross 1991 Meta-analysis in epidemiology with special reference to studies of the association between exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and lung cancer a critique Journal of Clinical Epidemiology44 (2) 127-139
Excerpt from Acknowledgements ndash ldquoThis research was supported by a grant from The Tobacco Institute Washington DC USA We thank Dr Myron Weinberg President of the Weinberg GroupWASHTECH for encouraging us to develop this critiquerdquo
42
Junk Science
Gori GB JC Luik Passive Smoke The EPArsquos betrayal of science and
policy The Fraser Institute
Milloy SJ 1995 Science without sense The risky business of public
health research Cato Institute Washington DC
43
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
ldquoThe massive effort launched across the tobacco industry against one scientific
study is remarkablerdquo
Source Ong E K and Glantz S A (2000 April 8) Tobacco industry efforts subverting International Agency for Research on Cancerrsquos second-hand smoke study The Lancet 355 (9211) 1253ndash1259
44
Industry Tactics to Undermine IARC
ldquoDelay the progress andor release of the studyrdquoldquoAffect the wording of its conclusions and official statement of resultsrdquoldquoNeutralize possible negative results of the study rdquoldquoCounteract the potential impact of the study on government policy public opinion and actions by private employers and proprietorsrdquominus WHO Expert Panel on Industry Documents
45
Philip Morris and SHS
ldquoPublic health officials have concluded that secondhand smoke from cigarettes causes disease including lung cancer and heart disease in non-smoking adults as well as causes conditions in children such as asthma respiratory infections cough wheeze otitis media (middle ear infection) and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome In addition public health officials have concluded that secondhand smoke can exacerbate adult asthma and cause eye throat and nasal irritationrdquo
Source Philip Morris USA websitehttpwwwphilipmorrisusacomenhealth_issuessecondhand_smokeaspRetrieved 22106
46
Japan Tobacco and SHS
ldquo available evidence does not support the assertion that environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is harmful to healthrdquo
mdash Japan Tobacco
Source Submission to the WHO Public Hearings on the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control October 2000
47
Public Relations
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
48
Public Statements on Youth
ldquo would be willing to support prevention efforts that affected our bottom line Absolutely if we can come up with a program that prevents all teenagers from smoking cigarettes we would be delighted to see that happen And if that meant that fewer people smoked as adults so be itrdquo
mdash Corky Newton Vice President of Corporate and Youth Responsibility
Programs Brown and Williamson
Source Transcript of meeting with SWAT (Students Working Against Tobacco) US November 6 1999 Cited in PR in the Playground ASH UK 2000
49
Private Statements on Youth
ldquoWe [Philip Morris] refined the objective of a juvenile initiative program as follows maintain and proactively protect our ability to advertise promote and market our products via a juvenile initiativerdquo
ldquoJuvenile initiative = a series of programs and events to discourage juvenile smoking because smoking is an adult decisionrdquo
Source Cathy Leiber (18 May 1995) Philip Morris International Youth Initiatives Bates No 250301901114 Cited in PR in the Playground ASH UK 2000
50
Minimum Age 18
Image source Image source httpkumuicsdhawaiigovhealthhealthy- httpwwwdhssdelawaregovdhssdphlifestylestobaccotpeprtochtm dpcyouthaccesshtml retrieved 21206) retrieved 21206
51
Changing the Issues
Smoking manners
ldquoSmoking is prohibited in public places like railway stations airports museums and art galleries except for designated smoking areas There are some wards (ku in Japanese) that have specific rules in the form of bylaws concerning smoking If these regulations are broken the smoker is liable to pay a fine There is a provision of punishment for smoking on the street or in public places without carrying a portable ashtray as well as for throwing away cigarette buttsrdquo
httpwwwtourismmetrotokyojpenglishbasicbasic09htmlSource accessed 22306
52
Philanthropy
53
Corporate Social Responsibility
ldquohellip Because for us economic performance is not the only measure of our success Honesty integrity and social responsibility are just as important to the way we measure ourselvesrdquominus Philip Morris International
ldquoOur companies are committed to providing consumers with pleasure through excellent products and to demonstrating that we are meeting our commercial goals in ways that are consistent with reasonable societal expectations of a responsible tobacco group in the 21st centuryrdquominus British American Tobacco
54
BATS Social Reports
Argentina AustraliaBrazil GermanyHong KongHungaryJapanKoreaMalaysiaMexicoNew ZealandNigeriaPolandRussiaSouth Africa USA
55
Today on Addiction
PHILIP MORRIS USAPHILIP MORRIS INTERNATIONAL
TOBACCO ISSUESCigarette Smoking Health Issues for Smokers
Cigarette Smoking and AddictionWe agree with the overwhelming medical and scientific consensus that cigarette smoking is addictive It can be very difficult to quit smoking but this should not deter smokers who want to quit from trying to do so
minus httpphilipmorriscomdefaultasp
Continued
56
Today on AddictionPHILIP MORRIS USAPHILIP MORRIS INTERNATIONAL
TOBACCO ISSUESCigarette Smoking Health Issues for Smokers
Cigarette Smoking and Disease in SmokersThere is an overwhelming medical and scientific consensus that cigarette smoking causes lung cancer heart disease emphysema and other serious diseases in smokers Smokers are far more likely to develop serious diseases like lung cancer than non-smokers There is no safe cigarette These are and have been the messages of public health authorities worldwide Smokers and potential smokers should rely on these messages in making all smoking-related decisions
minus httpphilipmorriscomdefaultasp
57
Public Health Advocates
ldquoIntroducing QuitAssistQuitAssist is an information resource sponsored by Philip Morris USA Itrsquos designed to help you connect with a wealth of expert quitting information available ndash usually for free ndash from government agencies universities and respected nonprofit organizations This QuitAssist guide points the way to programs telephone quitlines websites guides and more that can help you find your own path to success
You can also read this guide at QuitAssist Online Log on through wwwphilipmorrisusacom
From there you can link directly to dozens of resources to help you move ahead and leave cigarettes behindrdquo
If you decide to quit smokinghellip
QuitAssistInformation Resource
Philip Morris USA
Never mentions the word ldquoaddictionrdquo
Source httpphilipmorrisusacomenquitassistindex_flashasp accessed 22306
58
Truth in Advertising
Aggressively markets the only legal product that when used as intended by its manufacturers eventually kills half its users
Section E
Industry Tactics II Industry Advertising Promotion and Sponsorship
60
Marketing
ldquoWe refined the objective of a juvenile initiative program as follows Maintain and proactively protect our ability to advertise promote and market our products via a juvenile initiativeldquo
mdash Cathy Leiber PM International 1995
Notes Juvenile initiative = a series of programs and events designed to discourage juvenile smoking because smoking is an adult decision
61
Industry Expenditures on Advertising
0100020003000400050006000700080009000
10000
Am
ount
spe
nt $
mill
ion
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Changes in cigarette marketing expenditure in the USA 1970-99
Data source Mackay J amp M Eriksen 2002 The Tobacco Atlas World Health Organization
62
Communicating Disease
According to the trade magazine ldquoAdvertising Agerdquo the Marlboro man was the most powerful advertising image of the 20th century
Image source httpwwwcdcgovtobaccosgrsgr4kidsadbusthtm retrieved 22306
63
Advertising Strategies
Targeting womenTargeting youthSelling AmericaSponsorship of sporting events and concertsContests and give-awaysBrand stretching
64
Grand Prix
Image source httpwwwnasnasagovAboutEducationRacecardevelopment_emobightml retrieved 22306
Section F
Industry Tactics III Lobbying Legislation and Litigation
66
Lobbying and Legislation
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
67
A Long History of Lobbying
1890mdashTobacco appeared in the US Pharmacopeia(official US government listing of drugs)1905mdashDropped from list before the 1906 Food and Drug Act (legislation that created the Food and Drug Administration)2005mdashFDA cannot regulate nicotine in tobacco
68
Political Lobbying US
Four of the twelve most generous donors to the 2000 Bush Campaign (1 Phillip Morris RJR UST Brown and Williamson)$18 million to federal candidates between 1997 and 2003 minus 82 to Republican candidates and committees
US $43 million spent to counter McCain bill (highest amount ever spent on a sustained issue advocacy campaign in the US)
69
The Latin Project Argentina
Counter regulations aimed at creating smoke-free workplaces and public placesminus September 30 1991mdashNeri Bill approved by Senate
(advertising promotion and sampling ban limit public smoking)
minus Industry campaignmdashmedia debates briefing packages to Senators and the President paid chief scientific advisor to President
minus October 13 1991mdashPresident vetoes law
70
The Czech Republic
June 2001
Philip Morris presents members of the Health and Social Affairs Committee of the Czech Parliament a study concluding that smoking is good for the Czech governments finances because of the savings from early deaths caused by smoking
71
Preemption
ldquoWe could never win at the local level The reason is [that] all of the health advocates the ones that I unfortunately used to call lsquohealth nazisrsquotheyrsquore all local activists who run the little political organizations So the Tobacco Institute and the tobacco companiesrsquo first priority has always been to preempt the field preferably to put it all on the federal level but if they canrsquot do that at least on the state level because the health advocates canrsquot compete with me on the state levelrdquo
mdash Victor Crawford former Maryland state legislator
72
Industry Self-Regulation
British American Tobacco
11 September 2001
INTERNATIONAL TOBACCO PRODUCTS MARKETING STANDARDS
The parties subscribing to these Standards (the ldquoParticipantsrdquo) wish to record their belief that tobacco products should be marketed in a responsible manner and that reasonable measures should be taken to ensure that the promotion and distribution of tobacco products is
bull directed at adult smokers and not at youth and
bull consistent with the principle of informed adult choice
73
International Tobacco Marketing Standards
ldquoWe have analyzed the nine-page agreement and believe that the multinationalsrsquo strategy is proactive and is a way to improve their image rdquoldquoAlso by proactively setting new international tobacco marketing standards the multinationals could be trying to counter a number of proposals that the WHO has been working on to curb the amount of cigarettes that are consumed on an international levelrdquoldquo Interestingly in many countries the existing laws or industry codes are already more restrictive than the provisions of the international marketing standardsrdquo
Source International Tobacco Marketing Standards September 2001
74
Creating the Illusion of Support
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
75
Front Groups
Buying citizen involvement (letter writing phone banking campaigns) by supporting front groups
ldquoHandrdquo of the industry remains hidden
It has been a common practice of Big Tobacco to use third parties or to create front groups to be out in front fighting smokefreepolicies while the industry remains behind the scenes protecting its public image
-Americans for Nonsmokersrsquo Rightshttpwwwno-smokeorggetthefactsphpdp=d21|d23 accessed 22306
76
Industry Front Groups and Allies
Ive learned from experience that as soon as Im identified as a representative of the Tobacco Institute I lose all credibility They just sneer us awayso I try to work behind the scenes whenever I can
- Ron Saldana lobbyist for the Tobacco Institute 82486
Source httpwwwno-smokeorggetthefactsphpdp=d21|d23 accessed 22306
77
International Tobacco Growers Association
ITGAldquo[Establish] ITGA [International Tobacco Growers Association] [as a] front group for our third world lobby activities at WHOrdquo
Source Report of the WHO Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents
Source Report of the WHO Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents
78
Legal and Economic Intimidation
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
79
Intimidating Johns Hopkins
ldquoThe tobacco companies have commenced nothing short of a campaign of harassment against the academic institutions that discovered smoking is injurious to the public healthrdquominus Estelle A Fishbein general
council for Johns Hopkins University
ldquoTobacco Industry in Fight To Get
Universitiesrsquo DataLegal Moves Termed Fishing Expeditionrdquo
-The New York Times Jan 20 2002
80
Industry Harassment
PUBLIC HEALTH MATTERS
Public Health Under Attack The American Stop Smoking Intervention Study (ASSIST) and the
Tobacco Industry
- White J and LA Bero
- The Transnational Tobacco Industry
- Section A
- Describing a Disease
- The Agent
- The Host
- The Vector
- Section B
- Background
- Background
- What Is a ldquoTransnationalrdquo Company
- Major Transnational Tobacco Companies
- Cigarette Production
- Company Size and Wealth
- TNC Sales and Developing Countries
- China National Tobacco Corporation
- A Return to the Past
- Section C
- A Global Market
- Looking Abroad
- Going Abroad
- A Global Business
- Factors Fueling Global Expansion
- Trade Liberalization
- Impact of Trade Liberalization
- Tobacco Leaf Production
- Tobacco Leaf Trade
- Privatization
- Foreign InvestmentmdashUkraine
- Major Company Mergers
- Marlboro Market Share (2001)
- Marlbororsquos Global Penetration
- Section D
- Industry Strategies
- Modeling Industry Activities
- Undermining Science
- Sworn Public Statements
- Confidential Statements
- Buying Science and Intimidation
- The Attack on Meta-Analysis
- Junk Science
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
- Industry Tactics to Undermine IARC
- Philip Morris and SHS
- Japan Tobacco and SHS
- Public Relations
- Public Statements on Youth
- Private Statements on Youth
- Minimum Age 18
- Changing the Issues
- Philanthropy
- Corporate Social Responsibility
- BATS Social Reports
- Today on Addiction
- Today on Addiction
- Public Health Advocates
- Truth in Advertising
- Section E
- Marketing
- Industry Expenditures on Advertising
- Communicating Disease
- Advertising Strategies
- Grand Prix
- Section F
- Lobbying and Legislation
- A Long History of Lobbying
- Political Lobbying US
- The Latin Project Argentina
- The Czech Republic
- Preemption
- Industry Self-Regulation
- International Tobacco Marketing Standards
- Creating the Illusion of Support
- Front Groups
- Industry Front Groups and Allies
- International Tobacco Growers Association
- Legal and Economic Intimidation
- Intimidating Johns Hopkins
- Industry Harassment
-
10
Background
1890mdashAmerican Tobacco Company (ATC) formed
1900mdashATC virtually controls all tobacco production and trade worldwide
1911mdashATC broken up into several companies including ATC RJ Reynolds (RJR) Liggett amp Meyers Tobacco Company Lorillard and British American Tobacco (BAT)
Continued
11
Background
1911ndash1980 minus Tobacco industry comprised of numerous
independent companiesminus Tobacco growing and trade flow largely between
US and Western Europe
1980ndashPresentminus A few mega companies minus Majority of tobacco growing in low- and middle-
income countriesminus Global production and trade
12
What Is a ldquoTransnationalrdquo Company
An enterprise comprising entities in more than one country which operate under a system of decision-making that permits coherent policies and a common strategy
The entities are so linked by ownership or otherwise that one or more of them may be able to exercise a significant influence over the others and in particular to share knowledge resources and responsibilities with the others
13
Major Transnational Tobacco Companies
Philip Morris (USA)British American Tobacco (UK)Japan Tobacco (Japan)Reemsta (Germany)Altadis (Spain France)
14
Cigarette Production
World Cigarette Production
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
1950
1970
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
Year
Num
ber o
f cig
aret
tes
(bill
ions
)
Data sources US Department of Agriculture and US Bureau of Census as quoted in Vital Signs 2005 published by WorldWatch Institute
15
Company Size and Wealth
PMI BAT JT own or lease manufacturing facilities in over 50 countries
PMI BAT JT have combined sales of over US $121 billion
16
TNC Sales and Developing Countries
Philip Morrisrsquo (PM) 1998 revenues ($74 billion) exceeded the GDP of many countries including Ireland Hungary Ecuador Kuwait Guatemala and Kenya
RJR Nabiscorsquos 1998 revenues ($14 billion) exceeded the GDP of Jamaica Laos or Malawi
Sources Philip Morris 1999 Annual Report (consolidated revenues) RJR Nabisco 1998 Annual Report (does not include RJR International revenues) CIA World Factbook 1999
17
China National Tobacco Corporation
Worldrsquos largest tobacco company
Near monopoly over domestic market
Numerous cooperative agreements with TTCs to modernize manufacturing improve crop yields and build tobacco processing plants
Indications that it is considering entering international market
Continued
18
A Return to the Past
Global Cigarette Market Share
31
3000 720
1640
1540
Philip MorrisBATJTIChina TobaccoOther
Data sources 1 Mackay J and M Eriksen 2002 The Tobacco Atlas World Health Organization 2 World Health Organization httpwwwwprowhointmedia_centrepress_releasespr_20050830htm retrieved 3706
Section C
Globalization of the Tobacco Industry
20
A Global Market
0100020003000400050006000
Num
ber o
f ci
gare
ttes
(bill
ions
)
1880189019001910192019301940195019601970198019902000
Year
Global Cigarette Consumption
0200400600800
10001200140016001800
Num
ber o
f ci
gare
ttes
con
sum
ed
in 1
998
(bill
ions
)
Indonesia Russia Japan USA China
Country
Cigarette Consumption - Top 5 countries
Data source Mackay J and Eriksen M 2002 The Tobacco Atlas World Health Organization
21
Looking Abroad
ldquoTobacco exports should be expanded aggressively because Americans are smoking lessrdquo
mdashVice President Dan Quayle (1990)
22
Going Abroad
Accessed on 22106 from the National Center for Tobacco-Free Kids httpwwwtobaccofreekidsorgreportsfalsefriendsphilipmorrisuspdf
23
A Global Business
2004 Revenue amp Profit Splits for British American Tobacco Net Sales
Latin America15
Europe26
Africa amp Middle East13
Asia-Pacific18
America-Pacific28
Data source httpwwwbatcomonewebsitesuk__3mnfennsfvwPagesWebLiveDO59NQAGopendocumentampSID=ampDTC=ampTMP=1 accessed 22106
24
Factors Fueling Global Expansion
Opening of formally closed economies in former Soviet Union Eastern Europe and China
World Bank and IMF pressure to liberalize foreign investment laws and privatize state-owned companies
Expansion of free trade areas
25
Trade Liberalization
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
World Trade Organization (WTO)
Regional Agreements (NAFTA)
26
Impact of Trade Liberalization
Korea (1988ndash1989)184ndash30 in teenage boys16ndash87 teenage girlsminus 6 of market in one year
Taiwan50 increase in high school students in two yearsminus 1 to 20 of annual sales in less than two years
Japan (1990ndash1996)26ndash40 in 17 year old boys 5ndash15 in 17 year old girlsminus 2 to 22 market share in ten years
27
Tobacco Leaf Production
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
Thou
sand
s of
met
ric
tons
China
India
Brazil
USATurk
eyZim
babweIn
donesia
Italy
Greece
MalawiPakista
nArg
entina
Leading Producers of Tobacco Leaves 2001
Data source Mackay J and Eriksen M 2002 The Tobacco Atlas World Health Organization
28
Tobacco Leaf Trade
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Thou
sand
met
ric
tons
Brazil USA Zimbabwe China Turkey India Greece Italy Malawi Argentina
Top 10 Tobacco Leaf Exporters 1999
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Tho
usan
d m
etri
c to
ns
Russia USA Germany UK Netherlands Japan France Ukraine Poland Egypt
Top 10 Tobacco Leaf Importers 1999
Data source Mackay J and Eriksen M 2002 The Tobacco Atlas World Health Organization
29
Privatization
Over 140 mergers and acquisitions between international companies and state-run companies
A few examplesminus 2003 BAT buys Duvanska (Serbia) minus 1997 PM buys Tabaqueira (Portugal)minus 1994 PM buys Kharkov (Ukraine)minus 1993 PM buys Klaipeda (Lithuania)minus 1992 PM buys Czech Tabacminus 1991 BAT buys Hungaryrsquos State company
30
Foreign InvestmentmdashUkraine
Foreign tobacco firms invested $520 million between 1991 and 1999mdash14 of all foreign direct investment
Over 90 manufacturing capacity now run by Western companies
Platform for exporting to other countries throughout Central and Eastern Europe
31
Major Company Mergers
1999 minus BAT buys Rothmansminus Philip Morris buys Liggettminus Japan Tobacco buys RJR International
Transformed size and global reach of largest three companies
32
Marlboro Market Share (2001)
Netherlandsmdash39Francemdash30Germanymdash30Spainmdash155Polandmdash72Russiamdash20Romaniamdash18Saudi Arabiamdash532Mexicomdash425
33
Marlbororsquos Global Penetration
Creditcopy 1993 Lauren Goodsmith Courtesy of Photoshare
Image source httpwwwlibraryuiucedumortensonimagesmarlborojpgaccessed 22106
Section D
Industry Strategies I Science and Public Relations
35
Industry Strategies
Advertising and promotionBuying sciencePublic relationsPhilanthropyLobbyingFront groupsIntimidationLegislation and public policy
36
Modeling Industry Activities
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
37
Undermining Science
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
38
Sworn Public Statements
ldquoI believe nicotine is not addictiverdquo
mdash William Campbell (Phillip Morris US Congressional Hearings 1994)
Image source httpwwwnlmnihgovhmdfrankensteinfrank_promisehtml retrieved 2806
39
Confidential Statements
ldquoNicotine is addictive We are then in the business of selling nicotinemdashan addictive drug effective in the release of stress mechanismsrdquominus Brown and Williamson 1963
ldquohellipBAT should learn to look at itself as a drug company rather than as a tobacco companyrdquominus BAT 1980
ldquo [T]he entire matter of addiction is the most potent weapon a prosecuting attorney can have in a lung cancercigarette case We canrsquot defend continued smoking as lsquofree choicersquo if the person was lsquoaddictedrsquordquominus Tobacco Institute 1980
40
Buying Science and Intimidation
Letters to BMJ regarding the 1981 Hirayama StudyminusMisclassification
Active smokingPassive smoking
minusConfoundingminusStatistical errorminusPlausibility
0
10
20
30
21895 69645 17366
Population at enrollment
Stan
dard
ised
mor
talit
y ra
te fo
r lun
g ca
ncer
pe
r 100
000
32-79
15-50
8-70
Cigarette smokers
Non smoker Familial passive
smoking (-)
Non smoker Familial passive
smoking (+)
Total 108905
(Non smoker wives of non
smoker husbands)
(Non smoker wives of husbands
with smoking habits)
(Women with smoking habits)
Data source Hirayama T 1981 Non-smoking wives of heavy smokers have a higher risk of lung cancer a study from Japan BMJ 282183ndash5
41
The Attack on Meta-Analysis
Tweedie RL amp KL Mengersen 1995 Meta-analytic approaches to dose-response relationships with application in studies of lung cancer and exposure to environmental tobacco smoke Statistics in Medicine 14 545-569
Excerpt from Acknowledgements ndash ldquoThe paper was completed at Colorado State University with partial support from several tobacco companies the methods and analysis here are however entirely those of the authors and should not be otherwise ascribedrdquo
Bailar JC 1997 The promise and problems of meta-analysis New England Journal of Medicine 337 (8) 559-61
Fleiss JL amp AJ Gross 1991 Meta-analysis in epidemiology with special reference to studies of the association between exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and lung cancer a critique Journal of Clinical Epidemiology44 (2) 127-139
Excerpt from Acknowledgements ndash ldquoThis research was supported by a grant from The Tobacco Institute Washington DC USA We thank Dr Myron Weinberg President of the Weinberg GroupWASHTECH for encouraging us to develop this critiquerdquo
42
Junk Science
Gori GB JC Luik Passive Smoke The EPArsquos betrayal of science and
policy The Fraser Institute
Milloy SJ 1995 Science without sense The risky business of public
health research Cato Institute Washington DC
43
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
ldquoThe massive effort launched across the tobacco industry against one scientific
study is remarkablerdquo
Source Ong E K and Glantz S A (2000 April 8) Tobacco industry efforts subverting International Agency for Research on Cancerrsquos second-hand smoke study The Lancet 355 (9211) 1253ndash1259
44
Industry Tactics to Undermine IARC
ldquoDelay the progress andor release of the studyrdquoldquoAffect the wording of its conclusions and official statement of resultsrdquoldquoNeutralize possible negative results of the study rdquoldquoCounteract the potential impact of the study on government policy public opinion and actions by private employers and proprietorsrdquominus WHO Expert Panel on Industry Documents
45
Philip Morris and SHS
ldquoPublic health officials have concluded that secondhand smoke from cigarettes causes disease including lung cancer and heart disease in non-smoking adults as well as causes conditions in children such as asthma respiratory infections cough wheeze otitis media (middle ear infection) and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome In addition public health officials have concluded that secondhand smoke can exacerbate adult asthma and cause eye throat and nasal irritationrdquo
Source Philip Morris USA websitehttpwwwphilipmorrisusacomenhealth_issuessecondhand_smokeaspRetrieved 22106
46
Japan Tobacco and SHS
ldquo available evidence does not support the assertion that environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is harmful to healthrdquo
mdash Japan Tobacco
Source Submission to the WHO Public Hearings on the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control October 2000
47
Public Relations
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
48
Public Statements on Youth
ldquo would be willing to support prevention efforts that affected our bottom line Absolutely if we can come up with a program that prevents all teenagers from smoking cigarettes we would be delighted to see that happen And if that meant that fewer people smoked as adults so be itrdquo
mdash Corky Newton Vice President of Corporate and Youth Responsibility
Programs Brown and Williamson
Source Transcript of meeting with SWAT (Students Working Against Tobacco) US November 6 1999 Cited in PR in the Playground ASH UK 2000
49
Private Statements on Youth
ldquoWe [Philip Morris] refined the objective of a juvenile initiative program as follows maintain and proactively protect our ability to advertise promote and market our products via a juvenile initiativerdquo
ldquoJuvenile initiative = a series of programs and events to discourage juvenile smoking because smoking is an adult decisionrdquo
Source Cathy Leiber (18 May 1995) Philip Morris International Youth Initiatives Bates No 250301901114 Cited in PR in the Playground ASH UK 2000
50
Minimum Age 18
Image source Image source httpkumuicsdhawaiigovhealthhealthy- httpwwwdhssdelawaregovdhssdphlifestylestobaccotpeprtochtm dpcyouthaccesshtml retrieved 21206) retrieved 21206
51
Changing the Issues
Smoking manners
ldquoSmoking is prohibited in public places like railway stations airports museums and art galleries except for designated smoking areas There are some wards (ku in Japanese) that have specific rules in the form of bylaws concerning smoking If these regulations are broken the smoker is liable to pay a fine There is a provision of punishment for smoking on the street or in public places without carrying a portable ashtray as well as for throwing away cigarette buttsrdquo
httpwwwtourismmetrotokyojpenglishbasicbasic09htmlSource accessed 22306
52
Philanthropy
53
Corporate Social Responsibility
ldquohellip Because for us economic performance is not the only measure of our success Honesty integrity and social responsibility are just as important to the way we measure ourselvesrdquominus Philip Morris International
ldquoOur companies are committed to providing consumers with pleasure through excellent products and to demonstrating that we are meeting our commercial goals in ways that are consistent with reasonable societal expectations of a responsible tobacco group in the 21st centuryrdquominus British American Tobacco
54
BATS Social Reports
Argentina AustraliaBrazil GermanyHong KongHungaryJapanKoreaMalaysiaMexicoNew ZealandNigeriaPolandRussiaSouth Africa USA
55
Today on Addiction
PHILIP MORRIS USAPHILIP MORRIS INTERNATIONAL
TOBACCO ISSUESCigarette Smoking Health Issues for Smokers
Cigarette Smoking and AddictionWe agree with the overwhelming medical and scientific consensus that cigarette smoking is addictive It can be very difficult to quit smoking but this should not deter smokers who want to quit from trying to do so
minus httpphilipmorriscomdefaultasp
Continued
56
Today on AddictionPHILIP MORRIS USAPHILIP MORRIS INTERNATIONAL
TOBACCO ISSUESCigarette Smoking Health Issues for Smokers
Cigarette Smoking and Disease in SmokersThere is an overwhelming medical and scientific consensus that cigarette smoking causes lung cancer heart disease emphysema and other serious diseases in smokers Smokers are far more likely to develop serious diseases like lung cancer than non-smokers There is no safe cigarette These are and have been the messages of public health authorities worldwide Smokers and potential smokers should rely on these messages in making all smoking-related decisions
minus httpphilipmorriscomdefaultasp
57
Public Health Advocates
ldquoIntroducing QuitAssistQuitAssist is an information resource sponsored by Philip Morris USA Itrsquos designed to help you connect with a wealth of expert quitting information available ndash usually for free ndash from government agencies universities and respected nonprofit organizations This QuitAssist guide points the way to programs telephone quitlines websites guides and more that can help you find your own path to success
You can also read this guide at QuitAssist Online Log on through wwwphilipmorrisusacom
From there you can link directly to dozens of resources to help you move ahead and leave cigarettes behindrdquo
If you decide to quit smokinghellip
QuitAssistInformation Resource
Philip Morris USA
Never mentions the word ldquoaddictionrdquo
Source httpphilipmorrisusacomenquitassistindex_flashasp accessed 22306
58
Truth in Advertising
Aggressively markets the only legal product that when used as intended by its manufacturers eventually kills half its users
Section E
Industry Tactics II Industry Advertising Promotion and Sponsorship
60
Marketing
ldquoWe refined the objective of a juvenile initiative program as follows Maintain and proactively protect our ability to advertise promote and market our products via a juvenile initiativeldquo
mdash Cathy Leiber PM International 1995
Notes Juvenile initiative = a series of programs and events designed to discourage juvenile smoking because smoking is an adult decision
61
Industry Expenditures on Advertising
0100020003000400050006000700080009000
10000
Am
ount
spe
nt $
mill
ion
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Changes in cigarette marketing expenditure in the USA 1970-99
Data source Mackay J amp M Eriksen 2002 The Tobacco Atlas World Health Organization
62
Communicating Disease
According to the trade magazine ldquoAdvertising Agerdquo the Marlboro man was the most powerful advertising image of the 20th century
Image source httpwwwcdcgovtobaccosgrsgr4kidsadbusthtm retrieved 22306
63
Advertising Strategies
Targeting womenTargeting youthSelling AmericaSponsorship of sporting events and concertsContests and give-awaysBrand stretching
64
Grand Prix
Image source httpwwwnasnasagovAboutEducationRacecardevelopment_emobightml retrieved 22306
Section F
Industry Tactics III Lobbying Legislation and Litigation
66
Lobbying and Legislation
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
67
A Long History of Lobbying
1890mdashTobacco appeared in the US Pharmacopeia(official US government listing of drugs)1905mdashDropped from list before the 1906 Food and Drug Act (legislation that created the Food and Drug Administration)2005mdashFDA cannot regulate nicotine in tobacco
68
Political Lobbying US
Four of the twelve most generous donors to the 2000 Bush Campaign (1 Phillip Morris RJR UST Brown and Williamson)$18 million to federal candidates between 1997 and 2003 minus 82 to Republican candidates and committees
US $43 million spent to counter McCain bill (highest amount ever spent on a sustained issue advocacy campaign in the US)
69
The Latin Project Argentina
Counter regulations aimed at creating smoke-free workplaces and public placesminus September 30 1991mdashNeri Bill approved by Senate
(advertising promotion and sampling ban limit public smoking)
minus Industry campaignmdashmedia debates briefing packages to Senators and the President paid chief scientific advisor to President
minus October 13 1991mdashPresident vetoes law
70
The Czech Republic
June 2001
Philip Morris presents members of the Health and Social Affairs Committee of the Czech Parliament a study concluding that smoking is good for the Czech governments finances because of the savings from early deaths caused by smoking
71
Preemption
ldquoWe could never win at the local level The reason is [that] all of the health advocates the ones that I unfortunately used to call lsquohealth nazisrsquotheyrsquore all local activists who run the little political organizations So the Tobacco Institute and the tobacco companiesrsquo first priority has always been to preempt the field preferably to put it all on the federal level but if they canrsquot do that at least on the state level because the health advocates canrsquot compete with me on the state levelrdquo
mdash Victor Crawford former Maryland state legislator
72
Industry Self-Regulation
British American Tobacco
11 September 2001
INTERNATIONAL TOBACCO PRODUCTS MARKETING STANDARDS
The parties subscribing to these Standards (the ldquoParticipantsrdquo) wish to record their belief that tobacco products should be marketed in a responsible manner and that reasonable measures should be taken to ensure that the promotion and distribution of tobacco products is
bull directed at adult smokers and not at youth and
bull consistent with the principle of informed adult choice
73
International Tobacco Marketing Standards
ldquoWe have analyzed the nine-page agreement and believe that the multinationalsrsquo strategy is proactive and is a way to improve their image rdquoldquoAlso by proactively setting new international tobacco marketing standards the multinationals could be trying to counter a number of proposals that the WHO has been working on to curb the amount of cigarettes that are consumed on an international levelrdquoldquo Interestingly in many countries the existing laws or industry codes are already more restrictive than the provisions of the international marketing standardsrdquo
Source International Tobacco Marketing Standards September 2001
74
Creating the Illusion of Support
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
75
Front Groups
Buying citizen involvement (letter writing phone banking campaigns) by supporting front groups
ldquoHandrdquo of the industry remains hidden
It has been a common practice of Big Tobacco to use third parties or to create front groups to be out in front fighting smokefreepolicies while the industry remains behind the scenes protecting its public image
-Americans for Nonsmokersrsquo Rightshttpwwwno-smokeorggetthefactsphpdp=d21|d23 accessed 22306
76
Industry Front Groups and Allies
Ive learned from experience that as soon as Im identified as a representative of the Tobacco Institute I lose all credibility They just sneer us awayso I try to work behind the scenes whenever I can
- Ron Saldana lobbyist for the Tobacco Institute 82486
Source httpwwwno-smokeorggetthefactsphpdp=d21|d23 accessed 22306
77
International Tobacco Growers Association
ITGAldquo[Establish] ITGA [International Tobacco Growers Association] [as a] front group for our third world lobby activities at WHOrdquo
Source Report of the WHO Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents
Source Report of the WHO Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents
78
Legal and Economic Intimidation
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
79
Intimidating Johns Hopkins
ldquoThe tobacco companies have commenced nothing short of a campaign of harassment against the academic institutions that discovered smoking is injurious to the public healthrdquominus Estelle A Fishbein general
council for Johns Hopkins University
ldquoTobacco Industry in Fight To Get
Universitiesrsquo DataLegal Moves Termed Fishing Expeditionrdquo
-The New York Times Jan 20 2002
80
Industry Harassment
PUBLIC HEALTH MATTERS
Public Health Under Attack The American Stop Smoking Intervention Study (ASSIST) and the
Tobacco Industry
- White J and LA Bero
- The Transnational Tobacco Industry
- Section A
- Describing a Disease
- The Agent
- The Host
- The Vector
- Section B
- Background
- Background
- What Is a ldquoTransnationalrdquo Company
- Major Transnational Tobacco Companies
- Cigarette Production
- Company Size and Wealth
- TNC Sales and Developing Countries
- China National Tobacco Corporation
- A Return to the Past
- Section C
- A Global Market
- Looking Abroad
- Going Abroad
- A Global Business
- Factors Fueling Global Expansion
- Trade Liberalization
- Impact of Trade Liberalization
- Tobacco Leaf Production
- Tobacco Leaf Trade
- Privatization
- Foreign InvestmentmdashUkraine
- Major Company Mergers
- Marlboro Market Share (2001)
- Marlbororsquos Global Penetration
- Section D
- Industry Strategies
- Modeling Industry Activities
- Undermining Science
- Sworn Public Statements
- Confidential Statements
- Buying Science and Intimidation
- The Attack on Meta-Analysis
- Junk Science
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
- Industry Tactics to Undermine IARC
- Philip Morris and SHS
- Japan Tobacco and SHS
- Public Relations
- Public Statements on Youth
- Private Statements on Youth
- Minimum Age 18
- Changing the Issues
- Philanthropy
- Corporate Social Responsibility
- BATS Social Reports
- Today on Addiction
- Today on Addiction
- Public Health Advocates
- Truth in Advertising
- Section E
- Marketing
- Industry Expenditures on Advertising
- Communicating Disease
- Advertising Strategies
- Grand Prix
- Section F
- Lobbying and Legislation
- A Long History of Lobbying
- Political Lobbying US
- The Latin Project Argentina
- The Czech Republic
- Preemption
- Industry Self-Regulation
- International Tobacco Marketing Standards
- Creating the Illusion of Support
- Front Groups
- Industry Front Groups and Allies
- International Tobacco Growers Association
- Legal and Economic Intimidation
- Intimidating Johns Hopkins
- Industry Harassment
-
11
Background
1911ndash1980 minus Tobacco industry comprised of numerous
independent companiesminus Tobacco growing and trade flow largely between
US and Western Europe
1980ndashPresentminus A few mega companies minus Majority of tobacco growing in low- and middle-
income countriesminus Global production and trade
12
What Is a ldquoTransnationalrdquo Company
An enterprise comprising entities in more than one country which operate under a system of decision-making that permits coherent policies and a common strategy
The entities are so linked by ownership or otherwise that one or more of them may be able to exercise a significant influence over the others and in particular to share knowledge resources and responsibilities with the others
13
Major Transnational Tobacco Companies
Philip Morris (USA)British American Tobacco (UK)Japan Tobacco (Japan)Reemsta (Germany)Altadis (Spain France)
14
Cigarette Production
World Cigarette Production
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
1950
1970
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
Year
Num
ber o
f cig
aret
tes
(bill
ions
)
Data sources US Department of Agriculture and US Bureau of Census as quoted in Vital Signs 2005 published by WorldWatch Institute
15
Company Size and Wealth
PMI BAT JT own or lease manufacturing facilities in over 50 countries
PMI BAT JT have combined sales of over US $121 billion
16
TNC Sales and Developing Countries
Philip Morrisrsquo (PM) 1998 revenues ($74 billion) exceeded the GDP of many countries including Ireland Hungary Ecuador Kuwait Guatemala and Kenya
RJR Nabiscorsquos 1998 revenues ($14 billion) exceeded the GDP of Jamaica Laos or Malawi
Sources Philip Morris 1999 Annual Report (consolidated revenues) RJR Nabisco 1998 Annual Report (does not include RJR International revenues) CIA World Factbook 1999
17
China National Tobacco Corporation
Worldrsquos largest tobacco company
Near monopoly over domestic market
Numerous cooperative agreements with TTCs to modernize manufacturing improve crop yields and build tobacco processing plants
Indications that it is considering entering international market
Continued
18
A Return to the Past
Global Cigarette Market Share
31
3000 720
1640
1540
Philip MorrisBATJTIChina TobaccoOther
Data sources 1 Mackay J and M Eriksen 2002 The Tobacco Atlas World Health Organization 2 World Health Organization httpwwwwprowhointmedia_centrepress_releasespr_20050830htm retrieved 3706
Section C
Globalization of the Tobacco Industry
20
A Global Market
0100020003000400050006000
Num
ber o
f ci
gare
ttes
(bill
ions
)
1880189019001910192019301940195019601970198019902000
Year
Global Cigarette Consumption
0200400600800
10001200140016001800
Num
ber o
f ci
gare
ttes
con
sum
ed
in 1
998
(bill
ions
)
Indonesia Russia Japan USA China
Country
Cigarette Consumption - Top 5 countries
Data source Mackay J and Eriksen M 2002 The Tobacco Atlas World Health Organization
21
Looking Abroad
ldquoTobacco exports should be expanded aggressively because Americans are smoking lessrdquo
mdashVice President Dan Quayle (1990)
22
Going Abroad
Accessed on 22106 from the National Center for Tobacco-Free Kids httpwwwtobaccofreekidsorgreportsfalsefriendsphilipmorrisuspdf
23
A Global Business
2004 Revenue amp Profit Splits for British American Tobacco Net Sales
Latin America15
Europe26
Africa amp Middle East13
Asia-Pacific18
America-Pacific28
Data source httpwwwbatcomonewebsitesuk__3mnfennsfvwPagesWebLiveDO59NQAGopendocumentampSID=ampDTC=ampTMP=1 accessed 22106
24
Factors Fueling Global Expansion
Opening of formally closed economies in former Soviet Union Eastern Europe and China
World Bank and IMF pressure to liberalize foreign investment laws and privatize state-owned companies
Expansion of free trade areas
25
Trade Liberalization
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
World Trade Organization (WTO)
Regional Agreements (NAFTA)
26
Impact of Trade Liberalization
Korea (1988ndash1989)184ndash30 in teenage boys16ndash87 teenage girlsminus 6 of market in one year
Taiwan50 increase in high school students in two yearsminus 1 to 20 of annual sales in less than two years
Japan (1990ndash1996)26ndash40 in 17 year old boys 5ndash15 in 17 year old girlsminus 2 to 22 market share in ten years
27
Tobacco Leaf Production
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
Thou
sand
s of
met
ric
tons
China
India
Brazil
USATurk
eyZim
babweIn
donesia
Italy
Greece
MalawiPakista
nArg
entina
Leading Producers of Tobacco Leaves 2001
Data source Mackay J and Eriksen M 2002 The Tobacco Atlas World Health Organization
28
Tobacco Leaf Trade
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Thou
sand
met
ric
tons
Brazil USA Zimbabwe China Turkey India Greece Italy Malawi Argentina
Top 10 Tobacco Leaf Exporters 1999
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Tho
usan
d m
etri
c to
ns
Russia USA Germany UK Netherlands Japan France Ukraine Poland Egypt
Top 10 Tobacco Leaf Importers 1999
Data source Mackay J and Eriksen M 2002 The Tobacco Atlas World Health Organization
29
Privatization
Over 140 mergers and acquisitions between international companies and state-run companies
A few examplesminus 2003 BAT buys Duvanska (Serbia) minus 1997 PM buys Tabaqueira (Portugal)minus 1994 PM buys Kharkov (Ukraine)minus 1993 PM buys Klaipeda (Lithuania)minus 1992 PM buys Czech Tabacminus 1991 BAT buys Hungaryrsquos State company
30
Foreign InvestmentmdashUkraine
Foreign tobacco firms invested $520 million between 1991 and 1999mdash14 of all foreign direct investment
Over 90 manufacturing capacity now run by Western companies
Platform for exporting to other countries throughout Central and Eastern Europe
31
Major Company Mergers
1999 minus BAT buys Rothmansminus Philip Morris buys Liggettminus Japan Tobacco buys RJR International
Transformed size and global reach of largest three companies
32
Marlboro Market Share (2001)
Netherlandsmdash39Francemdash30Germanymdash30Spainmdash155Polandmdash72Russiamdash20Romaniamdash18Saudi Arabiamdash532Mexicomdash425
33
Marlbororsquos Global Penetration
Creditcopy 1993 Lauren Goodsmith Courtesy of Photoshare
Image source httpwwwlibraryuiucedumortensonimagesmarlborojpgaccessed 22106
Section D
Industry Strategies I Science and Public Relations
35
Industry Strategies
Advertising and promotionBuying sciencePublic relationsPhilanthropyLobbyingFront groupsIntimidationLegislation and public policy
36
Modeling Industry Activities
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
37
Undermining Science
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
38
Sworn Public Statements
ldquoI believe nicotine is not addictiverdquo
mdash William Campbell (Phillip Morris US Congressional Hearings 1994)
Image source httpwwwnlmnihgovhmdfrankensteinfrank_promisehtml retrieved 2806
39
Confidential Statements
ldquoNicotine is addictive We are then in the business of selling nicotinemdashan addictive drug effective in the release of stress mechanismsrdquominus Brown and Williamson 1963
ldquohellipBAT should learn to look at itself as a drug company rather than as a tobacco companyrdquominus BAT 1980
ldquo [T]he entire matter of addiction is the most potent weapon a prosecuting attorney can have in a lung cancercigarette case We canrsquot defend continued smoking as lsquofree choicersquo if the person was lsquoaddictedrsquordquominus Tobacco Institute 1980
40
Buying Science and Intimidation
Letters to BMJ regarding the 1981 Hirayama StudyminusMisclassification
Active smokingPassive smoking
minusConfoundingminusStatistical errorminusPlausibility
0
10
20
30
21895 69645 17366
Population at enrollment
Stan
dard
ised
mor
talit
y ra
te fo
r lun
g ca
ncer
pe
r 100
000
32-79
15-50
8-70
Cigarette smokers
Non smoker Familial passive
smoking (-)
Non smoker Familial passive
smoking (+)
Total 108905
(Non smoker wives of non
smoker husbands)
(Non smoker wives of husbands
with smoking habits)
(Women with smoking habits)
Data source Hirayama T 1981 Non-smoking wives of heavy smokers have a higher risk of lung cancer a study from Japan BMJ 282183ndash5
41
The Attack on Meta-Analysis
Tweedie RL amp KL Mengersen 1995 Meta-analytic approaches to dose-response relationships with application in studies of lung cancer and exposure to environmental tobacco smoke Statistics in Medicine 14 545-569
Excerpt from Acknowledgements ndash ldquoThe paper was completed at Colorado State University with partial support from several tobacco companies the methods and analysis here are however entirely those of the authors and should not be otherwise ascribedrdquo
Bailar JC 1997 The promise and problems of meta-analysis New England Journal of Medicine 337 (8) 559-61
Fleiss JL amp AJ Gross 1991 Meta-analysis in epidemiology with special reference to studies of the association between exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and lung cancer a critique Journal of Clinical Epidemiology44 (2) 127-139
Excerpt from Acknowledgements ndash ldquoThis research was supported by a grant from The Tobacco Institute Washington DC USA We thank Dr Myron Weinberg President of the Weinberg GroupWASHTECH for encouraging us to develop this critiquerdquo
42
Junk Science
Gori GB JC Luik Passive Smoke The EPArsquos betrayal of science and
policy The Fraser Institute
Milloy SJ 1995 Science without sense The risky business of public
health research Cato Institute Washington DC
43
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
ldquoThe massive effort launched across the tobacco industry against one scientific
study is remarkablerdquo
Source Ong E K and Glantz S A (2000 April 8) Tobacco industry efforts subverting International Agency for Research on Cancerrsquos second-hand smoke study The Lancet 355 (9211) 1253ndash1259
44
Industry Tactics to Undermine IARC
ldquoDelay the progress andor release of the studyrdquoldquoAffect the wording of its conclusions and official statement of resultsrdquoldquoNeutralize possible negative results of the study rdquoldquoCounteract the potential impact of the study on government policy public opinion and actions by private employers and proprietorsrdquominus WHO Expert Panel on Industry Documents
45
Philip Morris and SHS
ldquoPublic health officials have concluded that secondhand smoke from cigarettes causes disease including lung cancer and heart disease in non-smoking adults as well as causes conditions in children such as asthma respiratory infections cough wheeze otitis media (middle ear infection) and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome In addition public health officials have concluded that secondhand smoke can exacerbate adult asthma and cause eye throat and nasal irritationrdquo
Source Philip Morris USA websitehttpwwwphilipmorrisusacomenhealth_issuessecondhand_smokeaspRetrieved 22106
46
Japan Tobacco and SHS
ldquo available evidence does not support the assertion that environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is harmful to healthrdquo
mdash Japan Tobacco
Source Submission to the WHO Public Hearings on the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control October 2000
47
Public Relations
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
48
Public Statements on Youth
ldquo would be willing to support prevention efforts that affected our bottom line Absolutely if we can come up with a program that prevents all teenagers from smoking cigarettes we would be delighted to see that happen And if that meant that fewer people smoked as adults so be itrdquo
mdash Corky Newton Vice President of Corporate and Youth Responsibility
Programs Brown and Williamson
Source Transcript of meeting with SWAT (Students Working Against Tobacco) US November 6 1999 Cited in PR in the Playground ASH UK 2000
49
Private Statements on Youth
ldquoWe [Philip Morris] refined the objective of a juvenile initiative program as follows maintain and proactively protect our ability to advertise promote and market our products via a juvenile initiativerdquo
ldquoJuvenile initiative = a series of programs and events to discourage juvenile smoking because smoking is an adult decisionrdquo
Source Cathy Leiber (18 May 1995) Philip Morris International Youth Initiatives Bates No 250301901114 Cited in PR in the Playground ASH UK 2000
50
Minimum Age 18
Image source Image source httpkumuicsdhawaiigovhealthhealthy- httpwwwdhssdelawaregovdhssdphlifestylestobaccotpeprtochtm dpcyouthaccesshtml retrieved 21206) retrieved 21206
51
Changing the Issues
Smoking manners
ldquoSmoking is prohibited in public places like railway stations airports museums and art galleries except for designated smoking areas There are some wards (ku in Japanese) that have specific rules in the form of bylaws concerning smoking If these regulations are broken the smoker is liable to pay a fine There is a provision of punishment for smoking on the street or in public places without carrying a portable ashtray as well as for throwing away cigarette buttsrdquo
httpwwwtourismmetrotokyojpenglishbasicbasic09htmlSource accessed 22306
52
Philanthropy
53
Corporate Social Responsibility
ldquohellip Because for us economic performance is not the only measure of our success Honesty integrity and social responsibility are just as important to the way we measure ourselvesrdquominus Philip Morris International
ldquoOur companies are committed to providing consumers with pleasure through excellent products and to demonstrating that we are meeting our commercial goals in ways that are consistent with reasonable societal expectations of a responsible tobacco group in the 21st centuryrdquominus British American Tobacco
54
BATS Social Reports
Argentina AustraliaBrazil GermanyHong KongHungaryJapanKoreaMalaysiaMexicoNew ZealandNigeriaPolandRussiaSouth Africa USA
55
Today on Addiction
PHILIP MORRIS USAPHILIP MORRIS INTERNATIONAL
TOBACCO ISSUESCigarette Smoking Health Issues for Smokers
Cigarette Smoking and AddictionWe agree with the overwhelming medical and scientific consensus that cigarette smoking is addictive It can be very difficult to quit smoking but this should not deter smokers who want to quit from trying to do so
minus httpphilipmorriscomdefaultasp
Continued
56
Today on AddictionPHILIP MORRIS USAPHILIP MORRIS INTERNATIONAL
TOBACCO ISSUESCigarette Smoking Health Issues for Smokers
Cigarette Smoking and Disease in SmokersThere is an overwhelming medical and scientific consensus that cigarette smoking causes lung cancer heart disease emphysema and other serious diseases in smokers Smokers are far more likely to develop serious diseases like lung cancer than non-smokers There is no safe cigarette These are and have been the messages of public health authorities worldwide Smokers and potential smokers should rely on these messages in making all smoking-related decisions
minus httpphilipmorriscomdefaultasp
57
Public Health Advocates
ldquoIntroducing QuitAssistQuitAssist is an information resource sponsored by Philip Morris USA Itrsquos designed to help you connect with a wealth of expert quitting information available ndash usually for free ndash from government agencies universities and respected nonprofit organizations This QuitAssist guide points the way to programs telephone quitlines websites guides and more that can help you find your own path to success
You can also read this guide at QuitAssist Online Log on through wwwphilipmorrisusacom
From there you can link directly to dozens of resources to help you move ahead and leave cigarettes behindrdquo
If you decide to quit smokinghellip
QuitAssistInformation Resource
Philip Morris USA
Never mentions the word ldquoaddictionrdquo
Source httpphilipmorrisusacomenquitassistindex_flashasp accessed 22306
58
Truth in Advertising
Aggressively markets the only legal product that when used as intended by its manufacturers eventually kills half its users
Section E
Industry Tactics II Industry Advertising Promotion and Sponsorship
60
Marketing
ldquoWe refined the objective of a juvenile initiative program as follows Maintain and proactively protect our ability to advertise promote and market our products via a juvenile initiativeldquo
mdash Cathy Leiber PM International 1995
Notes Juvenile initiative = a series of programs and events designed to discourage juvenile smoking because smoking is an adult decision
61
Industry Expenditures on Advertising
0100020003000400050006000700080009000
10000
Am
ount
spe
nt $
mill
ion
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Changes in cigarette marketing expenditure in the USA 1970-99
Data source Mackay J amp M Eriksen 2002 The Tobacco Atlas World Health Organization
62
Communicating Disease
According to the trade magazine ldquoAdvertising Agerdquo the Marlboro man was the most powerful advertising image of the 20th century
Image source httpwwwcdcgovtobaccosgrsgr4kidsadbusthtm retrieved 22306
63
Advertising Strategies
Targeting womenTargeting youthSelling AmericaSponsorship of sporting events and concertsContests and give-awaysBrand stretching
64
Grand Prix
Image source httpwwwnasnasagovAboutEducationRacecardevelopment_emobightml retrieved 22306
Section F
Industry Tactics III Lobbying Legislation and Litigation
66
Lobbying and Legislation
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
67
A Long History of Lobbying
1890mdashTobacco appeared in the US Pharmacopeia(official US government listing of drugs)1905mdashDropped from list before the 1906 Food and Drug Act (legislation that created the Food and Drug Administration)2005mdashFDA cannot regulate nicotine in tobacco
68
Political Lobbying US
Four of the twelve most generous donors to the 2000 Bush Campaign (1 Phillip Morris RJR UST Brown and Williamson)$18 million to federal candidates between 1997 and 2003 minus 82 to Republican candidates and committees
US $43 million spent to counter McCain bill (highest amount ever spent on a sustained issue advocacy campaign in the US)
69
The Latin Project Argentina
Counter regulations aimed at creating smoke-free workplaces and public placesminus September 30 1991mdashNeri Bill approved by Senate
(advertising promotion and sampling ban limit public smoking)
minus Industry campaignmdashmedia debates briefing packages to Senators and the President paid chief scientific advisor to President
minus October 13 1991mdashPresident vetoes law
70
The Czech Republic
June 2001
Philip Morris presents members of the Health and Social Affairs Committee of the Czech Parliament a study concluding that smoking is good for the Czech governments finances because of the savings from early deaths caused by smoking
71
Preemption
ldquoWe could never win at the local level The reason is [that] all of the health advocates the ones that I unfortunately used to call lsquohealth nazisrsquotheyrsquore all local activists who run the little political organizations So the Tobacco Institute and the tobacco companiesrsquo first priority has always been to preempt the field preferably to put it all on the federal level but if they canrsquot do that at least on the state level because the health advocates canrsquot compete with me on the state levelrdquo
mdash Victor Crawford former Maryland state legislator
72
Industry Self-Regulation
British American Tobacco
11 September 2001
INTERNATIONAL TOBACCO PRODUCTS MARKETING STANDARDS
The parties subscribing to these Standards (the ldquoParticipantsrdquo) wish to record their belief that tobacco products should be marketed in a responsible manner and that reasonable measures should be taken to ensure that the promotion and distribution of tobacco products is
bull directed at adult smokers and not at youth and
bull consistent with the principle of informed adult choice
73
International Tobacco Marketing Standards
ldquoWe have analyzed the nine-page agreement and believe that the multinationalsrsquo strategy is proactive and is a way to improve their image rdquoldquoAlso by proactively setting new international tobacco marketing standards the multinationals could be trying to counter a number of proposals that the WHO has been working on to curb the amount of cigarettes that are consumed on an international levelrdquoldquo Interestingly in many countries the existing laws or industry codes are already more restrictive than the provisions of the international marketing standardsrdquo
Source International Tobacco Marketing Standards September 2001
74
Creating the Illusion of Support
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
75
Front Groups
Buying citizen involvement (letter writing phone banking campaigns) by supporting front groups
ldquoHandrdquo of the industry remains hidden
It has been a common practice of Big Tobacco to use third parties or to create front groups to be out in front fighting smokefreepolicies while the industry remains behind the scenes protecting its public image
-Americans for Nonsmokersrsquo Rightshttpwwwno-smokeorggetthefactsphpdp=d21|d23 accessed 22306
76
Industry Front Groups and Allies
Ive learned from experience that as soon as Im identified as a representative of the Tobacco Institute I lose all credibility They just sneer us awayso I try to work behind the scenes whenever I can
- Ron Saldana lobbyist for the Tobacco Institute 82486
Source httpwwwno-smokeorggetthefactsphpdp=d21|d23 accessed 22306
77
International Tobacco Growers Association
ITGAldquo[Establish] ITGA [International Tobacco Growers Association] [as a] front group for our third world lobby activities at WHOrdquo
Source Report of the WHO Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents
Source Report of the WHO Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents
78
Legal and Economic Intimidation
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
79
Intimidating Johns Hopkins
ldquoThe tobacco companies have commenced nothing short of a campaign of harassment against the academic institutions that discovered smoking is injurious to the public healthrdquominus Estelle A Fishbein general
council for Johns Hopkins University
ldquoTobacco Industry in Fight To Get
Universitiesrsquo DataLegal Moves Termed Fishing Expeditionrdquo
-The New York Times Jan 20 2002
80
Industry Harassment
PUBLIC HEALTH MATTERS
Public Health Under Attack The American Stop Smoking Intervention Study (ASSIST) and the
Tobacco Industry
- White J and LA Bero
- The Transnational Tobacco Industry
- Section A
- Describing a Disease
- The Agent
- The Host
- The Vector
- Section B
- Background
- Background
- What Is a ldquoTransnationalrdquo Company
- Major Transnational Tobacco Companies
- Cigarette Production
- Company Size and Wealth
- TNC Sales and Developing Countries
- China National Tobacco Corporation
- A Return to the Past
- Section C
- A Global Market
- Looking Abroad
- Going Abroad
- A Global Business
- Factors Fueling Global Expansion
- Trade Liberalization
- Impact of Trade Liberalization
- Tobacco Leaf Production
- Tobacco Leaf Trade
- Privatization
- Foreign InvestmentmdashUkraine
- Major Company Mergers
- Marlboro Market Share (2001)
- Marlbororsquos Global Penetration
- Section D
- Industry Strategies
- Modeling Industry Activities
- Undermining Science
- Sworn Public Statements
- Confidential Statements
- Buying Science and Intimidation
- The Attack on Meta-Analysis
- Junk Science
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
- Industry Tactics to Undermine IARC
- Philip Morris and SHS
- Japan Tobacco and SHS
- Public Relations
- Public Statements on Youth
- Private Statements on Youth
- Minimum Age 18
- Changing the Issues
- Philanthropy
- Corporate Social Responsibility
- BATS Social Reports
- Today on Addiction
- Today on Addiction
- Public Health Advocates
- Truth in Advertising
- Section E
- Marketing
- Industry Expenditures on Advertising
- Communicating Disease
- Advertising Strategies
- Grand Prix
- Section F
- Lobbying and Legislation
- A Long History of Lobbying
- Political Lobbying US
- The Latin Project Argentina
- The Czech Republic
- Preemption
- Industry Self-Regulation
- International Tobacco Marketing Standards
- Creating the Illusion of Support
- Front Groups
- Industry Front Groups and Allies
- International Tobacco Growers Association
- Legal and Economic Intimidation
- Intimidating Johns Hopkins
- Industry Harassment
-
12
What Is a ldquoTransnationalrdquo Company
An enterprise comprising entities in more than one country which operate under a system of decision-making that permits coherent policies and a common strategy
The entities are so linked by ownership or otherwise that one or more of them may be able to exercise a significant influence over the others and in particular to share knowledge resources and responsibilities with the others
13
Major Transnational Tobacco Companies
Philip Morris (USA)British American Tobacco (UK)Japan Tobacco (Japan)Reemsta (Germany)Altadis (Spain France)
14
Cigarette Production
World Cigarette Production
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
1950
1970
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
Year
Num
ber o
f cig
aret
tes
(bill
ions
)
Data sources US Department of Agriculture and US Bureau of Census as quoted in Vital Signs 2005 published by WorldWatch Institute
15
Company Size and Wealth
PMI BAT JT own or lease manufacturing facilities in over 50 countries
PMI BAT JT have combined sales of over US $121 billion
16
TNC Sales and Developing Countries
Philip Morrisrsquo (PM) 1998 revenues ($74 billion) exceeded the GDP of many countries including Ireland Hungary Ecuador Kuwait Guatemala and Kenya
RJR Nabiscorsquos 1998 revenues ($14 billion) exceeded the GDP of Jamaica Laos or Malawi
Sources Philip Morris 1999 Annual Report (consolidated revenues) RJR Nabisco 1998 Annual Report (does not include RJR International revenues) CIA World Factbook 1999
17
China National Tobacco Corporation
Worldrsquos largest tobacco company
Near monopoly over domestic market
Numerous cooperative agreements with TTCs to modernize manufacturing improve crop yields and build tobacco processing plants
Indications that it is considering entering international market
Continued
18
A Return to the Past
Global Cigarette Market Share
31
3000 720
1640
1540
Philip MorrisBATJTIChina TobaccoOther
Data sources 1 Mackay J and M Eriksen 2002 The Tobacco Atlas World Health Organization 2 World Health Organization httpwwwwprowhointmedia_centrepress_releasespr_20050830htm retrieved 3706
Section C
Globalization of the Tobacco Industry
20
A Global Market
0100020003000400050006000
Num
ber o
f ci
gare
ttes
(bill
ions
)
1880189019001910192019301940195019601970198019902000
Year
Global Cigarette Consumption
0200400600800
10001200140016001800
Num
ber o
f ci
gare
ttes
con
sum
ed
in 1
998
(bill
ions
)
Indonesia Russia Japan USA China
Country
Cigarette Consumption - Top 5 countries
Data source Mackay J and Eriksen M 2002 The Tobacco Atlas World Health Organization
21
Looking Abroad
ldquoTobacco exports should be expanded aggressively because Americans are smoking lessrdquo
mdashVice President Dan Quayle (1990)
22
Going Abroad
Accessed on 22106 from the National Center for Tobacco-Free Kids httpwwwtobaccofreekidsorgreportsfalsefriendsphilipmorrisuspdf
23
A Global Business
2004 Revenue amp Profit Splits for British American Tobacco Net Sales
Latin America15
Europe26
Africa amp Middle East13
Asia-Pacific18
America-Pacific28
Data source httpwwwbatcomonewebsitesuk__3mnfennsfvwPagesWebLiveDO59NQAGopendocumentampSID=ampDTC=ampTMP=1 accessed 22106
24
Factors Fueling Global Expansion
Opening of formally closed economies in former Soviet Union Eastern Europe and China
World Bank and IMF pressure to liberalize foreign investment laws and privatize state-owned companies
Expansion of free trade areas
25
Trade Liberalization
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
World Trade Organization (WTO)
Regional Agreements (NAFTA)
26
Impact of Trade Liberalization
Korea (1988ndash1989)184ndash30 in teenage boys16ndash87 teenage girlsminus 6 of market in one year
Taiwan50 increase in high school students in two yearsminus 1 to 20 of annual sales in less than two years
Japan (1990ndash1996)26ndash40 in 17 year old boys 5ndash15 in 17 year old girlsminus 2 to 22 market share in ten years
27
Tobacco Leaf Production
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
Thou
sand
s of
met
ric
tons
China
India
Brazil
USATurk
eyZim
babweIn
donesia
Italy
Greece
MalawiPakista
nArg
entina
Leading Producers of Tobacco Leaves 2001
Data source Mackay J and Eriksen M 2002 The Tobacco Atlas World Health Organization
28
Tobacco Leaf Trade
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Thou
sand
met
ric
tons
Brazil USA Zimbabwe China Turkey India Greece Italy Malawi Argentina
Top 10 Tobacco Leaf Exporters 1999
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Tho
usan
d m
etri
c to
ns
Russia USA Germany UK Netherlands Japan France Ukraine Poland Egypt
Top 10 Tobacco Leaf Importers 1999
Data source Mackay J and Eriksen M 2002 The Tobacco Atlas World Health Organization
29
Privatization
Over 140 mergers and acquisitions between international companies and state-run companies
A few examplesminus 2003 BAT buys Duvanska (Serbia) minus 1997 PM buys Tabaqueira (Portugal)minus 1994 PM buys Kharkov (Ukraine)minus 1993 PM buys Klaipeda (Lithuania)minus 1992 PM buys Czech Tabacminus 1991 BAT buys Hungaryrsquos State company
30
Foreign InvestmentmdashUkraine
Foreign tobacco firms invested $520 million between 1991 and 1999mdash14 of all foreign direct investment
Over 90 manufacturing capacity now run by Western companies
Platform for exporting to other countries throughout Central and Eastern Europe
31
Major Company Mergers
1999 minus BAT buys Rothmansminus Philip Morris buys Liggettminus Japan Tobacco buys RJR International
Transformed size and global reach of largest three companies
32
Marlboro Market Share (2001)
Netherlandsmdash39Francemdash30Germanymdash30Spainmdash155Polandmdash72Russiamdash20Romaniamdash18Saudi Arabiamdash532Mexicomdash425
33
Marlbororsquos Global Penetration
Creditcopy 1993 Lauren Goodsmith Courtesy of Photoshare
Image source httpwwwlibraryuiucedumortensonimagesmarlborojpgaccessed 22106
Section D
Industry Strategies I Science and Public Relations
35
Industry Strategies
Advertising and promotionBuying sciencePublic relationsPhilanthropyLobbyingFront groupsIntimidationLegislation and public policy
36
Modeling Industry Activities
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
37
Undermining Science
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
38
Sworn Public Statements
ldquoI believe nicotine is not addictiverdquo
mdash William Campbell (Phillip Morris US Congressional Hearings 1994)
Image source httpwwwnlmnihgovhmdfrankensteinfrank_promisehtml retrieved 2806
39
Confidential Statements
ldquoNicotine is addictive We are then in the business of selling nicotinemdashan addictive drug effective in the release of stress mechanismsrdquominus Brown and Williamson 1963
ldquohellipBAT should learn to look at itself as a drug company rather than as a tobacco companyrdquominus BAT 1980
ldquo [T]he entire matter of addiction is the most potent weapon a prosecuting attorney can have in a lung cancercigarette case We canrsquot defend continued smoking as lsquofree choicersquo if the person was lsquoaddictedrsquordquominus Tobacco Institute 1980
40
Buying Science and Intimidation
Letters to BMJ regarding the 1981 Hirayama StudyminusMisclassification
Active smokingPassive smoking
minusConfoundingminusStatistical errorminusPlausibility
0
10
20
30
21895 69645 17366
Population at enrollment
Stan
dard
ised
mor
talit
y ra
te fo
r lun
g ca
ncer
pe
r 100
000
32-79
15-50
8-70
Cigarette smokers
Non smoker Familial passive
smoking (-)
Non smoker Familial passive
smoking (+)
Total 108905
(Non smoker wives of non
smoker husbands)
(Non smoker wives of husbands
with smoking habits)
(Women with smoking habits)
Data source Hirayama T 1981 Non-smoking wives of heavy smokers have a higher risk of lung cancer a study from Japan BMJ 282183ndash5
41
The Attack on Meta-Analysis
Tweedie RL amp KL Mengersen 1995 Meta-analytic approaches to dose-response relationships with application in studies of lung cancer and exposure to environmental tobacco smoke Statistics in Medicine 14 545-569
Excerpt from Acknowledgements ndash ldquoThe paper was completed at Colorado State University with partial support from several tobacco companies the methods and analysis here are however entirely those of the authors and should not be otherwise ascribedrdquo
Bailar JC 1997 The promise and problems of meta-analysis New England Journal of Medicine 337 (8) 559-61
Fleiss JL amp AJ Gross 1991 Meta-analysis in epidemiology with special reference to studies of the association between exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and lung cancer a critique Journal of Clinical Epidemiology44 (2) 127-139
Excerpt from Acknowledgements ndash ldquoThis research was supported by a grant from The Tobacco Institute Washington DC USA We thank Dr Myron Weinberg President of the Weinberg GroupWASHTECH for encouraging us to develop this critiquerdquo
42
Junk Science
Gori GB JC Luik Passive Smoke The EPArsquos betrayal of science and
policy The Fraser Institute
Milloy SJ 1995 Science without sense The risky business of public
health research Cato Institute Washington DC
43
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
ldquoThe massive effort launched across the tobacco industry against one scientific
study is remarkablerdquo
Source Ong E K and Glantz S A (2000 April 8) Tobacco industry efforts subverting International Agency for Research on Cancerrsquos second-hand smoke study The Lancet 355 (9211) 1253ndash1259
44
Industry Tactics to Undermine IARC
ldquoDelay the progress andor release of the studyrdquoldquoAffect the wording of its conclusions and official statement of resultsrdquoldquoNeutralize possible negative results of the study rdquoldquoCounteract the potential impact of the study on government policy public opinion and actions by private employers and proprietorsrdquominus WHO Expert Panel on Industry Documents
45
Philip Morris and SHS
ldquoPublic health officials have concluded that secondhand smoke from cigarettes causes disease including lung cancer and heart disease in non-smoking adults as well as causes conditions in children such as asthma respiratory infections cough wheeze otitis media (middle ear infection) and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome In addition public health officials have concluded that secondhand smoke can exacerbate adult asthma and cause eye throat and nasal irritationrdquo
Source Philip Morris USA websitehttpwwwphilipmorrisusacomenhealth_issuessecondhand_smokeaspRetrieved 22106
46
Japan Tobacco and SHS
ldquo available evidence does not support the assertion that environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is harmful to healthrdquo
mdash Japan Tobacco
Source Submission to the WHO Public Hearings on the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control October 2000
47
Public Relations
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
48
Public Statements on Youth
ldquo would be willing to support prevention efforts that affected our bottom line Absolutely if we can come up with a program that prevents all teenagers from smoking cigarettes we would be delighted to see that happen And if that meant that fewer people smoked as adults so be itrdquo
mdash Corky Newton Vice President of Corporate and Youth Responsibility
Programs Brown and Williamson
Source Transcript of meeting with SWAT (Students Working Against Tobacco) US November 6 1999 Cited in PR in the Playground ASH UK 2000
49
Private Statements on Youth
ldquoWe [Philip Morris] refined the objective of a juvenile initiative program as follows maintain and proactively protect our ability to advertise promote and market our products via a juvenile initiativerdquo
ldquoJuvenile initiative = a series of programs and events to discourage juvenile smoking because smoking is an adult decisionrdquo
Source Cathy Leiber (18 May 1995) Philip Morris International Youth Initiatives Bates No 250301901114 Cited in PR in the Playground ASH UK 2000
50
Minimum Age 18
Image source Image source httpkumuicsdhawaiigovhealthhealthy- httpwwwdhssdelawaregovdhssdphlifestylestobaccotpeprtochtm dpcyouthaccesshtml retrieved 21206) retrieved 21206
51
Changing the Issues
Smoking manners
ldquoSmoking is prohibited in public places like railway stations airports museums and art galleries except for designated smoking areas There are some wards (ku in Japanese) that have specific rules in the form of bylaws concerning smoking If these regulations are broken the smoker is liable to pay a fine There is a provision of punishment for smoking on the street or in public places without carrying a portable ashtray as well as for throwing away cigarette buttsrdquo
httpwwwtourismmetrotokyojpenglishbasicbasic09htmlSource accessed 22306
52
Philanthropy
53
Corporate Social Responsibility
ldquohellip Because for us economic performance is not the only measure of our success Honesty integrity and social responsibility are just as important to the way we measure ourselvesrdquominus Philip Morris International
ldquoOur companies are committed to providing consumers with pleasure through excellent products and to demonstrating that we are meeting our commercial goals in ways that are consistent with reasonable societal expectations of a responsible tobacco group in the 21st centuryrdquominus British American Tobacco
54
BATS Social Reports
Argentina AustraliaBrazil GermanyHong KongHungaryJapanKoreaMalaysiaMexicoNew ZealandNigeriaPolandRussiaSouth Africa USA
55
Today on Addiction
PHILIP MORRIS USAPHILIP MORRIS INTERNATIONAL
TOBACCO ISSUESCigarette Smoking Health Issues for Smokers
Cigarette Smoking and AddictionWe agree with the overwhelming medical and scientific consensus that cigarette smoking is addictive It can be very difficult to quit smoking but this should not deter smokers who want to quit from trying to do so
minus httpphilipmorriscomdefaultasp
Continued
56
Today on AddictionPHILIP MORRIS USAPHILIP MORRIS INTERNATIONAL
TOBACCO ISSUESCigarette Smoking Health Issues for Smokers
Cigarette Smoking and Disease in SmokersThere is an overwhelming medical and scientific consensus that cigarette smoking causes lung cancer heart disease emphysema and other serious diseases in smokers Smokers are far more likely to develop serious diseases like lung cancer than non-smokers There is no safe cigarette These are and have been the messages of public health authorities worldwide Smokers and potential smokers should rely on these messages in making all smoking-related decisions
minus httpphilipmorriscomdefaultasp
57
Public Health Advocates
ldquoIntroducing QuitAssistQuitAssist is an information resource sponsored by Philip Morris USA Itrsquos designed to help you connect with a wealth of expert quitting information available ndash usually for free ndash from government agencies universities and respected nonprofit organizations This QuitAssist guide points the way to programs telephone quitlines websites guides and more that can help you find your own path to success
You can also read this guide at QuitAssist Online Log on through wwwphilipmorrisusacom
From there you can link directly to dozens of resources to help you move ahead and leave cigarettes behindrdquo
If you decide to quit smokinghellip
QuitAssistInformation Resource
Philip Morris USA
Never mentions the word ldquoaddictionrdquo
Source httpphilipmorrisusacomenquitassistindex_flashasp accessed 22306
58
Truth in Advertising
Aggressively markets the only legal product that when used as intended by its manufacturers eventually kills half its users
Section E
Industry Tactics II Industry Advertising Promotion and Sponsorship
60
Marketing
ldquoWe refined the objective of a juvenile initiative program as follows Maintain and proactively protect our ability to advertise promote and market our products via a juvenile initiativeldquo
mdash Cathy Leiber PM International 1995
Notes Juvenile initiative = a series of programs and events designed to discourage juvenile smoking because smoking is an adult decision
61
Industry Expenditures on Advertising
0100020003000400050006000700080009000
10000
Am
ount
spe
nt $
mill
ion
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Changes in cigarette marketing expenditure in the USA 1970-99
Data source Mackay J amp M Eriksen 2002 The Tobacco Atlas World Health Organization
62
Communicating Disease
According to the trade magazine ldquoAdvertising Agerdquo the Marlboro man was the most powerful advertising image of the 20th century
Image source httpwwwcdcgovtobaccosgrsgr4kidsadbusthtm retrieved 22306
63
Advertising Strategies
Targeting womenTargeting youthSelling AmericaSponsorship of sporting events and concertsContests and give-awaysBrand stretching
64
Grand Prix
Image source httpwwwnasnasagovAboutEducationRacecardevelopment_emobightml retrieved 22306
Section F
Industry Tactics III Lobbying Legislation and Litigation
66
Lobbying and Legislation
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
67
A Long History of Lobbying
1890mdashTobacco appeared in the US Pharmacopeia(official US government listing of drugs)1905mdashDropped from list before the 1906 Food and Drug Act (legislation that created the Food and Drug Administration)2005mdashFDA cannot regulate nicotine in tobacco
68
Political Lobbying US
Four of the twelve most generous donors to the 2000 Bush Campaign (1 Phillip Morris RJR UST Brown and Williamson)$18 million to federal candidates between 1997 and 2003 minus 82 to Republican candidates and committees
US $43 million spent to counter McCain bill (highest amount ever spent on a sustained issue advocacy campaign in the US)
69
The Latin Project Argentina
Counter regulations aimed at creating smoke-free workplaces and public placesminus September 30 1991mdashNeri Bill approved by Senate
(advertising promotion and sampling ban limit public smoking)
minus Industry campaignmdashmedia debates briefing packages to Senators and the President paid chief scientific advisor to President
minus October 13 1991mdashPresident vetoes law
70
The Czech Republic
June 2001
Philip Morris presents members of the Health and Social Affairs Committee of the Czech Parliament a study concluding that smoking is good for the Czech governments finances because of the savings from early deaths caused by smoking
71
Preemption
ldquoWe could never win at the local level The reason is [that] all of the health advocates the ones that I unfortunately used to call lsquohealth nazisrsquotheyrsquore all local activists who run the little political organizations So the Tobacco Institute and the tobacco companiesrsquo first priority has always been to preempt the field preferably to put it all on the federal level but if they canrsquot do that at least on the state level because the health advocates canrsquot compete with me on the state levelrdquo
mdash Victor Crawford former Maryland state legislator
72
Industry Self-Regulation
British American Tobacco
11 September 2001
INTERNATIONAL TOBACCO PRODUCTS MARKETING STANDARDS
The parties subscribing to these Standards (the ldquoParticipantsrdquo) wish to record their belief that tobacco products should be marketed in a responsible manner and that reasonable measures should be taken to ensure that the promotion and distribution of tobacco products is
bull directed at adult smokers and not at youth and
bull consistent with the principle of informed adult choice
73
International Tobacco Marketing Standards
ldquoWe have analyzed the nine-page agreement and believe that the multinationalsrsquo strategy is proactive and is a way to improve their image rdquoldquoAlso by proactively setting new international tobacco marketing standards the multinationals could be trying to counter a number of proposals that the WHO has been working on to curb the amount of cigarettes that are consumed on an international levelrdquoldquo Interestingly in many countries the existing laws or industry codes are already more restrictive than the provisions of the international marketing standardsrdquo
Source International Tobacco Marketing Standards September 2001
74
Creating the Illusion of Support
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
75
Front Groups
Buying citizen involvement (letter writing phone banking campaigns) by supporting front groups
ldquoHandrdquo of the industry remains hidden
It has been a common practice of Big Tobacco to use third parties or to create front groups to be out in front fighting smokefreepolicies while the industry remains behind the scenes protecting its public image
-Americans for Nonsmokersrsquo Rightshttpwwwno-smokeorggetthefactsphpdp=d21|d23 accessed 22306
76
Industry Front Groups and Allies
Ive learned from experience that as soon as Im identified as a representative of the Tobacco Institute I lose all credibility They just sneer us awayso I try to work behind the scenes whenever I can
- Ron Saldana lobbyist for the Tobacco Institute 82486
Source httpwwwno-smokeorggetthefactsphpdp=d21|d23 accessed 22306
77
International Tobacco Growers Association
ITGAldquo[Establish] ITGA [International Tobacco Growers Association] [as a] front group for our third world lobby activities at WHOrdquo
Source Report of the WHO Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents
Source Report of the WHO Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents
78
Legal and Economic Intimidation
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
79
Intimidating Johns Hopkins
ldquoThe tobacco companies have commenced nothing short of a campaign of harassment against the academic institutions that discovered smoking is injurious to the public healthrdquominus Estelle A Fishbein general
council for Johns Hopkins University
ldquoTobacco Industry in Fight To Get
Universitiesrsquo DataLegal Moves Termed Fishing Expeditionrdquo
-The New York Times Jan 20 2002
80
Industry Harassment
PUBLIC HEALTH MATTERS
Public Health Under Attack The American Stop Smoking Intervention Study (ASSIST) and the
Tobacco Industry
- White J and LA Bero
- The Transnational Tobacco Industry
- Section A
- Describing a Disease
- The Agent
- The Host
- The Vector
- Section B
- Background
- Background
- What Is a ldquoTransnationalrdquo Company
- Major Transnational Tobacco Companies
- Cigarette Production
- Company Size and Wealth
- TNC Sales and Developing Countries
- China National Tobacco Corporation
- A Return to the Past
- Section C
- A Global Market
- Looking Abroad
- Going Abroad
- A Global Business
- Factors Fueling Global Expansion
- Trade Liberalization
- Impact of Trade Liberalization
- Tobacco Leaf Production
- Tobacco Leaf Trade
- Privatization
- Foreign InvestmentmdashUkraine
- Major Company Mergers
- Marlboro Market Share (2001)
- Marlbororsquos Global Penetration
- Section D
- Industry Strategies
- Modeling Industry Activities
- Undermining Science
- Sworn Public Statements
- Confidential Statements
- Buying Science and Intimidation
- The Attack on Meta-Analysis
- Junk Science
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
- Industry Tactics to Undermine IARC
- Philip Morris and SHS
- Japan Tobacco and SHS
- Public Relations
- Public Statements on Youth
- Private Statements on Youth
- Minimum Age 18
- Changing the Issues
- Philanthropy
- Corporate Social Responsibility
- BATS Social Reports
- Today on Addiction
- Today on Addiction
- Public Health Advocates
- Truth in Advertising
- Section E
- Marketing
- Industry Expenditures on Advertising
- Communicating Disease
- Advertising Strategies
- Grand Prix
- Section F
- Lobbying and Legislation
- A Long History of Lobbying
- Political Lobbying US
- The Latin Project Argentina
- The Czech Republic
- Preemption
- Industry Self-Regulation
- International Tobacco Marketing Standards
- Creating the Illusion of Support
- Front Groups
- Industry Front Groups and Allies
- International Tobacco Growers Association
- Legal and Economic Intimidation
- Intimidating Johns Hopkins
- Industry Harassment
-
13
Major Transnational Tobacco Companies
Philip Morris (USA)British American Tobacco (UK)Japan Tobacco (Japan)Reemsta (Germany)Altadis (Spain France)
14
Cigarette Production
World Cigarette Production
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
1950
1970
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
Year
Num
ber o
f cig
aret
tes
(bill
ions
)
Data sources US Department of Agriculture and US Bureau of Census as quoted in Vital Signs 2005 published by WorldWatch Institute
15
Company Size and Wealth
PMI BAT JT own or lease manufacturing facilities in over 50 countries
PMI BAT JT have combined sales of over US $121 billion
16
TNC Sales and Developing Countries
Philip Morrisrsquo (PM) 1998 revenues ($74 billion) exceeded the GDP of many countries including Ireland Hungary Ecuador Kuwait Guatemala and Kenya
RJR Nabiscorsquos 1998 revenues ($14 billion) exceeded the GDP of Jamaica Laos or Malawi
Sources Philip Morris 1999 Annual Report (consolidated revenues) RJR Nabisco 1998 Annual Report (does not include RJR International revenues) CIA World Factbook 1999
17
China National Tobacco Corporation
Worldrsquos largest tobacco company
Near monopoly over domestic market
Numerous cooperative agreements with TTCs to modernize manufacturing improve crop yields and build tobacco processing plants
Indications that it is considering entering international market
Continued
18
A Return to the Past
Global Cigarette Market Share
31
3000 720
1640
1540
Philip MorrisBATJTIChina TobaccoOther
Data sources 1 Mackay J and M Eriksen 2002 The Tobacco Atlas World Health Organization 2 World Health Organization httpwwwwprowhointmedia_centrepress_releasespr_20050830htm retrieved 3706
Section C
Globalization of the Tobacco Industry
20
A Global Market
0100020003000400050006000
Num
ber o
f ci
gare
ttes
(bill
ions
)
1880189019001910192019301940195019601970198019902000
Year
Global Cigarette Consumption
0200400600800
10001200140016001800
Num
ber o
f ci
gare
ttes
con
sum
ed
in 1
998
(bill
ions
)
Indonesia Russia Japan USA China
Country
Cigarette Consumption - Top 5 countries
Data source Mackay J and Eriksen M 2002 The Tobacco Atlas World Health Organization
21
Looking Abroad
ldquoTobacco exports should be expanded aggressively because Americans are smoking lessrdquo
mdashVice President Dan Quayle (1990)
22
Going Abroad
Accessed on 22106 from the National Center for Tobacco-Free Kids httpwwwtobaccofreekidsorgreportsfalsefriendsphilipmorrisuspdf
23
A Global Business
2004 Revenue amp Profit Splits for British American Tobacco Net Sales
Latin America15
Europe26
Africa amp Middle East13
Asia-Pacific18
America-Pacific28
Data source httpwwwbatcomonewebsitesuk__3mnfennsfvwPagesWebLiveDO59NQAGopendocumentampSID=ampDTC=ampTMP=1 accessed 22106
24
Factors Fueling Global Expansion
Opening of formally closed economies in former Soviet Union Eastern Europe and China
World Bank and IMF pressure to liberalize foreign investment laws and privatize state-owned companies
Expansion of free trade areas
25
Trade Liberalization
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
World Trade Organization (WTO)
Regional Agreements (NAFTA)
26
Impact of Trade Liberalization
Korea (1988ndash1989)184ndash30 in teenage boys16ndash87 teenage girlsminus 6 of market in one year
Taiwan50 increase in high school students in two yearsminus 1 to 20 of annual sales in less than two years
Japan (1990ndash1996)26ndash40 in 17 year old boys 5ndash15 in 17 year old girlsminus 2 to 22 market share in ten years
27
Tobacco Leaf Production
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
Thou
sand
s of
met
ric
tons
China
India
Brazil
USATurk
eyZim
babweIn
donesia
Italy
Greece
MalawiPakista
nArg
entina
Leading Producers of Tobacco Leaves 2001
Data source Mackay J and Eriksen M 2002 The Tobacco Atlas World Health Organization
28
Tobacco Leaf Trade
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Thou
sand
met
ric
tons
Brazil USA Zimbabwe China Turkey India Greece Italy Malawi Argentina
Top 10 Tobacco Leaf Exporters 1999
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Tho
usan
d m
etri
c to
ns
Russia USA Germany UK Netherlands Japan France Ukraine Poland Egypt
Top 10 Tobacco Leaf Importers 1999
Data source Mackay J and Eriksen M 2002 The Tobacco Atlas World Health Organization
29
Privatization
Over 140 mergers and acquisitions between international companies and state-run companies
A few examplesminus 2003 BAT buys Duvanska (Serbia) minus 1997 PM buys Tabaqueira (Portugal)minus 1994 PM buys Kharkov (Ukraine)minus 1993 PM buys Klaipeda (Lithuania)minus 1992 PM buys Czech Tabacminus 1991 BAT buys Hungaryrsquos State company
30
Foreign InvestmentmdashUkraine
Foreign tobacco firms invested $520 million between 1991 and 1999mdash14 of all foreign direct investment
Over 90 manufacturing capacity now run by Western companies
Platform for exporting to other countries throughout Central and Eastern Europe
31
Major Company Mergers
1999 minus BAT buys Rothmansminus Philip Morris buys Liggettminus Japan Tobacco buys RJR International
Transformed size and global reach of largest three companies
32
Marlboro Market Share (2001)
Netherlandsmdash39Francemdash30Germanymdash30Spainmdash155Polandmdash72Russiamdash20Romaniamdash18Saudi Arabiamdash532Mexicomdash425
33
Marlbororsquos Global Penetration
Creditcopy 1993 Lauren Goodsmith Courtesy of Photoshare
Image source httpwwwlibraryuiucedumortensonimagesmarlborojpgaccessed 22106
Section D
Industry Strategies I Science and Public Relations
35
Industry Strategies
Advertising and promotionBuying sciencePublic relationsPhilanthropyLobbyingFront groupsIntimidationLegislation and public policy
36
Modeling Industry Activities
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
37
Undermining Science
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
38
Sworn Public Statements
ldquoI believe nicotine is not addictiverdquo
mdash William Campbell (Phillip Morris US Congressional Hearings 1994)
Image source httpwwwnlmnihgovhmdfrankensteinfrank_promisehtml retrieved 2806
39
Confidential Statements
ldquoNicotine is addictive We are then in the business of selling nicotinemdashan addictive drug effective in the release of stress mechanismsrdquominus Brown and Williamson 1963
ldquohellipBAT should learn to look at itself as a drug company rather than as a tobacco companyrdquominus BAT 1980
ldquo [T]he entire matter of addiction is the most potent weapon a prosecuting attorney can have in a lung cancercigarette case We canrsquot defend continued smoking as lsquofree choicersquo if the person was lsquoaddictedrsquordquominus Tobacco Institute 1980
40
Buying Science and Intimidation
Letters to BMJ regarding the 1981 Hirayama StudyminusMisclassification
Active smokingPassive smoking
minusConfoundingminusStatistical errorminusPlausibility
0
10
20
30
21895 69645 17366
Population at enrollment
Stan
dard
ised
mor
talit
y ra
te fo
r lun
g ca
ncer
pe
r 100
000
32-79
15-50
8-70
Cigarette smokers
Non smoker Familial passive
smoking (-)
Non smoker Familial passive
smoking (+)
Total 108905
(Non smoker wives of non
smoker husbands)
(Non smoker wives of husbands
with smoking habits)
(Women with smoking habits)
Data source Hirayama T 1981 Non-smoking wives of heavy smokers have a higher risk of lung cancer a study from Japan BMJ 282183ndash5
41
The Attack on Meta-Analysis
Tweedie RL amp KL Mengersen 1995 Meta-analytic approaches to dose-response relationships with application in studies of lung cancer and exposure to environmental tobacco smoke Statistics in Medicine 14 545-569
Excerpt from Acknowledgements ndash ldquoThe paper was completed at Colorado State University with partial support from several tobacco companies the methods and analysis here are however entirely those of the authors and should not be otherwise ascribedrdquo
Bailar JC 1997 The promise and problems of meta-analysis New England Journal of Medicine 337 (8) 559-61
Fleiss JL amp AJ Gross 1991 Meta-analysis in epidemiology with special reference to studies of the association between exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and lung cancer a critique Journal of Clinical Epidemiology44 (2) 127-139
Excerpt from Acknowledgements ndash ldquoThis research was supported by a grant from The Tobacco Institute Washington DC USA We thank Dr Myron Weinberg President of the Weinberg GroupWASHTECH for encouraging us to develop this critiquerdquo
42
Junk Science
Gori GB JC Luik Passive Smoke The EPArsquos betrayal of science and
policy The Fraser Institute
Milloy SJ 1995 Science without sense The risky business of public
health research Cato Institute Washington DC
43
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
ldquoThe massive effort launched across the tobacco industry against one scientific
study is remarkablerdquo
Source Ong E K and Glantz S A (2000 April 8) Tobacco industry efforts subverting International Agency for Research on Cancerrsquos second-hand smoke study The Lancet 355 (9211) 1253ndash1259
44
Industry Tactics to Undermine IARC
ldquoDelay the progress andor release of the studyrdquoldquoAffect the wording of its conclusions and official statement of resultsrdquoldquoNeutralize possible negative results of the study rdquoldquoCounteract the potential impact of the study on government policy public opinion and actions by private employers and proprietorsrdquominus WHO Expert Panel on Industry Documents
45
Philip Morris and SHS
ldquoPublic health officials have concluded that secondhand smoke from cigarettes causes disease including lung cancer and heart disease in non-smoking adults as well as causes conditions in children such as asthma respiratory infections cough wheeze otitis media (middle ear infection) and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome In addition public health officials have concluded that secondhand smoke can exacerbate adult asthma and cause eye throat and nasal irritationrdquo
Source Philip Morris USA websitehttpwwwphilipmorrisusacomenhealth_issuessecondhand_smokeaspRetrieved 22106
46
Japan Tobacco and SHS
ldquo available evidence does not support the assertion that environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is harmful to healthrdquo
mdash Japan Tobacco
Source Submission to the WHO Public Hearings on the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control October 2000
47
Public Relations
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
48
Public Statements on Youth
ldquo would be willing to support prevention efforts that affected our bottom line Absolutely if we can come up with a program that prevents all teenagers from smoking cigarettes we would be delighted to see that happen And if that meant that fewer people smoked as adults so be itrdquo
mdash Corky Newton Vice President of Corporate and Youth Responsibility
Programs Brown and Williamson
Source Transcript of meeting with SWAT (Students Working Against Tobacco) US November 6 1999 Cited in PR in the Playground ASH UK 2000
49
Private Statements on Youth
ldquoWe [Philip Morris] refined the objective of a juvenile initiative program as follows maintain and proactively protect our ability to advertise promote and market our products via a juvenile initiativerdquo
ldquoJuvenile initiative = a series of programs and events to discourage juvenile smoking because smoking is an adult decisionrdquo
Source Cathy Leiber (18 May 1995) Philip Morris International Youth Initiatives Bates No 250301901114 Cited in PR in the Playground ASH UK 2000
50
Minimum Age 18
Image source Image source httpkumuicsdhawaiigovhealthhealthy- httpwwwdhssdelawaregovdhssdphlifestylestobaccotpeprtochtm dpcyouthaccesshtml retrieved 21206) retrieved 21206
51
Changing the Issues
Smoking manners
ldquoSmoking is prohibited in public places like railway stations airports museums and art galleries except for designated smoking areas There are some wards (ku in Japanese) that have specific rules in the form of bylaws concerning smoking If these regulations are broken the smoker is liable to pay a fine There is a provision of punishment for smoking on the street or in public places without carrying a portable ashtray as well as for throwing away cigarette buttsrdquo
httpwwwtourismmetrotokyojpenglishbasicbasic09htmlSource accessed 22306
52
Philanthropy
53
Corporate Social Responsibility
ldquohellip Because for us economic performance is not the only measure of our success Honesty integrity and social responsibility are just as important to the way we measure ourselvesrdquominus Philip Morris International
ldquoOur companies are committed to providing consumers with pleasure through excellent products and to demonstrating that we are meeting our commercial goals in ways that are consistent with reasonable societal expectations of a responsible tobacco group in the 21st centuryrdquominus British American Tobacco
54
BATS Social Reports
Argentina AustraliaBrazil GermanyHong KongHungaryJapanKoreaMalaysiaMexicoNew ZealandNigeriaPolandRussiaSouth Africa USA
55
Today on Addiction
PHILIP MORRIS USAPHILIP MORRIS INTERNATIONAL
TOBACCO ISSUESCigarette Smoking Health Issues for Smokers
Cigarette Smoking and AddictionWe agree with the overwhelming medical and scientific consensus that cigarette smoking is addictive It can be very difficult to quit smoking but this should not deter smokers who want to quit from trying to do so
minus httpphilipmorriscomdefaultasp
Continued
56
Today on AddictionPHILIP MORRIS USAPHILIP MORRIS INTERNATIONAL
TOBACCO ISSUESCigarette Smoking Health Issues for Smokers
Cigarette Smoking and Disease in SmokersThere is an overwhelming medical and scientific consensus that cigarette smoking causes lung cancer heart disease emphysema and other serious diseases in smokers Smokers are far more likely to develop serious diseases like lung cancer than non-smokers There is no safe cigarette These are and have been the messages of public health authorities worldwide Smokers and potential smokers should rely on these messages in making all smoking-related decisions
minus httpphilipmorriscomdefaultasp
57
Public Health Advocates
ldquoIntroducing QuitAssistQuitAssist is an information resource sponsored by Philip Morris USA Itrsquos designed to help you connect with a wealth of expert quitting information available ndash usually for free ndash from government agencies universities and respected nonprofit organizations This QuitAssist guide points the way to programs telephone quitlines websites guides and more that can help you find your own path to success
You can also read this guide at QuitAssist Online Log on through wwwphilipmorrisusacom
From there you can link directly to dozens of resources to help you move ahead and leave cigarettes behindrdquo
If you decide to quit smokinghellip
QuitAssistInformation Resource
Philip Morris USA
Never mentions the word ldquoaddictionrdquo
Source httpphilipmorrisusacomenquitassistindex_flashasp accessed 22306
58
Truth in Advertising
Aggressively markets the only legal product that when used as intended by its manufacturers eventually kills half its users
Section E
Industry Tactics II Industry Advertising Promotion and Sponsorship
60
Marketing
ldquoWe refined the objective of a juvenile initiative program as follows Maintain and proactively protect our ability to advertise promote and market our products via a juvenile initiativeldquo
mdash Cathy Leiber PM International 1995
Notes Juvenile initiative = a series of programs and events designed to discourage juvenile smoking because smoking is an adult decision
61
Industry Expenditures on Advertising
0100020003000400050006000700080009000
10000
Am
ount
spe
nt $
mill
ion
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Changes in cigarette marketing expenditure in the USA 1970-99
Data source Mackay J amp M Eriksen 2002 The Tobacco Atlas World Health Organization
62
Communicating Disease
According to the trade magazine ldquoAdvertising Agerdquo the Marlboro man was the most powerful advertising image of the 20th century
Image source httpwwwcdcgovtobaccosgrsgr4kidsadbusthtm retrieved 22306
63
Advertising Strategies
Targeting womenTargeting youthSelling AmericaSponsorship of sporting events and concertsContests and give-awaysBrand stretching
64
Grand Prix
Image source httpwwwnasnasagovAboutEducationRacecardevelopment_emobightml retrieved 22306
Section F
Industry Tactics III Lobbying Legislation and Litigation
66
Lobbying and Legislation
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
67
A Long History of Lobbying
1890mdashTobacco appeared in the US Pharmacopeia(official US government listing of drugs)1905mdashDropped from list before the 1906 Food and Drug Act (legislation that created the Food and Drug Administration)2005mdashFDA cannot regulate nicotine in tobacco
68
Political Lobbying US
Four of the twelve most generous donors to the 2000 Bush Campaign (1 Phillip Morris RJR UST Brown and Williamson)$18 million to federal candidates between 1997 and 2003 minus 82 to Republican candidates and committees
US $43 million spent to counter McCain bill (highest amount ever spent on a sustained issue advocacy campaign in the US)
69
The Latin Project Argentina
Counter regulations aimed at creating smoke-free workplaces and public placesminus September 30 1991mdashNeri Bill approved by Senate
(advertising promotion and sampling ban limit public smoking)
minus Industry campaignmdashmedia debates briefing packages to Senators and the President paid chief scientific advisor to President
minus October 13 1991mdashPresident vetoes law
70
The Czech Republic
June 2001
Philip Morris presents members of the Health and Social Affairs Committee of the Czech Parliament a study concluding that smoking is good for the Czech governments finances because of the savings from early deaths caused by smoking
71
Preemption
ldquoWe could never win at the local level The reason is [that] all of the health advocates the ones that I unfortunately used to call lsquohealth nazisrsquotheyrsquore all local activists who run the little political organizations So the Tobacco Institute and the tobacco companiesrsquo first priority has always been to preempt the field preferably to put it all on the federal level but if they canrsquot do that at least on the state level because the health advocates canrsquot compete with me on the state levelrdquo
mdash Victor Crawford former Maryland state legislator
72
Industry Self-Regulation
British American Tobacco
11 September 2001
INTERNATIONAL TOBACCO PRODUCTS MARKETING STANDARDS
The parties subscribing to these Standards (the ldquoParticipantsrdquo) wish to record their belief that tobacco products should be marketed in a responsible manner and that reasonable measures should be taken to ensure that the promotion and distribution of tobacco products is
bull directed at adult smokers and not at youth and
bull consistent with the principle of informed adult choice
73
International Tobacco Marketing Standards
ldquoWe have analyzed the nine-page agreement and believe that the multinationalsrsquo strategy is proactive and is a way to improve their image rdquoldquoAlso by proactively setting new international tobacco marketing standards the multinationals could be trying to counter a number of proposals that the WHO has been working on to curb the amount of cigarettes that are consumed on an international levelrdquoldquo Interestingly in many countries the existing laws or industry codes are already more restrictive than the provisions of the international marketing standardsrdquo
Source International Tobacco Marketing Standards September 2001
74
Creating the Illusion of Support
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
75
Front Groups
Buying citizen involvement (letter writing phone banking campaigns) by supporting front groups
ldquoHandrdquo of the industry remains hidden
It has been a common practice of Big Tobacco to use third parties or to create front groups to be out in front fighting smokefreepolicies while the industry remains behind the scenes protecting its public image
-Americans for Nonsmokersrsquo Rightshttpwwwno-smokeorggetthefactsphpdp=d21|d23 accessed 22306
76
Industry Front Groups and Allies
Ive learned from experience that as soon as Im identified as a representative of the Tobacco Institute I lose all credibility They just sneer us awayso I try to work behind the scenes whenever I can
- Ron Saldana lobbyist for the Tobacco Institute 82486
Source httpwwwno-smokeorggetthefactsphpdp=d21|d23 accessed 22306
77
International Tobacco Growers Association
ITGAldquo[Establish] ITGA [International Tobacco Growers Association] [as a] front group for our third world lobby activities at WHOrdquo
Source Report of the WHO Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents
Source Report of the WHO Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents
78
Legal and Economic Intimidation
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
79
Intimidating Johns Hopkins
ldquoThe tobacco companies have commenced nothing short of a campaign of harassment against the academic institutions that discovered smoking is injurious to the public healthrdquominus Estelle A Fishbein general
council for Johns Hopkins University
ldquoTobacco Industry in Fight To Get
Universitiesrsquo DataLegal Moves Termed Fishing Expeditionrdquo
-The New York Times Jan 20 2002
80
Industry Harassment
PUBLIC HEALTH MATTERS
Public Health Under Attack The American Stop Smoking Intervention Study (ASSIST) and the
Tobacco Industry
- White J and LA Bero
- The Transnational Tobacco Industry
- Section A
- Describing a Disease
- The Agent
- The Host
- The Vector
- Section B
- Background
- Background
- What Is a ldquoTransnationalrdquo Company
- Major Transnational Tobacco Companies
- Cigarette Production
- Company Size and Wealth
- TNC Sales and Developing Countries
- China National Tobacco Corporation
- A Return to the Past
- Section C
- A Global Market
- Looking Abroad
- Going Abroad
- A Global Business
- Factors Fueling Global Expansion
- Trade Liberalization
- Impact of Trade Liberalization
- Tobacco Leaf Production
- Tobacco Leaf Trade
- Privatization
- Foreign InvestmentmdashUkraine
- Major Company Mergers
- Marlboro Market Share (2001)
- Marlbororsquos Global Penetration
- Section D
- Industry Strategies
- Modeling Industry Activities
- Undermining Science
- Sworn Public Statements
- Confidential Statements
- Buying Science and Intimidation
- The Attack on Meta-Analysis
- Junk Science
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
- Industry Tactics to Undermine IARC
- Philip Morris and SHS
- Japan Tobacco and SHS
- Public Relations
- Public Statements on Youth
- Private Statements on Youth
- Minimum Age 18
- Changing the Issues
- Philanthropy
- Corporate Social Responsibility
- BATS Social Reports
- Today on Addiction
- Today on Addiction
- Public Health Advocates
- Truth in Advertising
- Section E
- Marketing
- Industry Expenditures on Advertising
- Communicating Disease
- Advertising Strategies
- Grand Prix
- Section F
- Lobbying and Legislation
- A Long History of Lobbying
- Political Lobbying US
- The Latin Project Argentina
- The Czech Republic
- Preemption
- Industry Self-Regulation
- International Tobacco Marketing Standards
- Creating the Illusion of Support
- Front Groups
- Industry Front Groups and Allies
- International Tobacco Growers Association
- Legal and Economic Intimidation
- Intimidating Johns Hopkins
- Industry Harassment
-
14
Cigarette Production
World Cigarette Production
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
1950
1970
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
Year
Num
ber o
f cig
aret
tes
(bill
ions
)
Data sources US Department of Agriculture and US Bureau of Census as quoted in Vital Signs 2005 published by WorldWatch Institute
15
Company Size and Wealth
PMI BAT JT own or lease manufacturing facilities in over 50 countries
PMI BAT JT have combined sales of over US $121 billion
16
TNC Sales and Developing Countries
Philip Morrisrsquo (PM) 1998 revenues ($74 billion) exceeded the GDP of many countries including Ireland Hungary Ecuador Kuwait Guatemala and Kenya
RJR Nabiscorsquos 1998 revenues ($14 billion) exceeded the GDP of Jamaica Laos or Malawi
Sources Philip Morris 1999 Annual Report (consolidated revenues) RJR Nabisco 1998 Annual Report (does not include RJR International revenues) CIA World Factbook 1999
17
China National Tobacco Corporation
Worldrsquos largest tobacco company
Near monopoly over domestic market
Numerous cooperative agreements with TTCs to modernize manufacturing improve crop yields and build tobacco processing plants
Indications that it is considering entering international market
Continued
18
A Return to the Past
Global Cigarette Market Share
31
3000 720
1640
1540
Philip MorrisBATJTIChina TobaccoOther
Data sources 1 Mackay J and M Eriksen 2002 The Tobacco Atlas World Health Organization 2 World Health Organization httpwwwwprowhointmedia_centrepress_releasespr_20050830htm retrieved 3706
Section C
Globalization of the Tobacco Industry
20
A Global Market
0100020003000400050006000
Num
ber o
f ci
gare
ttes
(bill
ions
)
1880189019001910192019301940195019601970198019902000
Year
Global Cigarette Consumption
0200400600800
10001200140016001800
Num
ber o
f ci
gare
ttes
con
sum
ed
in 1
998
(bill
ions
)
Indonesia Russia Japan USA China
Country
Cigarette Consumption - Top 5 countries
Data source Mackay J and Eriksen M 2002 The Tobacco Atlas World Health Organization
21
Looking Abroad
ldquoTobacco exports should be expanded aggressively because Americans are smoking lessrdquo
mdashVice President Dan Quayle (1990)
22
Going Abroad
Accessed on 22106 from the National Center for Tobacco-Free Kids httpwwwtobaccofreekidsorgreportsfalsefriendsphilipmorrisuspdf
23
A Global Business
2004 Revenue amp Profit Splits for British American Tobacco Net Sales
Latin America15
Europe26
Africa amp Middle East13
Asia-Pacific18
America-Pacific28
Data source httpwwwbatcomonewebsitesuk__3mnfennsfvwPagesWebLiveDO59NQAGopendocumentampSID=ampDTC=ampTMP=1 accessed 22106
24
Factors Fueling Global Expansion
Opening of formally closed economies in former Soviet Union Eastern Europe and China
World Bank and IMF pressure to liberalize foreign investment laws and privatize state-owned companies
Expansion of free trade areas
25
Trade Liberalization
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
World Trade Organization (WTO)
Regional Agreements (NAFTA)
26
Impact of Trade Liberalization
Korea (1988ndash1989)184ndash30 in teenage boys16ndash87 teenage girlsminus 6 of market in one year
Taiwan50 increase in high school students in two yearsminus 1 to 20 of annual sales in less than two years
Japan (1990ndash1996)26ndash40 in 17 year old boys 5ndash15 in 17 year old girlsminus 2 to 22 market share in ten years
27
Tobacco Leaf Production
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
Thou
sand
s of
met
ric
tons
China
India
Brazil
USATurk
eyZim
babweIn
donesia
Italy
Greece
MalawiPakista
nArg
entina
Leading Producers of Tobacco Leaves 2001
Data source Mackay J and Eriksen M 2002 The Tobacco Atlas World Health Organization
28
Tobacco Leaf Trade
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Thou
sand
met
ric
tons
Brazil USA Zimbabwe China Turkey India Greece Italy Malawi Argentina
Top 10 Tobacco Leaf Exporters 1999
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Tho
usan
d m
etri
c to
ns
Russia USA Germany UK Netherlands Japan France Ukraine Poland Egypt
Top 10 Tobacco Leaf Importers 1999
Data source Mackay J and Eriksen M 2002 The Tobacco Atlas World Health Organization
29
Privatization
Over 140 mergers and acquisitions between international companies and state-run companies
A few examplesminus 2003 BAT buys Duvanska (Serbia) minus 1997 PM buys Tabaqueira (Portugal)minus 1994 PM buys Kharkov (Ukraine)minus 1993 PM buys Klaipeda (Lithuania)minus 1992 PM buys Czech Tabacminus 1991 BAT buys Hungaryrsquos State company
30
Foreign InvestmentmdashUkraine
Foreign tobacco firms invested $520 million between 1991 and 1999mdash14 of all foreign direct investment
Over 90 manufacturing capacity now run by Western companies
Platform for exporting to other countries throughout Central and Eastern Europe
31
Major Company Mergers
1999 minus BAT buys Rothmansminus Philip Morris buys Liggettminus Japan Tobacco buys RJR International
Transformed size and global reach of largest three companies
32
Marlboro Market Share (2001)
Netherlandsmdash39Francemdash30Germanymdash30Spainmdash155Polandmdash72Russiamdash20Romaniamdash18Saudi Arabiamdash532Mexicomdash425
33
Marlbororsquos Global Penetration
Creditcopy 1993 Lauren Goodsmith Courtesy of Photoshare
Image source httpwwwlibraryuiucedumortensonimagesmarlborojpgaccessed 22106
Section D
Industry Strategies I Science and Public Relations
35
Industry Strategies
Advertising and promotionBuying sciencePublic relationsPhilanthropyLobbyingFront groupsIntimidationLegislation and public policy
36
Modeling Industry Activities
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
37
Undermining Science
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
38
Sworn Public Statements
ldquoI believe nicotine is not addictiverdquo
mdash William Campbell (Phillip Morris US Congressional Hearings 1994)
Image source httpwwwnlmnihgovhmdfrankensteinfrank_promisehtml retrieved 2806
39
Confidential Statements
ldquoNicotine is addictive We are then in the business of selling nicotinemdashan addictive drug effective in the release of stress mechanismsrdquominus Brown and Williamson 1963
ldquohellipBAT should learn to look at itself as a drug company rather than as a tobacco companyrdquominus BAT 1980
ldquo [T]he entire matter of addiction is the most potent weapon a prosecuting attorney can have in a lung cancercigarette case We canrsquot defend continued smoking as lsquofree choicersquo if the person was lsquoaddictedrsquordquominus Tobacco Institute 1980
40
Buying Science and Intimidation
Letters to BMJ regarding the 1981 Hirayama StudyminusMisclassification
Active smokingPassive smoking
minusConfoundingminusStatistical errorminusPlausibility
0
10
20
30
21895 69645 17366
Population at enrollment
Stan
dard
ised
mor
talit
y ra
te fo
r lun
g ca
ncer
pe
r 100
000
32-79
15-50
8-70
Cigarette smokers
Non smoker Familial passive
smoking (-)
Non smoker Familial passive
smoking (+)
Total 108905
(Non smoker wives of non
smoker husbands)
(Non smoker wives of husbands
with smoking habits)
(Women with smoking habits)
Data source Hirayama T 1981 Non-smoking wives of heavy smokers have a higher risk of lung cancer a study from Japan BMJ 282183ndash5
41
The Attack on Meta-Analysis
Tweedie RL amp KL Mengersen 1995 Meta-analytic approaches to dose-response relationships with application in studies of lung cancer and exposure to environmental tobacco smoke Statistics in Medicine 14 545-569
Excerpt from Acknowledgements ndash ldquoThe paper was completed at Colorado State University with partial support from several tobacco companies the methods and analysis here are however entirely those of the authors and should not be otherwise ascribedrdquo
Bailar JC 1997 The promise and problems of meta-analysis New England Journal of Medicine 337 (8) 559-61
Fleiss JL amp AJ Gross 1991 Meta-analysis in epidemiology with special reference to studies of the association between exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and lung cancer a critique Journal of Clinical Epidemiology44 (2) 127-139
Excerpt from Acknowledgements ndash ldquoThis research was supported by a grant from The Tobacco Institute Washington DC USA We thank Dr Myron Weinberg President of the Weinberg GroupWASHTECH for encouraging us to develop this critiquerdquo
42
Junk Science
Gori GB JC Luik Passive Smoke The EPArsquos betrayal of science and
policy The Fraser Institute
Milloy SJ 1995 Science without sense The risky business of public
health research Cato Institute Washington DC
43
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
ldquoThe massive effort launched across the tobacco industry against one scientific
study is remarkablerdquo
Source Ong E K and Glantz S A (2000 April 8) Tobacco industry efforts subverting International Agency for Research on Cancerrsquos second-hand smoke study The Lancet 355 (9211) 1253ndash1259
44
Industry Tactics to Undermine IARC
ldquoDelay the progress andor release of the studyrdquoldquoAffect the wording of its conclusions and official statement of resultsrdquoldquoNeutralize possible negative results of the study rdquoldquoCounteract the potential impact of the study on government policy public opinion and actions by private employers and proprietorsrdquominus WHO Expert Panel on Industry Documents
45
Philip Morris and SHS
ldquoPublic health officials have concluded that secondhand smoke from cigarettes causes disease including lung cancer and heart disease in non-smoking adults as well as causes conditions in children such as asthma respiratory infections cough wheeze otitis media (middle ear infection) and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome In addition public health officials have concluded that secondhand smoke can exacerbate adult asthma and cause eye throat and nasal irritationrdquo
Source Philip Morris USA websitehttpwwwphilipmorrisusacomenhealth_issuessecondhand_smokeaspRetrieved 22106
46
Japan Tobacco and SHS
ldquo available evidence does not support the assertion that environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is harmful to healthrdquo
mdash Japan Tobacco
Source Submission to the WHO Public Hearings on the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control October 2000
47
Public Relations
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
48
Public Statements on Youth
ldquo would be willing to support prevention efforts that affected our bottom line Absolutely if we can come up with a program that prevents all teenagers from smoking cigarettes we would be delighted to see that happen And if that meant that fewer people smoked as adults so be itrdquo
mdash Corky Newton Vice President of Corporate and Youth Responsibility
Programs Brown and Williamson
Source Transcript of meeting with SWAT (Students Working Against Tobacco) US November 6 1999 Cited in PR in the Playground ASH UK 2000
49
Private Statements on Youth
ldquoWe [Philip Morris] refined the objective of a juvenile initiative program as follows maintain and proactively protect our ability to advertise promote and market our products via a juvenile initiativerdquo
ldquoJuvenile initiative = a series of programs and events to discourage juvenile smoking because smoking is an adult decisionrdquo
Source Cathy Leiber (18 May 1995) Philip Morris International Youth Initiatives Bates No 250301901114 Cited in PR in the Playground ASH UK 2000
50
Minimum Age 18
Image source Image source httpkumuicsdhawaiigovhealthhealthy- httpwwwdhssdelawaregovdhssdphlifestylestobaccotpeprtochtm dpcyouthaccesshtml retrieved 21206) retrieved 21206
51
Changing the Issues
Smoking manners
ldquoSmoking is prohibited in public places like railway stations airports museums and art galleries except for designated smoking areas There are some wards (ku in Japanese) that have specific rules in the form of bylaws concerning smoking If these regulations are broken the smoker is liable to pay a fine There is a provision of punishment for smoking on the street or in public places without carrying a portable ashtray as well as for throwing away cigarette buttsrdquo
httpwwwtourismmetrotokyojpenglishbasicbasic09htmlSource accessed 22306
52
Philanthropy
53
Corporate Social Responsibility
ldquohellip Because for us economic performance is not the only measure of our success Honesty integrity and social responsibility are just as important to the way we measure ourselvesrdquominus Philip Morris International
ldquoOur companies are committed to providing consumers with pleasure through excellent products and to demonstrating that we are meeting our commercial goals in ways that are consistent with reasonable societal expectations of a responsible tobacco group in the 21st centuryrdquominus British American Tobacco
54
BATS Social Reports
Argentina AustraliaBrazil GermanyHong KongHungaryJapanKoreaMalaysiaMexicoNew ZealandNigeriaPolandRussiaSouth Africa USA
55
Today on Addiction
PHILIP MORRIS USAPHILIP MORRIS INTERNATIONAL
TOBACCO ISSUESCigarette Smoking Health Issues for Smokers
Cigarette Smoking and AddictionWe agree with the overwhelming medical and scientific consensus that cigarette smoking is addictive It can be very difficult to quit smoking but this should not deter smokers who want to quit from trying to do so
minus httpphilipmorriscomdefaultasp
Continued
56
Today on AddictionPHILIP MORRIS USAPHILIP MORRIS INTERNATIONAL
TOBACCO ISSUESCigarette Smoking Health Issues for Smokers
Cigarette Smoking and Disease in SmokersThere is an overwhelming medical and scientific consensus that cigarette smoking causes lung cancer heart disease emphysema and other serious diseases in smokers Smokers are far more likely to develop serious diseases like lung cancer than non-smokers There is no safe cigarette These are and have been the messages of public health authorities worldwide Smokers and potential smokers should rely on these messages in making all smoking-related decisions
minus httpphilipmorriscomdefaultasp
57
Public Health Advocates
ldquoIntroducing QuitAssistQuitAssist is an information resource sponsored by Philip Morris USA Itrsquos designed to help you connect with a wealth of expert quitting information available ndash usually for free ndash from government agencies universities and respected nonprofit organizations This QuitAssist guide points the way to programs telephone quitlines websites guides and more that can help you find your own path to success
You can also read this guide at QuitAssist Online Log on through wwwphilipmorrisusacom
From there you can link directly to dozens of resources to help you move ahead and leave cigarettes behindrdquo
If you decide to quit smokinghellip
QuitAssistInformation Resource
Philip Morris USA
Never mentions the word ldquoaddictionrdquo
Source httpphilipmorrisusacomenquitassistindex_flashasp accessed 22306
58
Truth in Advertising
Aggressively markets the only legal product that when used as intended by its manufacturers eventually kills half its users
Section E
Industry Tactics II Industry Advertising Promotion and Sponsorship
60
Marketing
ldquoWe refined the objective of a juvenile initiative program as follows Maintain and proactively protect our ability to advertise promote and market our products via a juvenile initiativeldquo
mdash Cathy Leiber PM International 1995
Notes Juvenile initiative = a series of programs and events designed to discourage juvenile smoking because smoking is an adult decision
61
Industry Expenditures on Advertising
0100020003000400050006000700080009000
10000
Am
ount
spe
nt $
mill
ion
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Changes in cigarette marketing expenditure in the USA 1970-99
Data source Mackay J amp M Eriksen 2002 The Tobacco Atlas World Health Organization
62
Communicating Disease
According to the trade magazine ldquoAdvertising Agerdquo the Marlboro man was the most powerful advertising image of the 20th century
Image source httpwwwcdcgovtobaccosgrsgr4kidsadbusthtm retrieved 22306
63
Advertising Strategies
Targeting womenTargeting youthSelling AmericaSponsorship of sporting events and concertsContests and give-awaysBrand stretching
64
Grand Prix
Image source httpwwwnasnasagovAboutEducationRacecardevelopment_emobightml retrieved 22306
Section F
Industry Tactics III Lobbying Legislation and Litigation
66
Lobbying and Legislation
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
67
A Long History of Lobbying
1890mdashTobacco appeared in the US Pharmacopeia(official US government listing of drugs)1905mdashDropped from list before the 1906 Food and Drug Act (legislation that created the Food and Drug Administration)2005mdashFDA cannot regulate nicotine in tobacco
68
Political Lobbying US
Four of the twelve most generous donors to the 2000 Bush Campaign (1 Phillip Morris RJR UST Brown and Williamson)$18 million to federal candidates between 1997 and 2003 minus 82 to Republican candidates and committees
US $43 million spent to counter McCain bill (highest amount ever spent on a sustained issue advocacy campaign in the US)
69
The Latin Project Argentina
Counter regulations aimed at creating smoke-free workplaces and public placesminus September 30 1991mdashNeri Bill approved by Senate
(advertising promotion and sampling ban limit public smoking)
minus Industry campaignmdashmedia debates briefing packages to Senators and the President paid chief scientific advisor to President
minus October 13 1991mdashPresident vetoes law
70
The Czech Republic
June 2001
Philip Morris presents members of the Health and Social Affairs Committee of the Czech Parliament a study concluding that smoking is good for the Czech governments finances because of the savings from early deaths caused by smoking
71
Preemption
ldquoWe could never win at the local level The reason is [that] all of the health advocates the ones that I unfortunately used to call lsquohealth nazisrsquotheyrsquore all local activists who run the little political organizations So the Tobacco Institute and the tobacco companiesrsquo first priority has always been to preempt the field preferably to put it all on the federal level but if they canrsquot do that at least on the state level because the health advocates canrsquot compete with me on the state levelrdquo
mdash Victor Crawford former Maryland state legislator
72
Industry Self-Regulation
British American Tobacco
11 September 2001
INTERNATIONAL TOBACCO PRODUCTS MARKETING STANDARDS
The parties subscribing to these Standards (the ldquoParticipantsrdquo) wish to record their belief that tobacco products should be marketed in a responsible manner and that reasonable measures should be taken to ensure that the promotion and distribution of tobacco products is
bull directed at adult smokers and not at youth and
bull consistent with the principle of informed adult choice
73
International Tobacco Marketing Standards
ldquoWe have analyzed the nine-page agreement and believe that the multinationalsrsquo strategy is proactive and is a way to improve their image rdquoldquoAlso by proactively setting new international tobacco marketing standards the multinationals could be trying to counter a number of proposals that the WHO has been working on to curb the amount of cigarettes that are consumed on an international levelrdquoldquo Interestingly in many countries the existing laws or industry codes are already more restrictive than the provisions of the international marketing standardsrdquo
Source International Tobacco Marketing Standards September 2001
74
Creating the Illusion of Support
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
75
Front Groups
Buying citizen involvement (letter writing phone banking campaigns) by supporting front groups
ldquoHandrdquo of the industry remains hidden
It has been a common practice of Big Tobacco to use third parties or to create front groups to be out in front fighting smokefreepolicies while the industry remains behind the scenes protecting its public image
-Americans for Nonsmokersrsquo Rightshttpwwwno-smokeorggetthefactsphpdp=d21|d23 accessed 22306
76
Industry Front Groups and Allies
Ive learned from experience that as soon as Im identified as a representative of the Tobacco Institute I lose all credibility They just sneer us awayso I try to work behind the scenes whenever I can
- Ron Saldana lobbyist for the Tobacco Institute 82486
Source httpwwwno-smokeorggetthefactsphpdp=d21|d23 accessed 22306
77
International Tobacco Growers Association
ITGAldquo[Establish] ITGA [International Tobacco Growers Association] [as a] front group for our third world lobby activities at WHOrdquo
Source Report of the WHO Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents
Source Report of the WHO Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents
78
Legal and Economic Intimidation
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
79
Intimidating Johns Hopkins
ldquoThe tobacco companies have commenced nothing short of a campaign of harassment against the academic institutions that discovered smoking is injurious to the public healthrdquominus Estelle A Fishbein general
council for Johns Hopkins University
ldquoTobacco Industry in Fight To Get
Universitiesrsquo DataLegal Moves Termed Fishing Expeditionrdquo
-The New York Times Jan 20 2002
80
Industry Harassment
PUBLIC HEALTH MATTERS
Public Health Under Attack The American Stop Smoking Intervention Study (ASSIST) and the
Tobacco Industry
- White J and LA Bero
- The Transnational Tobacco Industry
- Section A
- Describing a Disease
- The Agent
- The Host
- The Vector
- Section B
- Background
- Background
- What Is a ldquoTransnationalrdquo Company
- Major Transnational Tobacco Companies
- Cigarette Production
- Company Size and Wealth
- TNC Sales and Developing Countries
- China National Tobacco Corporation
- A Return to the Past
- Section C
- A Global Market
- Looking Abroad
- Going Abroad
- A Global Business
- Factors Fueling Global Expansion
- Trade Liberalization
- Impact of Trade Liberalization
- Tobacco Leaf Production
- Tobacco Leaf Trade
- Privatization
- Foreign InvestmentmdashUkraine
- Major Company Mergers
- Marlboro Market Share (2001)
- Marlbororsquos Global Penetration
- Section D
- Industry Strategies
- Modeling Industry Activities
- Undermining Science
- Sworn Public Statements
- Confidential Statements
- Buying Science and Intimidation
- The Attack on Meta-Analysis
- Junk Science
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
- Industry Tactics to Undermine IARC
- Philip Morris and SHS
- Japan Tobacco and SHS
- Public Relations
- Public Statements on Youth
- Private Statements on Youth
- Minimum Age 18
- Changing the Issues
- Philanthropy
- Corporate Social Responsibility
- BATS Social Reports
- Today on Addiction
- Today on Addiction
- Public Health Advocates
- Truth in Advertising
- Section E
- Marketing
- Industry Expenditures on Advertising
- Communicating Disease
- Advertising Strategies
- Grand Prix
- Section F
- Lobbying and Legislation
- A Long History of Lobbying
- Political Lobbying US
- The Latin Project Argentina
- The Czech Republic
- Preemption
- Industry Self-Regulation
- International Tobacco Marketing Standards
- Creating the Illusion of Support
- Front Groups
- Industry Front Groups and Allies
- International Tobacco Growers Association
- Legal and Economic Intimidation
- Intimidating Johns Hopkins
- Industry Harassment
-
15
Company Size and Wealth
PMI BAT JT own or lease manufacturing facilities in over 50 countries
PMI BAT JT have combined sales of over US $121 billion
16
TNC Sales and Developing Countries
Philip Morrisrsquo (PM) 1998 revenues ($74 billion) exceeded the GDP of many countries including Ireland Hungary Ecuador Kuwait Guatemala and Kenya
RJR Nabiscorsquos 1998 revenues ($14 billion) exceeded the GDP of Jamaica Laos or Malawi
Sources Philip Morris 1999 Annual Report (consolidated revenues) RJR Nabisco 1998 Annual Report (does not include RJR International revenues) CIA World Factbook 1999
17
China National Tobacco Corporation
Worldrsquos largest tobacco company
Near monopoly over domestic market
Numerous cooperative agreements with TTCs to modernize manufacturing improve crop yields and build tobacco processing plants
Indications that it is considering entering international market
Continued
18
A Return to the Past
Global Cigarette Market Share
31
3000 720
1640
1540
Philip MorrisBATJTIChina TobaccoOther
Data sources 1 Mackay J and M Eriksen 2002 The Tobacco Atlas World Health Organization 2 World Health Organization httpwwwwprowhointmedia_centrepress_releasespr_20050830htm retrieved 3706
Section C
Globalization of the Tobacco Industry
20
A Global Market
0100020003000400050006000
Num
ber o
f ci
gare
ttes
(bill
ions
)
1880189019001910192019301940195019601970198019902000
Year
Global Cigarette Consumption
0200400600800
10001200140016001800
Num
ber o
f ci
gare
ttes
con
sum
ed
in 1
998
(bill
ions
)
Indonesia Russia Japan USA China
Country
Cigarette Consumption - Top 5 countries
Data source Mackay J and Eriksen M 2002 The Tobacco Atlas World Health Organization
21
Looking Abroad
ldquoTobacco exports should be expanded aggressively because Americans are smoking lessrdquo
mdashVice President Dan Quayle (1990)
22
Going Abroad
Accessed on 22106 from the National Center for Tobacco-Free Kids httpwwwtobaccofreekidsorgreportsfalsefriendsphilipmorrisuspdf
23
A Global Business
2004 Revenue amp Profit Splits for British American Tobacco Net Sales
Latin America15
Europe26
Africa amp Middle East13
Asia-Pacific18
America-Pacific28
Data source httpwwwbatcomonewebsitesuk__3mnfennsfvwPagesWebLiveDO59NQAGopendocumentampSID=ampDTC=ampTMP=1 accessed 22106
24
Factors Fueling Global Expansion
Opening of formally closed economies in former Soviet Union Eastern Europe and China
World Bank and IMF pressure to liberalize foreign investment laws and privatize state-owned companies
Expansion of free trade areas
25
Trade Liberalization
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
World Trade Organization (WTO)
Regional Agreements (NAFTA)
26
Impact of Trade Liberalization
Korea (1988ndash1989)184ndash30 in teenage boys16ndash87 teenage girlsminus 6 of market in one year
Taiwan50 increase in high school students in two yearsminus 1 to 20 of annual sales in less than two years
Japan (1990ndash1996)26ndash40 in 17 year old boys 5ndash15 in 17 year old girlsminus 2 to 22 market share in ten years
27
Tobacco Leaf Production
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
Thou
sand
s of
met
ric
tons
China
India
Brazil
USATurk
eyZim
babweIn
donesia
Italy
Greece
MalawiPakista
nArg
entina
Leading Producers of Tobacco Leaves 2001
Data source Mackay J and Eriksen M 2002 The Tobacco Atlas World Health Organization
28
Tobacco Leaf Trade
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Thou
sand
met
ric
tons
Brazil USA Zimbabwe China Turkey India Greece Italy Malawi Argentina
Top 10 Tobacco Leaf Exporters 1999
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Tho
usan
d m
etri
c to
ns
Russia USA Germany UK Netherlands Japan France Ukraine Poland Egypt
Top 10 Tobacco Leaf Importers 1999
Data source Mackay J and Eriksen M 2002 The Tobacco Atlas World Health Organization
29
Privatization
Over 140 mergers and acquisitions between international companies and state-run companies
A few examplesminus 2003 BAT buys Duvanska (Serbia) minus 1997 PM buys Tabaqueira (Portugal)minus 1994 PM buys Kharkov (Ukraine)minus 1993 PM buys Klaipeda (Lithuania)minus 1992 PM buys Czech Tabacminus 1991 BAT buys Hungaryrsquos State company
30
Foreign InvestmentmdashUkraine
Foreign tobacco firms invested $520 million between 1991 and 1999mdash14 of all foreign direct investment
Over 90 manufacturing capacity now run by Western companies
Platform for exporting to other countries throughout Central and Eastern Europe
31
Major Company Mergers
1999 minus BAT buys Rothmansminus Philip Morris buys Liggettminus Japan Tobacco buys RJR International
Transformed size and global reach of largest three companies
32
Marlboro Market Share (2001)
Netherlandsmdash39Francemdash30Germanymdash30Spainmdash155Polandmdash72Russiamdash20Romaniamdash18Saudi Arabiamdash532Mexicomdash425
33
Marlbororsquos Global Penetration
Creditcopy 1993 Lauren Goodsmith Courtesy of Photoshare
Image source httpwwwlibraryuiucedumortensonimagesmarlborojpgaccessed 22106
Section D
Industry Strategies I Science and Public Relations
35
Industry Strategies
Advertising and promotionBuying sciencePublic relationsPhilanthropyLobbyingFront groupsIntimidationLegislation and public policy
36
Modeling Industry Activities
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
37
Undermining Science
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
38
Sworn Public Statements
ldquoI believe nicotine is not addictiverdquo
mdash William Campbell (Phillip Morris US Congressional Hearings 1994)
Image source httpwwwnlmnihgovhmdfrankensteinfrank_promisehtml retrieved 2806
39
Confidential Statements
ldquoNicotine is addictive We are then in the business of selling nicotinemdashan addictive drug effective in the release of stress mechanismsrdquominus Brown and Williamson 1963
ldquohellipBAT should learn to look at itself as a drug company rather than as a tobacco companyrdquominus BAT 1980
ldquo [T]he entire matter of addiction is the most potent weapon a prosecuting attorney can have in a lung cancercigarette case We canrsquot defend continued smoking as lsquofree choicersquo if the person was lsquoaddictedrsquordquominus Tobacco Institute 1980
40
Buying Science and Intimidation
Letters to BMJ regarding the 1981 Hirayama StudyminusMisclassification
Active smokingPassive smoking
minusConfoundingminusStatistical errorminusPlausibility
0
10
20
30
21895 69645 17366
Population at enrollment
Stan
dard
ised
mor
talit
y ra
te fo
r lun
g ca
ncer
pe
r 100
000
32-79
15-50
8-70
Cigarette smokers
Non smoker Familial passive
smoking (-)
Non smoker Familial passive
smoking (+)
Total 108905
(Non smoker wives of non
smoker husbands)
(Non smoker wives of husbands
with smoking habits)
(Women with smoking habits)
Data source Hirayama T 1981 Non-smoking wives of heavy smokers have a higher risk of lung cancer a study from Japan BMJ 282183ndash5
41
The Attack on Meta-Analysis
Tweedie RL amp KL Mengersen 1995 Meta-analytic approaches to dose-response relationships with application in studies of lung cancer and exposure to environmental tobacco smoke Statistics in Medicine 14 545-569
Excerpt from Acknowledgements ndash ldquoThe paper was completed at Colorado State University with partial support from several tobacco companies the methods and analysis here are however entirely those of the authors and should not be otherwise ascribedrdquo
Bailar JC 1997 The promise and problems of meta-analysis New England Journal of Medicine 337 (8) 559-61
Fleiss JL amp AJ Gross 1991 Meta-analysis in epidemiology with special reference to studies of the association between exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and lung cancer a critique Journal of Clinical Epidemiology44 (2) 127-139
Excerpt from Acknowledgements ndash ldquoThis research was supported by a grant from The Tobacco Institute Washington DC USA We thank Dr Myron Weinberg President of the Weinberg GroupWASHTECH for encouraging us to develop this critiquerdquo
42
Junk Science
Gori GB JC Luik Passive Smoke The EPArsquos betrayal of science and
policy The Fraser Institute
Milloy SJ 1995 Science without sense The risky business of public
health research Cato Institute Washington DC
43
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
ldquoThe massive effort launched across the tobacco industry against one scientific
study is remarkablerdquo
Source Ong E K and Glantz S A (2000 April 8) Tobacco industry efforts subverting International Agency for Research on Cancerrsquos second-hand smoke study The Lancet 355 (9211) 1253ndash1259
44
Industry Tactics to Undermine IARC
ldquoDelay the progress andor release of the studyrdquoldquoAffect the wording of its conclusions and official statement of resultsrdquoldquoNeutralize possible negative results of the study rdquoldquoCounteract the potential impact of the study on government policy public opinion and actions by private employers and proprietorsrdquominus WHO Expert Panel on Industry Documents
45
Philip Morris and SHS
ldquoPublic health officials have concluded that secondhand smoke from cigarettes causes disease including lung cancer and heart disease in non-smoking adults as well as causes conditions in children such as asthma respiratory infections cough wheeze otitis media (middle ear infection) and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome In addition public health officials have concluded that secondhand smoke can exacerbate adult asthma and cause eye throat and nasal irritationrdquo
Source Philip Morris USA websitehttpwwwphilipmorrisusacomenhealth_issuessecondhand_smokeaspRetrieved 22106
46
Japan Tobacco and SHS
ldquo available evidence does not support the assertion that environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is harmful to healthrdquo
mdash Japan Tobacco
Source Submission to the WHO Public Hearings on the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control October 2000
47
Public Relations
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
48
Public Statements on Youth
ldquo would be willing to support prevention efforts that affected our bottom line Absolutely if we can come up with a program that prevents all teenagers from smoking cigarettes we would be delighted to see that happen And if that meant that fewer people smoked as adults so be itrdquo
mdash Corky Newton Vice President of Corporate and Youth Responsibility
Programs Brown and Williamson
Source Transcript of meeting with SWAT (Students Working Against Tobacco) US November 6 1999 Cited in PR in the Playground ASH UK 2000
49
Private Statements on Youth
ldquoWe [Philip Morris] refined the objective of a juvenile initiative program as follows maintain and proactively protect our ability to advertise promote and market our products via a juvenile initiativerdquo
ldquoJuvenile initiative = a series of programs and events to discourage juvenile smoking because smoking is an adult decisionrdquo
Source Cathy Leiber (18 May 1995) Philip Morris International Youth Initiatives Bates No 250301901114 Cited in PR in the Playground ASH UK 2000
50
Minimum Age 18
Image source Image source httpkumuicsdhawaiigovhealthhealthy- httpwwwdhssdelawaregovdhssdphlifestylestobaccotpeprtochtm dpcyouthaccesshtml retrieved 21206) retrieved 21206
51
Changing the Issues
Smoking manners
ldquoSmoking is prohibited in public places like railway stations airports museums and art galleries except for designated smoking areas There are some wards (ku in Japanese) that have specific rules in the form of bylaws concerning smoking If these regulations are broken the smoker is liable to pay a fine There is a provision of punishment for smoking on the street or in public places without carrying a portable ashtray as well as for throwing away cigarette buttsrdquo
httpwwwtourismmetrotokyojpenglishbasicbasic09htmlSource accessed 22306
52
Philanthropy
53
Corporate Social Responsibility
ldquohellip Because for us economic performance is not the only measure of our success Honesty integrity and social responsibility are just as important to the way we measure ourselvesrdquominus Philip Morris International
ldquoOur companies are committed to providing consumers with pleasure through excellent products and to demonstrating that we are meeting our commercial goals in ways that are consistent with reasonable societal expectations of a responsible tobacco group in the 21st centuryrdquominus British American Tobacco
54
BATS Social Reports
Argentina AustraliaBrazil GermanyHong KongHungaryJapanKoreaMalaysiaMexicoNew ZealandNigeriaPolandRussiaSouth Africa USA
55
Today on Addiction
PHILIP MORRIS USAPHILIP MORRIS INTERNATIONAL
TOBACCO ISSUESCigarette Smoking Health Issues for Smokers
Cigarette Smoking and AddictionWe agree with the overwhelming medical and scientific consensus that cigarette smoking is addictive It can be very difficult to quit smoking but this should not deter smokers who want to quit from trying to do so
minus httpphilipmorriscomdefaultasp
Continued
56
Today on AddictionPHILIP MORRIS USAPHILIP MORRIS INTERNATIONAL
TOBACCO ISSUESCigarette Smoking Health Issues for Smokers
Cigarette Smoking and Disease in SmokersThere is an overwhelming medical and scientific consensus that cigarette smoking causes lung cancer heart disease emphysema and other serious diseases in smokers Smokers are far more likely to develop serious diseases like lung cancer than non-smokers There is no safe cigarette These are and have been the messages of public health authorities worldwide Smokers and potential smokers should rely on these messages in making all smoking-related decisions
minus httpphilipmorriscomdefaultasp
57
Public Health Advocates
ldquoIntroducing QuitAssistQuitAssist is an information resource sponsored by Philip Morris USA Itrsquos designed to help you connect with a wealth of expert quitting information available ndash usually for free ndash from government agencies universities and respected nonprofit organizations This QuitAssist guide points the way to programs telephone quitlines websites guides and more that can help you find your own path to success
You can also read this guide at QuitAssist Online Log on through wwwphilipmorrisusacom
From there you can link directly to dozens of resources to help you move ahead and leave cigarettes behindrdquo
If you decide to quit smokinghellip
QuitAssistInformation Resource
Philip Morris USA
Never mentions the word ldquoaddictionrdquo
Source httpphilipmorrisusacomenquitassistindex_flashasp accessed 22306
58
Truth in Advertising
Aggressively markets the only legal product that when used as intended by its manufacturers eventually kills half its users
Section E
Industry Tactics II Industry Advertising Promotion and Sponsorship
60
Marketing
ldquoWe refined the objective of a juvenile initiative program as follows Maintain and proactively protect our ability to advertise promote and market our products via a juvenile initiativeldquo
mdash Cathy Leiber PM International 1995
Notes Juvenile initiative = a series of programs and events designed to discourage juvenile smoking because smoking is an adult decision
61
Industry Expenditures on Advertising
0100020003000400050006000700080009000
10000
Am
ount
spe
nt $
mill
ion
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Changes in cigarette marketing expenditure in the USA 1970-99
Data source Mackay J amp M Eriksen 2002 The Tobacco Atlas World Health Organization
62
Communicating Disease
According to the trade magazine ldquoAdvertising Agerdquo the Marlboro man was the most powerful advertising image of the 20th century
Image source httpwwwcdcgovtobaccosgrsgr4kidsadbusthtm retrieved 22306
63
Advertising Strategies
Targeting womenTargeting youthSelling AmericaSponsorship of sporting events and concertsContests and give-awaysBrand stretching
64
Grand Prix
Image source httpwwwnasnasagovAboutEducationRacecardevelopment_emobightml retrieved 22306
Section F
Industry Tactics III Lobbying Legislation and Litigation
66
Lobbying and Legislation
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
67
A Long History of Lobbying
1890mdashTobacco appeared in the US Pharmacopeia(official US government listing of drugs)1905mdashDropped from list before the 1906 Food and Drug Act (legislation that created the Food and Drug Administration)2005mdashFDA cannot regulate nicotine in tobacco
68
Political Lobbying US
Four of the twelve most generous donors to the 2000 Bush Campaign (1 Phillip Morris RJR UST Brown and Williamson)$18 million to federal candidates between 1997 and 2003 minus 82 to Republican candidates and committees
US $43 million spent to counter McCain bill (highest amount ever spent on a sustained issue advocacy campaign in the US)
69
The Latin Project Argentina
Counter regulations aimed at creating smoke-free workplaces and public placesminus September 30 1991mdashNeri Bill approved by Senate
(advertising promotion and sampling ban limit public smoking)
minus Industry campaignmdashmedia debates briefing packages to Senators and the President paid chief scientific advisor to President
minus October 13 1991mdashPresident vetoes law
70
The Czech Republic
June 2001
Philip Morris presents members of the Health and Social Affairs Committee of the Czech Parliament a study concluding that smoking is good for the Czech governments finances because of the savings from early deaths caused by smoking
71
Preemption
ldquoWe could never win at the local level The reason is [that] all of the health advocates the ones that I unfortunately used to call lsquohealth nazisrsquotheyrsquore all local activists who run the little political organizations So the Tobacco Institute and the tobacco companiesrsquo first priority has always been to preempt the field preferably to put it all on the federal level but if they canrsquot do that at least on the state level because the health advocates canrsquot compete with me on the state levelrdquo
mdash Victor Crawford former Maryland state legislator
72
Industry Self-Regulation
British American Tobacco
11 September 2001
INTERNATIONAL TOBACCO PRODUCTS MARKETING STANDARDS
The parties subscribing to these Standards (the ldquoParticipantsrdquo) wish to record their belief that tobacco products should be marketed in a responsible manner and that reasonable measures should be taken to ensure that the promotion and distribution of tobacco products is
bull directed at adult smokers and not at youth and
bull consistent with the principle of informed adult choice
73
International Tobacco Marketing Standards
ldquoWe have analyzed the nine-page agreement and believe that the multinationalsrsquo strategy is proactive and is a way to improve their image rdquoldquoAlso by proactively setting new international tobacco marketing standards the multinationals could be trying to counter a number of proposals that the WHO has been working on to curb the amount of cigarettes that are consumed on an international levelrdquoldquo Interestingly in many countries the existing laws or industry codes are already more restrictive than the provisions of the international marketing standardsrdquo
Source International Tobacco Marketing Standards September 2001
74
Creating the Illusion of Support
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
75
Front Groups
Buying citizen involvement (letter writing phone banking campaigns) by supporting front groups
ldquoHandrdquo of the industry remains hidden
It has been a common practice of Big Tobacco to use third parties or to create front groups to be out in front fighting smokefreepolicies while the industry remains behind the scenes protecting its public image
-Americans for Nonsmokersrsquo Rightshttpwwwno-smokeorggetthefactsphpdp=d21|d23 accessed 22306
76
Industry Front Groups and Allies
Ive learned from experience that as soon as Im identified as a representative of the Tobacco Institute I lose all credibility They just sneer us awayso I try to work behind the scenes whenever I can
- Ron Saldana lobbyist for the Tobacco Institute 82486
Source httpwwwno-smokeorggetthefactsphpdp=d21|d23 accessed 22306
77
International Tobacco Growers Association
ITGAldquo[Establish] ITGA [International Tobacco Growers Association] [as a] front group for our third world lobby activities at WHOrdquo
Source Report of the WHO Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents
Source Report of the WHO Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents
78
Legal and Economic Intimidation
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
79
Intimidating Johns Hopkins
ldquoThe tobacco companies have commenced nothing short of a campaign of harassment against the academic institutions that discovered smoking is injurious to the public healthrdquominus Estelle A Fishbein general
council for Johns Hopkins University
ldquoTobacco Industry in Fight To Get
Universitiesrsquo DataLegal Moves Termed Fishing Expeditionrdquo
-The New York Times Jan 20 2002
80
Industry Harassment
PUBLIC HEALTH MATTERS
Public Health Under Attack The American Stop Smoking Intervention Study (ASSIST) and the
Tobacco Industry
- White J and LA Bero
- The Transnational Tobacco Industry
- Section A
- Describing a Disease
- The Agent
- The Host
- The Vector
- Section B
- Background
- Background
- What Is a ldquoTransnationalrdquo Company
- Major Transnational Tobacco Companies
- Cigarette Production
- Company Size and Wealth
- TNC Sales and Developing Countries
- China National Tobacco Corporation
- A Return to the Past
- Section C
- A Global Market
- Looking Abroad
- Going Abroad
- A Global Business
- Factors Fueling Global Expansion
- Trade Liberalization
- Impact of Trade Liberalization
- Tobacco Leaf Production
- Tobacco Leaf Trade
- Privatization
- Foreign InvestmentmdashUkraine
- Major Company Mergers
- Marlboro Market Share (2001)
- Marlbororsquos Global Penetration
- Section D
- Industry Strategies
- Modeling Industry Activities
- Undermining Science
- Sworn Public Statements
- Confidential Statements
- Buying Science and Intimidation
- The Attack on Meta-Analysis
- Junk Science
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
- Industry Tactics to Undermine IARC
- Philip Morris and SHS
- Japan Tobacco and SHS
- Public Relations
- Public Statements on Youth
- Private Statements on Youth
- Minimum Age 18
- Changing the Issues
- Philanthropy
- Corporate Social Responsibility
- BATS Social Reports
- Today on Addiction
- Today on Addiction
- Public Health Advocates
- Truth in Advertising
- Section E
- Marketing
- Industry Expenditures on Advertising
- Communicating Disease
- Advertising Strategies
- Grand Prix
- Section F
- Lobbying and Legislation
- A Long History of Lobbying
- Political Lobbying US
- The Latin Project Argentina
- The Czech Republic
- Preemption
- Industry Self-Regulation
- International Tobacco Marketing Standards
- Creating the Illusion of Support
- Front Groups
- Industry Front Groups and Allies
- International Tobacco Growers Association
- Legal and Economic Intimidation
- Intimidating Johns Hopkins
- Industry Harassment
-
16
TNC Sales and Developing Countries
Philip Morrisrsquo (PM) 1998 revenues ($74 billion) exceeded the GDP of many countries including Ireland Hungary Ecuador Kuwait Guatemala and Kenya
RJR Nabiscorsquos 1998 revenues ($14 billion) exceeded the GDP of Jamaica Laos or Malawi
Sources Philip Morris 1999 Annual Report (consolidated revenues) RJR Nabisco 1998 Annual Report (does not include RJR International revenues) CIA World Factbook 1999
17
China National Tobacco Corporation
Worldrsquos largest tobacco company
Near monopoly over domestic market
Numerous cooperative agreements with TTCs to modernize manufacturing improve crop yields and build tobacco processing plants
Indications that it is considering entering international market
Continued
18
A Return to the Past
Global Cigarette Market Share
31
3000 720
1640
1540
Philip MorrisBATJTIChina TobaccoOther
Data sources 1 Mackay J and M Eriksen 2002 The Tobacco Atlas World Health Organization 2 World Health Organization httpwwwwprowhointmedia_centrepress_releasespr_20050830htm retrieved 3706
Section C
Globalization of the Tobacco Industry
20
A Global Market
0100020003000400050006000
Num
ber o
f ci
gare
ttes
(bill
ions
)
1880189019001910192019301940195019601970198019902000
Year
Global Cigarette Consumption
0200400600800
10001200140016001800
Num
ber o
f ci
gare
ttes
con
sum
ed
in 1
998
(bill
ions
)
Indonesia Russia Japan USA China
Country
Cigarette Consumption - Top 5 countries
Data source Mackay J and Eriksen M 2002 The Tobacco Atlas World Health Organization
21
Looking Abroad
ldquoTobacco exports should be expanded aggressively because Americans are smoking lessrdquo
mdashVice President Dan Quayle (1990)
22
Going Abroad
Accessed on 22106 from the National Center for Tobacco-Free Kids httpwwwtobaccofreekidsorgreportsfalsefriendsphilipmorrisuspdf
23
A Global Business
2004 Revenue amp Profit Splits for British American Tobacco Net Sales
Latin America15
Europe26
Africa amp Middle East13
Asia-Pacific18
America-Pacific28
Data source httpwwwbatcomonewebsitesuk__3mnfennsfvwPagesWebLiveDO59NQAGopendocumentampSID=ampDTC=ampTMP=1 accessed 22106
24
Factors Fueling Global Expansion
Opening of formally closed economies in former Soviet Union Eastern Europe and China
World Bank and IMF pressure to liberalize foreign investment laws and privatize state-owned companies
Expansion of free trade areas
25
Trade Liberalization
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
World Trade Organization (WTO)
Regional Agreements (NAFTA)
26
Impact of Trade Liberalization
Korea (1988ndash1989)184ndash30 in teenage boys16ndash87 teenage girlsminus 6 of market in one year
Taiwan50 increase in high school students in two yearsminus 1 to 20 of annual sales in less than two years
Japan (1990ndash1996)26ndash40 in 17 year old boys 5ndash15 in 17 year old girlsminus 2 to 22 market share in ten years
27
Tobacco Leaf Production
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
Thou
sand
s of
met
ric
tons
China
India
Brazil
USATurk
eyZim
babweIn
donesia
Italy
Greece
MalawiPakista
nArg
entina
Leading Producers of Tobacco Leaves 2001
Data source Mackay J and Eriksen M 2002 The Tobacco Atlas World Health Organization
28
Tobacco Leaf Trade
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Thou
sand
met
ric
tons
Brazil USA Zimbabwe China Turkey India Greece Italy Malawi Argentina
Top 10 Tobacco Leaf Exporters 1999
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Tho
usan
d m
etri
c to
ns
Russia USA Germany UK Netherlands Japan France Ukraine Poland Egypt
Top 10 Tobacco Leaf Importers 1999
Data source Mackay J and Eriksen M 2002 The Tobacco Atlas World Health Organization
29
Privatization
Over 140 mergers and acquisitions between international companies and state-run companies
A few examplesminus 2003 BAT buys Duvanska (Serbia) minus 1997 PM buys Tabaqueira (Portugal)minus 1994 PM buys Kharkov (Ukraine)minus 1993 PM buys Klaipeda (Lithuania)minus 1992 PM buys Czech Tabacminus 1991 BAT buys Hungaryrsquos State company
30
Foreign InvestmentmdashUkraine
Foreign tobacco firms invested $520 million between 1991 and 1999mdash14 of all foreign direct investment
Over 90 manufacturing capacity now run by Western companies
Platform for exporting to other countries throughout Central and Eastern Europe
31
Major Company Mergers
1999 minus BAT buys Rothmansminus Philip Morris buys Liggettminus Japan Tobacco buys RJR International
Transformed size and global reach of largest three companies
32
Marlboro Market Share (2001)
Netherlandsmdash39Francemdash30Germanymdash30Spainmdash155Polandmdash72Russiamdash20Romaniamdash18Saudi Arabiamdash532Mexicomdash425
33
Marlbororsquos Global Penetration
Creditcopy 1993 Lauren Goodsmith Courtesy of Photoshare
Image source httpwwwlibraryuiucedumortensonimagesmarlborojpgaccessed 22106
Section D
Industry Strategies I Science and Public Relations
35
Industry Strategies
Advertising and promotionBuying sciencePublic relationsPhilanthropyLobbyingFront groupsIntimidationLegislation and public policy
36
Modeling Industry Activities
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
37
Undermining Science
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
38
Sworn Public Statements
ldquoI believe nicotine is not addictiverdquo
mdash William Campbell (Phillip Morris US Congressional Hearings 1994)
Image source httpwwwnlmnihgovhmdfrankensteinfrank_promisehtml retrieved 2806
39
Confidential Statements
ldquoNicotine is addictive We are then in the business of selling nicotinemdashan addictive drug effective in the release of stress mechanismsrdquominus Brown and Williamson 1963
ldquohellipBAT should learn to look at itself as a drug company rather than as a tobacco companyrdquominus BAT 1980
ldquo [T]he entire matter of addiction is the most potent weapon a prosecuting attorney can have in a lung cancercigarette case We canrsquot defend continued smoking as lsquofree choicersquo if the person was lsquoaddictedrsquordquominus Tobacco Institute 1980
40
Buying Science and Intimidation
Letters to BMJ regarding the 1981 Hirayama StudyminusMisclassification
Active smokingPassive smoking
minusConfoundingminusStatistical errorminusPlausibility
0
10
20
30
21895 69645 17366
Population at enrollment
Stan
dard
ised
mor
talit
y ra
te fo
r lun
g ca
ncer
pe
r 100
000
32-79
15-50
8-70
Cigarette smokers
Non smoker Familial passive
smoking (-)
Non smoker Familial passive
smoking (+)
Total 108905
(Non smoker wives of non
smoker husbands)
(Non smoker wives of husbands
with smoking habits)
(Women with smoking habits)
Data source Hirayama T 1981 Non-smoking wives of heavy smokers have a higher risk of lung cancer a study from Japan BMJ 282183ndash5
41
The Attack on Meta-Analysis
Tweedie RL amp KL Mengersen 1995 Meta-analytic approaches to dose-response relationships with application in studies of lung cancer and exposure to environmental tobacco smoke Statistics in Medicine 14 545-569
Excerpt from Acknowledgements ndash ldquoThe paper was completed at Colorado State University with partial support from several tobacco companies the methods and analysis here are however entirely those of the authors and should not be otherwise ascribedrdquo
Bailar JC 1997 The promise and problems of meta-analysis New England Journal of Medicine 337 (8) 559-61
Fleiss JL amp AJ Gross 1991 Meta-analysis in epidemiology with special reference to studies of the association between exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and lung cancer a critique Journal of Clinical Epidemiology44 (2) 127-139
Excerpt from Acknowledgements ndash ldquoThis research was supported by a grant from The Tobacco Institute Washington DC USA We thank Dr Myron Weinberg President of the Weinberg GroupWASHTECH for encouraging us to develop this critiquerdquo
42
Junk Science
Gori GB JC Luik Passive Smoke The EPArsquos betrayal of science and
policy The Fraser Institute
Milloy SJ 1995 Science without sense The risky business of public
health research Cato Institute Washington DC
43
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
ldquoThe massive effort launched across the tobacco industry against one scientific
study is remarkablerdquo
Source Ong E K and Glantz S A (2000 April 8) Tobacco industry efforts subverting International Agency for Research on Cancerrsquos second-hand smoke study The Lancet 355 (9211) 1253ndash1259
44
Industry Tactics to Undermine IARC
ldquoDelay the progress andor release of the studyrdquoldquoAffect the wording of its conclusions and official statement of resultsrdquoldquoNeutralize possible negative results of the study rdquoldquoCounteract the potential impact of the study on government policy public opinion and actions by private employers and proprietorsrdquominus WHO Expert Panel on Industry Documents
45
Philip Morris and SHS
ldquoPublic health officials have concluded that secondhand smoke from cigarettes causes disease including lung cancer and heart disease in non-smoking adults as well as causes conditions in children such as asthma respiratory infections cough wheeze otitis media (middle ear infection) and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome In addition public health officials have concluded that secondhand smoke can exacerbate adult asthma and cause eye throat and nasal irritationrdquo
Source Philip Morris USA websitehttpwwwphilipmorrisusacomenhealth_issuessecondhand_smokeaspRetrieved 22106
46
Japan Tobacco and SHS
ldquo available evidence does not support the assertion that environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is harmful to healthrdquo
mdash Japan Tobacco
Source Submission to the WHO Public Hearings on the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control October 2000
47
Public Relations
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
48
Public Statements on Youth
ldquo would be willing to support prevention efforts that affected our bottom line Absolutely if we can come up with a program that prevents all teenagers from smoking cigarettes we would be delighted to see that happen And if that meant that fewer people smoked as adults so be itrdquo
mdash Corky Newton Vice President of Corporate and Youth Responsibility
Programs Brown and Williamson
Source Transcript of meeting with SWAT (Students Working Against Tobacco) US November 6 1999 Cited in PR in the Playground ASH UK 2000
49
Private Statements on Youth
ldquoWe [Philip Morris] refined the objective of a juvenile initiative program as follows maintain and proactively protect our ability to advertise promote and market our products via a juvenile initiativerdquo
ldquoJuvenile initiative = a series of programs and events to discourage juvenile smoking because smoking is an adult decisionrdquo
Source Cathy Leiber (18 May 1995) Philip Morris International Youth Initiatives Bates No 250301901114 Cited in PR in the Playground ASH UK 2000
50
Minimum Age 18
Image source Image source httpkumuicsdhawaiigovhealthhealthy- httpwwwdhssdelawaregovdhssdphlifestylestobaccotpeprtochtm dpcyouthaccesshtml retrieved 21206) retrieved 21206
51
Changing the Issues
Smoking manners
ldquoSmoking is prohibited in public places like railway stations airports museums and art galleries except for designated smoking areas There are some wards (ku in Japanese) that have specific rules in the form of bylaws concerning smoking If these regulations are broken the smoker is liable to pay a fine There is a provision of punishment for smoking on the street or in public places without carrying a portable ashtray as well as for throwing away cigarette buttsrdquo
httpwwwtourismmetrotokyojpenglishbasicbasic09htmlSource accessed 22306
52
Philanthropy
53
Corporate Social Responsibility
ldquohellip Because for us economic performance is not the only measure of our success Honesty integrity and social responsibility are just as important to the way we measure ourselvesrdquominus Philip Morris International
ldquoOur companies are committed to providing consumers with pleasure through excellent products and to demonstrating that we are meeting our commercial goals in ways that are consistent with reasonable societal expectations of a responsible tobacco group in the 21st centuryrdquominus British American Tobacco
54
BATS Social Reports
Argentina AustraliaBrazil GermanyHong KongHungaryJapanKoreaMalaysiaMexicoNew ZealandNigeriaPolandRussiaSouth Africa USA
55
Today on Addiction
PHILIP MORRIS USAPHILIP MORRIS INTERNATIONAL
TOBACCO ISSUESCigarette Smoking Health Issues for Smokers
Cigarette Smoking and AddictionWe agree with the overwhelming medical and scientific consensus that cigarette smoking is addictive It can be very difficult to quit smoking but this should not deter smokers who want to quit from trying to do so
minus httpphilipmorriscomdefaultasp
Continued
56
Today on AddictionPHILIP MORRIS USAPHILIP MORRIS INTERNATIONAL
TOBACCO ISSUESCigarette Smoking Health Issues for Smokers
Cigarette Smoking and Disease in SmokersThere is an overwhelming medical and scientific consensus that cigarette smoking causes lung cancer heart disease emphysema and other serious diseases in smokers Smokers are far more likely to develop serious diseases like lung cancer than non-smokers There is no safe cigarette These are and have been the messages of public health authorities worldwide Smokers and potential smokers should rely on these messages in making all smoking-related decisions
minus httpphilipmorriscomdefaultasp
57
Public Health Advocates
ldquoIntroducing QuitAssistQuitAssist is an information resource sponsored by Philip Morris USA Itrsquos designed to help you connect with a wealth of expert quitting information available ndash usually for free ndash from government agencies universities and respected nonprofit organizations This QuitAssist guide points the way to programs telephone quitlines websites guides and more that can help you find your own path to success
You can also read this guide at QuitAssist Online Log on through wwwphilipmorrisusacom
From there you can link directly to dozens of resources to help you move ahead and leave cigarettes behindrdquo
If you decide to quit smokinghellip
QuitAssistInformation Resource
Philip Morris USA
Never mentions the word ldquoaddictionrdquo
Source httpphilipmorrisusacomenquitassistindex_flashasp accessed 22306
58
Truth in Advertising
Aggressively markets the only legal product that when used as intended by its manufacturers eventually kills half its users
Section E
Industry Tactics II Industry Advertising Promotion and Sponsorship
60
Marketing
ldquoWe refined the objective of a juvenile initiative program as follows Maintain and proactively protect our ability to advertise promote and market our products via a juvenile initiativeldquo
mdash Cathy Leiber PM International 1995
Notes Juvenile initiative = a series of programs and events designed to discourage juvenile smoking because smoking is an adult decision
61
Industry Expenditures on Advertising
0100020003000400050006000700080009000
10000
Am
ount
spe
nt $
mill
ion
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Changes in cigarette marketing expenditure in the USA 1970-99
Data source Mackay J amp M Eriksen 2002 The Tobacco Atlas World Health Organization
62
Communicating Disease
According to the trade magazine ldquoAdvertising Agerdquo the Marlboro man was the most powerful advertising image of the 20th century
Image source httpwwwcdcgovtobaccosgrsgr4kidsadbusthtm retrieved 22306
63
Advertising Strategies
Targeting womenTargeting youthSelling AmericaSponsorship of sporting events and concertsContests and give-awaysBrand stretching
64
Grand Prix
Image source httpwwwnasnasagovAboutEducationRacecardevelopment_emobightml retrieved 22306
Section F
Industry Tactics III Lobbying Legislation and Litigation
66
Lobbying and Legislation
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
67
A Long History of Lobbying
1890mdashTobacco appeared in the US Pharmacopeia(official US government listing of drugs)1905mdashDropped from list before the 1906 Food and Drug Act (legislation that created the Food and Drug Administration)2005mdashFDA cannot regulate nicotine in tobacco
68
Political Lobbying US
Four of the twelve most generous donors to the 2000 Bush Campaign (1 Phillip Morris RJR UST Brown and Williamson)$18 million to federal candidates between 1997 and 2003 minus 82 to Republican candidates and committees
US $43 million spent to counter McCain bill (highest amount ever spent on a sustained issue advocacy campaign in the US)
69
The Latin Project Argentina
Counter regulations aimed at creating smoke-free workplaces and public placesminus September 30 1991mdashNeri Bill approved by Senate
(advertising promotion and sampling ban limit public smoking)
minus Industry campaignmdashmedia debates briefing packages to Senators and the President paid chief scientific advisor to President
minus October 13 1991mdashPresident vetoes law
70
The Czech Republic
June 2001
Philip Morris presents members of the Health and Social Affairs Committee of the Czech Parliament a study concluding that smoking is good for the Czech governments finances because of the savings from early deaths caused by smoking
71
Preemption
ldquoWe could never win at the local level The reason is [that] all of the health advocates the ones that I unfortunately used to call lsquohealth nazisrsquotheyrsquore all local activists who run the little political organizations So the Tobacco Institute and the tobacco companiesrsquo first priority has always been to preempt the field preferably to put it all on the federal level but if they canrsquot do that at least on the state level because the health advocates canrsquot compete with me on the state levelrdquo
mdash Victor Crawford former Maryland state legislator
72
Industry Self-Regulation
British American Tobacco
11 September 2001
INTERNATIONAL TOBACCO PRODUCTS MARKETING STANDARDS
The parties subscribing to these Standards (the ldquoParticipantsrdquo) wish to record their belief that tobacco products should be marketed in a responsible manner and that reasonable measures should be taken to ensure that the promotion and distribution of tobacco products is
bull directed at adult smokers and not at youth and
bull consistent with the principle of informed adult choice
73
International Tobacco Marketing Standards
ldquoWe have analyzed the nine-page agreement and believe that the multinationalsrsquo strategy is proactive and is a way to improve their image rdquoldquoAlso by proactively setting new international tobacco marketing standards the multinationals could be trying to counter a number of proposals that the WHO has been working on to curb the amount of cigarettes that are consumed on an international levelrdquoldquo Interestingly in many countries the existing laws or industry codes are already more restrictive than the provisions of the international marketing standardsrdquo
Source International Tobacco Marketing Standards September 2001
74
Creating the Illusion of Support
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
75
Front Groups
Buying citizen involvement (letter writing phone banking campaigns) by supporting front groups
ldquoHandrdquo of the industry remains hidden
It has been a common practice of Big Tobacco to use third parties or to create front groups to be out in front fighting smokefreepolicies while the industry remains behind the scenes protecting its public image
-Americans for Nonsmokersrsquo Rightshttpwwwno-smokeorggetthefactsphpdp=d21|d23 accessed 22306
76
Industry Front Groups and Allies
Ive learned from experience that as soon as Im identified as a representative of the Tobacco Institute I lose all credibility They just sneer us awayso I try to work behind the scenes whenever I can
- Ron Saldana lobbyist for the Tobacco Institute 82486
Source httpwwwno-smokeorggetthefactsphpdp=d21|d23 accessed 22306
77
International Tobacco Growers Association
ITGAldquo[Establish] ITGA [International Tobacco Growers Association] [as a] front group for our third world lobby activities at WHOrdquo
Source Report of the WHO Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents
Source Report of the WHO Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents
78
Legal and Economic Intimidation
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
79
Intimidating Johns Hopkins
ldquoThe tobacco companies have commenced nothing short of a campaign of harassment against the academic institutions that discovered smoking is injurious to the public healthrdquominus Estelle A Fishbein general
council for Johns Hopkins University
ldquoTobacco Industry in Fight To Get
Universitiesrsquo DataLegal Moves Termed Fishing Expeditionrdquo
-The New York Times Jan 20 2002
80
Industry Harassment
PUBLIC HEALTH MATTERS
Public Health Under Attack The American Stop Smoking Intervention Study (ASSIST) and the
Tobacco Industry
- White J and LA Bero
- The Transnational Tobacco Industry
- Section A
- Describing a Disease
- The Agent
- The Host
- The Vector
- Section B
- Background
- Background
- What Is a ldquoTransnationalrdquo Company
- Major Transnational Tobacco Companies
- Cigarette Production
- Company Size and Wealth
- TNC Sales and Developing Countries
- China National Tobacco Corporation
- A Return to the Past
- Section C
- A Global Market
- Looking Abroad
- Going Abroad
- A Global Business
- Factors Fueling Global Expansion
- Trade Liberalization
- Impact of Trade Liberalization
- Tobacco Leaf Production
- Tobacco Leaf Trade
- Privatization
- Foreign InvestmentmdashUkraine
- Major Company Mergers
- Marlboro Market Share (2001)
- Marlbororsquos Global Penetration
- Section D
- Industry Strategies
- Modeling Industry Activities
- Undermining Science
- Sworn Public Statements
- Confidential Statements
- Buying Science and Intimidation
- The Attack on Meta-Analysis
- Junk Science
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
- Industry Tactics to Undermine IARC
- Philip Morris and SHS
- Japan Tobacco and SHS
- Public Relations
- Public Statements on Youth
- Private Statements on Youth
- Minimum Age 18
- Changing the Issues
- Philanthropy
- Corporate Social Responsibility
- BATS Social Reports
- Today on Addiction
- Today on Addiction
- Public Health Advocates
- Truth in Advertising
- Section E
- Marketing
- Industry Expenditures on Advertising
- Communicating Disease
- Advertising Strategies
- Grand Prix
- Section F
- Lobbying and Legislation
- A Long History of Lobbying
- Political Lobbying US
- The Latin Project Argentina
- The Czech Republic
- Preemption
- Industry Self-Regulation
- International Tobacco Marketing Standards
- Creating the Illusion of Support
- Front Groups
- Industry Front Groups and Allies
- International Tobacco Growers Association
- Legal and Economic Intimidation
- Intimidating Johns Hopkins
- Industry Harassment
-
17
China National Tobacco Corporation
Worldrsquos largest tobacco company
Near monopoly over domestic market
Numerous cooperative agreements with TTCs to modernize manufacturing improve crop yields and build tobacco processing plants
Indications that it is considering entering international market
Continued
18
A Return to the Past
Global Cigarette Market Share
31
3000 720
1640
1540
Philip MorrisBATJTIChina TobaccoOther
Data sources 1 Mackay J and M Eriksen 2002 The Tobacco Atlas World Health Organization 2 World Health Organization httpwwwwprowhointmedia_centrepress_releasespr_20050830htm retrieved 3706
Section C
Globalization of the Tobacco Industry
20
A Global Market
0100020003000400050006000
Num
ber o
f ci
gare
ttes
(bill
ions
)
1880189019001910192019301940195019601970198019902000
Year
Global Cigarette Consumption
0200400600800
10001200140016001800
Num
ber o
f ci
gare
ttes
con
sum
ed
in 1
998
(bill
ions
)
Indonesia Russia Japan USA China
Country
Cigarette Consumption - Top 5 countries
Data source Mackay J and Eriksen M 2002 The Tobacco Atlas World Health Organization
21
Looking Abroad
ldquoTobacco exports should be expanded aggressively because Americans are smoking lessrdquo
mdashVice President Dan Quayle (1990)
22
Going Abroad
Accessed on 22106 from the National Center for Tobacco-Free Kids httpwwwtobaccofreekidsorgreportsfalsefriendsphilipmorrisuspdf
23
A Global Business
2004 Revenue amp Profit Splits for British American Tobacco Net Sales
Latin America15
Europe26
Africa amp Middle East13
Asia-Pacific18
America-Pacific28
Data source httpwwwbatcomonewebsitesuk__3mnfennsfvwPagesWebLiveDO59NQAGopendocumentampSID=ampDTC=ampTMP=1 accessed 22106
24
Factors Fueling Global Expansion
Opening of formally closed economies in former Soviet Union Eastern Europe and China
World Bank and IMF pressure to liberalize foreign investment laws and privatize state-owned companies
Expansion of free trade areas
25
Trade Liberalization
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
World Trade Organization (WTO)
Regional Agreements (NAFTA)
26
Impact of Trade Liberalization
Korea (1988ndash1989)184ndash30 in teenage boys16ndash87 teenage girlsminus 6 of market in one year
Taiwan50 increase in high school students in two yearsminus 1 to 20 of annual sales in less than two years
Japan (1990ndash1996)26ndash40 in 17 year old boys 5ndash15 in 17 year old girlsminus 2 to 22 market share in ten years
27
Tobacco Leaf Production
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
Thou
sand
s of
met
ric
tons
China
India
Brazil
USATurk
eyZim
babweIn
donesia
Italy
Greece
MalawiPakista
nArg
entina
Leading Producers of Tobacco Leaves 2001
Data source Mackay J and Eriksen M 2002 The Tobacco Atlas World Health Organization
28
Tobacco Leaf Trade
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Thou
sand
met
ric
tons
Brazil USA Zimbabwe China Turkey India Greece Italy Malawi Argentina
Top 10 Tobacco Leaf Exporters 1999
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Tho
usan
d m
etri
c to
ns
Russia USA Germany UK Netherlands Japan France Ukraine Poland Egypt
Top 10 Tobacco Leaf Importers 1999
Data source Mackay J and Eriksen M 2002 The Tobacco Atlas World Health Organization
29
Privatization
Over 140 mergers and acquisitions between international companies and state-run companies
A few examplesminus 2003 BAT buys Duvanska (Serbia) minus 1997 PM buys Tabaqueira (Portugal)minus 1994 PM buys Kharkov (Ukraine)minus 1993 PM buys Klaipeda (Lithuania)minus 1992 PM buys Czech Tabacminus 1991 BAT buys Hungaryrsquos State company
30
Foreign InvestmentmdashUkraine
Foreign tobacco firms invested $520 million between 1991 and 1999mdash14 of all foreign direct investment
Over 90 manufacturing capacity now run by Western companies
Platform for exporting to other countries throughout Central and Eastern Europe
31
Major Company Mergers
1999 minus BAT buys Rothmansminus Philip Morris buys Liggettminus Japan Tobacco buys RJR International
Transformed size and global reach of largest three companies
32
Marlboro Market Share (2001)
Netherlandsmdash39Francemdash30Germanymdash30Spainmdash155Polandmdash72Russiamdash20Romaniamdash18Saudi Arabiamdash532Mexicomdash425
33
Marlbororsquos Global Penetration
Creditcopy 1993 Lauren Goodsmith Courtesy of Photoshare
Image source httpwwwlibraryuiucedumortensonimagesmarlborojpgaccessed 22106
Section D
Industry Strategies I Science and Public Relations
35
Industry Strategies
Advertising and promotionBuying sciencePublic relationsPhilanthropyLobbyingFront groupsIntimidationLegislation and public policy
36
Modeling Industry Activities
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
37
Undermining Science
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
38
Sworn Public Statements
ldquoI believe nicotine is not addictiverdquo
mdash William Campbell (Phillip Morris US Congressional Hearings 1994)
Image source httpwwwnlmnihgovhmdfrankensteinfrank_promisehtml retrieved 2806
39
Confidential Statements
ldquoNicotine is addictive We are then in the business of selling nicotinemdashan addictive drug effective in the release of stress mechanismsrdquominus Brown and Williamson 1963
ldquohellipBAT should learn to look at itself as a drug company rather than as a tobacco companyrdquominus BAT 1980
ldquo [T]he entire matter of addiction is the most potent weapon a prosecuting attorney can have in a lung cancercigarette case We canrsquot defend continued smoking as lsquofree choicersquo if the person was lsquoaddictedrsquordquominus Tobacco Institute 1980
40
Buying Science and Intimidation
Letters to BMJ regarding the 1981 Hirayama StudyminusMisclassification
Active smokingPassive smoking
minusConfoundingminusStatistical errorminusPlausibility
0
10
20
30
21895 69645 17366
Population at enrollment
Stan
dard
ised
mor
talit
y ra
te fo
r lun
g ca
ncer
pe
r 100
000
32-79
15-50
8-70
Cigarette smokers
Non smoker Familial passive
smoking (-)
Non smoker Familial passive
smoking (+)
Total 108905
(Non smoker wives of non
smoker husbands)
(Non smoker wives of husbands
with smoking habits)
(Women with smoking habits)
Data source Hirayama T 1981 Non-smoking wives of heavy smokers have a higher risk of lung cancer a study from Japan BMJ 282183ndash5
41
The Attack on Meta-Analysis
Tweedie RL amp KL Mengersen 1995 Meta-analytic approaches to dose-response relationships with application in studies of lung cancer and exposure to environmental tobacco smoke Statistics in Medicine 14 545-569
Excerpt from Acknowledgements ndash ldquoThe paper was completed at Colorado State University with partial support from several tobacco companies the methods and analysis here are however entirely those of the authors and should not be otherwise ascribedrdquo
Bailar JC 1997 The promise and problems of meta-analysis New England Journal of Medicine 337 (8) 559-61
Fleiss JL amp AJ Gross 1991 Meta-analysis in epidemiology with special reference to studies of the association between exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and lung cancer a critique Journal of Clinical Epidemiology44 (2) 127-139
Excerpt from Acknowledgements ndash ldquoThis research was supported by a grant from The Tobacco Institute Washington DC USA We thank Dr Myron Weinberg President of the Weinberg GroupWASHTECH for encouraging us to develop this critiquerdquo
42
Junk Science
Gori GB JC Luik Passive Smoke The EPArsquos betrayal of science and
policy The Fraser Institute
Milloy SJ 1995 Science without sense The risky business of public
health research Cato Institute Washington DC
43
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
ldquoThe massive effort launched across the tobacco industry against one scientific
study is remarkablerdquo
Source Ong E K and Glantz S A (2000 April 8) Tobacco industry efforts subverting International Agency for Research on Cancerrsquos second-hand smoke study The Lancet 355 (9211) 1253ndash1259
44
Industry Tactics to Undermine IARC
ldquoDelay the progress andor release of the studyrdquoldquoAffect the wording of its conclusions and official statement of resultsrdquoldquoNeutralize possible negative results of the study rdquoldquoCounteract the potential impact of the study on government policy public opinion and actions by private employers and proprietorsrdquominus WHO Expert Panel on Industry Documents
45
Philip Morris and SHS
ldquoPublic health officials have concluded that secondhand smoke from cigarettes causes disease including lung cancer and heart disease in non-smoking adults as well as causes conditions in children such as asthma respiratory infections cough wheeze otitis media (middle ear infection) and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome In addition public health officials have concluded that secondhand smoke can exacerbate adult asthma and cause eye throat and nasal irritationrdquo
Source Philip Morris USA websitehttpwwwphilipmorrisusacomenhealth_issuessecondhand_smokeaspRetrieved 22106
46
Japan Tobacco and SHS
ldquo available evidence does not support the assertion that environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is harmful to healthrdquo
mdash Japan Tobacco
Source Submission to the WHO Public Hearings on the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control October 2000
47
Public Relations
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
48
Public Statements on Youth
ldquo would be willing to support prevention efforts that affected our bottom line Absolutely if we can come up with a program that prevents all teenagers from smoking cigarettes we would be delighted to see that happen And if that meant that fewer people smoked as adults so be itrdquo
mdash Corky Newton Vice President of Corporate and Youth Responsibility
Programs Brown and Williamson
Source Transcript of meeting with SWAT (Students Working Against Tobacco) US November 6 1999 Cited in PR in the Playground ASH UK 2000
49
Private Statements on Youth
ldquoWe [Philip Morris] refined the objective of a juvenile initiative program as follows maintain and proactively protect our ability to advertise promote and market our products via a juvenile initiativerdquo
ldquoJuvenile initiative = a series of programs and events to discourage juvenile smoking because smoking is an adult decisionrdquo
Source Cathy Leiber (18 May 1995) Philip Morris International Youth Initiatives Bates No 250301901114 Cited in PR in the Playground ASH UK 2000
50
Minimum Age 18
Image source Image source httpkumuicsdhawaiigovhealthhealthy- httpwwwdhssdelawaregovdhssdphlifestylestobaccotpeprtochtm dpcyouthaccesshtml retrieved 21206) retrieved 21206
51
Changing the Issues
Smoking manners
ldquoSmoking is prohibited in public places like railway stations airports museums and art galleries except for designated smoking areas There are some wards (ku in Japanese) that have specific rules in the form of bylaws concerning smoking If these regulations are broken the smoker is liable to pay a fine There is a provision of punishment for smoking on the street or in public places without carrying a portable ashtray as well as for throwing away cigarette buttsrdquo
httpwwwtourismmetrotokyojpenglishbasicbasic09htmlSource accessed 22306
52
Philanthropy
53
Corporate Social Responsibility
ldquohellip Because for us economic performance is not the only measure of our success Honesty integrity and social responsibility are just as important to the way we measure ourselvesrdquominus Philip Morris International
ldquoOur companies are committed to providing consumers with pleasure through excellent products and to demonstrating that we are meeting our commercial goals in ways that are consistent with reasonable societal expectations of a responsible tobacco group in the 21st centuryrdquominus British American Tobacco
54
BATS Social Reports
Argentina AustraliaBrazil GermanyHong KongHungaryJapanKoreaMalaysiaMexicoNew ZealandNigeriaPolandRussiaSouth Africa USA
55
Today on Addiction
PHILIP MORRIS USAPHILIP MORRIS INTERNATIONAL
TOBACCO ISSUESCigarette Smoking Health Issues for Smokers
Cigarette Smoking and AddictionWe agree with the overwhelming medical and scientific consensus that cigarette smoking is addictive It can be very difficult to quit smoking but this should not deter smokers who want to quit from trying to do so
minus httpphilipmorriscomdefaultasp
Continued
56
Today on AddictionPHILIP MORRIS USAPHILIP MORRIS INTERNATIONAL
TOBACCO ISSUESCigarette Smoking Health Issues for Smokers
Cigarette Smoking and Disease in SmokersThere is an overwhelming medical and scientific consensus that cigarette smoking causes lung cancer heart disease emphysema and other serious diseases in smokers Smokers are far more likely to develop serious diseases like lung cancer than non-smokers There is no safe cigarette These are and have been the messages of public health authorities worldwide Smokers and potential smokers should rely on these messages in making all smoking-related decisions
minus httpphilipmorriscomdefaultasp
57
Public Health Advocates
ldquoIntroducing QuitAssistQuitAssist is an information resource sponsored by Philip Morris USA Itrsquos designed to help you connect with a wealth of expert quitting information available ndash usually for free ndash from government agencies universities and respected nonprofit organizations This QuitAssist guide points the way to programs telephone quitlines websites guides and more that can help you find your own path to success
You can also read this guide at QuitAssist Online Log on through wwwphilipmorrisusacom
From there you can link directly to dozens of resources to help you move ahead and leave cigarettes behindrdquo
If you decide to quit smokinghellip
QuitAssistInformation Resource
Philip Morris USA
Never mentions the word ldquoaddictionrdquo
Source httpphilipmorrisusacomenquitassistindex_flashasp accessed 22306
58
Truth in Advertising
Aggressively markets the only legal product that when used as intended by its manufacturers eventually kills half its users
Section E
Industry Tactics II Industry Advertising Promotion and Sponsorship
60
Marketing
ldquoWe refined the objective of a juvenile initiative program as follows Maintain and proactively protect our ability to advertise promote and market our products via a juvenile initiativeldquo
mdash Cathy Leiber PM International 1995
Notes Juvenile initiative = a series of programs and events designed to discourage juvenile smoking because smoking is an adult decision
61
Industry Expenditures on Advertising
0100020003000400050006000700080009000
10000
Am
ount
spe
nt $
mill
ion
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Changes in cigarette marketing expenditure in the USA 1970-99
Data source Mackay J amp M Eriksen 2002 The Tobacco Atlas World Health Organization
62
Communicating Disease
According to the trade magazine ldquoAdvertising Agerdquo the Marlboro man was the most powerful advertising image of the 20th century
Image source httpwwwcdcgovtobaccosgrsgr4kidsadbusthtm retrieved 22306
63
Advertising Strategies
Targeting womenTargeting youthSelling AmericaSponsorship of sporting events and concertsContests and give-awaysBrand stretching
64
Grand Prix
Image source httpwwwnasnasagovAboutEducationRacecardevelopment_emobightml retrieved 22306
Section F
Industry Tactics III Lobbying Legislation and Litigation
66
Lobbying and Legislation
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
67
A Long History of Lobbying
1890mdashTobacco appeared in the US Pharmacopeia(official US government listing of drugs)1905mdashDropped from list before the 1906 Food and Drug Act (legislation that created the Food and Drug Administration)2005mdashFDA cannot regulate nicotine in tobacco
68
Political Lobbying US
Four of the twelve most generous donors to the 2000 Bush Campaign (1 Phillip Morris RJR UST Brown and Williamson)$18 million to federal candidates between 1997 and 2003 minus 82 to Republican candidates and committees
US $43 million spent to counter McCain bill (highest amount ever spent on a sustained issue advocacy campaign in the US)
69
The Latin Project Argentina
Counter regulations aimed at creating smoke-free workplaces and public placesminus September 30 1991mdashNeri Bill approved by Senate
(advertising promotion and sampling ban limit public smoking)
minus Industry campaignmdashmedia debates briefing packages to Senators and the President paid chief scientific advisor to President
minus October 13 1991mdashPresident vetoes law
70
The Czech Republic
June 2001
Philip Morris presents members of the Health and Social Affairs Committee of the Czech Parliament a study concluding that smoking is good for the Czech governments finances because of the savings from early deaths caused by smoking
71
Preemption
ldquoWe could never win at the local level The reason is [that] all of the health advocates the ones that I unfortunately used to call lsquohealth nazisrsquotheyrsquore all local activists who run the little political organizations So the Tobacco Institute and the tobacco companiesrsquo first priority has always been to preempt the field preferably to put it all on the federal level but if they canrsquot do that at least on the state level because the health advocates canrsquot compete with me on the state levelrdquo
mdash Victor Crawford former Maryland state legislator
72
Industry Self-Regulation
British American Tobacco
11 September 2001
INTERNATIONAL TOBACCO PRODUCTS MARKETING STANDARDS
The parties subscribing to these Standards (the ldquoParticipantsrdquo) wish to record their belief that tobacco products should be marketed in a responsible manner and that reasonable measures should be taken to ensure that the promotion and distribution of tobacco products is
bull directed at adult smokers and not at youth and
bull consistent with the principle of informed adult choice
73
International Tobacco Marketing Standards
ldquoWe have analyzed the nine-page agreement and believe that the multinationalsrsquo strategy is proactive and is a way to improve their image rdquoldquoAlso by proactively setting new international tobacco marketing standards the multinationals could be trying to counter a number of proposals that the WHO has been working on to curb the amount of cigarettes that are consumed on an international levelrdquoldquo Interestingly in many countries the existing laws or industry codes are already more restrictive than the provisions of the international marketing standardsrdquo
Source International Tobacco Marketing Standards September 2001
74
Creating the Illusion of Support
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
75
Front Groups
Buying citizen involvement (letter writing phone banking campaigns) by supporting front groups
ldquoHandrdquo of the industry remains hidden
It has been a common practice of Big Tobacco to use third parties or to create front groups to be out in front fighting smokefreepolicies while the industry remains behind the scenes protecting its public image
-Americans for Nonsmokersrsquo Rightshttpwwwno-smokeorggetthefactsphpdp=d21|d23 accessed 22306
76
Industry Front Groups and Allies
Ive learned from experience that as soon as Im identified as a representative of the Tobacco Institute I lose all credibility They just sneer us awayso I try to work behind the scenes whenever I can
- Ron Saldana lobbyist for the Tobacco Institute 82486
Source httpwwwno-smokeorggetthefactsphpdp=d21|d23 accessed 22306
77
International Tobacco Growers Association
ITGAldquo[Establish] ITGA [International Tobacco Growers Association] [as a] front group for our third world lobby activities at WHOrdquo
Source Report of the WHO Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents
Source Report of the WHO Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents
78
Legal and Economic Intimidation
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
79
Intimidating Johns Hopkins
ldquoThe tobacco companies have commenced nothing short of a campaign of harassment against the academic institutions that discovered smoking is injurious to the public healthrdquominus Estelle A Fishbein general
council for Johns Hopkins University
ldquoTobacco Industry in Fight To Get
Universitiesrsquo DataLegal Moves Termed Fishing Expeditionrdquo
-The New York Times Jan 20 2002
80
Industry Harassment
PUBLIC HEALTH MATTERS
Public Health Under Attack The American Stop Smoking Intervention Study (ASSIST) and the
Tobacco Industry
- White J and LA Bero
- The Transnational Tobacco Industry
- Section A
- Describing a Disease
- The Agent
- The Host
- The Vector
- Section B
- Background
- Background
- What Is a ldquoTransnationalrdquo Company
- Major Transnational Tobacco Companies
- Cigarette Production
- Company Size and Wealth
- TNC Sales and Developing Countries
- China National Tobacco Corporation
- A Return to the Past
- Section C
- A Global Market
- Looking Abroad
- Going Abroad
- A Global Business
- Factors Fueling Global Expansion
- Trade Liberalization
- Impact of Trade Liberalization
- Tobacco Leaf Production
- Tobacco Leaf Trade
- Privatization
- Foreign InvestmentmdashUkraine
- Major Company Mergers
- Marlboro Market Share (2001)
- Marlbororsquos Global Penetration
- Section D
- Industry Strategies
- Modeling Industry Activities
- Undermining Science
- Sworn Public Statements
- Confidential Statements
- Buying Science and Intimidation
- The Attack on Meta-Analysis
- Junk Science
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
- Industry Tactics to Undermine IARC
- Philip Morris and SHS
- Japan Tobacco and SHS
- Public Relations
- Public Statements on Youth
- Private Statements on Youth
- Minimum Age 18
- Changing the Issues
- Philanthropy
- Corporate Social Responsibility
- BATS Social Reports
- Today on Addiction
- Today on Addiction
- Public Health Advocates
- Truth in Advertising
- Section E
- Marketing
- Industry Expenditures on Advertising
- Communicating Disease
- Advertising Strategies
- Grand Prix
- Section F
- Lobbying and Legislation
- A Long History of Lobbying
- Political Lobbying US
- The Latin Project Argentina
- The Czech Republic
- Preemption
- Industry Self-Regulation
- International Tobacco Marketing Standards
- Creating the Illusion of Support
- Front Groups
- Industry Front Groups and Allies
- International Tobacco Growers Association
- Legal and Economic Intimidation
- Intimidating Johns Hopkins
- Industry Harassment
-
18
A Return to the Past
Global Cigarette Market Share
31
3000 720
1640
1540
Philip MorrisBATJTIChina TobaccoOther
Data sources 1 Mackay J and M Eriksen 2002 The Tobacco Atlas World Health Organization 2 World Health Organization httpwwwwprowhointmedia_centrepress_releasespr_20050830htm retrieved 3706
Section C
Globalization of the Tobacco Industry
20
A Global Market
0100020003000400050006000
Num
ber o
f ci
gare
ttes
(bill
ions
)
1880189019001910192019301940195019601970198019902000
Year
Global Cigarette Consumption
0200400600800
10001200140016001800
Num
ber o
f ci
gare
ttes
con
sum
ed
in 1
998
(bill
ions
)
Indonesia Russia Japan USA China
Country
Cigarette Consumption - Top 5 countries
Data source Mackay J and Eriksen M 2002 The Tobacco Atlas World Health Organization
21
Looking Abroad
ldquoTobacco exports should be expanded aggressively because Americans are smoking lessrdquo
mdashVice President Dan Quayle (1990)
22
Going Abroad
Accessed on 22106 from the National Center for Tobacco-Free Kids httpwwwtobaccofreekidsorgreportsfalsefriendsphilipmorrisuspdf
23
A Global Business
2004 Revenue amp Profit Splits for British American Tobacco Net Sales
Latin America15
Europe26
Africa amp Middle East13
Asia-Pacific18
America-Pacific28
Data source httpwwwbatcomonewebsitesuk__3mnfennsfvwPagesWebLiveDO59NQAGopendocumentampSID=ampDTC=ampTMP=1 accessed 22106
24
Factors Fueling Global Expansion
Opening of formally closed economies in former Soviet Union Eastern Europe and China
World Bank and IMF pressure to liberalize foreign investment laws and privatize state-owned companies
Expansion of free trade areas
25
Trade Liberalization
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
World Trade Organization (WTO)
Regional Agreements (NAFTA)
26
Impact of Trade Liberalization
Korea (1988ndash1989)184ndash30 in teenage boys16ndash87 teenage girlsminus 6 of market in one year
Taiwan50 increase in high school students in two yearsminus 1 to 20 of annual sales in less than two years
Japan (1990ndash1996)26ndash40 in 17 year old boys 5ndash15 in 17 year old girlsminus 2 to 22 market share in ten years
27
Tobacco Leaf Production
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
Thou
sand
s of
met
ric
tons
China
India
Brazil
USATurk
eyZim
babweIn
donesia
Italy
Greece
MalawiPakista
nArg
entina
Leading Producers of Tobacco Leaves 2001
Data source Mackay J and Eriksen M 2002 The Tobacco Atlas World Health Organization
28
Tobacco Leaf Trade
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Thou
sand
met
ric
tons
Brazil USA Zimbabwe China Turkey India Greece Italy Malawi Argentina
Top 10 Tobacco Leaf Exporters 1999
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Tho
usan
d m
etri
c to
ns
Russia USA Germany UK Netherlands Japan France Ukraine Poland Egypt
Top 10 Tobacco Leaf Importers 1999
Data source Mackay J and Eriksen M 2002 The Tobacco Atlas World Health Organization
29
Privatization
Over 140 mergers and acquisitions between international companies and state-run companies
A few examplesminus 2003 BAT buys Duvanska (Serbia) minus 1997 PM buys Tabaqueira (Portugal)minus 1994 PM buys Kharkov (Ukraine)minus 1993 PM buys Klaipeda (Lithuania)minus 1992 PM buys Czech Tabacminus 1991 BAT buys Hungaryrsquos State company
30
Foreign InvestmentmdashUkraine
Foreign tobacco firms invested $520 million between 1991 and 1999mdash14 of all foreign direct investment
Over 90 manufacturing capacity now run by Western companies
Platform for exporting to other countries throughout Central and Eastern Europe
31
Major Company Mergers
1999 minus BAT buys Rothmansminus Philip Morris buys Liggettminus Japan Tobacco buys RJR International
Transformed size and global reach of largest three companies
32
Marlboro Market Share (2001)
Netherlandsmdash39Francemdash30Germanymdash30Spainmdash155Polandmdash72Russiamdash20Romaniamdash18Saudi Arabiamdash532Mexicomdash425
33
Marlbororsquos Global Penetration
Creditcopy 1993 Lauren Goodsmith Courtesy of Photoshare
Image source httpwwwlibraryuiucedumortensonimagesmarlborojpgaccessed 22106
Section D
Industry Strategies I Science and Public Relations
35
Industry Strategies
Advertising and promotionBuying sciencePublic relationsPhilanthropyLobbyingFront groupsIntimidationLegislation and public policy
36
Modeling Industry Activities
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
37
Undermining Science
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
38
Sworn Public Statements
ldquoI believe nicotine is not addictiverdquo
mdash William Campbell (Phillip Morris US Congressional Hearings 1994)
Image source httpwwwnlmnihgovhmdfrankensteinfrank_promisehtml retrieved 2806
39
Confidential Statements
ldquoNicotine is addictive We are then in the business of selling nicotinemdashan addictive drug effective in the release of stress mechanismsrdquominus Brown and Williamson 1963
ldquohellipBAT should learn to look at itself as a drug company rather than as a tobacco companyrdquominus BAT 1980
ldquo [T]he entire matter of addiction is the most potent weapon a prosecuting attorney can have in a lung cancercigarette case We canrsquot defend continued smoking as lsquofree choicersquo if the person was lsquoaddictedrsquordquominus Tobacco Institute 1980
40
Buying Science and Intimidation
Letters to BMJ regarding the 1981 Hirayama StudyminusMisclassification
Active smokingPassive smoking
minusConfoundingminusStatistical errorminusPlausibility
0
10
20
30
21895 69645 17366
Population at enrollment
Stan
dard
ised
mor
talit
y ra
te fo
r lun
g ca
ncer
pe
r 100
000
32-79
15-50
8-70
Cigarette smokers
Non smoker Familial passive
smoking (-)
Non smoker Familial passive
smoking (+)
Total 108905
(Non smoker wives of non
smoker husbands)
(Non smoker wives of husbands
with smoking habits)
(Women with smoking habits)
Data source Hirayama T 1981 Non-smoking wives of heavy smokers have a higher risk of lung cancer a study from Japan BMJ 282183ndash5
41
The Attack on Meta-Analysis
Tweedie RL amp KL Mengersen 1995 Meta-analytic approaches to dose-response relationships with application in studies of lung cancer and exposure to environmental tobacco smoke Statistics in Medicine 14 545-569
Excerpt from Acknowledgements ndash ldquoThe paper was completed at Colorado State University with partial support from several tobacco companies the methods and analysis here are however entirely those of the authors and should not be otherwise ascribedrdquo
Bailar JC 1997 The promise and problems of meta-analysis New England Journal of Medicine 337 (8) 559-61
Fleiss JL amp AJ Gross 1991 Meta-analysis in epidemiology with special reference to studies of the association between exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and lung cancer a critique Journal of Clinical Epidemiology44 (2) 127-139
Excerpt from Acknowledgements ndash ldquoThis research was supported by a grant from The Tobacco Institute Washington DC USA We thank Dr Myron Weinberg President of the Weinberg GroupWASHTECH for encouraging us to develop this critiquerdquo
42
Junk Science
Gori GB JC Luik Passive Smoke The EPArsquos betrayal of science and
policy The Fraser Institute
Milloy SJ 1995 Science without sense The risky business of public
health research Cato Institute Washington DC
43
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
ldquoThe massive effort launched across the tobacco industry against one scientific
study is remarkablerdquo
Source Ong E K and Glantz S A (2000 April 8) Tobacco industry efforts subverting International Agency for Research on Cancerrsquos second-hand smoke study The Lancet 355 (9211) 1253ndash1259
44
Industry Tactics to Undermine IARC
ldquoDelay the progress andor release of the studyrdquoldquoAffect the wording of its conclusions and official statement of resultsrdquoldquoNeutralize possible negative results of the study rdquoldquoCounteract the potential impact of the study on government policy public opinion and actions by private employers and proprietorsrdquominus WHO Expert Panel on Industry Documents
45
Philip Morris and SHS
ldquoPublic health officials have concluded that secondhand smoke from cigarettes causes disease including lung cancer and heart disease in non-smoking adults as well as causes conditions in children such as asthma respiratory infections cough wheeze otitis media (middle ear infection) and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome In addition public health officials have concluded that secondhand smoke can exacerbate adult asthma and cause eye throat and nasal irritationrdquo
Source Philip Morris USA websitehttpwwwphilipmorrisusacomenhealth_issuessecondhand_smokeaspRetrieved 22106
46
Japan Tobacco and SHS
ldquo available evidence does not support the assertion that environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is harmful to healthrdquo
mdash Japan Tobacco
Source Submission to the WHO Public Hearings on the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control October 2000
47
Public Relations
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
48
Public Statements on Youth
ldquo would be willing to support prevention efforts that affected our bottom line Absolutely if we can come up with a program that prevents all teenagers from smoking cigarettes we would be delighted to see that happen And if that meant that fewer people smoked as adults so be itrdquo
mdash Corky Newton Vice President of Corporate and Youth Responsibility
Programs Brown and Williamson
Source Transcript of meeting with SWAT (Students Working Against Tobacco) US November 6 1999 Cited in PR in the Playground ASH UK 2000
49
Private Statements on Youth
ldquoWe [Philip Morris] refined the objective of a juvenile initiative program as follows maintain and proactively protect our ability to advertise promote and market our products via a juvenile initiativerdquo
ldquoJuvenile initiative = a series of programs and events to discourage juvenile smoking because smoking is an adult decisionrdquo
Source Cathy Leiber (18 May 1995) Philip Morris International Youth Initiatives Bates No 250301901114 Cited in PR in the Playground ASH UK 2000
50
Minimum Age 18
Image source Image source httpkumuicsdhawaiigovhealthhealthy- httpwwwdhssdelawaregovdhssdphlifestylestobaccotpeprtochtm dpcyouthaccesshtml retrieved 21206) retrieved 21206
51
Changing the Issues
Smoking manners
ldquoSmoking is prohibited in public places like railway stations airports museums and art galleries except for designated smoking areas There are some wards (ku in Japanese) that have specific rules in the form of bylaws concerning smoking If these regulations are broken the smoker is liable to pay a fine There is a provision of punishment for smoking on the street or in public places without carrying a portable ashtray as well as for throwing away cigarette buttsrdquo
httpwwwtourismmetrotokyojpenglishbasicbasic09htmlSource accessed 22306
52
Philanthropy
53
Corporate Social Responsibility
ldquohellip Because for us economic performance is not the only measure of our success Honesty integrity and social responsibility are just as important to the way we measure ourselvesrdquominus Philip Morris International
ldquoOur companies are committed to providing consumers with pleasure through excellent products and to demonstrating that we are meeting our commercial goals in ways that are consistent with reasonable societal expectations of a responsible tobacco group in the 21st centuryrdquominus British American Tobacco
54
BATS Social Reports
Argentina AustraliaBrazil GermanyHong KongHungaryJapanKoreaMalaysiaMexicoNew ZealandNigeriaPolandRussiaSouth Africa USA
55
Today on Addiction
PHILIP MORRIS USAPHILIP MORRIS INTERNATIONAL
TOBACCO ISSUESCigarette Smoking Health Issues for Smokers
Cigarette Smoking and AddictionWe agree with the overwhelming medical and scientific consensus that cigarette smoking is addictive It can be very difficult to quit smoking but this should not deter smokers who want to quit from trying to do so
minus httpphilipmorriscomdefaultasp
Continued
56
Today on AddictionPHILIP MORRIS USAPHILIP MORRIS INTERNATIONAL
TOBACCO ISSUESCigarette Smoking Health Issues for Smokers
Cigarette Smoking and Disease in SmokersThere is an overwhelming medical and scientific consensus that cigarette smoking causes lung cancer heart disease emphysema and other serious diseases in smokers Smokers are far more likely to develop serious diseases like lung cancer than non-smokers There is no safe cigarette These are and have been the messages of public health authorities worldwide Smokers and potential smokers should rely on these messages in making all smoking-related decisions
minus httpphilipmorriscomdefaultasp
57
Public Health Advocates
ldquoIntroducing QuitAssistQuitAssist is an information resource sponsored by Philip Morris USA Itrsquos designed to help you connect with a wealth of expert quitting information available ndash usually for free ndash from government agencies universities and respected nonprofit organizations This QuitAssist guide points the way to programs telephone quitlines websites guides and more that can help you find your own path to success
You can also read this guide at QuitAssist Online Log on through wwwphilipmorrisusacom
From there you can link directly to dozens of resources to help you move ahead and leave cigarettes behindrdquo
If you decide to quit smokinghellip
QuitAssistInformation Resource
Philip Morris USA
Never mentions the word ldquoaddictionrdquo
Source httpphilipmorrisusacomenquitassistindex_flashasp accessed 22306
58
Truth in Advertising
Aggressively markets the only legal product that when used as intended by its manufacturers eventually kills half its users
Section E
Industry Tactics II Industry Advertising Promotion and Sponsorship
60
Marketing
ldquoWe refined the objective of a juvenile initiative program as follows Maintain and proactively protect our ability to advertise promote and market our products via a juvenile initiativeldquo
mdash Cathy Leiber PM International 1995
Notes Juvenile initiative = a series of programs and events designed to discourage juvenile smoking because smoking is an adult decision
61
Industry Expenditures on Advertising
0100020003000400050006000700080009000
10000
Am
ount
spe
nt $
mill
ion
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Changes in cigarette marketing expenditure in the USA 1970-99
Data source Mackay J amp M Eriksen 2002 The Tobacco Atlas World Health Organization
62
Communicating Disease
According to the trade magazine ldquoAdvertising Agerdquo the Marlboro man was the most powerful advertising image of the 20th century
Image source httpwwwcdcgovtobaccosgrsgr4kidsadbusthtm retrieved 22306
63
Advertising Strategies
Targeting womenTargeting youthSelling AmericaSponsorship of sporting events and concertsContests and give-awaysBrand stretching
64
Grand Prix
Image source httpwwwnasnasagovAboutEducationRacecardevelopment_emobightml retrieved 22306
Section F
Industry Tactics III Lobbying Legislation and Litigation
66
Lobbying and Legislation
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
67
A Long History of Lobbying
1890mdashTobacco appeared in the US Pharmacopeia(official US government listing of drugs)1905mdashDropped from list before the 1906 Food and Drug Act (legislation that created the Food and Drug Administration)2005mdashFDA cannot regulate nicotine in tobacco
68
Political Lobbying US
Four of the twelve most generous donors to the 2000 Bush Campaign (1 Phillip Morris RJR UST Brown and Williamson)$18 million to federal candidates between 1997 and 2003 minus 82 to Republican candidates and committees
US $43 million spent to counter McCain bill (highest amount ever spent on a sustained issue advocacy campaign in the US)
69
The Latin Project Argentina
Counter regulations aimed at creating smoke-free workplaces and public placesminus September 30 1991mdashNeri Bill approved by Senate
(advertising promotion and sampling ban limit public smoking)
minus Industry campaignmdashmedia debates briefing packages to Senators and the President paid chief scientific advisor to President
minus October 13 1991mdashPresident vetoes law
70
The Czech Republic
June 2001
Philip Morris presents members of the Health and Social Affairs Committee of the Czech Parliament a study concluding that smoking is good for the Czech governments finances because of the savings from early deaths caused by smoking
71
Preemption
ldquoWe could never win at the local level The reason is [that] all of the health advocates the ones that I unfortunately used to call lsquohealth nazisrsquotheyrsquore all local activists who run the little political organizations So the Tobacco Institute and the tobacco companiesrsquo first priority has always been to preempt the field preferably to put it all on the federal level but if they canrsquot do that at least on the state level because the health advocates canrsquot compete with me on the state levelrdquo
mdash Victor Crawford former Maryland state legislator
72
Industry Self-Regulation
British American Tobacco
11 September 2001
INTERNATIONAL TOBACCO PRODUCTS MARKETING STANDARDS
The parties subscribing to these Standards (the ldquoParticipantsrdquo) wish to record their belief that tobacco products should be marketed in a responsible manner and that reasonable measures should be taken to ensure that the promotion and distribution of tobacco products is
bull directed at adult smokers and not at youth and
bull consistent with the principle of informed adult choice
73
International Tobacco Marketing Standards
ldquoWe have analyzed the nine-page agreement and believe that the multinationalsrsquo strategy is proactive and is a way to improve their image rdquoldquoAlso by proactively setting new international tobacco marketing standards the multinationals could be trying to counter a number of proposals that the WHO has been working on to curb the amount of cigarettes that are consumed on an international levelrdquoldquo Interestingly in many countries the existing laws or industry codes are already more restrictive than the provisions of the international marketing standardsrdquo
Source International Tobacco Marketing Standards September 2001
74
Creating the Illusion of Support
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
75
Front Groups
Buying citizen involvement (letter writing phone banking campaigns) by supporting front groups
ldquoHandrdquo of the industry remains hidden
It has been a common practice of Big Tobacco to use third parties or to create front groups to be out in front fighting smokefreepolicies while the industry remains behind the scenes protecting its public image
-Americans for Nonsmokersrsquo Rightshttpwwwno-smokeorggetthefactsphpdp=d21|d23 accessed 22306
76
Industry Front Groups and Allies
Ive learned from experience that as soon as Im identified as a representative of the Tobacco Institute I lose all credibility They just sneer us awayso I try to work behind the scenes whenever I can
- Ron Saldana lobbyist for the Tobacco Institute 82486
Source httpwwwno-smokeorggetthefactsphpdp=d21|d23 accessed 22306
77
International Tobacco Growers Association
ITGAldquo[Establish] ITGA [International Tobacco Growers Association] [as a] front group for our third world lobby activities at WHOrdquo
Source Report of the WHO Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents
Source Report of the WHO Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents
78
Legal and Economic Intimidation
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
79
Intimidating Johns Hopkins
ldquoThe tobacco companies have commenced nothing short of a campaign of harassment against the academic institutions that discovered smoking is injurious to the public healthrdquominus Estelle A Fishbein general
council for Johns Hopkins University
ldquoTobacco Industry in Fight To Get
Universitiesrsquo DataLegal Moves Termed Fishing Expeditionrdquo
-The New York Times Jan 20 2002
80
Industry Harassment
PUBLIC HEALTH MATTERS
Public Health Under Attack The American Stop Smoking Intervention Study (ASSIST) and the
Tobacco Industry
- White J and LA Bero
- The Transnational Tobacco Industry
- Section A
- Describing a Disease
- The Agent
- The Host
- The Vector
- Section B
- Background
- Background
- What Is a ldquoTransnationalrdquo Company
- Major Transnational Tobacco Companies
- Cigarette Production
- Company Size and Wealth
- TNC Sales and Developing Countries
- China National Tobacco Corporation
- A Return to the Past
- Section C
- A Global Market
- Looking Abroad
- Going Abroad
- A Global Business
- Factors Fueling Global Expansion
- Trade Liberalization
- Impact of Trade Liberalization
- Tobacco Leaf Production
- Tobacco Leaf Trade
- Privatization
- Foreign InvestmentmdashUkraine
- Major Company Mergers
- Marlboro Market Share (2001)
- Marlbororsquos Global Penetration
- Section D
- Industry Strategies
- Modeling Industry Activities
- Undermining Science
- Sworn Public Statements
- Confidential Statements
- Buying Science and Intimidation
- The Attack on Meta-Analysis
- Junk Science
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
- Industry Tactics to Undermine IARC
- Philip Morris and SHS
- Japan Tobacco and SHS
- Public Relations
- Public Statements on Youth
- Private Statements on Youth
- Minimum Age 18
- Changing the Issues
- Philanthropy
- Corporate Social Responsibility
- BATS Social Reports
- Today on Addiction
- Today on Addiction
- Public Health Advocates
- Truth in Advertising
- Section E
- Marketing
- Industry Expenditures on Advertising
- Communicating Disease
- Advertising Strategies
- Grand Prix
- Section F
- Lobbying and Legislation
- A Long History of Lobbying
- Political Lobbying US
- The Latin Project Argentina
- The Czech Republic
- Preemption
- Industry Self-Regulation
- International Tobacco Marketing Standards
- Creating the Illusion of Support
- Front Groups
- Industry Front Groups and Allies
- International Tobacco Growers Association
- Legal and Economic Intimidation
- Intimidating Johns Hopkins
- Industry Harassment
-
Section C
Globalization of the Tobacco Industry
20
A Global Market
0100020003000400050006000
Num
ber o
f ci
gare
ttes
(bill
ions
)
1880189019001910192019301940195019601970198019902000
Year
Global Cigarette Consumption
0200400600800
10001200140016001800
Num
ber o
f ci
gare
ttes
con
sum
ed
in 1
998
(bill
ions
)
Indonesia Russia Japan USA China
Country
Cigarette Consumption - Top 5 countries
Data source Mackay J and Eriksen M 2002 The Tobacco Atlas World Health Organization
21
Looking Abroad
ldquoTobacco exports should be expanded aggressively because Americans are smoking lessrdquo
mdashVice President Dan Quayle (1990)
22
Going Abroad
Accessed on 22106 from the National Center for Tobacco-Free Kids httpwwwtobaccofreekidsorgreportsfalsefriendsphilipmorrisuspdf
23
A Global Business
2004 Revenue amp Profit Splits for British American Tobacco Net Sales
Latin America15
Europe26
Africa amp Middle East13
Asia-Pacific18
America-Pacific28
Data source httpwwwbatcomonewebsitesuk__3mnfennsfvwPagesWebLiveDO59NQAGopendocumentampSID=ampDTC=ampTMP=1 accessed 22106
24
Factors Fueling Global Expansion
Opening of formally closed economies in former Soviet Union Eastern Europe and China
World Bank and IMF pressure to liberalize foreign investment laws and privatize state-owned companies
Expansion of free trade areas
25
Trade Liberalization
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
World Trade Organization (WTO)
Regional Agreements (NAFTA)
26
Impact of Trade Liberalization
Korea (1988ndash1989)184ndash30 in teenage boys16ndash87 teenage girlsminus 6 of market in one year
Taiwan50 increase in high school students in two yearsminus 1 to 20 of annual sales in less than two years
Japan (1990ndash1996)26ndash40 in 17 year old boys 5ndash15 in 17 year old girlsminus 2 to 22 market share in ten years
27
Tobacco Leaf Production
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
Thou
sand
s of
met
ric
tons
China
India
Brazil
USATurk
eyZim
babweIn
donesia
Italy
Greece
MalawiPakista
nArg
entina
Leading Producers of Tobacco Leaves 2001
Data source Mackay J and Eriksen M 2002 The Tobacco Atlas World Health Organization
28
Tobacco Leaf Trade
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Thou
sand
met
ric
tons
Brazil USA Zimbabwe China Turkey India Greece Italy Malawi Argentina
Top 10 Tobacco Leaf Exporters 1999
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Tho
usan
d m
etri
c to
ns
Russia USA Germany UK Netherlands Japan France Ukraine Poland Egypt
Top 10 Tobacco Leaf Importers 1999
Data source Mackay J and Eriksen M 2002 The Tobacco Atlas World Health Organization
29
Privatization
Over 140 mergers and acquisitions between international companies and state-run companies
A few examplesminus 2003 BAT buys Duvanska (Serbia) minus 1997 PM buys Tabaqueira (Portugal)minus 1994 PM buys Kharkov (Ukraine)minus 1993 PM buys Klaipeda (Lithuania)minus 1992 PM buys Czech Tabacminus 1991 BAT buys Hungaryrsquos State company
30
Foreign InvestmentmdashUkraine
Foreign tobacco firms invested $520 million between 1991 and 1999mdash14 of all foreign direct investment
Over 90 manufacturing capacity now run by Western companies
Platform for exporting to other countries throughout Central and Eastern Europe
31
Major Company Mergers
1999 minus BAT buys Rothmansminus Philip Morris buys Liggettminus Japan Tobacco buys RJR International
Transformed size and global reach of largest three companies
32
Marlboro Market Share (2001)
Netherlandsmdash39Francemdash30Germanymdash30Spainmdash155Polandmdash72Russiamdash20Romaniamdash18Saudi Arabiamdash532Mexicomdash425
33
Marlbororsquos Global Penetration
Creditcopy 1993 Lauren Goodsmith Courtesy of Photoshare
Image source httpwwwlibraryuiucedumortensonimagesmarlborojpgaccessed 22106
Section D
Industry Strategies I Science and Public Relations
35
Industry Strategies
Advertising and promotionBuying sciencePublic relationsPhilanthropyLobbyingFront groupsIntimidationLegislation and public policy
36
Modeling Industry Activities
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
37
Undermining Science
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
38
Sworn Public Statements
ldquoI believe nicotine is not addictiverdquo
mdash William Campbell (Phillip Morris US Congressional Hearings 1994)
Image source httpwwwnlmnihgovhmdfrankensteinfrank_promisehtml retrieved 2806
39
Confidential Statements
ldquoNicotine is addictive We are then in the business of selling nicotinemdashan addictive drug effective in the release of stress mechanismsrdquominus Brown and Williamson 1963
ldquohellipBAT should learn to look at itself as a drug company rather than as a tobacco companyrdquominus BAT 1980
ldquo [T]he entire matter of addiction is the most potent weapon a prosecuting attorney can have in a lung cancercigarette case We canrsquot defend continued smoking as lsquofree choicersquo if the person was lsquoaddictedrsquordquominus Tobacco Institute 1980
40
Buying Science and Intimidation
Letters to BMJ regarding the 1981 Hirayama StudyminusMisclassification
Active smokingPassive smoking
minusConfoundingminusStatistical errorminusPlausibility
0
10
20
30
21895 69645 17366
Population at enrollment
Stan
dard
ised
mor
talit
y ra
te fo
r lun
g ca
ncer
pe
r 100
000
32-79
15-50
8-70
Cigarette smokers
Non smoker Familial passive
smoking (-)
Non smoker Familial passive
smoking (+)
Total 108905
(Non smoker wives of non
smoker husbands)
(Non smoker wives of husbands
with smoking habits)
(Women with smoking habits)
Data source Hirayama T 1981 Non-smoking wives of heavy smokers have a higher risk of lung cancer a study from Japan BMJ 282183ndash5
41
The Attack on Meta-Analysis
Tweedie RL amp KL Mengersen 1995 Meta-analytic approaches to dose-response relationships with application in studies of lung cancer and exposure to environmental tobacco smoke Statistics in Medicine 14 545-569
Excerpt from Acknowledgements ndash ldquoThe paper was completed at Colorado State University with partial support from several tobacco companies the methods and analysis here are however entirely those of the authors and should not be otherwise ascribedrdquo
Bailar JC 1997 The promise and problems of meta-analysis New England Journal of Medicine 337 (8) 559-61
Fleiss JL amp AJ Gross 1991 Meta-analysis in epidemiology with special reference to studies of the association between exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and lung cancer a critique Journal of Clinical Epidemiology44 (2) 127-139
Excerpt from Acknowledgements ndash ldquoThis research was supported by a grant from The Tobacco Institute Washington DC USA We thank Dr Myron Weinberg President of the Weinberg GroupWASHTECH for encouraging us to develop this critiquerdquo
42
Junk Science
Gori GB JC Luik Passive Smoke The EPArsquos betrayal of science and
policy The Fraser Institute
Milloy SJ 1995 Science without sense The risky business of public
health research Cato Institute Washington DC
43
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
ldquoThe massive effort launched across the tobacco industry against one scientific
study is remarkablerdquo
Source Ong E K and Glantz S A (2000 April 8) Tobacco industry efforts subverting International Agency for Research on Cancerrsquos second-hand smoke study The Lancet 355 (9211) 1253ndash1259
44
Industry Tactics to Undermine IARC
ldquoDelay the progress andor release of the studyrdquoldquoAffect the wording of its conclusions and official statement of resultsrdquoldquoNeutralize possible negative results of the study rdquoldquoCounteract the potential impact of the study on government policy public opinion and actions by private employers and proprietorsrdquominus WHO Expert Panel on Industry Documents
45
Philip Morris and SHS
ldquoPublic health officials have concluded that secondhand smoke from cigarettes causes disease including lung cancer and heart disease in non-smoking adults as well as causes conditions in children such as asthma respiratory infections cough wheeze otitis media (middle ear infection) and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome In addition public health officials have concluded that secondhand smoke can exacerbate adult asthma and cause eye throat and nasal irritationrdquo
Source Philip Morris USA websitehttpwwwphilipmorrisusacomenhealth_issuessecondhand_smokeaspRetrieved 22106
46
Japan Tobacco and SHS
ldquo available evidence does not support the assertion that environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is harmful to healthrdquo
mdash Japan Tobacco
Source Submission to the WHO Public Hearings on the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control October 2000
47
Public Relations
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
48
Public Statements on Youth
ldquo would be willing to support prevention efforts that affected our bottom line Absolutely if we can come up with a program that prevents all teenagers from smoking cigarettes we would be delighted to see that happen And if that meant that fewer people smoked as adults so be itrdquo
mdash Corky Newton Vice President of Corporate and Youth Responsibility
Programs Brown and Williamson
Source Transcript of meeting with SWAT (Students Working Against Tobacco) US November 6 1999 Cited in PR in the Playground ASH UK 2000
49
Private Statements on Youth
ldquoWe [Philip Morris] refined the objective of a juvenile initiative program as follows maintain and proactively protect our ability to advertise promote and market our products via a juvenile initiativerdquo
ldquoJuvenile initiative = a series of programs and events to discourage juvenile smoking because smoking is an adult decisionrdquo
Source Cathy Leiber (18 May 1995) Philip Morris International Youth Initiatives Bates No 250301901114 Cited in PR in the Playground ASH UK 2000
50
Minimum Age 18
Image source Image source httpkumuicsdhawaiigovhealthhealthy- httpwwwdhssdelawaregovdhssdphlifestylestobaccotpeprtochtm dpcyouthaccesshtml retrieved 21206) retrieved 21206
51
Changing the Issues
Smoking manners
ldquoSmoking is prohibited in public places like railway stations airports museums and art galleries except for designated smoking areas There are some wards (ku in Japanese) that have specific rules in the form of bylaws concerning smoking If these regulations are broken the smoker is liable to pay a fine There is a provision of punishment for smoking on the street or in public places without carrying a portable ashtray as well as for throwing away cigarette buttsrdquo
httpwwwtourismmetrotokyojpenglishbasicbasic09htmlSource accessed 22306
52
Philanthropy
53
Corporate Social Responsibility
ldquohellip Because for us economic performance is not the only measure of our success Honesty integrity and social responsibility are just as important to the way we measure ourselvesrdquominus Philip Morris International
ldquoOur companies are committed to providing consumers with pleasure through excellent products and to demonstrating that we are meeting our commercial goals in ways that are consistent with reasonable societal expectations of a responsible tobacco group in the 21st centuryrdquominus British American Tobacco
54
BATS Social Reports
Argentina AustraliaBrazil GermanyHong KongHungaryJapanKoreaMalaysiaMexicoNew ZealandNigeriaPolandRussiaSouth Africa USA
55
Today on Addiction
PHILIP MORRIS USAPHILIP MORRIS INTERNATIONAL
TOBACCO ISSUESCigarette Smoking Health Issues for Smokers
Cigarette Smoking and AddictionWe agree with the overwhelming medical and scientific consensus that cigarette smoking is addictive It can be very difficult to quit smoking but this should not deter smokers who want to quit from trying to do so
minus httpphilipmorriscomdefaultasp
Continued
56
Today on AddictionPHILIP MORRIS USAPHILIP MORRIS INTERNATIONAL
TOBACCO ISSUESCigarette Smoking Health Issues for Smokers
Cigarette Smoking and Disease in SmokersThere is an overwhelming medical and scientific consensus that cigarette smoking causes lung cancer heart disease emphysema and other serious diseases in smokers Smokers are far more likely to develop serious diseases like lung cancer than non-smokers There is no safe cigarette These are and have been the messages of public health authorities worldwide Smokers and potential smokers should rely on these messages in making all smoking-related decisions
minus httpphilipmorriscomdefaultasp
57
Public Health Advocates
ldquoIntroducing QuitAssistQuitAssist is an information resource sponsored by Philip Morris USA Itrsquos designed to help you connect with a wealth of expert quitting information available ndash usually for free ndash from government agencies universities and respected nonprofit organizations This QuitAssist guide points the way to programs telephone quitlines websites guides and more that can help you find your own path to success
You can also read this guide at QuitAssist Online Log on through wwwphilipmorrisusacom
From there you can link directly to dozens of resources to help you move ahead and leave cigarettes behindrdquo
If you decide to quit smokinghellip
QuitAssistInformation Resource
Philip Morris USA
Never mentions the word ldquoaddictionrdquo
Source httpphilipmorrisusacomenquitassistindex_flashasp accessed 22306
58
Truth in Advertising
Aggressively markets the only legal product that when used as intended by its manufacturers eventually kills half its users
Section E
Industry Tactics II Industry Advertising Promotion and Sponsorship
60
Marketing
ldquoWe refined the objective of a juvenile initiative program as follows Maintain and proactively protect our ability to advertise promote and market our products via a juvenile initiativeldquo
mdash Cathy Leiber PM International 1995
Notes Juvenile initiative = a series of programs and events designed to discourage juvenile smoking because smoking is an adult decision
61
Industry Expenditures on Advertising
0100020003000400050006000700080009000
10000
Am
ount
spe
nt $
mill
ion
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Changes in cigarette marketing expenditure in the USA 1970-99
Data source Mackay J amp M Eriksen 2002 The Tobacco Atlas World Health Organization
62
Communicating Disease
According to the trade magazine ldquoAdvertising Agerdquo the Marlboro man was the most powerful advertising image of the 20th century
Image source httpwwwcdcgovtobaccosgrsgr4kidsadbusthtm retrieved 22306
63
Advertising Strategies
Targeting womenTargeting youthSelling AmericaSponsorship of sporting events and concertsContests and give-awaysBrand stretching
64
Grand Prix
Image source httpwwwnasnasagovAboutEducationRacecardevelopment_emobightml retrieved 22306
Section F
Industry Tactics III Lobbying Legislation and Litigation
66
Lobbying and Legislation
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
67
A Long History of Lobbying
1890mdashTobacco appeared in the US Pharmacopeia(official US government listing of drugs)1905mdashDropped from list before the 1906 Food and Drug Act (legislation that created the Food and Drug Administration)2005mdashFDA cannot regulate nicotine in tobacco
68
Political Lobbying US
Four of the twelve most generous donors to the 2000 Bush Campaign (1 Phillip Morris RJR UST Brown and Williamson)$18 million to federal candidates between 1997 and 2003 minus 82 to Republican candidates and committees
US $43 million spent to counter McCain bill (highest amount ever spent on a sustained issue advocacy campaign in the US)
69
The Latin Project Argentina
Counter regulations aimed at creating smoke-free workplaces and public placesminus September 30 1991mdashNeri Bill approved by Senate
(advertising promotion and sampling ban limit public smoking)
minus Industry campaignmdashmedia debates briefing packages to Senators and the President paid chief scientific advisor to President
minus October 13 1991mdashPresident vetoes law
70
The Czech Republic
June 2001
Philip Morris presents members of the Health and Social Affairs Committee of the Czech Parliament a study concluding that smoking is good for the Czech governments finances because of the savings from early deaths caused by smoking
71
Preemption
ldquoWe could never win at the local level The reason is [that] all of the health advocates the ones that I unfortunately used to call lsquohealth nazisrsquotheyrsquore all local activists who run the little political organizations So the Tobacco Institute and the tobacco companiesrsquo first priority has always been to preempt the field preferably to put it all on the federal level but if they canrsquot do that at least on the state level because the health advocates canrsquot compete with me on the state levelrdquo
mdash Victor Crawford former Maryland state legislator
72
Industry Self-Regulation
British American Tobacco
11 September 2001
INTERNATIONAL TOBACCO PRODUCTS MARKETING STANDARDS
The parties subscribing to these Standards (the ldquoParticipantsrdquo) wish to record their belief that tobacco products should be marketed in a responsible manner and that reasonable measures should be taken to ensure that the promotion and distribution of tobacco products is
bull directed at adult smokers and not at youth and
bull consistent with the principle of informed adult choice
73
International Tobacco Marketing Standards
ldquoWe have analyzed the nine-page agreement and believe that the multinationalsrsquo strategy is proactive and is a way to improve their image rdquoldquoAlso by proactively setting new international tobacco marketing standards the multinationals could be trying to counter a number of proposals that the WHO has been working on to curb the amount of cigarettes that are consumed on an international levelrdquoldquo Interestingly in many countries the existing laws or industry codes are already more restrictive than the provisions of the international marketing standardsrdquo
Source International Tobacco Marketing Standards September 2001
74
Creating the Illusion of Support
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
75
Front Groups
Buying citizen involvement (letter writing phone banking campaigns) by supporting front groups
ldquoHandrdquo of the industry remains hidden
It has been a common practice of Big Tobacco to use third parties or to create front groups to be out in front fighting smokefreepolicies while the industry remains behind the scenes protecting its public image
-Americans for Nonsmokersrsquo Rightshttpwwwno-smokeorggetthefactsphpdp=d21|d23 accessed 22306
76
Industry Front Groups and Allies
Ive learned from experience that as soon as Im identified as a representative of the Tobacco Institute I lose all credibility They just sneer us awayso I try to work behind the scenes whenever I can
- Ron Saldana lobbyist for the Tobacco Institute 82486
Source httpwwwno-smokeorggetthefactsphpdp=d21|d23 accessed 22306
77
International Tobacco Growers Association
ITGAldquo[Establish] ITGA [International Tobacco Growers Association] [as a] front group for our third world lobby activities at WHOrdquo
Source Report of the WHO Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents
Source Report of the WHO Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents
78
Legal and Economic Intimidation
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
79
Intimidating Johns Hopkins
ldquoThe tobacco companies have commenced nothing short of a campaign of harassment against the academic institutions that discovered smoking is injurious to the public healthrdquominus Estelle A Fishbein general
council for Johns Hopkins University
ldquoTobacco Industry in Fight To Get
Universitiesrsquo DataLegal Moves Termed Fishing Expeditionrdquo
-The New York Times Jan 20 2002
80
Industry Harassment
PUBLIC HEALTH MATTERS
Public Health Under Attack The American Stop Smoking Intervention Study (ASSIST) and the
Tobacco Industry
- White J and LA Bero
- The Transnational Tobacco Industry
- Section A
- Describing a Disease
- The Agent
- The Host
- The Vector
- Section B
- Background
- Background
- What Is a ldquoTransnationalrdquo Company
- Major Transnational Tobacco Companies
- Cigarette Production
- Company Size and Wealth
- TNC Sales and Developing Countries
- China National Tobacco Corporation
- A Return to the Past
- Section C
- A Global Market
- Looking Abroad
- Going Abroad
- A Global Business
- Factors Fueling Global Expansion
- Trade Liberalization
- Impact of Trade Liberalization
- Tobacco Leaf Production
- Tobacco Leaf Trade
- Privatization
- Foreign InvestmentmdashUkraine
- Major Company Mergers
- Marlboro Market Share (2001)
- Marlbororsquos Global Penetration
- Section D
- Industry Strategies
- Modeling Industry Activities
- Undermining Science
- Sworn Public Statements
- Confidential Statements
- Buying Science and Intimidation
- The Attack on Meta-Analysis
- Junk Science
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
- Industry Tactics to Undermine IARC
- Philip Morris and SHS
- Japan Tobacco and SHS
- Public Relations
- Public Statements on Youth
- Private Statements on Youth
- Minimum Age 18
- Changing the Issues
- Philanthropy
- Corporate Social Responsibility
- BATS Social Reports
- Today on Addiction
- Today on Addiction
- Public Health Advocates
- Truth in Advertising
- Section E
- Marketing
- Industry Expenditures on Advertising
- Communicating Disease
- Advertising Strategies
- Grand Prix
- Section F
- Lobbying and Legislation
- A Long History of Lobbying
- Political Lobbying US
- The Latin Project Argentina
- The Czech Republic
- Preemption
- Industry Self-Regulation
- International Tobacco Marketing Standards
- Creating the Illusion of Support
- Front Groups
- Industry Front Groups and Allies
- International Tobacco Growers Association
- Legal and Economic Intimidation
- Intimidating Johns Hopkins
- Industry Harassment
-
20
A Global Market
0100020003000400050006000
Num
ber o
f ci
gare
ttes
(bill
ions
)
1880189019001910192019301940195019601970198019902000
Year
Global Cigarette Consumption
0200400600800
10001200140016001800
Num
ber o
f ci
gare
ttes
con
sum
ed
in 1
998
(bill
ions
)
Indonesia Russia Japan USA China
Country
Cigarette Consumption - Top 5 countries
Data source Mackay J and Eriksen M 2002 The Tobacco Atlas World Health Organization
21
Looking Abroad
ldquoTobacco exports should be expanded aggressively because Americans are smoking lessrdquo
mdashVice President Dan Quayle (1990)
22
Going Abroad
Accessed on 22106 from the National Center for Tobacco-Free Kids httpwwwtobaccofreekidsorgreportsfalsefriendsphilipmorrisuspdf
23
A Global Business
2004 Revenue amp Profit Splits for British American Tobacco Net Sales
Latin America15
Europe26
Africa amp Middle East13
Asia-Pacific18
America-Pacific28
Data source httpwwwbatcomonewebsitesuk__3mnfennsfvwPagesWebLiveDO59NQAGopendocumentampSID=ampDTC=ampTMP=1 accessed 22106
24
Factors Fueling Global Expansion
Opening of formally closed economies in former Soviet Union Eastern Europe and China
World Bank and IMF pressure to liberalize foreign investment laws and privatize state-owned companies
Expansion of free trade areas
25
Trade Liberalization
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
World Trade Organization (WTO)
Regional Agreements (NAFTA)
26
Impact of Trade Liberalization
Korea (1988ndash1989)184ndash30 in teenage boys16ndash87 teenage girlsminus 6 of market in one year
Taiwan50 increase in high school students in two yearsminus 1 to 20 of annual sales in less than two years
Japan (1990ndash1996)26ndash40 in 17 year old boys 5ndash15 in 17 year old girlsminus 2 to 22 market share in ten years
27
Tobacco Leaf Production
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
Thou
sand
s of
met
ric
tons
China
India
Brazil
USATurk
eyZim
babweIn
donesia
Italy
Greece
MalawiPakista
nArg
entina
Leading Producers of Tobacco Leaves 2001
Data source Mackay J and Eriksen M 2002 The Tobacco Atlas World Health Organization
28
Tobacco Leaf Trade
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Thou
sand
met
ric
tons
Brazil USA Zimbabwe China Turkey India Greece Italy Malawi Argentina
Top 10 Tobacco Leaf Exporters 1999
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Tho
usan
d m
etri
c to
ns
Russia USA Germany UK Netherlands Japan France Ukraine Poland Egypt
Top 10 Tobacco Leaf Importers 1999
Data source Mackay J and Eriksen M 2002 The Tobacco Atlas World Health Organization
29
Privatization
Over 140 mergers and acquisitions between international companies and state-run companies
A few examplesminus 2003 BAT buys Duvanska (Serbia) minus 1997 PM buys Tabaqueira (Portugal)minus 1994 PM buys Kharkov (Ukraine)minus 1993 PM buys Klaipeda (Lithuania)minus 1992 PM buys Czech Tabacminus 1991 BAT buys Hungaryrsquos State company
30
Foreign InvestmentmdashUkraine
Foreign tobacco firms invested $520 million between 1991 and 1999mdash14 of all foreign direct investment
Over 90 manufacturing capacity now run by Western companies
Platform for exporting to other countries throughout Central and Eastern Europe
31
Major Company Mergers
1999 minus BAT buys Rothmansminus Philip Morris buys Liggettminus Japan Tobacco buys RJR International
Transformed size and global reach of largest three companies
32
Marlboro Market Share (2001)
Netherlandsmdash39Francemdash30Germanymdash30Spainmdash155Polandmdash72Russiamdash20Romaniamdash18Saudi Arabiamdash532Mexicomdash425
33
Marlbororsquos Global Penetration
Creditcopy 1993 Lauren Goodsmith Courtesy of Photoshare
Image source httpwwwlibraryuiucedumortensonimagesmarlborojpgaccessed 22106
Section D
Industry Strategies I Science and Public Relations
35
Industry Strategies
Advertising and promotionBuying sciencePublic relationsPhilanthropyLobbyingFront groupsIntimidationLegislation and public policy
36
Modeling Industry Activities
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
37
Undermining Science
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
38
Sworn Public Statements
ldquoI believe nicotine is not addictiverdquo
mdash William Campbell (Phillip Morris US Congressional Hearings 1994)
Image source httpwwwnlmnihgovhmdfrankensteinfrank_promisehtml retrieved 2806
39
Confidential Statements
ldquoNicotine is addictive We are then in the business of selling nicotinemdashan addictive drug effective in the release of stress mechanismsrdquominus Brown and Williamson 1963
ldquohellipBAT should learn to look at itself as a drug company rather than as a tobacco companyrdquominus BAT 1980
ldquo [T]he entire matter of addiction is the most potent weapon a prosecuting attorney can have in a lung cancercigarette case We canrsquot defend continued smoking as lsquofree choicersquo if the person was lsquoaddictedrsquordquominus Tobacco Institute 1980
40
Buying Science and Intimidation
Letters to BMJ regarding the 1981 Hirayama StudyminusMisclassification
Active smokingPassive smoking
minusConfoundingminusStatistical errorminusPlausibility
0
10
20
30
21895 69645 17366
Population at enrollment
Stan
dard
ised
mor
talit
y ra
te fo
r lun
g ca
ncer
pe
r 100
000
32-79
15-50
8-70
Cigarette smokers
Non smoker Familial passive
smoking (-)
Non smoker Familial passive
smoking (+)
Total 108905
(Non smoker wives of non
smoker husbands)
(Non smoker wives of husbands
with smoking habits)
(Women with smoking habits)
Data source Hirayama T 1981 Non-smoking wives of heavy smokers have a higher risk of lung cancer a study from Japan BMJ 282183ndash5
41
The Attack on Meta-Analysis
Tweedie RL amp KL Mengersen 1995 Meta-analytic approaches to dose-response relationships with application in studies of lung cancer and exposure to environmental tobacco smoke Statistics in Medicine 14 545-569
Excerpt from Acknowledgements ndash ldquoThe paper was completed at Colorado State University with partial support from several tobacco companies the methods and analysis here are however entirely those of the authors and should not be otherwise ascribedrdquo
Bailar JC 1997 The promise and problems of meta-analysis New England Journal of Medicine 337 (8) 559-61
Fleiss JL amp AJ Gross 1991 Meta-analysis in epidemiology with special reference to studies of the association between exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and lung cancer a critique Journal of Clinical Epidemiology44 (2) 127-139
Excerpt from Acknowledgements ndash ldquoThis research was supported by a grant from The Tobacco Institute Washington DC USA We thank Dr Myron Weinberg President of the Weinberg GroupWASHTECH for encouraging us to develop this critiquerdquo
42
Junk Science
Gori GB JC Luik Passive Smoke The EPArsquos betrayal of science and
policy The Fraser Institute
Milloy SJ 1995 Science without sense The risky business of public
health research Cato Institute Washington DC
43
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
ldquoThe massive effort launched across the tobacco industry against one scientific
study is remarkablerdquo
Source Ong E K and Glantz S A (2000 April 8) Tobacco industry efforts subverting International Agency for Research on Cancerrsquos second-hand smoke study The Lancet 355 (9211) 1253ndash1259
44
Industry Tactics to Undermine IARC
ldquoDelay the progress andor release of the studyrdquoldquoAffect the wording of its conclusions and official statement of resultsrdquoldquoNeutralize possible negative results of the study rdquoldquoCounteract the potential impact of the study on government policy public opinion and actions by private employers and proprietorsrdquominus WHO Expert Panel on Industry Documents
45
Philip Morris and SHS
ldquoPublic health officials have concluded that secondhand smoke from cigarettes causes disease including lung cancer and heart disease in non-smoking adults as well as causes conditions in children such as asthma respiratory infections cough wheeze otitis media (middle ear infection) and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome In addition public health officials have concluded that secondhand smoke can exacerbate adult asthma and cause eye throat and nasal irritationrdquo
Source Philip Morris USA websitehttpwwwphilipmorrisusacomenhealth_issuessecondhand_smokeaspRetrieved 22106
46
Japan Tobacco and SHS
ldquo available evidence does not support the assertion that environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is harmful to healthrdquo
mdash Japan Tobacco
Source Submission to the WHO Public Hearings on the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control October 2000
47
Public Relations
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
48
Public Statements on Youth
ldquo would be willing to support prevention efforts that affected our bottom line Absolutely if we can come up with a program that prevents all teenagers from smoking cigarettes we would be delighted to see that happen And if that meant that fewer people smoked as adults so be itrdquo
mdash Corky Newton Vice President of Corporate and Youth Responsibility
Programs Brown and Williamson
Source Transcript of meeting with SWAT (Students Working Against Tobacco) US November 6 1999 Cited in PR in the Playground ASH UK 2000
49
Private Statements on Youth
ldquoWe [Philip Morris] refined the objective of a juvenile initiative program as follows maintain and proactively protect our ability to advertise promote and market our products via a juvenile initiativerdquo
ldquoJuvenile initiative = a series of programs and events to discourage juvenile smoking because smoking is an adult decisionrdquo
Source Cathy Leiber (18 May 1995) Philip Morris International Youth Initiatives Bates No 250301901114 Cited in PR in the Playground ASH UK 2000
50
Minimum Age 18
Image source Image source httpkumuicsdhawaiigovhealthhealthy- httpwwwdhssdelawaregovdhssdphlifestylestobaccotpeprtochtm dpcyouthaccesshtml retrieved 21206) retrieved 21206
51
Changing the Issues
Smoking manners
ldquoSmoking is prohibited in public places like railway stations airports museums and art galleries except for designated smoking areas There are some wards (ku in Japanese) that have specific rules in the form of bylaws concerning smoking If these regulations are broken the smoker is liable to pay a fine There is a provision of punishment for smoking on the street or in public places without carrying a portable ashtray as well as for throwing away cigarette buttsrdquo
httpwwwtourismmetrotokyojpenglishbasicbasic09htmlSource accessed 22306
52
Philanthropy
53
Corporate Social Responsibility
ldquohellip Because for us economic performance is not the only measure of our success Honesty integrity and social responsibility are just as important to the way we measure ourselvesrdquominus Philip Morris International
ldquoOur companies are committed to providing consumers with pleasure through excellent products and to demonstrating that we are meeting our commercial goals in ways that are consistent with reasonable societal expectations of a responsible tobacco group in the 21st centuryrdquominus British American Tobacco
54
BATS Social Reports
Argentina AustraliaBrazil GermanyHong KongHungaryJapanKoreaMalaysiaMexicoNew ZealandNigeriaPolandRussiaSouth Africa USA
55
Today on Addiction
PHILIP MORRIS USAPHILIP MORRIS INTERNATIONAL
TOBACCO ISSUESCigarette Smoking Health Issues for Smokers
Cigarette Smoking and AddictionWe agree with the overwhelming medical and scientific consensus that cigarette smoking is addictive It can be very difficult to quit smoking but this should not deter smokers who want to quit from trying to do so
minus httpphilipmorriscomdefaultasp
Continued
56
Today on AddictionPHILIP MORRIS USAPHILIP MORRIS INTERNATIONAL
TOBACCO ISSUESCigarette Smoking Health Issues for Smokers
Cigarette Smoking and Disease in SmokersThere is an overwhelming medical and scientific consensus that cigarette smoking causes lung cancer heart disease emphysema and other serious diseases in smokers Smokers are far more likely to develop serious diseases like lung cancer than non-smokers There is no safe cigarette These are and have been the messages of public health authorities worldwide Smokers and potential smokers should rely on these messages in making all smoking-related decisions
minus httpphilipmorriscomdefaultasp
57
Public Health Advocates
ldquoIntroducing QuitAssistQuitAssist is an information resource sponsored by Philip Morris USA Itrsquos designed to help you connect with a wealth of expert quitting information available ndash usually for free ndash from government agencies universities and respected nonprofit organizations This QuitAssist guide points the way to programs telephone quitlines websites guides and more that can help you find your own path to success
You can also read this guide at QuitAssist Online Log on through wwwphilipmorrisusacom
From there you can link directly to dozens of resources to help you move ahead and leave cigarettes behindrdquo
If you decide to quit smokinghellip
QuitAssistInformation Resource
Philip Morris USA
Never mentions the word ldquoaddictionrdquo
Source httpphilipmorrisusacomenquitassistindex_flashasp accessed 22306
58
Truth in Advertising
Aggressively markets the only legal product that when used as intended by its manufacturers eventually kills half its users
Section E
Industry Tactics II Industry Advertising Promotion and Sponsorship
60
Marketing
ldquoWe refined the objective of a juvenile initiative program as follows Maintain and proactively protect our ability to advertise promote and market our products via a juvenile initiativeldquo
mdash Cathy Leiber PM International 1995
Notes Juvenile initiative = a series of programs and events designed to discourage juvenile smoking because smoking is an adult decision
61
Industry Expenditures on Advertising
0100020003000400050006000700080009000
10000
Am
ount
spe
nt $
mill
ion
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Changes in cigarette marketing expenditure in the USA 1970-99
Data source Mackay J amp M Eriksen 2002 The Tobacco Atlas World Health Organization
62
Communicating Disease
According to the trade magazine ldquoAdvertising Agerdquo the Marlboro man was the most powerful advertising image of the 20th century
Image source httpwwwcdcgovtobaccosgrsgr4kidsadbusthtm retrieved 22306
63
Advertising Strategies
Targeting womenTargeting youthSelling AmericaSponsorship of sporting events and concertsContests and give-awaysBrand stretching
64
Grand Prix
Image source httpwwwnasnasagovAboutEducationRacecardevelopment_emobightml retrieved 22306
Section F
Industry Tactics III Lobbying Legislation and Litigation
66
Lobbying and Legislation
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
67
A Long History of Lobbying
1890mdashTobacco appeared in the US Pharmacopeia(official US government listing of drugs)1905mdashDropped from list before the 1906 Food and Drug Act (legislation that created the Food and Drug Administration)2005mdashFDA cannot regulate nicotine in tobacco
68
Political Lobbying US
Four of the twelve most generous donors to the 2000 Bush Campaign (1 Phillip Morris RJR UST Brown and Williamson)$18 million to federal candidates between 1997 and 2003 minus 82 to Republican candidates and committees
US $43 million spent to counter McCain bill (highest amount ever spent on a sustained issue advocacy campaign in the US)
69
The Latin Project Argentina
Counter regulations aimed at creating smoke-free workplaces and public placesminus September 30 1991mdashNeri Bill approved by Senate
(advertising promotion and sampling ban limit public smoking)
minus Industry campaignmdashmedia debates briefing packages to Senators and the President paid chief scientific advisor to President
minus October 13 1991mdashPresident vetoes law
70
The Czech Republic
June 2001
Philip Morris presents members of the Health and Social Affairs Committee of the Czech Parliament a study concluding that smoking is good for the Czech governments finances because of the savings from early deaths caused by smoking
71
Preemption
ldquoWe could never win at the local level The reason is [that] all of the health advocates the ones that I unfortunately used to call lsquohealth nazisrsquotheyrsquore all local activists who run the little political organizations So the Tobacco Institute and the tobacco companiesrsquo first priority has always been to preempt the field preferably to put it all on the federal level but if they canrsquot do that at least on the state level because the health advocates canrsquot compete with me on the state levelrdquo
mdash Victor Crawford former Maryland state legislator
72
Industry Self-Regulation
British American Tobacco
11 September 2001
INTERNATIONAL TOBACCO PRODUCTS MARKETING STANDARDS
The parties subscribing to these Standards (the ldquoParticipantsrdquo) wish to record their belief that tobacco products should be marketed in a responsible manner and that reasonable measures should be taken to ensure that the promotion and distribution of tobacco products is
bull directed at adult smokers and not at youth and
bull consistent with the principle of informed adult choice
73
International Tobacco Marketing Standards
ldquoWe have analyzed the nine-page agreement and believe that the multinationalsrsquo strategy is proactive and is a way to improve their image rdquoldquoAlso by proactively setting new international tobacco marketing standards the multinationals could be trying to counter a number of proposals that the WHO has been working on to curb the amount of cigarettes that are consumed on an international levelrdquoldquo Interestingly in many countries the existing laws or industry codes are already more restrictive than the provisions of the international marketing standardsrdquo
Source International Tobacco Marketing Standards September 2001
74
Creating the Illusion of Support
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
75
Front Groups
Buying citizen involvement (letter writing phone banking campaigns) by supporting front groups
ldquoHandrdquo of the industry remains hidden
It has been a common practice of Big Tobacco to use third parties or to create front groups to be out in front fighting smokefreepolicies while the industry remains behind the scenes protecting its public image
-Americans for Nonsmokersrsquo Rightshttpwwwno-smokeorggetthefactsphpdp=d21|d23 accessed 22306
76
Industry Front Groups and Allies
Ive learned from experience that as soon as Im identified as a representative of the Tobacco Institute I lose all credibility They just sneer us awayso I try to work behind the scenes whenever I can
- Ron Saldana lobbyist for the Tobacco Institute 82486
Source httpwwwno-smokeorggetthefactsphpdp=d21|d23 accessed 22306
77
International Tobacco Growers Association
ITGAldquo[Establish] ITGA [International Tobacco Growers Association] [as a] front group for our third world lobby activities at WHOrdquo
Source Report of the WHO Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents
Source Report of the WHO Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents
78
Legal and Economic Intimidation
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
79
Intimidating Johns Hopkins
ldquoThe tobacco companies have commenced nothing short of a campaign of harassment against the academic institutions that discovered smoking is injurious to the public healthrdquominus Estelle A Fishbein general
council for Johns Hopkins University
ldquoTobacco Industry in Fight To Get
Universitiesrsquo DataLegal Moves Termed Fishing Expeditionrdquo
-The New York Times Jan 20 2002
80
Industry Harassment
PUBLIC HEALTH MATTERS
Public Health Under Attack The American Stop Smoking Intervention Study (ASSIST) and the
Tobacco Industry
- White J and LA Bero
- The Transnational Tobacco Industry
- Section A
- Describing a Disease
- The Agent
- The Host
- The Vector
- Section B
- Background
- Background
- What Is a ldquoTransnationalrdquo Company
- Major Transnational Tobacco Companies
- Cigarette Production
- Company Size and Wealth
- TNC Sales and Developing Countries
- China National Tobacco Corporation
- A Return to the Past
- Section C
- A Global Market
- Looking Abroad
- Going Abroad
- A Global Business
- Factors Fueling Global Expansion
- Trade Liberalization
- Impact of Trade Liberalization
- Tobacco Leaf Production
- Tobacco Leaf Trade
- Privatization
- Foreign InvestmentmdashUkraine
- Major Company Mergers
- Marlboro Market Share (2001)
- Marlbororsquos Global Penetration
- Section D
- Industry Strategies
- Modeling Industry Activities
- Undermining Science
- Sworn Public Statements
- Confidential Statements
- Buying Science and Intimidation
- The Attack on Meta-Analysis
- Junk Science
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
- Industry Tactics to Undermine IARC
- Philip Morris and SHS
- Japan Tobacco and SHS
- Public Relations
- Public Statements on Youth
- Private Statements on Youth
- Minimum Age 18
- Changing the Issues
- Philanthropy
- Corporate Social Responsibility
- BATS Social Reports
- Today on Addiction
- Today on Addiction
- Public Health Advocates
- Truth in Advertising
- Section E
- Marketing
- Industry Expenditures on Advertising
- Communicating Disease
- Advertising Strategies
- Grand Prix
- Section F
- Lobbying and Legislation
- A Long History of Lobbying
- Political Lobbying US
- The Latin Project Argentina
- The Czech Republic
- Preemption
- Industry Self-Regulation
- International Tobacco Marketing Standards
- Creating the Illusion of Support
- Front Groups
- Industry Front Groups and Allies
- International Tobacco Growers Association
- Legal and Economic Intimidation
- Intimidating Johns Hopkins
- Industry Harassment
-
21
Looking Abroad
ldquoTobacco exports should be expanded aggressively because Americans are smoking lessrdquo
mdashVice President Dan Quayle (1990)
22
Going Abroad
Accessed on 22106 from the National Center for Tobacco-Free Kids httpwwwtobaccofreekidsorgreportsfalsefriendsphilipmorrisuspdf
23
A Global Business
2004 Revenue amp Profit Splits for British American Tobacco Net Sales
Latin America15
Europe26
Africa amp Middle East13
Asia-Pacific18
America-Pacific28
Data source httpwwwbatcomonewebsitesuk__3mnfennsfvwPagesWebLiveDO59NQAGopendocumentampSID=ampDTC=ampTMP=1 accessed 22106
24
Factors Fueling Global Expansion
Opening of formally closed economies in former Soviet Union Eastern Europe and China
World Bank and IMF pressure to liberalize foreign investment laws and privatize state-owned companies
Expansion of free trade areas
25
Trade Liberalization
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
World Trade Organization (WTO)
Regional Agreements (NAFTA)
26
Impact of Trade Liberalization
Korea (1988ndash1989)184ndash30 in teenage boys16ndash87 teenage girlsminus 6 of market in one year
Taiwan50 increase in high school students in two yearsminus 1 to 20 of annual sales in less than two years
Japan (1990ndash1996)26ndash40 in 17 year old boys 5ndash15 in 17 year old girlsminus 2 to 22 market share in ten years
27
Tobacco Leaf Production
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
Thou
sand
s of
met
ric
tons
China
India
Brazil
USATurk
eyZim
babweIn
donesia
Italy
Greece
MalawiPakista
nArg
entina
Leading Producers of Tobacco Leaves 2001
Data source Mackay J and Eriksen M 2002 The Tobacco Atlas World Health Organization
28
Tobacco Leaf Trade
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Thou
sand
met
ric
tons
Brazil USA Zimbabwe China Turkey India Greece Italy Malawi Argentina
Top 10 Tobacco Leaf Exporters 1999
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Tho
usan
d m
etri
c to
ns
Russia USA Germany UK Netherlands Japan France Ukraine Poland Egypt
Top 10 Tobacco Leaf Importers 1999
Data source Mackay J and Eriksen M 2002 The Tobacco Atlas World Health Organization
29
Privatization
Over 140 mergers and acquisitions between international companies and state-run companies
A few examplesminus 2003 BAT buys Duvanska (Serbia) minus 1997 PM buys Tabaqueira (Portugal)minus 1994 PM buys Kharkov (Ukraine)minus 1993 PM buys Klaipeda (Lithuania)minus 1992 PM buys Czech Tabacminus 1991 BAT buys Hungaryrsquos State company
30
Foreign InvestmentmdashUkraine
Foreign tobacco firms invested $520 million between 1991 and 1999mdash14 of all foreign direct investment
Over 90 manufacturing capacity now run by Western companies
Platform for exporting to other countries throughout Central and Eastern Europe
31
Major Company Mergers
1999 minus BAT buys Rothmansminus Philip Morris buys Liggettminus Japan Tobacco buys RJR International
Transformed size and global reach of largest three companies
32
Marlboro Market Share (2001)
Netherlandsmdash39Francemdash30Germanymdash30Spainmdash155Polandmdash72Russiamdash20Romaniamdash18Saudi Arabiamdash532Mexicomdash425
33
Marlbororsquos Global Penetration
Creditcopy 1993 Lauren Goodsmith Courtesy of Photoshare
Image source httpwwwlibraryuiucedumortensonimagesmarlborojpgaccessed 22106
Section D
Industry Strategies I Science and Public Relations
35
Industry Strategies
Advertising and promotionBuying sciencePublic relationsPhilanthropyLobbyingFront groupsIntimidationLegislation and public policy
36
Modeling Industry Activities
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
37
Undermining Science
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
38
Sworn Public Statements
ldquoI believe nicotine is not addictiverdquo
mdash William Campbell (Phillip Morris US Congressional Hearings 1994)
Image source httpwwwnlmnihgovhmdfrankensteinfrank_promisehtml retrieved 2806
39
Confidential Statements
ldquoNicotine is addictive We are then in the business of selling nicotinemdashan addictive drug effective in the release of stress mechanismsrdquominus Brown and Williamson 1963
ldquohellipBAT should learn to look at itself as a drug company rather than as a tobacco companyrdquominus BAT 1980
ldquo [T]he entire matter of addiction is the most potent weapon a prosecuting attorney can have in a lung cancercigarette case We canrsquot defend continued smoking as lsquofree choicersquo if the person was lsquoaddictedrsquordquominus Tobacco Institute 1980
40
Buying Science and Intimidation
Letters to BMJ regarding the 1981 Hirayama StudyminusMisclassification
Active smokingPassive smoking
minusConfoundingminusStatistical errorminusPlausibility
0
10
20
30
21895 69645 17366
Population at enrollment
Stan
dard
ised
mor
talit
y ra
te fo
r lun
g ca
ncer
pe
r 100
000
32-79
15-50
8-70
Cigarette smokers
Non smoker Familial passive
smoking (-)
Non smoker Familial passive
smoking (+)
Total 108905
(Non smoker wives of non
smoker husbands)
(Non smoker wives of husbands
with smoking habits)
(Women with smoking habits)
Data source Hirayama T 1981 Non-smoking wives of heavy smokers have a higher risk of lung cancer a study from Japan BMJ 282183ndash5
41
The Attack on Meta-Analysis
Tweedie RL amp KL Mengersen 1995 Meta-analytic approaches to dose-response relationships with application in studies of lung cancer and exposure to environmental tobacco smoke Statistics in Medicine 14 545-569
Excerpt from Acknowledgements ndash ldquoThe paper was completed at Colorado State University with partial support from several tobacco companies the methods and analysis here are however entirely those of the authors and should not be otherwise ascribedrdquo
Bailar JC 1997 The promise and problems of meta-analysis New England Journal of Medicine 337 (8) 559-61
Fleiss JL amp AJ Gross 1991 Meta-analysis in epidemiology with special reference to studies of the association between exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and lung cancer a critique Journal of Clinical Epidemiology44 (2) 127-139
Excerpt from Acknowledgements ndash ldquoThis research was supported by a grant from The Tobacco Institute Washington DC USA We thank Dr Myron Weinberg President of the Weinberg GroupWASHTECH for encouraging us to develop this critiquerdquo
42
Junk Science
Gori GB JC Luik Passive Smoke The EPArsquos betrayal of science and
policy The Fraser Institute
Milloy SJ 1995 Science without sense The risky business of public
health research Cato Institute Washington DC
43
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
ldquoThe massive effort launched across the tobacco industry against one scientific
study is remarkablerdquo
Source Ong E K and Glantz S A (2000 April 8) Tobacco industry efforts subverting International Agency for Research on Cancerrsquos second-hand smoke study The Lancet 355 (9211) 1253ndash1259
44
Industry Tactics to Undermine IARC
ldquoDelay the progress andor release of the studyrdquoldquoAffect the wording of its conclusions and official statement of resultsrdquoldquoNeutralize possible negative results of the study rdquoldquoCounteract the potential impact of the study on government policy public opinion and actions by private employers and proprietorsrdquominus WHO Expert Panel on Industry Documents
45
Philip Morris and SHS
ldquoPublic health officials have concluded that secondhand smoke from cigarettes causes disease including lung cancer and heart disease in non-smoking adults as well as causes conditions in children such as asthma respiratory infections cough wheeze otitis media (middle ear infection) and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome In addition public health officials have concluded that secondhand smoke can exacerbate adult asthma and cause eye throat and nasal irritationrdquo
Source Philip Morris USA websitehttpwwwphilipmorrisusacomenhealth_issuessecondhand_smokeaspRetrieved 22106
46
Japan Tobacco and SHS
ldquo available evidence does not support the assertion that environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is harmful to healthrdquo
mdash Japan Tobacco
Source Submission to the WHO Public Hearings on the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control October 2000
47
Public Relations
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
48
Public Statements on Youth
ldquo would be willing to support prevention efforts that affected our bottom line Absolutely if we can come up with a program that prevents all teenagers from smoking cigarettes we would be delighted to see that happen And if that meant that fewer people smoked as adults so be itrdquo
mdash Corky Newton Vice President of Corporate and Youth Responsibility
Programs Brown and Williamson
Source Transcript of meeting with SWAT (Students Working Against Tobacco) US November 6 1999 Cited in PR in the Playground ASH UK 2000
49
Private Statements on Youth
ldquoWe [Philip Morris] refined the objective of a juvenile initiative program as follows maintain and proactively protect our ability to advertise promote and market our products via a juvenile initiativerdquo
ldquoJuvenile initiative = a series of programs and events to discourage juvenile smoking because smoking is an adult decisionrdquo
Source Cathy Leiber (18 May 1995) Philip Morris International Youth Initiatives Bates No 250301901114 Cited in PR in the Playground ASH UK 2000
50
Minimum Age 18
Image source Image source httpkumuicsdhawaiigovhealthhealthy- httpwwwdhssdelawaregovdhssdphlifestylestobaccotpeprtochtm dpcyouthaccesshtml retrieved 21206) retrieved 21206
51
Changing the Issues
Smoking manners
ldquoSmoking is prohibited in public places like railway stations airports museums and art galleries except for designated smoking areas There are some wards (ku in Japanese) that have specific rules in the form of bylaws concerning smoking If these regulations are broken the smoker is liable to pay a fine There is a provision of punishment for smoking on the street or in public places without carrying a portable ashtray as well as for throwing away cigarette buttsrdquo
httpwwwtourismmetrotokyojpenglishbasicbasic09htmlSource accessed 22306
52
Philanthropy
53
Corporate Social Responsibility
ldquohellip Because for us economic performance is not the only measure of our success Honesty integrity and social responsibility are just as important to the way we measure ourselvesrdquominus Philip Morris International
ldquoOur companies are committed to providing consumers with pleasure through excellent products and to demonstrating that we are meeting our commercial goals in ways that are consistent with reasonable societal expectations of a responsible tobacco group in the 21st centuryrdquominus British American Tobacco
54
BATS Social Reports
Argentina AustraliaBrazil GermanyHong KongHungaryJapanKoreaMalaysiaMexicoNew ZealandNigeriaPolandRussiaSouth Africa USA
55
Today on Addiction
PHILIP MORRIS USAPHILIP MORRIS INTERNATIONAL
TOBACCO ISSUESCigarette Smoking Health Issues for Smokers
Cigarette Smoking and AddictionWe agree with the overwhelming medical and scientific consensus that cigarette smoking is addictive It can be very difficult to quit smoking but this should not deter smokers who want to quit from trying to do so
minus httpphilipmorriscomdefaultasp
Continued
56
Today on AddictionPHILIP MORRIS USAPHILIP MORRIS INTERNATIONAL
TOBACCO ISSUESCigarette Smoking Health Issues for Smokers
Cigarette Smoking and Disease in SmokersThere is an overwhelming medical and scientific consensus that cigarette smoking causes lung cancer heart disease emphysema and other serious diseases in smokers Smokers are far more likely to develop serious diseases like lung cancer than non-smokers There is no safe cigarette These are and have been the messages of public health authorities worldwide Smokers and potential smokers should rely on these messages in making all smoking-related decisions
minus httpphilipmorriscomdefaultasp
57
Public Health Advocates
ldquoIntroducing QuitAssistQuitAssist is an information resource sponsored by Philip Morris USA Itrsquos designed to help you connect with a wealth of expert quitting information available ndash usually for free ndash from government agencies universities and respected nonprofit organizations This QuitAssist guide points the way to programs telephone quitlines websites guides and more that can help you find your own path to success
You can also read this guide at QuitAssist Online Log on through wwwphilipmorrisusacom
From there you can link directly to dozens of resources to help you move ahead and leave cigarettes behindrdquo
If you decide to quit smokinghellip
QuitAssistInformation Resource
Philip Morris USA
Never mentions the word ldquoaddictionrdquo
Source httpphilipmorrisusacomenquitassistindex_flashasp accessed 22306
58
Truth in Advertising
Aggressively markets the only legal product that when used as intended by its manufacturers eventually kills half its users
Section E
Industry Tactics II Industry Advertising Promotion and Sponsorship
60
Marketing
ldquoWe refined the objective of a juvenile initiative program as follows Maintain and proactively protect our ability to advertise promote and market our products via a juvenile initiativeldquo
mdash Cathy Leiber PM International 1995
Notes Juvenile initiative = a series of programs and events designed to discourage juvenile smoking because smoking is an adult decision
61
Industry Expenditures on Advertising
0100020003000400050006000700080009000
10000
Am
ount
spe
nt $
mill
ion
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Changes in cigarette marketing expenditure in the USA 1970-99
Data source Mackay J amp M Eriksen 2002 The Tobacco Atlas World Health Organization
62
Communicating Disease
According to the trade magazine ldquoAdvertising Agerdquo the Marlboro man was the most powerful advertising image of the 20th century
Image source httpwwwcdcgovtobaccosgrsgr4kidsadbusthtm retrieved 22306
63
Advertising Strategies
Targeting womenTargeting youthSelling AmericaSponsorship of sporting events and concertsContests and give-awaysBrand stretching
64
Grand Prix
Image source httpwwwnasnasagovAboutEducationRacecardevelopment_emobightml retrieved 22306
Section F
Industry Tactics III Lobbying Legislation and Litigation
66
Lobbying and Legislation
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
67
A Long History of Lobbying
1890mdashTobacco appeared in the US Pharmacopeia(official US government listing of drugs)1905mdashDropped from list before the 1906 Food and Drug Act (legislation that created the Food and Drug Administration)2005mdashFDA cannot regulate nicotine in tobacco
68
Political Lobbying US
Four of the twelve most generous donors to the 2000 Bush Campaign (1 Phillip Morris RJR UST Brown and Williamson)$18 million to federal candidates between 1997 and 2003 minus 82 to Republican candidates and committees
US $43 million spent to counter McCain bill (highest amount ever spent on a sustained issue advocacy campaign in the US)
69
The Latin Project Argentina
Counter regulations aimed at creating smoke-free workplaces and public placesminus September 30 1991mdashNeri Bill approved by Senate
(advertising promotion and sampling ban limit public smoking)
minus Industry campaignmdashmedia debates briefing packages to Senators and the President paid chief scientific advisor to President
minus October 13 1991mdashPresident vetoes law
70
The Czech Republic
June 2001
Philip Morris presents members of the Health and Social Affairs Committee of the Czech Parliament a study concluding that smoking is good for the Czech governments finances because of the savings from early deaths caused by smoking
71
Preemption
ldquoWe could never win at the local level The reason is [that] all of the health advocates the ones that I unfortunately used to call lsquohealth nazisrsquotheyrsquore all local activists who run the little political organizations So the Tobacco Institute and the tobacco companiesrsquo first priority has always been to preempt the field preferably to put it all on the federal level but if they canrsquot do that at least on the state level because the health advocates canrsquot compete with me on the state levelrdquo
mdash Victor Crawford former Maryland state legislator
72
Industry Self-Regulation
British American Tobacco
11 September 2001
INTERNATIONAL TOBACCO PRODUCTS MARKETING STANDARDS
The parties subscribing to these Standards (the ldquoParticipantsrdquo) wish to record their belief that tobacco products should be marketed in a responsible manner and that reasonable measures should be taken to ensure that the promotion and distribution of tobacco products is
bull directed at adult smokers and not at youth and
bull consistent with the principle of informed adult choice
73
International Tobacco Marketing Standards
ldquoWe have analyzed the nine-page agreement and believe that the multinationalsrsquo strategy is proactive and is a way to improve their image rdquoldquoAlso by proactively setting new international tobacco marketing standards the multinationals could be trying to counter a number of proposals that the WHO has been working on to curb the amount of cigarettes that are consumed on an international levelrdquoldquo Interestingly in many countries the existing laws or industry codes are already more restrictive than the provisions of the international marketing standardsrdquo
Source International Tobacco Marketing Standards September 2001
74
Creating the Illusion of Support
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
75
Front Groups
Buying citizen involvement (letter writing phone banking campaigns) by supporting front groups
ldquoHandrdquo of the industry remains hidden
It has been a common practice of Big Tobacco to use third parties or to create front groups to be out in front fighting smokefreepolicies while the industry remains behind the scenes protecting its public image
-Americans for Nonsmokersrsquo Rightshttpwwwno-smokeorggetthefactsphpdp=d21|d23 accessed 22306
76
Industry Front Groups and Allies
Ive learned from experience that as soon as Im identified as a representative of the Tobacco Institute I lose all credibility They just sneer us awayso I try to work behind the scenes whenever I can
- Ron Saldana lobbyist for the Tobacco Institute 82486
Source httpwwwno-smokeorggetthefactsphpdp=d21|d23 accessed 22306
77
International Tobacco Growers Association
ITGAldquo[Establish] ITGA [International Tobacco Growers Association] [as a] front group for our third world lobby activities at WHOrdquo
Source Report of the WHO Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents
Source Report of the WHO Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents
78
Legal and Economic Intimidation
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
79
Intimidating Johns Hopkins
ldquoThe tobacco companies have commenced nothing short of a campaign of harassment against the academic institutions that discovered smoking is injurious to the public healthrdquominus Estelle A Fishbein general
council for Johns Hopkins University
ldquoTobacco Industry in Fight To Get
Universitiesrsquo DataLegal Moves Termed Fishing Expeditionrdquo
-The New York Times Jan 20 2002
80
Industry Harassment
PUBLIC HEALTH MATTERS
Public Health Under Attack The American Stop Smoking Intervention Study (ASSIST) and the
Tobacco Industry
- White J and LA Bero
- The Transnational Tobacco Industry
- Section A
- Describing a Disease
- The Agent
- The Host
- The Vector
- Section B
- Background
- Background
- What Is a ldquoTransnationalrdquo Company
- Major Transnational Tobacco Companies
- Cigarette Production
- Company Size and Wealth
- TNC Sales and Developing Countries
- China National Tobacco Corporation
- A Return to the Past
- Section C
- A Global Market
- Looking Abroad
- Going Abroad
- A Global Business
- Factors Fueling Global Expansion
- Trade Liberalization
- Impact of Trade Liberalization
- Tobacco Leaf Production
- Tobacco Leaf Trade
- Privatization
- Foreign InvestmentmdashUkraine
- Major Company Mergers
- Marlboro Market Share (2001)
- Marlbororsquos Global Penetration
- Section D
- Industry Strategies
- Modeling Industry Activities
- Undermining Science
- Sworn Public Statements
- Confidential Statements
- Buying Science and Intimidation
- The Attack on Meta-Analysis
- Junk Science
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
- Industry Tactics to Undermine IARC
- Philip Morris and SHS
- Japan Tobacco and SHS
- Public Relations
- Public Statements on Youth
- Private Statements on Youth
- Minimum Age 18
- Changing the Issues
- Philanthropy
- Corporate Social Responsibility
- BATS Social Reports
- Today on Addiction
- Today on Addiction
- Public Health Advocates
- Truth in Advertising
- Section E
- Marketing
- Industry Expenditures on Advertising
- Communicating Disease
- Advertising Strategies
- Grand Prix
- Section F
- Lobbying and Legislation
- A Long History of Lobbying
- Political Lobbying US
- The Latin Project Argentina
- The Czech Republic
- Preemption
- Industry Self-Regulation
- International Tobacco Marketing Standards
- Creating the Illusion of Support
- Front Groups
- Industry Front Groups and Allies
- International Tobacco Growers Association
- Legal and Economic Intimidation
- Intimidating Johns Hopkins
- Industry Harassment
-
22
Going Abroad
Accessed on 22106 from the National Center for Tobacco-Free Kids httpwwwtobaccofreekidsorgreportsfalsefriendsphilipmorrisuspdf
23
A Global Business
2004 Revenue amp Profit Splits for British American Tobacco Net Sales
Latin America15
Europe26
Africa amp Middle East13
Asia-Pacific18
America-Pacific28
Data source httpwwwbatcomonewebsitesuk__3mnfennsfvwPagesWebLiveDO59NQAGopendocumentampSID=ampDTC=ampTMP=1 accessed 22106
24
Factors Fueling Global Expansion
Opening of formally closed economies in former Soviet Union Eastern Europe and China
World Bank and IMF pressure to liberalize foreign investment laws and privatize state-owned companies
Expansion of free trade areas
25
Trade Liberalization
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
World Trade Organization (WTO)
Regional Agreements (NAFTA)
26
Impact of Trade Liberalization
Korea (1988ndash1989)184ndash30 in teenage boys16ndash87 teenage girlsminus 6 of market in one year
Taiwan50 increase in high school students in two yearsminus 1 to 20 of annual sales in less than two years
Japan (1990ndash1996)26ndash40 in 17 year old boys 5ndash15 in 17 year old girlsminus 2 to 22 market share in ten years
27
Tobacco Leaf Production
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
Thou
sand
s of
met
ric
tons
China
India
Brazil
USATurk
eyZim
babweIn
donesia
Italy
Greece
MalawiPakista
nArg
entina
Leading Producers of Tobacco Leaves 2001
Data source Mackay J and Eriksen M 2002 The Tobacco Atlas World Health Organization
28
Tobacco Leaf Trade
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Thou
sand
met
ric
tons
Brazil USA Zimbabwe China Turkey India Greece Italy Malawi Argentina
Top 10 Tobacco Leaf Exporters 1999
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Tho
usan
d m
etri
c to
ns
Russia USA Germany UK Netherlands Japan France Ukraine Poland Egypt
Top 10 Tobacco Leaf Importers 1999
Data source Mackay J and Eriksen M 2002 The Tobacco Atlas World Health Organization
29
Privatization
Over 140 mergers and acquisitions between international companies and state-run companies
A few examplesminus 2003 BAT buys Duvanska (Serbia) minus 1997 PM buys Tabaqueira (Portugal)minus 1994 PM buys Kharkov (Ukraine)minus 1993 PM buys Klaipeda (Lithuania)minus 1992 PM buys Czech Tabacminus 1991 BAT buys Hungaryrsquos State company
30
Foreign InvestmentmdashUkraine
Foreign tobacco firms invested $520 million between 1991 and 1999mdash14 of all foreign direct investment
Over 90 manufacturing capacity now run by Western companies
Platform for exporting to other countries throughout Central and Eastern Europe
31
Major Company Mergers
1999 minus BAT buys Rothmansminus Philip Morris buys Liggettminus Japan Tobacco buys RJR International
Transformed size and global reach of largest three companies
32
Marlboro Market Share (2001)
Netherlandsmdash39Francemdash30Germanymdash30Spainmdash155Polandmdash72Russiamdash20Romaniamdash18Saudi Arabiamdash532Mexicomdash425
33
Marlbororsquos Global Penetration
Creditcopy 1993 Lauren Goodsmith Courtesy of Photoshare
Image source httpwwwlibraryuiucedumortensonimagesmarlborojpgaccessed 22106
Section D
Industry Strategies I Science and Public Relations
35
Industry Strategies
Advertising and promotionBuying sciencePublic relationsPhilanthropyLobbyingFront groupsIntimidationLegislation and public policy
36
Modeling Industry Activities
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
37
Undermining Science
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
38
Sworn Public Statements
ldquoI believe nicotine is not addictiverdquo
mdash William Campbell (Phillip Morris US Congressional Hearings 1994)
Image source httpwwwnlmnihgovhmdfrankensteinfrank_promisehtml retrieved 2806
39
Confidential Statements
ldquoNicotine is addictive We are then in the business of selling nicotinemdashan addictive drug effective in the release of stress mechanismsrdquominus Brown and Williamson 1963
ldquohellipBAT should learn to look at itself as a drug company rather than as a tobacco companyrdquominus BAT 1980
ldquo [T]he entire matter of addiction is the most potent weapon a prosecuting attorney can have in a lung cancercigarette case We canrsquot defend continued smoking as lsquofree choicersquo if the person was lsquoaddictedrsquordquominus Tobacco Institute 1980
40
Buying Science and Intimidation
Letters to BMJ regarding the 1981 Hirayama StudyminusMisclassification
Active smokingPassive smoking
minusConfoundingminusStatistical errorminusPlausibility
0
10
20
30
21895 69645 17366
Population at enrollment
Stan
dard
ised
mor
talit
y ra
te fo
r lun
g ca
ncer
pe
r 100
000
32-79
15-50
8-70
Cigarette smokers
Non smoker Familial passive
smoking (-)
Non smoker Familial passive
smoking (+)
Total 108905
(Non smoker wives of non
smoker husbands)
(Non smoker wives of husbands
with smoking habits)
(Women with smoking habits)
Data source Hirayama T 1981 Non-smoking wives of heavy smokers have a higher risk of lung cancer a study from Japan BMJ 282183ndash5
41
The Attack on Meta-Analysis
Tweedie RL amp KL Mengersen 1995 Meta-analytic approaches to dose-response relationships with application in studies of lung cancer and exposure to environmental tobacco smoke Statistics in Medicine 14 545-569
Excerpt from Acknowledgements ndash ldquoThe paper was completed at Colorado State University with partial support from several tobacco companies the methods and analysis here are however entirely those of the authors and should not be otherwise ascribedrdquo
Bailar JC 1997 The promise and problems of meta-analysis New England Journal of Medicine 337 (8) 559-61
Fleiss JL amp AJ Gross 1991 Meta-analysis in epidemiology with special reference to studies of the association between exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and lung cancer a critique Journal of Clinical Epidemiology44 (2) 127-139
Excerpt from Acknowledgements ndash ldquoThis research was supported by a grant from The Tobacco Institute Washington DC USA We thank Dr Myron Weinberg President of the Weinberg GroupWASHTECH for encouraging us to develop this critiquerdquo
42
Junk Science
Gori GB JC Luik Passive Smoke The EPArsquos betrayal of science and
policy The Fraser Institute
Milloy SJ 1995 Science without sense The risky business of public
health research Cato Institute Washington DC
43
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
ldquoThe massive effort launched across the tobacco industry against one scientific
study is remarkablerdquo
Source Ong E K and Glantz S A (2000 April 8) Tobacco industry efforts subverting International Agency for Research on Cancerrsquos second-hand smoke study The Lancet 355 (9211) 1253ndash1259
44
Industry Tactics to Undermine IARC
ldquoDelay the progress andor release of the studyrdquoldquoAffect the wording of its conclusions and official statement of resultsrdquoldquoNeutralize possible negative results of the study rdquoldquoCounteract the potential impact of the study on government policy public opinion and actions by private employers and proprietorsrdquominus WHO Expert Panel on Industry Documents
45
Philip Morris and SHS
ldquoPublic health officials have concluded that secondhand smoke from cigarettes causes disease including lung cancer and heart disease in non-smoking adults as well as causes conditions in children such as asthma respiratory infections cough wheeze otitis media (middle ear infection) and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome In addition public health officials have concluded that secondhand smoke can exacerbate adult asthma and cause eye throat and nasal irritationrdquo
Source Philip Morris USA websitehttpwwwphilipmorrisusacomenhealth_issuessecondhand_smokeaspRetrieved 22106
46
Japan Tobacco and SHS
ldquo available evidence does not support the assertion that environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is harmful to healthrdquo
mdash Japan Tobacco
Source Submission to the WHO Public Hearings on the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control October 2000
47
Public Relations
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
48
Public Statements on Youth
ldquo would be willing to support prevention efforts that affected our bottom line Absolutely if we can come up with a program that prevents all teenagers from smoking cigarettes we would be delighted to see that happen And if that meant that fewer people smoked as adults so be itrdquo
mdash Corky Newton Vice President of Corporate and Youth Responsibility
Programs Brown and Williamson
Source Transcript of meeting with SWAT (Students Working Against Tobacco) US November 6 1999 Cited in PR in the Playground ASH UK 2000
49
Private Statements on Youth
ldquoWe [Philip Morris] refined the objective of a juvenile initiative program as follows maintain and proactively protect our ability to advertise promote and market our products via a juvenile initiativerdquo
ldquoJuvenile initiative = a series of programs and events to discourage juvenile smoking because smoking is an adult decisionrdquo
Source Cathy Leiber (18 May 1995) Philip Morris International Youth Initiatives Bates No 250301901114 Cited in PR in the Playground ASH UK 2000
50
Minimum Age 18
Image source Image source httpkumuicsdhawaiigovhealthhealthy- httpwwwdhssdelawaregovdhssdphlifestylestobaccotpeprtochtm dpcyouthaccesshtml retrieved 21206) retrieved 21206
51
Changing the Issues
Smoking manners
ldquoSmoking is prohibited in public places like railway stations airports museums and art galleries except for designated smoking areas There are some wards (ku in Japanese) that have specific rules in the form of bylaws concerning smoking If these regulations are broken the smoker is liable to pay a fine There is a provision of punishment for smoking on the street or in public places without carrying a portable ashtray as well as for throwing away cigarette buttsrdquo
httpwwwtourismmetrotokyojpenglishbasicbasic09htmlSource accessed 22306
52
Philanthropy
53
Corporate Social Responsibility
ldquohellip Because for us economic performance is not the only measure of our success Honesty integrity and social responsibility are just as important to the way we measure ourselvesrdquominus Philip Morris International
ldquoOur companies are committed to providing consumers with pleasure through excellent products and to demonstrating that we are meeting our commercial goals in ways that are consistent with reasonable societal expectations of a responsible tobacco group in the 21st centuryrdquominus British American Tobacco
54
BATS Social Reports
Argentina AustraliaBrazil GermanyHong KongHungaryJapanKoreaMalaysiaMexicoNew ZealandNigeriaPolandRussiaSouth Africa USA
55
Today on Addiction
PHILIP MORRIS USAPHILIP MORRIS INTERNATIONAL
TOBACCO ISSUESCigarette Smoking Health Issues for Smokers
Cigarette Smoking and AddictionWe agree with the overwhelming medical and scientific consensus that cigarette smoking is addictive It can be very difficult to quit smoking but this should not deter smokers who want to quit from trying to do so
minus httpphilipmorriscomdefaultasp
Continued
56
Today on AddictionPHILIP MORRIS USAPHILIP MORRIS INTERNATIONAL
TOBACCO ISSUESCigarette Smoking Health Issues for Smokers
Cigarette Smoking and Disease in SmokersThere is an overwhelming medical and scientific consensus that cigarette smoking causes lung cancer heart disease emphysema and other serious diseases in smokers Smokers are far more likely to develop serious diseases like lung cancer than non-smokers There is no safe cigarette These are and have been the messages of public health authorities worldwide Smokers and potential smokers should rely on these messages in making all smoking-related decisions
minus httpphilipmorriscomdefaultasp
57
Public Health Advocates
ldquoIntroducing QuitAssistQuitAssist is an information resource sponsored by Philip Morris USA Itrsquos designed to help you connect with a wealth of expert quitting information available ndash usually for free ndash from government agencies universities and respected nonprofit organizations This QuitAssist guide points the way to programs telephone quitlines websites guides and more that can help you find your own path to success
You can also read this guide at QuitAssist Online Log on through wwwphilipmorrisusacom
From there you can link directly to dozens of resources to help you move ahead and leave cigarettes behindrdquo
If you decide to quit smokinghellip
QuitAssistInformation Resource
Philip Morris USA
Never mentions the word ldquoaddictionrdquo
Source httpphilipmorrisusacomenquitassistindex_flashasp accessed 22306
58
Truth in Advertising
Aggressively markets the only legal product that when used as intended by its manufacturers eventually kills half its users
Section E
Industry Tactics II Industry Advertising Promotion and Sponsorship
60
Marketing
ldquoWe refined the objective of a juvenile initiative program as follows Maintain and proactively protect our ability to advertise promote and market our products via a juvenile initiativeldquo
mdash Cathy Leiber PM International 1995
Notes Juvenile initiative = a series of programs and events designed to discourage juvenile smoking because smoking is an adult decision
61
Industry Expenditures on Advertising
0100020003000400050006000700080009000
10000
Am
ount
spe
nt $
mill
ion
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Changes in cigarette marketing expenditure in the USA 1970-99
Data source Mackay J amp M Eriksen 2002 The Tobacco Atlas World Health Organization
62
Communicating Disease
According to the trade magazine ldquoAdvertising Agerdquo the Marlboro man was the most powerful advertising image of the 20th century
Image source httpwwwcdcgovtobaccosgrsgr4kidsadbusthtm retrieved 22306
63
Advertising Strategies
Targeting womenTargeting youthSelling AmericaSponsorship of sporting events and concertsContests and give-awaysBrand stretching
64
Grand Prix
Image source httpwwwnasnasagovAboutEducationRacecardevelopment_emobightml retrieved 22306
Section F
Industry Tactics III Lobbying Legislation and Litigation
66
Lobbying and Legislation
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
67
A Long History of Lobbying
1890mdashTobacco appeared in the US Pharmacopeia(official US government listing of drugs)1905mdashDropped from list before the 1906 Food and Drug Act (legislation that created the Food and Drug Administration)2005mdashFDA cannot regulate nicotine in tobacco
68
Political Lobbying US
Four of the twelve most generous donors to the 2000 Bush Campaign (1 Phillip Morris RJR UST Brown and Williamson)$18 million to federal candidates between 1997 and 2003 minus 82 to Republican candidates and committees
US $43 million spent to counter McCain bill (highest amount ever spent on a sustained issue advocacy campaign in the US)
69
The Latin Project Argentina
Counter regulations aimed at creating smoke-free workplaces and public placesminus September 30 1991mdashNeri Bill approved by Senate
(advertising promotion and sampling ban limit public smoking)
minus Industry campaignmdashmedia debates briefing packages to Senators and the President paid chief scientific advisor to President
minus October 13 1991mdashPresident vetoes law
70
The Czech Republic
June 2001
Philip Morris presents members of the Health and Social Affairs Committee of the Czech Parliament a study concluding that smoking is good for the Czech governments finances because of the savings from early deaths caused by smoking
71
Preemption
ldquoWe could never win at the local level The reason is [that] all of the health advocates the ones that I unfortunately used to call lsquohealth nazisrsquotheyrsquore all local activists who run the little political organizations So the Tobacco Institute and the tobacco companiesrsquo first priority has always been to preempt the field preferably to put it all on the federal level but if they canrsquot do that at least on the state level because the health advocates canrsquot compete with me on the state levelrdquo
mdash Victor Crawford former Maryland state legislator
72
Industry Self-Regulation
British American Tobacco
11 September 2001
INTERNATIONAL TOBACCO PRODUCTS MARKETING STANDARDS
The parties subscribing to these Standards (the ldquoParticipantsrdquo) wish to record their belief that tobacco products should be marketed in a responsible manner and that reasonable measures should be taken to ensure that the promotion and distribution of tobacco products is
bull directed at adult smokers and not at youth and
bull consistent with the principle of informed adult choice
73
International Tobacco Marketing Standards
ldquoWe have analyzed the nine-page agreement and believe that the multinationalsrsquo strategy is proactive and is a way to improve their image rdquoldquoAlso by proactively setting new international tobacco marketing standards the multinationals could be trying to counter a number of proposals that the WHO has been working on to curb the amount of cigarettes that are consumed on an international levelrdquoldquo Interestingly in many countries the existing laws or industry codes are already more restrictive than the provisions of the international marketing standardsrdquo
Source International Tobacco Marketing Standards September 2001
74
Creating the Illusion of Support
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
75
Front Groups
Buying citizen involvement (letter writing phone banking campaigns) by supporting front groups
ldquoHandrdquo of the industry remains hidden
It has been a common practice of Big Tobacco to use third parties or to create front groups to be out in front fighting smokefreepolicies while the industry remains behind the scenes protecting its public image
-Americans for Nonsmokersrsquo Rightshttpwwwno-smokeorggetthefactsphpdp=d21|d23 accessed 22306
76
Industry Front Groups and Allies
Ive learned from experience that as soon as Im identified as a representative of the Tobacco Institute I lose all credibility They just sneer us awayso I try to work behind the scenes whenever I can
- Ron Saldana lobbyist for the Tobacco Institute 82486
Source httpwwwno-smokeorggetthefactsphpdp=d21|d23 accessed 22306
77
International Tobacco Growers Association
ITGAldquo[Establish] ITGA [International Tobacco Growers Association] [as a] front group for our third world lobby activities at WHOrdquo
Source Report of the WHO Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents
Source Report of the WHO Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents
78
Legal and Economic Intimidation
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
79
Intimidating Johns Hopkins
ldquoThe tobacco companies have commenced nothing short of a campaign of harassment against the academic institutions that discovered smoking is injurious to the public healthrdquominus Estelle A Fishbein general
council for Johns Hopkins University
ldquoTobacco Industry in Fight To Get
Universitiesrsquo DataLegal Moves Termed Fishing Expeditionrdquo
-The New York Times Jan 20 2002
80
Industry Harassment
PUBLIC HEALTH MATTERS
Public Health Under Attack The American Stop Smoking Intervention Study (ASSIST) and the
Tobacco Industry
- White J and LA Bero
- The Transnational Tobacco Industry
- Section A
- Describing a Disease
- The Agent
- The Host
- The Vector
- Section B
- Background
- Background
- What Is a ldquoTransnationalrdquo Company
- Major Transnational Tobacco Companies
- Cigarette Production
- Company Size and Wealth
- TNC Sales and Developing Countries
- China National Tobacco Corporation
- A Return to the Past
- Section C
- A Global Market
- Looking Abroad
- Going Abroad
- A Global Business
- Factors Fueling Global Expansion
- Trade Liberalization
- Impact of Trade Liberalization
- Tobacco Leaf Production
- Tobacco Leaf Trade
- Privatization
- Foreign InvestmentmdashUkraine
- Major Company Mergers
- Marlboro Market Share (2001)
- Marlbororsquos Global Penetration
- Section D
- Industry Strategies
- Modeling Industry Activities
- Undermining Science
- Sworn Public Statements
- Confidential Statements
- Buying Science and Intimidation
- The Attack on Meta-Analysis
- Junk Science
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
- Industry Tactics to Undermine IARC
- Philip Morris and SHS
- Japan Tobacco and SHS
- Public Relations
- Public Statements on Youth
- Private Statements on Youth
- Minimum Age 18
- Changing the Issues
- Philanthropy
- Corporate Social Responsibility
- BATS Social Reports
- Today on Addiction
- Today on Addiction
- Public Health Advocates
- Truth in Advertising
- Section E
- Marketing
- Industry Expenditures on Advertising
- Communicating Disease
- Advertising Strategies
- Grand Prix
- Section F
- Lobbying and Legislation
- A Long History of Lobbying
- Political Lobbying US
- The Latin Project Argentina
- The Czech Republic
- Preemption
- Industry Self-Regulation
- International Tobacco Marketing Standards
- Creating the Illusion of Support
- Front Groups
- Industry Front Groups and Allies
- International Tobacco Growers Association
- Legal and Economic Intimidation
- Intimidating Johns Hopkins
- Industry Harassment
-
23
A Global Business
2004 Revenue amp Profit Splits for British American Tobacco Net Sales
Latin America15
Europe26
Africa amp Middle East13
Asia-Pacific18
America-Pacific28
Data source httpwwwbatcomonewebsitesuk__3mnfennsfvwPagesWebLiveDO59NQAGopendocumentampSID=ampDTC=ampTMP=1 accessed 22106
24
Factors Fueling Global Expansion
Opening of formally closed economies in former Soviet Union Eastern Europe and China
World Bank and IMF pressure to liberalize foreign investment laws and privatize state-owned companies
Expansion of free trade areas
25
Trade Liberalization
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
World Trade Organization (WTO)
Regional Agreements (NAFTA)
26
Impact of Trade Liberalization
Korea (1988ndash1989)184ndash30 in teenage boys16ndash87 teenage girlsminus 6 of market in one year
Taiwan50 increase in high school students in two yearsminus 1 to 20 of annual sales in less than two years
Japan (1990ndash1996)26ndash40 in 17 year old boys 5ndash15 in 17 year old girlsminus 2 to 22 market share in ten years
27
Tobacco Leaf Production
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
Thou
sand
s of
met
ric
tons
China
India
Brazil
USATurk
eyZim
babweIn
donesia
Italy
Greece
MalawiPakista
nArg
entina
Leading Producers of Tobacco Leaves 2001
Data source Mackay J and Eriksen M 2002 The Tobacco Atlas World Health Organization
28
Tobacco Leaf Trade
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Thou
sand
met
ric
tons
Brazil USA Zimbabwe China Turkey India Greece Italy Malawi Argentina
Top 10 Tobacco Leaf Exporters 1999
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Tho
usan
d m
etri
c to
ns
Russia USA Germany UK Netherlands Japan France Ukraine Poland Egypt
Top 10 Tobacco Leaf Importers 1999
Data source Mackay J and Eriksen M 2002 The Tobacco Atlas World Health Organization
29
Privatization
Over 140 mergers and acquisitions between international companies and state-run companies
A few examplesminus 2003 BAT buys Duvanska (Serbia) minus 1997 PM buys Tabaqueira (Portugal)minus 1994 PM buys Kharkov (Ukraine)minus 1993 PM buys Klaipeda (Lithuania)minus 1992 PM buys Czech Tabacminus 1991 BAT buys Hungaryrsquos State company
30
Foreign InvestmentmdashUkraine
Foreign tobacco firms invested $520 million between 1991 and 1999mdash14 of all foreign direct investment
Over 90 manufacturing capacity now run by Western companies
Platform for exporting to other countries throughout Central and Eastern Europe
31
Major Company Mergers
1999 minus BAT buys Rothmansminus Philip Morris buys Liggettminus Japan Tobacco buys RJR International
Transformed size and global reach of largest three companies
32
Marlboro Market Share (2001)
Netherlandsmdash39Francemdash30Germanymdash30Spainmdash155Polandmdash72Russiamdash20Romaniamdash18Saudi Arabiamdash532Mexicomdash425
33
Marlbororsquos Global Penetration
Creditcopy 1993 Lauren Goodsmith Courtesy of Photoshare
Image source httpwwwlibraryuiucedumortensonimagesmarlborojpgaccessed 22106
Section D
Industry Strategies I Science and Public Relations
35
Industry Strategies
Advertising and promotionBuying sciencePublic relationsPhilanthropyLobbyingFront groupsIntimidationLegislation and public policy
36
Modeling Industry Activities
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
37
Undermining Science
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
38
Sworn Public Statements
ldquoI believe nicotine is not addictiverdquo
mdash William Campbell (Phillip Morris US Congressional Hearings 1994)
Image source httpwwwnlmnihgovhmdfrankensteinfrank_promisehtml retrieved 2806
39
Confidential Statements
ldquoNicotine is addictive We are then in the business of selling nicotinemdashan addictive drug effective in the release of stress mechanismsrdquominus Brown and Williamson 1963
ldquohellipBAT should learn to look at itself as a drug company rather than as a tobacco companyrdquominus BAT 1980
ldquo [T]he entire matter of addiction is the most potent weapon a prosecuting attorney can have in a lung cancercigarette case We canrsquot defend continued smoking as lsquofree choicersquo if the person was lsquoaddictedrsquordquominus Tobacco Institute 1980
40
Buying Science and Intimidation
Letters to BMJ regarding the 1981 Hirayama StudyminusMisclassification
Active smokingPassive smoking
minusConfoundingminusStatistical errorminusPlausibility
0
10
20
30
21895 69645 17366
Population at enrollment
Stan
dard
ised
mor
talit
y ra
te fo
r lun
g ca
ncer
pe
r 100
000
32-79
15-50
8-70
Cigarette smokers
Non smoker Familial passive
smoking (-)
Non smoker Familial passive
smoking (+)
Total 108905
(Non smoker wives of non
smoker husbands)
(Non smoker wives of husbands
with smoking habits)
(Women with smoking habits)
Data source Hirayama T 1981 Non-smoking wives of heavy smokers have a higher risk of lung cancer a study from Japan BMJ 282183ndash5
41
The Attack on Meta-Analysis
Tweedie RL amp KL Mengersen 1995 Meta-analytic approaches to dose-response relationships with application in studies of lung cancer and exposure to environmental tobacco smoke Statistics in Medicine 14 545-569
Excerpt from Acknowledgements ndash ldquoThe paper was completed at Colorado State University with partial support from several tobacco companies the methods and analysis here are however entirely those of the authors and should not be otherwise ascribedrdquo
Bailar JC 1997 The promise and problems of meta-analysis New England Journal of Medicine 337 (8) 559-61
Fleiss JL amp AJ Gross 1991 Meta-analysis in epidemiology with special reference to studies of the association between exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and lung cancer a critique Journal of Clinical Epidemiology44 (2) 127-139
Excerpt from Acknowledgements ndash ldquoThis research was supported by a grant from The Tobacco Institute Washington DC USA We thank Dr Myron Weinberg President of the Weinberg GroupWASHTECH for encouraging us to develop this critiquerdquo
42
Junk Science
Gori GB JC Luik Passive Smoke The EPArsquos betrayal of science and
policy The Fraser Institute
Milloy SJ 1995 Science without sense The risky business of public
health research Cato Institute Washington DC
43
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
ldquoThe massive effort launched across the tobacco industry against one scientific
study is remarkablerdquo
Source Ong E K and Glantz S A (2000 April 8) Tobacco industry efforts subverting International Agency for Research on Cancerrsquos second-hand smoke study The Lancet 355 (9211) 1253ndash1259
44
Industry Tactics to Undermine IARC
ldquoDelay the progress andor release of the studyrdquoldquoAffect the wording of its conclusions and official statement of resultsrdquoldquoNeutralize possible negative results of the study rdquoldquoCounteract the potential impact of the study on government policy public opinion and actions by private employers and proprietorsrdquominus WHO Expert Panel on Industry Documents
45
Philip Morris and SHS
ldquoPublic health officials have concluded that secondhand smoke from cigarettes causes disease including lung cancer and heart disease in non-smoking adults as well as causes conditions in children such as asthma respiratory infections cough wheeze otitis media (middle ear infection) and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome In addition public health officials have concluded that secondhand smoke can exacerbate adult asthma and cause eye throat and nasal irritationrdquo
Source Philip Morris USA websitehttpwwwphilipmorrisusacomenhealth_issuessecondhand_smokeaspRetrieved 22106
46
Japan Tobacco and SHS
ldquo available evidence does not support the assertion that environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is harmful to healthrdquo
mdash Japan Tobacco
Source Submission to the WHO Public Hearings on the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control October 2000
47
Public Relations
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
48
Public Statements on Youth
ldquo would be willing to support prevention efforts that affected our bottom line Absolutely if we can come up with a program that prevents all teenagers from smoking cigarettes we would be delighted to see that happen And if that meant that fewer people smoked as adults so be itrdquo
mdash Corky Newton Vice President of Corporate and Youth Responsibility
Programs Brown and Williamson
Source Transcript of meeting with SWAT (Students Working Against Tobacco) US November 6 1999 Cited in PR in the Playground ASH UK 2000
49
Private Statements on Youth
ldquoWe [Philip Morris] refined the objective of a juvenile initiative program as follows maintain and proactively protect our ability to advertise promote and market our products via a juvenile initiativerdquo
ldquoJuvenile initiative = a series of programs and events to discourage juvenile smoking because smoking is an adult decisionrdquo
Source Cathy Leiber (18 May 1995) Philip Morris International Youth Initiatives Bates No 250301901114 Cited in PR in the Playground ASH UK 2000
50
Minimum Age 18
Image source Image source httpkumuicsdhawaiigovhealthhealthy- httpwwwdhssdelawaregovdhssdphlifestylestobaccotpeprtochtm dpcyouthaccesshtml retrieved 21206) retrieved 21206
51
Changing the Issues
Smoking manners
ldquoSmoking is prohibited in public places like railway stations airports museums and art galleries except for designated smoking areas There are some wards (ku in Japanese) that have specific rules in the form of bylaws concerning smoking If these regulations are broken the smoker is liable to pay a fine There is a provision of punishment for smoking on the street or in public places without carrying a portable ashtray as well as for throwing away cigarette buttsrdquo
httpwwwtourismmetrotokyojpenglishbasicbasic09htmlSource accessed 22306
52
Philanthropy
53
Corporate Social Responsibility
ldquohellip Because for us economic performance is not the only measure of our success Honesty integrity and social responsibility are just as important to the way we measure ourselvesrdquominus Philip Morris International
ldquoOur companies are committed to providing consumers with pleasure through excellent products and to demonstrating that we are meeting our commercial goals in ways that are consistent with reasonable societal expectations of a responsible tobacco group in the 21st centuryrdquominus British American Tobacco
54
BATS Social Reports
Argentina AustraliaBrazil GermanyHong KongHungaryJapanKoreaMalaysiaMexicoNew ZealandNigeriaPolandRussiaSouth Africa USA
55
Today on Addiction
PHILIP MORRIS USAPHILIP MORRIS INTERNATIONAL
TOBACCO ISSUESCigarette Smoking Health Issues for Smokers
Cigarette Smoking and AddictionWe agree with the overwhelming medical and scientific consensus that cigarette smoking is addictive It can be very difficult to quit smoking but this should not deter smokers who want to quit from trying to do so
minus httpphilipmorriscomdefaultasp
Continued
56
Today on AddictionPHILIP MORRIS USAPHILIP MORRIS INTERNATIONAL
TOBACCO ISSUESCigarette Smoking Health Issues for Smokers
Cigarette Smoking and Disease in SmokersThere is an overwhelming medical and scientific consensus that cigarette smoking causes lung cancer heart disease emphysema and other serious diseases in smokers Smokers are far more likely to develop serious diseases like lung cancer than non-smokers There is no safe cigarette These are and have been the messages of public health authorities worldwide Smokers and potential smokers should rely on these messages in making all smoking-related decisions
minus httpphilipmorriscomdefaultasp
57
Public Health Advocates
ldquoIntroducing QuitAssistQuitAssist is an information resource sponsored by Philip Morris USA Itrsquos designed to help you connect with a wealth of expert quitting information available ndash usually for free ndash from government agencies universities and respected nonprofit organizations This QuitAssist guide points the way to programs telephone quitlines websites guides and more that can help you find your own path to success
You can also read this guide at QuitAssist Online Log on through wwwphilipmorrisusacom
From there you can link directly to dozens of resources to help you move ahead and leave cigarettes behindrdquo
If you decide to quit smokinghellip
QuitAssistInformation Resource
Philip Morris USA
Never mentions the word ldquoaddictionrdquo
Source httpphilipmorrisusacomenquitassistindex_flashasp accessed 22306
58
Truth in Advertising
Aggressively markets the only legal product that when used as intended by its manufacturers eventually kills half its users
Section E
Industry Tactics II Industry Advertising Promotion and Sponsorship
60
Marketing
ldquoWe refined the objective of a juvenile initiative program as follows Maintain and proactively protect our ability to advertise promote and market our products via a juvenile initiativeldquo
mdash Cathy Leiber PM International 1995
Notes Juvenile initiative = a series of programs and events designed to discourage juvenile smoking because smoking is an adult decision
61
Industry Expenditures on Advertising
0100020003000400050006000700080009000
10000
Am
ount
spe
nt $
mill
ion
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Changes in cigarette marketing expenditure in the USA 1970-99
Data source Mackay J amp M Eriksen 2002 The Tobacco Atlas World Health Organization
62
Communicating Disease
According to the trade magazine ldquoAdvertising Agerdquo the Marlboro man was the most powerful advertising image of the 20th century
Image source httpwwwcdcgovtobaccosgrsgr4kidsadbusthtm retrieved 22306
63
Advertising Strategies
Targeting womenTargeting youthSelling AmericaSponsorship of sporting events and concertsContests and give-awaysBrand stretching
64
Grand Prix
Image source httpwwwnasnasagovAboutEducationRacecardevelopment_emobightml retrieved 22306
Section F
Industry Tactics III Lobbying Legislation and Litigation
66
Lobbying and Legislation
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
67
A Long History of Lobbying
1890mdashTobacco appeared in the US Pharmacopeia(official US government listing of drugs)1905mdashDropped from list before the 1906 Food and Drug Act (legislation that created the Food and Drug Administration)2005mdashFDA cannot regulate nicotine in tobacco
68
Political Lobbying US
Four of the twelve most generous donors to the 2000 Bush Campaign (1 Phillip Morris RJR UST Brown and Williamson)$18 million to federal candidates between 1997 and 2003 minus 82 to Republican candidates and committees
US $43 million spent to counter McCain bill (highest amount ever spent on a sustained issue advocacy campaign in the US)
69
The Latin Project Argentina
Counter regulations aimed at creating smoke-free workplaces and public placesminus September 30 1991mdashNeri Bill approved by Senate
(advertising promotion and sampling ban limit public smoking)
minus Industry campaignmdashmedia debates briefing packages to Senators and the President paid chief scientific advisor to President
minus October 13 1991mdashPresident vetoes law
70
The Czech Republic
June 2001
Philip Morris presents members of the Health and Social Affairs Committee of the Czech Parliament a study concluding that smoking is good for the Czech governments finances because of the savings from early deaths caused by smoking
71
Preemption
ldquoWe could never win at the local level The reason is [that] all of the health advocates the ones that I unfortunately used to call lsquohealth nazisrsquotheyrsquore all local activists who run the little political organizations So the Tobacco Institute and the tobacco companiesrsquo first priority has always been to preempt the field preferably to put it all on the federal level but if they canrsquot do that at least on the state level because the health advocates canrsquot compete with me on the state levelrdquo
mdash Victor Crawford former Maryland state legislator
72
Industry Self-Regulation
British American Tobacco
11 September 2001
INTERNATIONAL TOBACCO PRODUCTS MARKETING STANDARDS
The parties subscribing to these Standards (the ldquoParticipantsrdquo) wish to record their belief that tobacco products should be marketed in a responsible manner and that reasonable measures should be taken to ensure that the promotion and distribution of tobacco products is
bull directed at adult smokers and not at youth and
bull consistent with the principle of informed adult choice
73
International Tobacco Marketing Standards
ldquoWe have analyzed the nine-page agreement and believe that the multinationalsrsquo strategy is proactive and is a way to improve their image rdquoldquoAlso by proactively setting new international tobacco marketing standards the multinationals could be trying to counter a number of proposals that the WHO has been working on to curb the amount of cigarettes that are consumed on an international levelrdquoldquo Interestingly in many countries the existing laws or industry codes are already more restrictive than the provisions of the international marketing standardsrdquo
Source International Tobacco Marketing Standards September 2001
74
Creating the Illusion of Support
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
75
Front Groups
Buying citizen involvement (letter writing phone banking campaigns) by supporting front groups
ldquoHandrdquo of the industry remains hidden
It has been a common practice of Big Tobacco to use third parties or to create front groups to be out in front fighting smokefreepolicies while the industry remains behind the scenes protecting its public image
-Americans for Nonsmokersrsquo Rightshttpwwwno-smokeorggetthefactsphpdp=d21|d23 accessed 22306
76
Industry Front Groups and Allies
Ive learned from experience that as soon as Im identified as a representative of the Tobacco Institute I lose all credibility They just sneer us awayso I try to work behind the scenes whenever I can
- Ron Saldana lobbyist for the Tobacco Institute 82486
Source httpwwwno-smokeorggetthefactsphpdp=d21|d23 accessed 22306
77
International Tobacco Growers Association
ITGAldquo[Establish] ITGA [International Tobacco Growers Association] [as a] front group for our third world lobby activities at WHOrdquo
Source Report of the WHO Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents
Source Report of the WHO Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents
78
Legal and Economic Intimidation
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
79
Intimidating Johns Hopkins
ldquoThe tobacco companies have commenced nothing short of a campaign of harassment against the academic institutions that discovered smoking is injurious to the public healthrdquominus Estelle A Fishbein general
council for Johns Hopkins University
ldquoTobacco Industry in Fight To Get
Universitiesrsquo DataLegal Moves Termed Fishing Expeditionrdquo
-The New York Times Jan 20 2002
80
Industry Harassment
PUBLIC HEALTH MATTERS
Public Health Under Attack The American Stop Smoking Intervention Study (ASSIST) and the
Tobacco Industry
- White J and LA Bero
- The Transnational Tobacco Industry
- Section A
- Describing a Disease
- The Agent
- The Host
- The Vector
- Section B
- Background
- Background
- What Is a ldquoTransnationalrdquo Company
- Major Transnational Tobacco Companies
- Cigarette Production
- Company Size and Wealth
- TNC Sales and Developing Countries
- China National Tobacco Corporation
- A Return to the Past
- Section C
- A Global Market
- Looking Abroad
- Going Abroad
- A Global Business
- Factors Fueling Global Expansion
- Trade Liberalization
- Impact of Trade Liberalization
- Tobacco Leaf Production
- Tobacco Leaf Trade
- Privatization
- Foreign InvestmentmdashUkraine
- Major Company Mergers
- Marlboro Market Share (2001)
- Marlbororsquos Global Penetration
- Section D
- Industry Strategies
- Modeling Industry Activities
- Undermining Science
- Sworn Public Statements
- Confidential Statements
- Buying Science and Intimidation
- The Attack on Meta-Analysis
- Junk Science
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
- Industry Tactics to Undermine IARC
- Philip Morris and SHS
- Japan Tobacco and SHS
- Public Relations
- Public Statements on Youth
- Private Statements on Youth
- Minimum Age 18
- Changing the Issues
- Philanthropy
- Corporate Social Responsibility
- BATS Social Reports
- Today on Addiction
- Today on Addiction
- Public Health Advocates
- Truth in Advertising
- Section E
- Marketing
- Industry Expenditures on Advertising
- Communicating Disease
- Advertising Strategies
- Grand Prix
- Section F
- Lobbying and Legislation
- A Long History of Lobbying
- Political Lobbying US
- The Latin Project Argentina
- The Czech Republic
- Preemption
- Industry Self-Regulation
- International Tobacco Marketing Standards
- Creating the Illusion of Support
- Front Groups
- Industry Front Groups and Allies
- International Tobacco Growers Association
- Legal and Economic Intimidation
- Intimidating Johns Hopkins
- Industry Harassment
-
24
Factors Fueling Global Expansion
Opening of formally closed economies in former Soviet Union Eastern Europe and China
World Bank and IMF pressure to liberalize foreign investment laws and privatize state-owned companies
Expansion of free trade areas
25
Trade Liberalization
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
World Trade Organization (WTO)
Regional Agreements (NAFTA)
26
Impact of Trade Liberalization
Korea (1988ndash1989)184ndash30 in teenage boys16ndash87 teenage girlsminus 6 of market in one year
Taiwan50 increase in high school students in two yearsminus 1 to 20 of annual sales in less than two years
Japan (1990ndash1996)26ndash40 in 17 year old boys 5ndash15 in 17 year old girlsminus 2 to 22 market share in ten years
27
Tobacco Leaf Production
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
Thou
sand
s of
met
ric
tons
China
India
Brazil
USATurk
eyZim
babweIn
donesia
Italy
Greece
MalawiPakista
nArg
entina
Leading Producers of Tobacco Leaves 2001
Data source Mackay J and Eriksen M 2002 The Tobacco Atlas World Health Organization
28
Tobacco Leaf Trade
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Thou
sand
met
ric
tons
Brazil USA Zimbabwe China Turkey India Greece Italy Malawi Argentina
Top 10 Tobacco Leaf Exporters 1999
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Tho
usan
d m
etri
c to
ns
Russia USA Germany UK Netherlands Japan France Ukraine Poland Egypt
Top 10 Tobacco Leaf Importers 1999
Data source Mackay J and Eriksen M 2002 The Tobacco Atlas World Health Organization
29
Privatization
Over 140 mergers and acquisitions between international companies and state-run companies
A few examplesminus 2003 BAT buys Duvanska (Serbia) minus 1997 PM buys Tabaqueira (Portugal)minus 1994 PM buys Kharkov (Ukraine)minus 1993 PM buys Klaipeda (Lithuania)minus 1992 PM buys Czech Tabacminus 1991 BAT buys Hungaryrsquos State company
30
Foreign InvestmentmdashUkraine
Foreign tobacco firms invested $520 million between 1991 and 1999mdash14 of all foreign direct investment
Over 90 manufacturing capacity now run by Western companies
Platform for exporting to other countries throughout Central and Eastern Europe
31
Major Company Mergers
1999 minus BAT buys Rothmansminus Philip Morris buys Liggettminus Japan Tobacco buys RJR International
Transformed size and global reach of largest three companies
32
Marlboro Market Share (2001)
Netherlandsmdash39Francemdash30Germanymdash30Spainmdash155Polandmdash72Russiamdash20Romaniamdash18Saudi Arabiamdash532Mexicomdash425
33
Marlbororsquos Global Penetration
Creditcopy 1993 Lauren Goodsmith Courtesy of Photoshare
Image source httpwwwlibraryuiucedumortensonimagesmarlborojpgaccessed 22106
Section D
Industry Strategies I Science and Public Relations
35
Industry Strategies
Advertising and promotionBuying sciencePublic relationsPhilanthropyLobbyingFront groupsIntimidationLegislation and public policy
36
Modeling Industry Activities
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
37
Undermining Science
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
38
Sworn Public Statements
ldquoI believe nicotine is not addictiverdquo
mdash William Campbell (Phillip Morris US Congressional Hearings 1994)
Image source httpwwwnlmnihgovhmdfrankensteinfrank_promisehtml retrieved 2806
39
Confidential Statements
ldquoNicotine is addictive We are then in the business of selling nicotinemdashan addictive drug effective in the release of stress mechanismsrdquominus Brown and Williamson 1963
ldquohellipBAT should learn to look at itself as a drug company rather than as a tobacco companyrdquominus BAT 1980
ldquo [T]he entire matter of addiction is the most potent weapon a prosecuting attorney can have in a lung cancercigarette case We canrsquot defend continued smoking as lsquofree choicersquo if the person was lsquoaddictedrsquordquominus Tobacco Institute 1980
40
Buying Science and Intimidation
Letters to BMJ regarding the 1981 Hirayama StudyminusMisclassification
Active smokingPassive smoking
minusConfoundingminusStatistical errorminusPlausibility
0
10
20
30
21895 69645 17366
Population at enrollment
Stan
dard
ised
mor
talit
y ra
te fo
r lun
g ca
ncer
pe
r 100
000
32-79
15-50
8-70
Cigarette smokers
Non smoker Familial passive
smoking (-)
Non smoker Familial passive
smoking (+)
Total 108905
(Non smoker wives of non
smoker husbands)
(Non smoker wives of husbands
with smoking habits)
(Women with smoking habits)
Data source Hirayama T 1981 Non-smoking wives of heavy smokers have a higher risk of lung cancer a study from Japan BMJ 282183ndash5
41
The Attack on Meta-Analysis
Tweedie RL amp KL Mengersen 1995 Meta-analytic approaches to dose-response relationships with application in studies of lung cancer and exposure to environmental tobacco smoke Statistics in Medicine 14 545-569
Excerpt from Acknowledgements ndash ldquoThe paper was completed at Colorado State University with partial support from several tobacco companies the methods and analysis here are however entirely those of the authors and should not be otherwise ascribedrdquo
Bailar JC 1997 The promise and problems of meta-analysis New England Journal of Medicine 337 (8) 559-61
Fleiss JL amp AJ Gross 1991 Meta-analysis in epidemiology with special reference to studies of the association between exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and lung cancer a critique Journal of Clinical Epidemiology44 (2) 127-139
Excerpt from Acknowledgements ndash ldquoThis research was supported by a grant from The Tobacco Institute Washington DC USA We thank Dr Myron Weinberg President of the Weinberg GroupWASHTECH for encouraging us to develop this critiquerdquo
42
Junk Science
Gori GB JC Luik Passive Smoke The EPArsquos betrayal of science and
policy The Fraser Institute
Milloy SJ 1995 Science without sense The risky business of public
health research Cato Institute Washington DC
43
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
ldquoThe massive effort launched across the tobacco industry against one scientific
study is remarkablerdquo
Source Ong E K and Glantz S A (2000 April 8) Tobacco industry efforts subverting International Agency for Research on Cancerrsquos second-hand smoke study The Lancet 355 (9211) 1253ndash1259
44
Industry Tactics to Undermine IARC
ldquoDelay the progress andor release of the studyrdquoldquoAffect the wording of its conclusions and official statement of resultsrdquoldquoNeutralize possible negative results of the study rdquoldquoCounteract the potential impact of the study on government policy public opinion and actions by private employers and proprietorsrdquominus WHO Expert Panel on Industry Documents
45
Philip Morris and SHS
ldquoPublic health officials have concluded that secondhand smoke from cigarettes causes disease including lung cancer and heart disease in non-smoking adults as well as causes conditions in children such as asthma respiratory infections cough wheeze otitis media (middle ear infection) and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome In addition public health officials have concluded that secondhand smoke can exacerbate adult asthma and cause eye throat and nasal irritationrdquo
Source Philip Morris USA websitehttpwwwphilipmorrisusacomenhealth_issuessecondhand_smokeaspRetrieved 22106
46
Japan Tobacco and SHS
ldquo available evidence does not support the assertion that environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is harmful to healthrdquo
mdash Japan Tobacco
Source Submission to the WHO Public Hearings on the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control October 2000
47
Public Relations
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
48
Public Statements on Youth
ldquo would be willing to support prevention efforts that affected our bottom line Absolutely if we can come up with a program that prevents all teenagers from smoking cigarettes we would be delighted to see that happen And if that meant that fewer people smoked as adults so be itrdquo
mdash Corky Newton Vice President of Corporate and Youth Responsibility
Programs Brown and Williamson
Source Transcript of meeting with SWAT (Students Working Against Tobacco) US November 6 1999 Cited in PR in the Playground ASH UK 2000
49
Private Statements on Youth
ldquoWe [Philip Morris] refined the objective of a juvenile initiative program as follows maintain and proactively protect our ability to advertise promote and market our products via a juvenile initiativerdquo
ldquoJuvenile initiative = a series of programs and events to discourage juvenile smoking because smoking is an adult decisionrdquo
Source Cathy Leiber (18 May 1995) Philip Morris International Youth Initiatives Bates No 250301901114 Cited in PR in the Playground ASH UK 2000
50
Minimum Age 18
Image source Image source httpkumuicsdhawaiigovhealthhealthy- httpwwwdhssdelawaregovdhssdphlifestylestobaccotpeprtochtm dpcyouthaccesshtml retrieved 21206) retrieved 21206
51
Changing the Issues
Smoking manners
ldquoSmoking is prohibited in public places like railway stations airports museums and art galleries except for designated smoking areas There are some wards (ku in Japanese) that have specific rules in the form of bylaws concerning smoking If these regulations are broken the smoker is liable to pay a fine There is a provision of punishment for smoking on the street or in public places without carrying a portable ashtray as well as for throwing away cigarette buttsrdquo
httpwwwtourismmetrotokyojpenglishbasicbasic09htmlSource accessed 22306
52
Philanthropy
53
Corporate Social Responsibility
ldquohellip Because for us economic performance is not the only measure of our success Honesty integrity and social responsibility are just as important to the way we measure ourselvesrdquominus Philip Morris International
ldquoOur companies are committed to providing consumers with pleasure through excellent products and to demonstrating that we are meeting our commercial goals in ways that are consistent with reasonable societal expectations of a responsible tobacco group in the 21st centuryrdquominus British American Tobacco
54
BATS Social Reports
Argentina AustraliaBrazil GermanyHong KongHungaryJapanKoreaMalaysiaMexicoNew ZealandNigeriaPolandRussiaSouth Africa USA
55
Today on Addiction
PHILIP MORRIS USAPHILIP MORRIS INTERNATIONAL
TOBACCO ISSUESCigarette Smoking Health Issues for Smokers
Cigarette Smoking and AddictionWe agree with the overwhelming medical and scientific consensus that cigarette smoking is addictive It can be very difficult to quit smoking but this should not deter smokers who want to quit from trying to do so
minus httpphilipmorriscomdefaultasp
Continued
56
Today on AddictionPHILIP MORRIS USAPHILIP MORRIS INTERNATIONAL
TOBACCO ISSUESCigarette Smoking Health Issues for Smokers
Cigarette Smoking and Disease in SmokersThere is an overwhelming medical and scientific consensus that cigarette smoking causes lung cancer heart disease emphysema and other serious diseases in smokers Smokers are far more likely to develop serious diseases like lung cancer than non-smokers There is no safe cigarette These are and have been the messages of public health authorities worldwide Smokers and potential smokers should rely on these messages in making all smoking-related decisions
minus httpphilipmorriscomdefaultasp
57
Public Health Advocates
ldquoIntroducing QuitAssistQuitAssist is an information resource sponsored by Philip Morris USA Itrsquos designed to help you connect with a wealth of expert quitting information available ndash usually for free ndash from government agencies universities and respected nonprofit organizations This QuitAssist guide points the way to programs telephone quitlines websites guides and more that can help you find your own path to success
You can also read this guide at QuitAssist Online Log on through wwwphilipmorrisusacom
From there you can link directly to dozens of resources to help you move ahead and leave cigarettes behindrdquo
If you decide to quit smokinghellip
QuitAssistInformation Resource
Philip Morris USA
Never mentions the word ldquoaddictionrdquo
Source httpphilipmorrisusacomenquitassistindex_flashasp accessed 22306
58
Truth in Advertising
Aggressively markets the only legal product that when used as intended by its manufacturers eventually kills half its users
Section E
Industry Tactics II Industry Advertising Promotion and Sponsorship
60
Marketing
ldquoWe refined the objective of a juvenile initiative program as follows Maintain and proactively protect our ability to advertise promote and market our products via a juvenile initiativeldquo
mdash Cathy Leiber PM International 1995
Notes Juvenile initiative = a series of programs and events designed to discourage juvenile smoking because smoking is an adult decision
61
Industry Expenditures on Advertising
0100020003000400050006000700080009000
10000
Am
ount
spe
nt $
mill
ion
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Changes in cigarette marketing expenditure in the USA 1970-99
Data source Mackay J amp M Eriksen 2002 The Tobacco Atlas World Health Organization
62
Communicating Disease
According to the trade magazine ldquoAdvertising Agerdquo the Marlboro man was the most powerful advertising image of the 20th century
Image source httpwwwcdcgovtobaccosgrsgr4kidsadbusthtm retrieved 22306
63
Advertising Strategies
Targeting womenTargeting youthSelling AmericaSponsorship of sporting events and concertsContests and give-awaysBrand stretching
64
Grand Prix
Image source httpwwwnasnasagovAboutEducationRacecardevelopment_emobightml retrieved 22306
Section F
Industry Tactics III Lobbying Legislation and Litigation
66
Lobbying and Legislation
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
67
A Long History of Lobbying
1890mdashTobacco appeared in the US Pharmacopeia(official US government listing of drugs)1905mdashDropped from list before the 1906 Food and Drug Act (legislation that created the Food and Drug Administration)2005mdashFDA cannot regulate nicotine in tobacco
68
Political Lobbying US
Four of the twelve most generous donors to the 2000 Bush Campaign (1 Phillip Morris RJR UST Brown and Williamson)$18 million to federal candidates between 1997 and 2003 minus 82 to Republican candidates and committees
US $43 million spent to counter McCain bill (highest amount ever spent on a sustained issue advocacy campaign in the US)
69
The Latin Project Argentina
Counter regulations aimed at creating smoke-free workplaces and public placesminus September 30 1991mdashNeri Bill approved by Senate
(advertising promotion and sampling ban limit public smoking)
minus Industry campaignmdashmedia debates briefing packages to Senators and the President paid chief scientific advisor to President
minus October 13 1991mdashPresident vetoes law
70
The Czech Republic
June 2001
Philip Morris presents members of the Health and Social Affairs Committee of the Czech Parliament a study concluding that smoking is good for the Czech governments finances because of the savings from early deaths caused by smoking
71
Preemption
ldquoWe could never win at the local level The reason is [that] all of the health advocates the ones that I unfortunately used to call lsquohealth nazisrsquotheyrsquore all local activists who run the little political organizations So the Tobacco Institute and the tobacco companiesrsquo first priority has always been to preempt the field preferably to put it all on the federal level but if they canrsquot do that at least on the state level because the health advocates canrsquot compete with me on the state levelrdquo
mdash Victor Crawford former Maryland state legislator
72
Industry Self-Regulation
British American Tobacco
11 September 2001
INTERNATIONAL TOBACCO PRODUCTS MARKETING STANDARDS
The parties subscribing to these Standards (the ldquoParticipantsrdquo) wish to record their belief that tobacco products should be marketed in a responsible manner and that reasonable measures should be taken to ensure that the promotion and distribution of tobacco products is
bull directed at adult smokers and not at youth and
bull consistent with the principle of informed adult choice
73
International Tobacco Marketing Standards
ldquoWe have analyzed the nine-page agreement and believe that the multinationalsrsquo strategy is proactive and is a way to improve their image rdquoldquoAlso by proactively setting new international tobacco marketing standards the multinationals could be trying to counter a number of proposals that the WHO has been working on to curb the amount of cigarettes that are consumed on an international levelrdquoldquo Interestingly in many countries the existing laws or industry codes are already more restrictive than the provisions of the international marketing standardsrdquo
Source International Tobacco Marketing Standards September 2001
74
Creating the Illusion of Support
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
75
Front Groups
Buying citizen involvement (letter writing phone banking campaigns) by supporting front groups
ldquoHandrdquo of the industry remains hidden
It has been a common practice of Big Tobacco to use third parties or to create front groups to be out in front fighting smokefreepolicies while the industry remains behind the scenes protecting its public image
-Americans for Nonsmokersrsquo Rightshttpwwwno-smokeorggetthefactsphpdp=d21|d23 accessed 22306
76
Industry Front Groups and Allies
Ive learned from experience that as soon as Im identified as a representative of the Tobacco Institute I lose all credibility They just sneer us awayso I try to work behind the scenes whenever I can
- Ron Saldana lobbyist for the Tobacco Institute 82486
Source httpwwwno-smokeorggetthefactsphpdp=d21|d23 accessed 22306
77
International Tobacco Growers Association
ITGAldquo[Establish] ITGA [International Tobacco Growers Association] [as a] front group for our third world lobby activities at WHOrdquo
Source Report of the WHO Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents
Source Report of the WHO Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents
78
Legal and Economic Intimidation
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
79
Intimidating Johns Hopkins
ldquoThe tobacco companies have commenced nothing short of a campaign of harassment against the academic institutions that discovered smoking is injurious to the public healthrdquominus Estelle A Fishbein general
council for Johns Hopkins University
ldquoTobacco Industry in Fight To Get
Universitiesrsquo DataLegal Moves Termed Fishing Expeditionrdquo
-The New York Times Jan 20 2002
80
Industry Harassment
PUBLIC HEALTH MATTERS
Public Health Under Attack The American Stop Smoking Intervention Study (ASSIST) and the
Tobacco Industry
- White J and LA Bero
- The Transnational Tobacco Industry
- Section A
- Describing a Disease
- The Agent
- The Host
- The Vector
- Section B
- Background
- Background
- What Is a ldquoTransnationalrdquo Company
- Major Transnational Tobacco Companies
- Cigarette Production
- Company Size and Wealth
- TNC Sales and Developing Countries
- China National Tobacco Corporation
- A Return to the Past
- Section C
- A Global Market
- Looking Abroad
- Going Abroad
- A Global Business
- Factors Fueling Global Expansion
- Trade Liberalization
- Impact of Trade Liberalization
- Tobacco Leaf Production
- Tobacco Leaf Trade
- Privatization
- Foreign InvestmentmdashUkraine
- Major Company Mergers
- Marlboro Market Share (2001)
- Marlbororsquos Global Penetration
- Section D
- Industry Strategies
- Modeling Industry Activities
- Undermining Science
- Sworn Public Statements
- Confidential Statements
- Buying Science and Intimidation
- The Attack on Meta-Analysis
- Junk Science
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
- Industry Tactics to Undermine IARC
- Philip Morris and SHS
- Japan Tobacco and SHS
- Public Relations
- Public Statements on Youth
- Private Statements on Youth
- Minimum Age 18
- Changing the Issues
- Philanthropy
- Corporate Social Responsibility
- BATS Social Reports
- Today on Addiction
- Today on Addiction
- Public Health Advocates
- Truth in Advertising
- Section E
- Marketing
- Industry Expenditures on Advertising
- Communicating Disease
- Advertising Strategies
- Grand Prix
- Section F
- Lobbying and Legislation
- A Long History of Lobbying
- Political Lobbying US
- The Latin Project Argentina
- The Czech Republic
- Preemption
- Industry Self-Regulation
- International Tobacco Marketing Standards
- Creating the Illusion of Support
- Front Groups
- Industry Front Groups and Allies
- International Tobacco Growers Association
- Legal and Economic Intimidation
- Intimidating Johns Hopkins
- Industry Harassment
-
25
Trade Liberalization
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
World Trade Organization (WTO)
Regional Agreements (NAFTA)
26
Impact of Trade Liberalization
Korea (1988ndash1989)184ndash30 in teenage boys16ndash87 teenage girlsminus 6 of market in one year
Taiwan50 increase in high school students in two yearsminus 1 to 20 of annual sales in less than two years
Japan (1990ndash1996)26ndash40 in 17 year old boys 5ndash15 in 17 year old girlsminus 2 to 22 market share in ten years
27
Tobacco Leaf Production
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
Thou
sand
s of
met
ric
tons
China
India
Brazil
USATurk
eyZim
babweIn
donesia
Italy
Greece
MalawiPakista
nArg
entina
Leading Producers of Tobacco Leaves 2001
Data source Mackay J and Eriksen M 2002 The Tobacco Atlas World Health Organization
28
Tobacco Leaf Trade
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Thou
sand
met
ric
tons
Brazil USA Zimbabwe China Turkey India Greece Italy Malawi Argentina
Top 10 Tobacco Leaf Exporters 1999
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Tho
usan
d m
etri
c to
ns
Russia USA Germany UK Netherlands Japan France Ukraine Poland Egypt
Top 10 Tobacco Leaf Importers 1999
Data source Mackay J and Eriksen M 2002 The Tobacco Atlas World Health Organization
29
Privatization
Over 140 mergers and acquisitions between international companies and state-run companies
A few examplesminus 2003 BAT buys Duvanska (Serbia) minus 1997 PM buys Tabaqueira (Portugal)minus 1994 PM buys Kharkov (Ukraine)minus 1993 PM buys Klaipeda (Lithuania)minus 1992 PM buys Czech Tabacminus 1991 BAT buys Hungaryrsquos State company
30
Foreign InvestmentmdashUkraine
Foreign tobacco firms invested $520 million between 1991 and 1999mdash14 of all foreign direct investment
Over 90 manufacturing capacity now run by Western companies
Platform for exporting to other countries throughout Central and Eastern Europe
31
Major Company Mergers
1999 minus BAT buys Rothmansminus Philip Morris buys Liggettminus Japan Tobacco buys RJR International
Transformed size and global reach of largest three companies
32
Marlboro Market Share (2001)
Netherlandsmdash39Francemdash30Germanymdash30Spainmdash155Polandmdash72Russiamdash20Romaniamdash18Saudi Arabiamdash532Mexicomdash425
33
Marlbororsquos Global Penetration
Creditcopy 1993 Lauren Goodsmith Courtesy of Photoshare
Image source httpwwwlibraryuiucedumortensonimagesmarlborojpgaccessed 22106
Section D
Industry Strategies I Science and Public Relations
35
Industry Strategies
Advertising and promotionBuying sciencePublic relationsPhilanthropyLobbyingFront groupsIntimidationLegislation and public policy
36
Modeling Industry Activities
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
37
Undermining Science
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
38
Sworn Public Statements
ldquoI believe nicotine is not addictiverdquo
mdash William Campbell (Phillip Morris US Congressional Hearings 1994)
Image source httpwwwnlmnihgovhmdfrankensteinfrank_promisehtml retrieved 2806
39
Confidential Statements
ldquoNicotine is addictive We are then in the business of selling nicotinemdashan addictive drug effective in the release of stress mechanismsrdquominus Brown and Williamson 1963
ldquohellipBAT should learn to look at itself as a drug company rather than as a tobacco companyrdquominus BAT 1980
ldquo [T]he entire matter of addiction is the most potent weapon a prosecuting attorney can have in a lung cancercigarette case We canrsquot defend continued smoking as lsquofree choicersquo if the person was lsquoaddictedrsquordquominus Tobacco Institute 1980
40
Buying Science and Intimidation
Letters to BMJ regarding the 1981 Hirayama StudyminusMisclassification
Active smokingPassive smoking
minusConfoundingminusStatistical errorminusPlausibility
0
10
20
30
21895 69645 17366
Population at enrollment
Stan
dard
ised
mor
talit
y ra
te fo
r lun
g ca
ncer
pe
r 100
000
32-79
15-50
8-70
Cigarette smokers
Non smoker Familial passive
smoking (-)
Non smoker Familial passive
smoking (+)
Total 108905
(Non smoker wives of non
smoker husbands)
(Non smoker wives of husbands
with smoking habits)
(Women with smoking habits)
Data source Hirayama T 1981 Non-smoking wives of heavy smokers have a higher risk of lung cancer a study from Japan BMJ 282183ndash5
41
The Attack on Meta-Analysis
Tweedie RL amp KL Mengersen 1995 Meta-analytic approaches to dose-response relationships with application in studies of lung cancer and exposure to environmental tobacco smoke Statistics in Medicine 14 545-569
Excerpt from Acknowledgements ndash ldquoThe paper was completed at Colorado State University with partial support from several tobacco companies the methods and analysis here are however entirely those of the authors and should not be otherwise ascribedrdquo
Bailar JC 1997 The promise and problems of meta-analysis New England Journal of Medicine 337 (8) 559-61
Fleiss JL amp AJ Gross 1991 Meta-analysis in epidemiology with special reference to studies of the association between exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and lung cancer a critique Journal of Clinical Epidemiology44 (2) 127-139
Excerpt from Acknowledgements ndash ldquoThis research was supported by a grant from The Tobacco Institute Washington DC USA We thank Dr Myron Weinberg President of the Weinberg GroupWASHTECH for encouraging us to develop this critiquerdquo
42
Junk Science
Gori GB JC Luik Passive Smoke The EPArsquos betrayal of science and
policy The Fraser Institute
Milloy SJ 1995 Science without sense The risky business of public
health research Cato Institute Washington DC
43
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
ldquoThe massive effort launched across the tobacco industry against one scientific
study is remarkablerdquo
Source Ong E K and Glantz S A (2000 April 8) Tobacco industry efforts subverting International Agency for Research on Cancerrsquos second-hand smoke study The Lancet 355 (9211) 1253ndash1259
44
Industry Tactics to Undermine IARC
ldquoDelay the progress andor release of the studyrdquoldquoAffect the wording of its conclusions and official statement of resultsrdquoldquoNeutralize possible negative results of the study rdquoldquoCounteract the potential impact of the study on government policy public opinion and actions by private employers and proprietorsrdquominus WHO Expert Panel on Industry Documents
45
Philip Morris and SHS
ldquoPublic health officials have concluded that secondhand smoke from cigarettes causes disease including lung cancer and heart disease in non-smoking adults as well as causes conditions in children such as asthma respiratory infections cough wheeze otitis media (middle ear infection) and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome In addition public health officials have concluded that secondhand smoke can exacerbate adult asthma and cause eye throat and nasal irritationrdquo
Source Philip Morris USA websitehttpwwwphilipmorrisusacomenhealth_issuessecondhand_smokeaspRetrieved 22106
46
Japan Tobacco and SHS
ldquo available evidence does not support the assertion that environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is harmful to healthrdquo
mdash Japan Tobacco
Source Submission to the WHO Public Hearings on the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control October 2000
47
Public Relations
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
48
Public Statements on Youth
ldquo would be willing to support prevention efforts that affected our bottom line Absolutely if we can come up with a program that prevents all teenagers from smoking cigarettes we would be delighted to see that happen And if that meant that fewer people smoked as adults so be itrdquo
mdash Corky Newton Vice President of Corporate and Youth Responsibility
Programs Brown and Williamson
Source Transcript of meeting with SWAT (Students Working Against Tobacco) US November 6 1999 Cited in PR in the Playground ASH UK 2000
49
Private Statements on Youth
ldquoWe [Philip Morris] refined the objective of a juvenile initiative program as follows maintain and proactively protect our ability to advertise promote and market our products via a juvenile initiativerdquo
ldquoJuvenile initiative = a series of programs and events to discourage juvenile smoking because smoking is an adult decisionrdquo
Source Cathy Leiber (18 May 1995) Philip Morris International Youth Initiatives Bates No 250301901114 Cited in PR in the Playground ASH UK 2000
50
Minimum Age 18
Image source Image source httpkumuicsdhawaiigovhealthhealthy- httpwwwdhssdelawaregovdhssdphlifestylestobaccotpeprtochtm dpcyouthaccesshtml retrieved 21206) retrieved 21206
51
Changing the Issues
Smoking manners
ldquoSmoking is prohibited in public places like railway stations airports museums and art galleries except for designated smoking areas There are some wards (ku in Japanese) that have specific rules in the form of bylaws concerning smoking If these regulations are broken the smoker is liable to pay a fine There is a provision of punishment for smoking on the street or in public places without carrying a portable ashtray as well as for throwing away cigarette buttsrdquo
httpwwwtourismmetrotokyojpenglishbasicbasic09htmlSource accessed 22306
52
Philanthropy
53
Corporate Social Responsibility
ldquohellip Because for us economic performance is not the only measure of our success Honesty integrity and social responsibility are just as important to the way we measure ourselvesrdquominus Philip Morris International
ldquoOur companies are committed to providing consumers with pleasure through excellent products and to demonstrating that we are meeting our commercial goals in ways that are consistent with reasonable societal expectations of a responsible tobacco group in the 21st centuryrdquominus British American Tobacco
54
BATS Social Reports
Argentina AustraliaBrazil GermanyHong KongHungaryJapanKoreaMalaysiaMexicoNew ZealandNigeriaPolandRussiaSouth Africa USA
55
Today on Addiction
PHILIP MORRIS USAPHILIP MORRIS INTERNATIONAL
TOBACCO ISSUESCigarette Smoking Health Issues for Smokers
Cigarette Smoking and AddictionWe agree with the overwhelming medical and scientific consensus that cigarette smoking is addictive It can be very difficult to quit smoking but this should not deter smokers who want to quit from trying to do so
minus httpphilipmorriscomdefaultasp
Continued
56
Today on AddictionPHILIP MORRIS USAPHILIP MORRIS INTERNATIONAL
TOBACCO ISSUESCigarette Smoking Health Issues for Smokers
Cigarette Smoking and Disease in SmokersThere is an overwhelming medical and scientific consensus that cigarette smoking causes lung cancer heart disease emphysema and other serious diseases in smokers Smokers are far more likely to develop serious diseases like lung cancer than non-smokers There is no safe cigarette These are and have been the messages of public health authorities worldwide Smokers and potential smokers should rely on these messages in making all smoking-related decisions
minus httpphilipmorriscomdefaultasp
57
Public Health Advocates
ldquoIntroducing QuitAssistQuitAssist is an information resource sponsored by Philip Morris USA Itrsquos designed to help you connect with a wealth of expert quitting information available ndash usually for free ndash from government agencies universities and respected nonprofit organizations This QuitAssist guide points the way to programs telephone quitlines websites guides and more that can help you find your own path to success
You can also read this guide at QuitAssist Online Log on through wwwphilipmorrisusacom
From there you can link directly to dozens of resources to help you move ahead and leave cigarettes behindrdquo
If you decide to quit smokinghellip
QuitAssistInformation Resource
Philip Morris USA
Never mentions the word ldquoaddictionrdquo
Source httpphilipmorrisusacomenquitassistindex_flashasp accessed 22306
58
Truth in Advertising
Aggressively markets the only legal product that when used as intended by its manufacturers eventually kills half its users
Section E
Industry Tactics II Industry Advertising Promotion and Sponsorship
60
Marketing
ldquoWe refined the objective of a juvenile initiative program as follows Maintain and proactively protect our ability to advertise promote and market our products via a juvenile initiativeldquo
mdash Cathy Leiber PM International 1995
Notes Juvenile initiative = a series of programs and events designed to discourage juvenile smoking because smoking is an adult decision
61
Industry Expenditures on Advertising
0100020003000400050006000700080009000
10000
Am
ount
spe
nt $
mill
ion
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Changes in cigarette marketing expenditure in the USA 1970-99
Data source Mackay J amp M Eriksen 2002 The Tobacco Atlas World Health Organization
62
Communicating Disease
According to the trade magazine ldquoAdvertising Agerdquo the Marlboro man was the most powerful advertising image of the 20th century
Image source httpwwwcdcgovtobaccosgrsgr4kidsadbusthtm retrieved 22306
63
Advertising Strategies
Targeting womenTargeting youthSelling AmericaSponsorship of sporting events and concertsContests and give-awaysBrand stretching
64
Grand Prix
Image source httpwwwnasnasagovAboutEducationRacecardevelopment_emobightml retrieved 22306
Section F
Industry Tactics III Lobbying Legislation and Litigation
66
Lobbying and Legislation
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
67
A Long History of Lobbying
1890mdashTobacco appeared in the US Pharmacopeia(official US government listing of drugs)1905mdashDropped from list before the 1906 Food and Drug Act (legislation that created the Food and Drug Administration)2005mdashFDA cannot regulate nicotine in tobacco
68
Political Lobbying US
Four of the twelve most generous donors to the 2000 Bush Campaign (1 Phillip Morris RJR UST Brown and Williamson)$18 million to federal candidates between 1997 and 2003 minus 82 to Republican candidates and committees
US $43 million spent to counter McCain bill (highest amount ever spent on a sustained issue advocacy campaign in the US)
69
The Latin Project Argentina
Counter regulations aimed at creating smoke-free workplaces and public placesminus September 30 1991mdashNeri Bill approved by Senate
(advertising promotion and sampling ban limit public smoking)
minus Industry campaignmdashmedia debates briefing packages to Senators and the President paid chief scientific advisor to President
minus October 13 1991mdashPresident vetoes law
70
The Czech Republic
June 2001
Philip Morris presents members of the Health and Social Affairs Committee of the Czech Parliament a study concluding that smoking is good for the Czech governments finances because of the savings from early deaths caused by smoking
71
Preemption
ldquoWe could never win at the local level The reason is [that] all of the health advocates the ones that I unfortunately used to call lsquohealth nazisrsquotheyrsquore all local activists who run the little political organizations So the Tobacco Institute and the tobacco companiesrsquo first priority has always been to preempt the field preferably to put it all on the federal level but if they canrsquot do that at least on the state level because the health advocates canrsquot compete with me on the state levelrdquo
mdash Victor Crawford former Maryland state legislator
72
Industry Self-Regulation
British American Tobacco
11 September 2001
INTERNATIONAL TOBACCO PRODUCTS MARKETING STANDARDS
The parties subscribing to these Standards (the ldquoParticipantsrdquo) wish to record their belief that tobacco products should be marketed in a responsible manner and that reasonable measures should be taken to ensure that the promotion and distribution of tobacco products is
bull directed at adult smokers and not at youth and
bull consistent with the principle of informed adult choice
73
International Tobacco Marketing Standards
ldquoWe have analyzed the nine-page agreement and believe that the multinationalsrsquo strategy is proactive and is a way to improve their image rdquoldquoAlso by proactively setting new international tobacco marketing standards the multinationals could be trying to counter a number of proposals that the WHO has been working on to curb the amount of cigarettes that are consumed on an international levelrdquoldquo Interestingly in many countries the existing laws or industry codes are already more restrictive than the provisions of the international marketing standardsrdquo
Source International Tobacco Marketing Standards September 2001
74
Creating the Illusion of Support
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
75
Front Groups
Buying citizen involvement (letter writing phone banking campaigns) by supporting front groups
ldquoHandrdquo of the industry remains hidden
It has been a common practice of Big Tobacco to use third parties or to create front groups to be out in front fighting smokefreepolicies while the industry remains behind the scenes protecting its public image
-Americans for Nonsmokersrsquo Rightshttpwwwno-smokeorggetthefactsphpdp=d21|d23 accessed 22306
76
Industry Front Groups and Allies
Ive learned from experience that as soon as Im identified as a representative of the Tobacco Institute I lose all credibility They just sneer us awayso I try to work behind the scenes whenever I can
- Ron Saldana lobbyist for the Tobacco Institute 82486
Source httpwwwno-smokeorggetthefactsphpdp=d21|d23 accessed 22306
77
International Tobacco Growers Association
ITGAldquo[Establish] ITGA [International Tobacco Growers Association] [as a] front group for our third world lobby activities at WHOrdquo
Source Report of the WHO Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents
Source Report of the WHO Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents
78
Legal and Economic Intimidation
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
79
Intimidating Johns Hopkins
ldquoThe tobacco companies have commenced nothing short of a campaign of harassment against the academic institutions that discovered smoking is injurious to the public healthrdquominus Estelle A Fishbein general
council for Johns Hopkins University
ldquoTobacco Industry in Fight To Get
Universitiesrsquo DataLegal Moves Termed Fishing Expeditionrdquo
-The New York Times Jan 20 2002
80
Industry Harassment
PUBLIC HEALTH MATTERS
Public Health Under Attack The American Stop Smoking Intervention Study (ASSIST) and the
Tobacco Industry
- White J and LA Bero
- The Transnational Tobacco Industry
- Section A
- Describing a Disease
- The Agent
- The Host
- The Vector
- Section B
- Background
- Background
- What Is a ldquoTransnationalrdquo Company
- Major Transnational Tobacco Companies
- Cigarette Production
- Company Size and Wealth
- TNC Sales and Developing Countries
- China National Tobacco Corporation
- A Return to the Past
- Section C
- A Global Market
- Looking Abroad
- Going Abroad
- A Global Business
- Factors Fueling Global Expansion
- Trade Liberalization
- Impact of Trade Liberalization
- Tobacco Leaf Production
- Tobacco Leaf Trade
- Privatization
- Foreign InvestmentmdashUkraine
- Major Company Mergers
- Marlboro Market Share (2001)
- Marlbororsquos Global Penetration
- Section D
- Industry Strategies
- Modeling Industry Activities
- Undermining Science
- Sworn Public Statements
- Confidential Statements
- Buying Science and Intimidation
- The Attack on Meta-Analysis
- Junk Science
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
- Industry Tactics to Undermine IARC
- Philip Morris and SHS
- Japan Tobacco and SHS
- Public Relations
- Public Statements on Youth
- Private Statements on Youth
- Minimum Age 18
- Changing the Issues
- Philanthropy
- Corporate Social Responsibility
- BATS Social Reports
- Today on Addiction
- Today on Addiction
- Public Health Advocates
- Truth in Advertising
- Section E
- Marketing
- Industry Expenditures on Advertising
- Communicating Disease
- Advertising Strategies
- Grand Prix
- Section F
- Lobbying and Legislation
- A Long History of Lobbying
- Political Lobbying US
- The Latin Project Argentina
- The Czech Republic
- Preemption
- Industry Self-Regulation
- International Tobacco Marketing Standards
- Creating the Illusion of Support
- Front Groups
- Industry Front Groups and Allies
- International Tobacco Growers Association
- Legal and Economic Intimidation
- Intimidating Johns Hopkins
- Industry Harassment
-
26
Impact of Trade Liberalization
Korea (1988ndash1989)184ndash30 in teenage boys16ndash87 teenage girlsminus 6 of market in one year
Taiwan50 increase in high school students in two yearsminus 1 to 20 of annual sales in less than two years
Japan (1990ndash1996)26ndash40 in 17 year old boys 5ndash15 in 17 year old girlsminus 2 to 22 market share in ten years
27
Tobacco Leaf Production
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
Thou
sand
s of
met
ric
tons
China
India
Brazil
USATurk
eyZim
babweIn
donesia
Italy
Greece
MalawiPakista
nArg
entina
Leading Producers of Tobacco Leaves 2001
Data source Mackay J and Eriksen M 2002 The Tobacco Atlas World Health Organization
28
Tobacco Leaf Trade
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Thou
sand
met
ric
tons
Brazil USA Zimbabwe China Turkey India Greece Italy Malawi Argentina
Top 10 Tobacco Leaf Exporters 1999
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Tho
usan
d m
etri
c to
ns
Russia USA Germany UK Netherlands Japan France Ukraine Poland Egypt
Top 10 Tobacco Leaf Importers 1999
Data source Mackay J and Eriksen M 2002 The Tobacco Atlas World Health Organization
29
Privatization
Over 140 mergers and acquisitions between international companies and state-run companies
A few examplesminus 2003 BAT buys Duvanska (Serbia) minus 1997 PM buys Tabaqueira (Portugal)minus 1994 PM buys Kharkov (Ukraine)minus 1993 PM buys Klaipeda (Lithuania)minus 1992 PM buys Czech Tabacminus 1991 BAT buys Hungaryrsquos State company
30
Foreign InvestmentmdashUkraine
Foreign tobacco firms invested $520 million between 1991 and 1999mdash14 of all foreign direct investment
Over 90 manufacturing capacity now run by Western companies
Platform for exporting to other countries throughout Central and Eastern Europe
31
Major Company Mergers
1999 minus BAT buys Rothmansminus Philip Morris buys Liggettminus Japan Tobacco buys RJR International
Transformed size and global reach of largest three companies
32
Marlboro Market Share (2001)
Netherlandsmdash39Francemdash30Germanymdash30Spainmdash155Polandmdash72Russiamdash20Romaniamdash18Saudi Arabiamdash532Mexicomdash425
33
Marlbororsquos Global Penetration
Creditcopy 1993 Lauren Goodsmith Courtesy of Photoshare
Image source httpwwwlibraryuiucedumortensonimagesmarlborojpgaccessed 22106
Section D
Industry Strategies I Science and Public Relations
35
Industry Strategies
Advertising and promotionBuying sciencePublic relationsPhilanthropyLobbyingFront groupsIntimidationLegislation and public policy
36
Modeling Industry Activities
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
37
Undermining Science
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
38
Sworn Public Statements
ldquoI believe nicotine is not addictiverdquo
mdash William Campbell (Phillip Morris US Congressional Hearings 1994)
Image source httpwwwnlmnihgovhmdfrankensteinfrank_promisehtml retrieved 2806
39
Confidential Statements
ldquoNicotine is addictive We are then in the business of selling nicotinemdashan addictive drug effective in the release of stress mechanismsrdquominus Brown and Williamson 1963
ldquohellipBAT should learn to look at itself as a drug company rather than as a tobacco companyrdquominus BAT 1980
ldquo [T]he entire matter of addiction is the most potent weapon a prosecuting attorney can have in a lung cancercigarette case We canrsquot defend continued smoking as lsquofree choicersquo if the person was lsquoaddictedrsquordquominus Tobacco Institute 1980
40
Buying Science and Intimidation
Letters to BMJ regarding the 1981 Hirayama StudyminusMisclassification
Active smokingPassive smoking
minusConfoundingminusStatistical errorminusPlausibility
0
10
20
30
21895 69645 17366
Population at enrollment
Stan
dard
ised
mor
talit
y ra
te fo
r lun
g ca
ncer
pe
r 100
000
32-79
15-50
8-70
Cigarette smokers
Non smoker Familial passive
smoking (-)
Non smoker Familial passive
smoking (+)
Total 108905
(Non smoker wives of non
smoker husbands)
(Non smoker wives of husbands
with smoking habits)
(Women with smoking habits)
Data source Hirayama T 1981 Non-smoking wives of heavy smokers have a higher risk of lung cancer a study from Japan BMJ 282183ndash5
41
The Attack on Meta-Analysis
Tweedie RL amp KL Mengersen 1995 Meta-analytic approaches to dose-response relationships with application in studies of lung cancer and exposure to environmental tobacco smoke Statistics in Medicine 14 545-569
Excerpt from Acknowledgements ndash ldquoThe paper was completed at Colorado State University with partial support from several tobacco companies the methods and analysis here are however entirely those of the authors and should not be otherwise ascribedrdquo
Bailar JC 1997 The promise and problems of meta-analysis New England Journal of Medicine 337 (8) 559-61
Fleiss JL amp AJ Gross 1991 Meta-analysis in epidemiology with special reference to studies of the association between exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and lung cancer a critique Journal of Clinical Epidemiology44 (2) 127-139
Excerpt from Acknowledgements ndash ldquoThis research was supported by a grant from The Tobacco Institute Washington DC USA We thank Dr Myron Weinberg President of the Weinberg GroupWASHTECH for encouraging us to develop this critiquerdquo
42
Junk Science
Gori GB JC Luik Passive Smoke The EPArsquos betrayal of science and
policy The Fraser Institute
Milloy SJ 1995 Science without sense The risky business of public
health research Cato Institute Washington DC
43
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
ldquoThe massive effort launched across the tobacco industry against one scientific
study is remarkablerdquo
Source Ong E K and Glantz S A (2000 April 8) Tobacco industry efforts subverting International Agency for Research on Cancerrsquos second-hand smoke study The Lancet 355 (9211) 1253ndash1259
44
Industry Tactics to Undermine IARC
ldquoDelay the progress andor release of the studyrdquoldquoAffect the wording of its conclusions and official statement of resultsrdquoldquoNeutralize possible negative results of the study rdquoldquoCounteract the potential impact of the study on government policy public opinion and actions by private employers and proprietorsrdquominus WHO Expert Panel on Industry Documents
45
Philip Morris and SHS
ldquoPublic health officials have concluded that secondhand smoke from cigarettes causes disease including lung cancer and heart disease in non-smoking adults as well as causes conditions in children such as asthma respiratory infections cough wheeze otitis media (middle ear infection) and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome In addition public health officials have concluded that secondhand smoke can exacerbate adult asthma and cause eye throat and nasal irritationrdquo
Source Philip Morris USA websitehttpwwwphilipmorrisusacomenhealth_issuessecondhand_smokeaspRetrieved 22106
46
Japan Tobacco and SHS
ldquo available evidence does not support the assertion that environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is harmful to healthrdquo
mdash Japan Tobacco
Source Submission to the WHO Public Hearings on the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control October 2000
47
Public Relations
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
48
Public Statements on Youth
ldquo would be willing to support prevention efforts that affected our bottom line Absolutely if we can come up with a program that prevents all teenagers from smoking cigarettes we would be delighted to see that happen And if that meant that fewer people smoked as adults so be itrdquo
mdash Corky Newton Vice President of Corporate and Youth Responsibility
Programs Brown and Williamson
Source Transcript of meeting with SWAT (Students Working Against Tobacco) US November 6 1999 Cited in PR in the Playground ASH UK 2000
49
Private Statements on Youth
ldquoWe [Philip Morris] refined the objective of a juvenile initiative program as follows maintain and proactively protect our ability to advertise promote and market our products via a juvenile initiativerdquo
ldquoJuvenile initiative = a series of programs and events to discourage juvenile smoking because smoking is an adult decisionrdquo
Source Cathy Leiber (18 May 1995) Philip Morris International Youth Initiatives Bates No 250301901114 Cited in PR in the Playground ASH UK 2000
50
Minimum Age 18
Image source Image source httpkumuicsdhawaiigovhealthhealthy- httpwwwdhssdelawaregovdhssdphlifestylestobaccotpeprtochtm dpcyouthaccesshtml retrieved 21206) retrieved 21206
51
Changing the Issues
Smoking manners
ldquoSmoking is prohibited in public places like railway stations airports museums and art galleries except for designated smoking areas There are some wards (ku in Japanese) that have specific rules in the form of bylaws concerning smoking If these regulations are broken the smoker is liable to pay a fine There is a provision of punishment for smoking on the street or in public places without carrying a portable ashtray as well as for throwing away cigarette buttsrdquo
httpwwwtourismmetrotokyojpenglishbasicbasic09htmlSource accessed 22306
52
Philanthropy
53
Corporate Social Responsibility
ldquohellip Because for us economic performance is not the only measure of our success Honesty integrity and social responsibility are just as important to the way we measure ourselvesrdquominus Philip Morris International
ldquoOur companies are committed to providing consumers with pleasure through excellent products and to demonstrating that we are meeting our commercial goals in ways that are consistent with reasonable societal expectations of a responsible tobacco group in the 21st centuryrdquominus British American Tobacco
54
BATS Social Reports
Argentina AustraliaBrazil GermanyHong KongHungaryJapanKoreaMalaysiaMexicoNew ZealandNigeriaPolandRussiaSouth Africa USA
55
Today on Addiction
PHILIP MORRIS USAPHILIP MORRIS INTERNATIONAL
TOBACCO ISSUESCigarette Smoking Health Issues for Smokers
Cigarette Smoking and AddictionWe agree with the overwhelming medical and scientific consensus that cigarette smoking is addictive It can be very difficult to quit smoking but this should not deter smokers who want to quit from trying to do so
minus httpphilipmorriscomdefaultasp
Continued
56
Today on AddictionPHILIP MORRIS USAPHILIP MORRIS INTERNATIONAL
TOBACCO ISSUESCigarette Smoking Health Issues for Smokers
Cigarette Smoking and Disease in SmokersThere is an overwhelming medical and scientific consensus that cigarette smoking causes lung cancer heart disease emphysema and other serious diseases in smokers Smokers are far more likely to develop serious diseases like lung cancer than non-smokers There is no safe cigarette These are and have been the messages of public health authorities worldwide Smokers and potential smokers should rely on these messages in making all smoking-related decisions
minus httpphilipmorriscomdefaultasp
57
Public Health Advocates
ldquoIntroducing QuitAssistQuitAssist is an information resource sponsored by Philip Morris USA Itrsquos designed to help you connect with a wealth of expert quitting information available ndash usually for free ndash from government agencies universities and respected nonprofit organizations This QuitAssist guide points the way to programs telephone quitlines websites guides and more that can help you find your own path to success
You can also read this guide at QuitAssist Online Log on through wwwphilipmorrisusacom
From there you can link directly to dozens of resources to help you move ahead and leave cigarettes behindrdquo
If you decide to quit smokinghellip
QuitAssistInformation Resource
Philip Morris USA
Never mentions the word ldquoaddictionrdquo
Source httpphilipmorrisusacomenquitassistindex_flashasp accessed 22306
58
Truth in Advertising
Aggressively markets the only legal product that when used as intended by its manufacturers eventually kills half its users
Section E
Industry Tactics II Industry Advertising Promotion and Sponsorship
60
Marketing
ldquoWe refined the objective of a juvenile initiative program as follows Maintain and proactively protect our ability to advertise promote and market our products via a juvenile initiativeldquo
mdash Cathy Leiber PM International 1995
Notes Juvenile initiative = a series of programs and events designed to discourage juvenile smoking because smoking is an adult decision
61
Industry Expenditures on Advertising
0100020003000400050006000700080009000
10000
Am
ount
spe
nt $
mill
ion
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Changes in cigarette marketing expenditure in the USA 1970-99
Data source Mackay J amp M Eriksen 2002 The Tobacco Atlas World Health Organization
62
Communicating Disease
According to the trade magazine ldquoAdvertising Agerdquo the Marlboro man was the most powerful advertising image of the 20th century
Image source httpwwwcdcgovtobaccosgrsgr4kidsadbusthtm retrieved 22306
63
Advertising Strategies
Targeting womenTargeting youthSelling AmericaSponsorship of sporting events and concertsContests and give-awaysBrand stretching
64
Grand Prix
Image source httpwwwnasnasagovAboutEducationRacecardevelopment_emobightml retrieved 22306
Section F
Industry Tactics III Lobbying Legislation and Litigation
66
Lobbying and Legislation
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
67
A Long History of Lobbying
1890mdashTobacco appeared in the US Pharmacopeia(official US government listing of drugs)1905mdashDropped from list before the 1906 Food and Drug Act (legislation that created the Food and Drug Administration)2005mdashFDA cannot regulate nicotine in tobacco
68
Political Lobbying US
Four of the twelve most generous donors to the 2000 Bush Campaign (1 Phillip Morris RJR UST Brown and Williamson)$18 million to federal candidates between 1997 and 2003 minus 82 to Republican candidates and committees
US $43 million spent to counter McCain bill (highest amount ever spent on a sustained issue advocacy campaign in the US)
69
The Latin Project Argentina
Counter regulations aimed at creating smoke-free workplaces and public placesminus September 30 1991mdashNeri Bill approved by Senate
(advertising promotion and sampling ban limit public smoking)
minus Industry campaignmdashmedia debates briefing packages to Senators and the President paid chief scientific advisor to President
minus October 13 1991mdashPresident vetoes law
70
The Czech Republic
June 2001
Philip Morris presents members of the Health and Social Affairs Committee of the Czech Parliament a study concluding that smoking is good for the Czech governments finances because of the savings from early deaths caused by smoking
71
Preemption
ldquoWe could never win at the local level The reason is [that] all of the health advocates the ones that I unfortunately used to call lsquohealth nazisrsquotheyrsquore all local activists who run the little political organizations So the Tobacco Institute and the tobacco companiesrsquo first priority has always been to preempt the field preferably to put it all on the federal level but if they canrsquot do that at least on the state level because the health advocates canrsquot compete with me on the state levelrdquo
mdash Victor Crawford former Maryland state legislator
72
Industry Self-Regulation
British American Tobacco
11 September 2001
INTERNATIONAL TOBACCO PRODUCTS MARKETING STANDARDS
The parties subscribing to these Standards (the ldquoParticipantsrdquo) wish to record their belief that tobacco products should be marketed in a responsible manner and that reasonable measures should be taken to ensure that the promotion and distribution of tobacco products is
bull directed at adult smokers and not at youth and
bull consistent with the principle of informed adult choice
73
International Tobacco Marketing Standards
ldquoWe have analyzed the nine-page agreement and believe that the multinationalsrsquo strategy is proactive and is a way to improve their image rdquoldquoAlso by proactively setting new international tobacco marketing standards the multinationals could be trying to counter a number of proposals that the WHO has been working on to curb the amount of cigarettes that are consumed on an international levelrdquoldquo Interestingly in many countries the existing laws or industry codes are already more restrictive than the provisions of the international marketing standardsrdquo
Source International Tobacco Marketing Standards September 2001
74
Creating the Illusion of Support
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
75
Front Groups
Buying citizen involvement (letter writing phone banking campaigns) by supporting front groups
ldquoHandrdquo of the industry remains hidden
It has been a common practice of Big Tobacco to use third parties or to create front groups to be out in front fighting smokefreepolicies while the industry remains behind the scenes protecting its public image
-Americans for Nonsmokersrsquo Rightshttpwwwno-smokeorggetthefactsphpdp=d21|d23 accessed 22306
76
Industry Front Groups and Allies
Ive learned from experience that as soon as Im identified as a representative of the Tobacco Institute I lose all credibility They just sneer us awayso I try to work behind the scenes whenever I can
- Ron Saldana lobbyist for the Tobacco Institute 82486
Source httpwwwno-smokeorggetthefactsphpdp=d21|d23 accessed 22306
77
International Tobacco Growers Association
ITGAldquo[Establish] ITGA [International Tobacco Growers Association] [as a] front group for our third world lobby activities at WHOrdquo
Source Report of the WHO Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents
Source Report of the WHO Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents
78
Legal and Economic Intimidation
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
79
Intimidating Johns Hopkins
ldquoThe tobacco companies have commenced nothing short of a campaign of harassment against the academic institutions that discovered smoking is injurious to the public healthrdquominus Estelle A Fishbein general
council for Johns Hopkins University
ldquoTobacco Industry in Fight To Get
Universitiesrsquo DataLegal Moves Termed Fishing Expeditionrdquo
-The New York Times Jan 20 2002
80
Industry Harassment
PUBLIC HEALTH MATTERS
Public Health Under Attack The American Stop Smoking Intervention Study (ASSIST) and the
Tobacco Industry
- White J and LA Bero
- The Transnational Tobacco Industry
- Section A
- Describing a Disease
- The Agent
- The Host
- The Vector
- Section B
- Background
- Background
- What Is a ldquoTransnationalrdquo Company
- Major Transnational Tobacco Companies
- Cigarette Production
- Company Size and Wealth
- TNC Sales and Developing Countries
- China National Tobacco Corporation
- A Return to the Past
- Section C
- A Global Market
- Looking Abroad
- Going Abroad
- A Global Business
- Factors Fueling Global Expansion
- Trade Liberalization
- Impact of Trade Liberalization
- Tobacco Leaf Production
- Tobacco Leaf Trade
- Privatization
- Foreign InvestmentmdashUkraine
- Major Company Mergers
- Marlboro Market Share (2001)
- Marlbororsquos Global Penetration
- Section D
- Industry Strategies
- Modeling Industry Activities
- Undermining Science
- Sworn Public Statements
- Confidential Statements
- Buying Science and Intimidation
- The Attack on Meta-Analysis
- Junk Science
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
- Industry Tactics to Undermine IARC
- Philip Morris and SHS
- Japan Tobacco and SHS
- Public Relations
- Public Statements on Youth
- Private Statements on Youth
- Minimum Age 18
- Changing the Issues
- Philanthropy
- Corporate Social Responsibility
- BATS Social Reports
- Today on Addiction
- Today on Addiction
- Public Health Advocates
- Truth in Advertising
- Section E
- Marketing
- Industry Expenditures on Advertising
- Communicating Disease
- Advertising Strategies
- Grand Prix
- Section F
- Lobbying and Legislation
- A Long History of Lobbying
- Political Lobbying US
- The Latin Project Argentina
- The Czech Republic
- Preemption
- Industry Self-Regulation
- International Tobacco Marketing Standards
- Creating the Illusion of Support
- Front Groups
- Industry Front Groups and Allies
- International Tobacco Growers Association
- Legal and Economic Intimidation
- Intimidating Johns Hopkins
- Industry Harassment
-
27
Tobacco Leaf Production
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
Thou
sand
s of
met
ric
tons
China
India
Brazil
USATurk
eyZim
babweIn
donesia
Italy
Greece
MalawiPakista
nArg
entina
Leading Producers of Tobacco Leaves 2001
Data source Mackay J and Eriksen M 2002 The Tobacco Atlas World Health Organization
28
Tobacco Leaf Trade
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Thou
sand
met
ric
tons
Brazil USA Zimbabwe China Turkey India Greece Italy Malawi Argentina
Top 10 Tobacco Leaf Exporters 1999
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Tho
usan
d m
etri
c to
ns
Russia USA Germany UK Netherlands Japan France Ukraine Poland Egypt
Top 10 Tobacco Leaf Importers 1999
Data source Mackay J and Eriksen M 2002 The Tobacco Atlas World Health Organization
29
Privatization
Over 140 mergers and acquisitions between international companies and state-run companies
A few examplesminus 2003 BAT buys Duvanska (Serbia) minus 1997 PM buys Tabaqueira (Portugal)minus 1994 PM buys Kharkov (Ukraine)minus 1993 PM buys Klaipeda (Lithuania)minus 1992 PM buys Czech Tabacminus 1991 BAT buys Hungaryrsquos State company
30
Foreign InvestmentmdashUkraine
Foreign tobacco firms invested $520 million between 1991 and 1999mdash14 of all foreign direct investment
Over 90 manufacturing capacity now run by Western companies
Platform for exporting to other countries throughout Central and Eastern Europe
31
Major Company Mergers
1999 minus BAT buys Rothmansminus Philip Morris buys Liggettminus Japan Tobacco buys RJR International
Transformed size and global reach of largest three companies
32
Marlboro Market Share (2001)
Netherlandsmdash39Francemdash30Germanymdash30Spainmdash155Polandmdash72Russiamdash20Romaniamdash18Saudi Arabiamdash532Mexicomdash425
33
Marlbororsquos Global Penetration
Creditcopy 1993 Lauren Goodsmith Courtesy of Photoshare
Image source httpwwwlibraryuiucedumortensonimagesmarlborojpgaccessed 22106
Section D
Industry Strategies I Science and Public Relations
35
Industry Strategies
Advertising and promotionBuying sciencePublic relationsPhilanthropyLobbyingFront groupsIntimidationLegislation and public policy
36
Modeling Industry Activities
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
37
Undermining Science
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
38
Sworn Public Statements
ldquoI believe nicotine is not addictiverdquo
mdash William Campbell (Phillip Morris US Congressional Hearings 1994)
Image source httpwwwnlmnihgovhmdfrankensteinfrank_promisehtml retrieved 2806
39
Confidential Statements
ldquoNicotine is addictive We are then in the business of selling nicotinemdashan addictive drug effective in the release of stress mechanismsrdquominus Brown and Williamson 1963
ldquohellipBAT should learn to look at itself as a drug company rather than as a tobacco companyrdquominus BAT 1980
ldquo [T]he entire matter of addiction is the most potent weapon a prosecuting attorney can have in a lung cancercigarette case We canrsquot defend continued smoking as lsquofree choicersquo if the person was lsquoaddictedrsquordquominus Tobacco Institute 1980
40
Buying Science and Intimidation
Letters to BMJ regarding the 1981 Hirayama StudyminusMisclassification
Active smokingPassive smoking
minusConfoundingminusStatistical errorminusPlausibility
0
10
20
30
21895 69645 17366
Population at enrollment
Stan
dard
ised
mor
talit
y ra
te fo
r lun
g ca
ncer
pe
r 100
000
32-79
15-50
8-70
Cigarette smokers
Non smoker Familial passive
smoking (-)
Non smoker Familial passive
smoking (+)
Total 108905
(Non smoker wives of non
smoker husbands)
(Non smoker wives of husbands
with smoking habits)
(Women with smoking habits)
Data source Hirayama T 1981 Non-smoking wives of heavy smokers have a higher risk of lung cancer a study from Japan BMJ 282183ndash5
41
The Attack on Meta-Analysis
Tweedie RL amp KL Mengersen 1995 Meta-analytic approaches to dose-response relationships with application in studies of lung cancer and exposure to environmental tobacco smoke Statistics in Medicine 14 545-569
Excerpt from Acknowledgements ndash ldquoThe paper was completed at Colorado State University with partial support from several tobacco companies the methods and analysis here are however entirely those of the authors and should not be otherwise ascribedrdquo
Bailar JC 1997 The promise and problems of meta-analysis New England Journal of Medicine 337 (8) 559-61
Fleiss JL amp AJ Gross 1991 Meta-analysis in epidemiology with special reference to studies of the association between exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and lung cancer a critique Journal of Clinical Epidemiology44 (2) 127-139
Excerpt from Acknowledgements ndash ldquoThis research was supported by a grant from The Tobacco Institute Washington DC USA We thank Dr Myron Weinberg President of the Weinberg GroupWASHTECH for encouraging us to develop this critiquerdquo
42
Junk Science
Gori GB JC Luik Passive Smoke The EPArsquos betrayal of science and
policy The Fraser Institute
Milloy SJ 1995 Science without sense The risky business of public
health research Cato Institute Washington DC
43
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
ldquoThe massive effort launched across the tobacco industry against one scientific
study is remarkablerdquo
Source Ong E K and Glantz S A (2000 April 8) Tobacco industry efforts subverting International Agency for Research on Cancerrsquos second-hand smoke study The Lancet 355 (9211) 1253ndash1259
44
Industry Tactics to Undermine IARC
ldquoDelay the progress andor release of the studyrdquoldquoAffect the wording of its conclusions and official statement of resultsrdquoldquoNeutralize possible negative results of the study rdquoldquoCounteract the potential impact of the study on government policy public opinion and actions by private employers and proprietorsrdquominus WHO Expert Panel on Industry Documents
45
Philip Morris and SHS
ldquoPublic health officials have concluded that secondhand smoke from cigarettes causes disease including lung cancer and heart disease in non-smoking adults as well as causes conditions in children such as asthma respiratory infections cough wheeze otitis media (middle ear infection) and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome In addition public health officials have concluded that secondhand smoke can exacerbate adult asthma and cause eye throat and nasal irritationrdquo
Source Philip Morris USA websitehttpwwwphilipmorrisusacomenhealth_issuessecondhand_smokeaspRetrieved 22106
46
Japan Tobacco and SHS
ldquo available evidence does not support the assertion that environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is harmful to healthrdquo
mdash Japan Tobacco
Source Submission to the WHO Public Hearings on the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control October 2000
47
Public Relations
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
48
Public Statements on Youth
ldquo would be willing to support prevention efforts that affected our bottom line Absolutely if we can come up with a program that prevents all teenagers from smoking cigarettes we would be delighted to see that happen And if that meant that fewer people smoked as adults so be itrdquo
mdash Corky Newton Vice President of Corporate and Youth Responsibility
Programs Brown and Williamson
Source Transcript of meeting with SWAT (Students Working Against Tobacco) US November 6 1999 Cited in PR in the Playground ASH UK 2000
49
Private Statements on Youth
ldquoWe [Philip Morris] refined the objective of a juvenile initiative program as follows maintain and proactively protect our ability to advertise promote and market our products via a juvenile initiativerdquo
ldquoJuvenile initiative = a series of programs and events to discourage juvenile smoking because smoking is an adult decisionrdquo
Source Cathy Leiber (18 May 1995) Philip Morris International Youth Initiatives Bates No 250301901114 Cited in PR in the Playground ASH UK 2000
50
Minimum Age 18
Image source Image source httpkumuicsdhawaiigovhealthhealthy- httpwwwdhssdelawaregovdhssdphlifestylestobaccotpeprtochtm dpcyouthaccesshtml retrieved 21206) retrieved 21206
51
Changing the Issues
Smoking manners
ldquoSmoking is prohibited in public places like railway stations airports museums and art galleries except for designated smoking areas There are some wards (ku in Japanese) that have specific rules in the form of bylaws concerning smoking If these regulations are broken the smoker is liable to pay a fine There is a provision of punishment for smoking on the street or in public places without carrying a portable ashtray as well as for throwing away cigarette buttsrdquo
httpwwwtourismmetrotokyojpenglishbasicbasic09htmlSource accessed 22306
52
Philanthropy
53
Corporate Social Responsibility
ldquohellip Because for us economic performance is not the only measure of our success Honesty integrity and social responsibility are just as important to the way we measure ourselvesrdquominus Philip Morris International
ldquoOur companies are committed to providing consumers with pleasure through excellent products and to demonstrating that we are meeting our commercial goals in ways that are consistent with reasonable societal expectations of a responsible tobacco group in the 21st centuryrdquominus British American Tobacco
54
BATS Social Reports
Argentina AustraliaBrazil GermanyHong KongHungaryJapanKoreaMalaysiaMexicoNew ZealandNigeriaPolandRussiaSouth Africa USA
55
Today on Addiction
PHILIP MORRIS USAPHILIP MORRIS INTERNATIONAL
TOBACCO ISSUESCigarette Smoking Health Issues for Smokers
Cigarette Smoking and AddictionWe agree with the overwhelming medical and scientific consensus that cigarette smoking is addictive It can be very difficult to quit smoking but this should not deter smokers who want to quit from trying to do so
minus httpphilipmorriscomdefaultasp
Continued
56
Today on AddictionPHILIP MORRIS USAPHILIP MORRIS INTERNATIONAL
TOBACCO ISSUESCigarette Smoking Health Issues for Smokers
Cigarette Smoking and Disease in SmokersThere is an overwhelming medical and scientific consensus that cigarette smoking causes lung cancer heart disease emphysema and other serious diseases in smokers Smokers are far more likely to develop serious diseases like lung cancer than non-smokers There is no safe cigarette These are and have been the messages of public health authorities worldwide Smokers and potential smokers should rely on these messages in making all smoking-related decisions
minus httpphilipmorriscomdefaultasp
57
Public Health Advocates
ldquoIntroducing QuitAssistQuitAssist is an information resource sponsored by Philip Morris USA Itrsquos designed to help you connect with a wealth of expert quitting information available ndash usually for free ndash from government agencies universities and respected nonprofit organizations This QuitAssist guide points the way to programs telephone quitlines websites guides and more that can help you find your own path to success
You can also read this guide at QuitAssist Online Log on through wwwphilipmorrisusacom
From there you can link directly to dozens of resources to help you move ahead and leave cigarettes behindrdquo
If you decide to quit smokinghellip
QuitAssistInformation Resource
Philip Morris USA
Never mentions the word ldquoaddictionrdquo
Source httpphilipmorrisusacomenquitassistindex_flashasp accessed 22306
58
Truth in Advertising
Aggressively markets the only legal product that when used as intended by its manufacturers eventually kills half its users
Section E
Industry Tactics II Industry Advertising Promotion and Sponsorship
60
Marketing
ldquoWe refined the objective of a juvenile initiative program as follows Maintain and proactively protect our ability to advertise promote and market our products via a juvenile initiativeldquo
mdash Cathy Leiber PM International 1995
Notes Juvenile initiative = a series of programs and events designed to discourage juvenile smoking because smoking is an adult decision
61
Industry Expenditures on Advertising
0100020003000400050006000700080009000
10000
Am
ount
spe
nt $
mill
ion
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Changes in cigarette marketing expenditure in the USA 1970-99
Data source Mackay J amp M Eriksen 2002 The Tobacco Atlas World Health Organization
62
Communicating Disease
According to the trade magazine ldquoAdvertising Agerdquo the Marlboro man was the most powerful advertising image of the 20th century
Image source httpwwwcdcgovtobaccosgrsgr4kidsadbusthtm retrieved 22306
63
Advertising Strategies
Targeting womenTargeting youthSelling AmericaSponsorship of sporting events and concertsContests and give-awaysBrand stretching
64
Grand Prix
Image source httpwwwnasnasagovAboutEducationRacecardevelopment_emobightml retrieved 22306
Section F
Industry Tactics III Lobbying Legislation and Litigation
66
Lobbying and Legislation
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
67
A Long History of Lobbying
1890mdashTobacco appeared in the US Pharmacopeia(official US government listing of drugs)1905mdashDropped from list before the 1906 Food and Drug Act (legislation that created the Food and Drug Administration)2005mdashFDA cannot regulate nicotine in tobacco
68
Political Lobbying US
Four of the twelve most generous donors to the 2000 Bush Campaign (1 Phillip Morris RJR UST Brown and Williamson)$18 million to federal candidates between 1997 and 2003 minus 82 to Republican candidates and committees
US $43 million spent to counter McCain bill (highest amount ever spent on a sustained issue advocacy campaign in the US)
69
The Latin Project Argentina
Counter regulations aimed at creating smoke-free workplaces and public placesminus September 30 1991mdashNeri Bill approved by Senate
(advertising promotion and sampling ban limit public smoking)
minus Industry campaignmdashmedia debates briefing packages to Senators and the President paid chief scientific advisor to President
minus October 13 1991mdashPresident vetoes law
70
The Czech Republic
June 2001
Philip Morris presents members of the Health and Social Affairs Committee of the Czech Parliament a study concluding that smoking is good for the Czech governments finances because of the savings from early deaths caused by smoking
71
Preemption
ldquoWe could never win at the local level The reason is [that] all of the health advocates the ones that I unfortunately used to call lsquohealth nazisrsquotheyrsquore all local activists who run the little political organizations So the Tobacco Institute and the tobacco companiesrsquo first priority has always been to preempt the field preferably to put it all on the federal level but if they canrsquot do that at least on the state level because the health advocates canrsquot compete with me on the state levelrdquo
mdash Victor Crawford former Maryland state legislator
72
Industry Self-Regulation
British American Tobacco
11 September 2001
INTERNATIONAL TOBACCO PRODUCTS MARKETING STANDARDS
The parties subscribing to these Standards (the ldquoParticipantsrdquo) wish to record their belief that tobacco products should be marketed in a responsible manner and that reasonable measures should be taken to ensure that the promotion and distribution of tobacco products is
bull directed at adult smokers and not at youth and
bull consistent with the principle of informed adult choice
73
International Tobacco Marketing Standards
ldquoWe have analyzed the nine-page agreement and believe that the multinationalsrsquo strategy is proactive and is a way to improve their image rdquoldquoAlso by proactively setting new international tobacco marketing standards the multinationals could be trying to counter a number of proposals that the WHO has been working on to curb the amount of cigarettes that are consumed on an international levelrdquoldquo Interestingly in many countries the existing laws or industry codes are already more restrictive than the provisions of the international marketing standardsrdquo
Source International Tobacco Marketing Standards September 2001
74
Creating the Illusion of Support
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
75
Front Groups
Buying citizen involvement (letter writing phone banking campaigns) by supporting front groups
ldquoHandrdquo of the industry remains hidden
It has been a common practice of Big Tobacco to use third parties or to create front groups to be out in front fighting smokefreepolicies while the industry remains behind the scenes protecting its public image
-Americans for Nonsmokersrsquo Rightshttpwwwno-smokeorggetthefactsphpdp=d21|d23 accessed 22306
76
Industry Front Groups and Allies
Ive learned from experience that as soon as Im identified as a representative of the Tobacco Institute I lose all credibility They just sneer us awayso I try to work behind the scenes whenever I can
- Ron Saldana lobbyist for the Tobacco Institute 82486
Source httpwwwno-smokeorggetthefactsphpdp=d21|d23 accessed 22306
77
International Tobacco Growers Association
ITGAldquo[Establish] ITGA [International Tobacco Growers Association] [as a] front group for our third world lobby activities at WHOrdquo
Source Report of the WHO Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents
Source Report of the WHO Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents
78
Legal and Economic Intimidation
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
79
Intimidating Johns Hopkins
ldquoThe tobacco companies have commenced nothing short of a campaign of harassment against the academic institutions that discovered smoking is injurious to the public healthrdquominus Estelle A Fishbein general
council for Johns Hopkins University
ldquoTobacco Industry in Fight To Get
Universitiesrsquo DataLegal Moves Termed Fishing Expeditionrdquo
-The New York Times Jan 20 2002
80
Industry Harassment
PUBLIC HEALTH MATTERS
Public Health Under Attack The American Stop Smoking Intervention Study (ASSIST) and the
Tobacco Industry
- White J and LA Bero
- The Transnational Tobacco Industry
- Section A
- Describing a Disease
- The Agent
- The Host
- The Vector
- Section B
- Background
- Background
- What Is a ldquoTransnationalrdquo Company
- Major Transnational Tobacco Companies
- Cigarette Production
- Company Size and Wealth
- TNC Sales and Developing Countries
- China National Tobacco Corporation
- A Return to the Past
- Section C
- A Global Market
- Looking Abroad
- Going Abroad
- A Global Business
- Factors Fueling Global Expansion
- Trade Liberalization
- Impact of Trade Liberalization
- Tobacco Leaf Production
- Tobacco Leaf Trade
- Privatization
- Foreign InvestmentmdashUkraine
- Major Company Mergers
- Marlboro Market Share (2001)
- Marlbororsquos Global Penetration
- Section D
- Industry Strategies
- Modeling Industry Activities
- Undermining Science
- Sworn Public Statements
- Confidential Statements
- Buying Science and Intimidation
- The Attack on Meta-Analysis
- Junk Science
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
- Industry Tactics to Undermine IARC
- Philip Morris and SHS
- Japan Tobacco and SHS
- Public Relations
- Public Statements on Youth
- Private Statements on Youth
- Minimum Age 18
- Changing the Issues
- Philanthropy
- Corporate Social Responsibility
- BATS Social Reports
- Today on Addiction
- Today on Addiction
- Public Health Advocates
- Truth in Advertising
- Section E
- Marketing
- Industry Expenditures on Advertising
- Communicating Disease
- Advertising Strategies
- Grand Prix
- Section F
- Lobbying and Legislation
- A Long History of Lobbying
- Political Lobbying US
- The Latin Project Argentina
- The Czech Republic
- Preemption
- Industry Self-Regulation
- International Tobacco Marketing Standards
- Creating the Illusion of Support
- Front Groups
- Industry Front Groups and Allies
- International Tobacco Growers Association
- Legal and Economic Intimidation
- Intimidating Johns Hopkins
- Industry Harassment
-
28
Tobacco Leaf Trade
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Thou
sand
met
ric
tons
Brazil USA Zimbabwe China Turkey India Greece Italy Malawi Argentina
Top 10 Tobacco Leaf Exporters 1999
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Tho
usan
d m
etri
c to
ns
Russia USA Germany UK Netherlands Japan France Ukraine Poland Egypt
Top 10 Tobacco Leaf Importers 1999
Data source Mackay J and Eriksen M 2002 The Tobacco Atlas World Health Organization
29
Privatization
Over 140 mergers and acquisitions between international companies and state-run companies
A few examplesminus 2003 BAT buys Duvanska (Serbia) minus 1997 PM buys Tabaqueira (Portugal)minus 1994 PM buys Kharkov (Ukraine)minus 1993 PM buys Klaipeda (Lithuania)minus 1992 PM buys Czech Tabacminus 1991 BAT buys Hungaryrsquos State company
30
Foreign InvestmentmdashUkraine
Foreign tobacco firms invested $520 million between 1991 and 1999mdash14 of all foreign direct investment
Over 90 manufacturing capacity now run by Western companies
Platform for exporting to other countries throughout Central and Eastern Europe
31
Major Company Mergers
1999 minus BAT buys Rothmansminus Philip Morris buys Liggettminus Japan Tobacco buys RJR International
Transformed size and global reach of largest three companies
32
Marlboro Market Share (2001)
Netherlandsmdash39Francemdash30Germanymdash30Spainmdash155Polandmdash72Russiamdash20Romaniamdash18Saudi Arabiamdash532Mexicomdash425
33
Marlbororsquos Global Penetration
Creditcopy 1993 Lauren Goodsmith Courtesy of Photoshare
Image source httpwwwlibraryuiucedumortensonimagesmarlborojpgaccessed 22106
Section D
Industry Strategies I Science and Public Relations
35
Industry Strategies
Advertising and promotionBuying sciencePublic relationsPhilanthropyLobbyingFront groupsIntimidationLegislation and public policy
36
Modeling Industry Activities
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
37
Undermining Science
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
38
Sworn Public Statements
ldquoI believe nicotine is not addictiverdquo
mdash William Campbell (Phillip Morris US Congressional Hearings 1994)
Image source httpwwwnlmnihgovhmdfrankensteinfrank_promisehtml retrieved 2806
39
Confidential Statements
ldquoNicotine is addictive We are then in the business of selling nicotinemdashan addictive drug effective in the release of stress mechanismsrdquominus Brown and Williamson 1963
ldquohellipBAT should learn to look at itself as a drug company rather than as a tobacco companyrdquominus BAT 1980
ldquo [T]he entire matter of addiction is the most potent weapon a prosecuting attorney can have in a lung cancercigarette case We canrsquot defend continued smoking as lsquofree choicersquo if the person was lsquoaddictedrsquordquominus Tobacco Institute 1980
40
Buying Science and Intimidation
Letters to BMJ regarding the 1981 Hirayama StudyminusMisclassification
Active smokingPassive smoking
minusConfoundingminusStatistical errorminusPlausibility
0
10
20
30
21895 69645 17366
Population at enrollment
Stan
dard
ised
mor
talit
y ra
te fo
r lun
g ca
ncer
pe
r 100
000
32-79
15-50
8-70
Cigarette smokers
Non smoker Familial passive
smoking (-)
Non smoker Familial passive
smoking (+)
Total 108905
(Non smoker wives of non
smoker husbands)
(Non smoker wives of husbands
with smoking habits)
(Women with smoking habits)
Data source Hirayama T 1981 Non-smoking wives of heavy smokers have a higher risk of lung cancer a study from Japan BMJ 282183ndash5
41
The Attack on Meta-Analysis
Tweedie RL amp KL Mengersen 1995 Meta-analytic approaches to dose-response relationships with application in studies of lung cancer and exposure to environmental tobacco smoke Statistics in Medicine 14 545-569
Excerpt from Acknowledgements ndash ldquoThe paper was completed at Colorado State University with partial support from several tobacco companies the methods and analysis here are however entirely those of the authors and should not be otherwise ascribedrdquo
Bailar JC 1997 The promise and problems of meta-analysis New England Journal of Medicine 337 (8) 559-61
Fleiss JL amp AJ Gross 1991 Meta-analysis in epidemiology with special reference to studies of the association between exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and lung cancer a critique Journal of Clinical Epidemiology44 (2) 127-139
Excerpt from Acknowledgements ndash ldquoThis research was supported by a grant from The Tobacco Institute Washington DC USA We thank Dr Myron Weinberg President of the Weinberg GroupWASHTECH for encouraging us to develop this critiquerdquo
42
Junk Science
Gori GB JC Luik Passive Smoke The EPArsquos betrayal of science and
policy The Fraser Institute
Milloy SJ 1995 Science without sense The risky business of public
health research Cato Institute Washington DC
43
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
ldquoThe massive effort launched across the tobacco industry against one scientific
study is remarkablerdquo
Source Ong E K and Glantz S A (2000 April 8) Tobacco industry efforts subverting International Agency for Research on Cancerrsquos second-hand smoke study The Lancet 355 (9211) 1253ndash1259
44
Industry Tactics to Undermine IARC
ldquoDelay the progress andor release of the studyrdquoldquoAffect the wording of its conclusions and official statement of resultsrdquoldquoNeutralize possible negative results of the study rdquoldquoCounteract the potential impact of the study on government policy public opinion and actions by private employers and proprietorsrdquominus WHO Expert Panel on Industry Documents
45
Philip Morris and SHS
ldquoPublic health officials have concluded that secondhand smoke from cigarettes causes disease including lung cancer and heart disease in non-smoking adults as well as causes conditions in children such as asthma respiratory infections cough wheeze otitis media (middle ear infection) and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome In addition public health officials have concluded that secondhand smoke can exacerbate adult asthma and cause eye throat and nasal irritationrdquo
Source Philip Morris USA websitehttpwwwphilipmorrisusacomenhealth_issuessecondhand_smokeaspRetrieved 22106
46
Japan Tobacco and SHS
ldquo available evidence does not support the assertion that environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is harmful to healthrdquo
mdash Japan Tobacco
Source Submission to the WHO Public Hearings on the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control October 2000
47
Public Relations
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
48
Public Statements on Youth
ldquo would be willing to support prevention efforts that affected our bottom line Absolutely if we can come up with a program that prevents all teenagers from smoking cigarettes we would be delighted to see that happen And if that meant that fewer people smoked as adults so be itrdquo
mdash Corky Newton Vice President of Corporate and Youth Responsibility
Programs Brown and Williamson
Source Transcript of meeting with SWAT (Students Working Against Tobacco) US November 6 1999 Cited in PR in the Playground ASH UK 2000
49
Private Statements on Youth
ldquoWe [Philip Morris] refined the objective of a juvenile initiative program as follows maintain and proactively protect our ability to advertise promote and market our products via a juvenile initiativerdquo
ldquoJuvenile initiative = a series of programs and events to discourage juvenile smoking because smoking is an adult decisionrdquo
Source Cathy Leiber (18 May 1995) Philip Morris International Youth Initiatives Bates No 250301901114 Cited in PR in the Playground ASH UK 2000
50
Minimum Age 18
Image source Image source httpkumuicsdhawaiigovhealthhealthy- httpwwwdhssdelawaregovdhssdphlifestylestobaccotpeprtochtm dpcyouthaccesshtml retrieved 21206) retrieved 21206
51
Changing the Issues
Smoking manners
ldquoSmoking is prohibited in public places like railway stations airports museums and art galleries except for designated smoking areas There are some wards (ku in Japanese) that have specific rules in the form of bylaws concerning smoking If these regulations are broken the smoker is liable to pay a fine There is a provision of punishment for smoking on the street or in public places without carrying a portable ashtray as well as for throwing away cigarette buttsrdquo
httpwwwtourismmetrotokyojpenglishbasicbasic09htmlSource accessed 22306
52
Philanthropy
53
Corporate Social Responsibility
ldquohellip Because for us economic performance is not the only measure of our success Honesty integrity and social responsibility are just as important to the way we measure ourselvesrdquominus Philip Morris International
ldquoOur companies are committed to providing consumers with pleasure through excellent products and to demonstrating that we are meeting our commercial goals in ways that are consistent with reasonable societal expectations of a responsible tobacco group in the 21st centuryrdquominus British American Tobacco
54
BATS Social Reports
Argentina AustraliaBrazil GermanyHong KongHungaryJapanKoreaMalaysiaMexicoNew ZealandNigeriaPolandRussiaSouth Africa USA
55
Today on Addiction
PHILIP MORRIS USAPHILIP MORRIS INTERNATIONAL
TOBACCO ISSUESCigarette Smoking Health Issues for Smokers
Cigarette Smoking and AddictionWe agree with the overwhelming medical and scientific consensus that cigarette smoking is addictive It can be very difficult to quit smoking but this should not deter smokers who want to quit from trying to do so
minus httpphilipmorriscomdefaultasp
Continued
56
Today on AddictionPHILIP MORRIS USAPHILIP MORRIS INTERNATIONAL
TOBACCO ISSUESCigarette Smoking Health Issues for Smokers
Cigarette Smoking and Disease in SmokersThere is an overwhelming medical and scientific consensus that cigarette smoking causes lung cancer heart disease emphysema and other serious diseases in smokers Smokers are far more likely to develop serious diseases like lung cancer than non-smokers There is no safe cigarette These are and have been the messages of public health authorities worldwide Smokers and potential smokers should rely on these messages in making all smoking-related decisions
minus httpphilipmorriscomdefaultasp
57
Public Health Advocates
ldquoIntroducing QuitAssistQuitAssist is an information resource sponsored by Philip Morris USA Itrsquos designed to help you connect with a wealth of expert quitting information available ndash usually for free ndash from government agencies universities and respected nonprofit organizations This QuitAssist guide points the way to programs telephone quitlines websites guides and more that can help you find your own path to success
You can also read this guide at QuitAssist Online Log on through wwwphilipmorrisusacom
From there you can link directly to dozens of resources to help you move ahead and leave cigarettes behindrdquo
If you decide to quit smokinghellip
QuitAssistInformation Resource
Philip Morris USA
Never mentions the word ldquoaddictionrdquo
Source httpphilipmorrisusacomenquitassistindex_flashasp accessed 22306
58
Truth in Advertising
Aggressively markets the only legal product that when used as intended by its manufacturers eventually kills half its users
Section E
Industry Tactics II Industry Advertising Promotion and Sponsorship
60
Marketing
ldquoWe refined the objective of a juvenile initiative program as follows Maintain and proactively protect our ability to advertise promote and market our products via a juvenile initiativeldquo
mdash Cathy Leiber PM International 1995
Notes Juvenile initiative = a series of programs and events designed to discourage juvenile smoking because smoking is an adult decision
61
Industry Expenditures on Advertising
0100020003000400050006000700080009000
10000
Am
ount
spe
nt $
mill
ion
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Changes in cigarette marketing expenditure in the USA 1970-99
Data source Mackay J amp M Eriksen 2002 The Tobacco Atlas World Health Organization
62
Communicating Disease
According to the trade magazine ldquoAdvertising Agerdquo the Marlboro man was the most powerful advertising image of the 20th century
Image source httpwwwcdcgovtobaccosgrsgr4kidsadbusthtm retrieved 22306
63
Advertising Strategies
Targeting womenTargeting youthSelling AmericaSponsorship of sporting events and concertsContests and give-awaysBrand stretching
64
Grand Prix
Image source httpwwwnasnasagovAboutEducationRacecardevelopment_emobightml retrieved 22306
Section F
Industry Tactics III Lobbying Legislation and Litigation
66
Lobbying and Legislation
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
67
A Long History of Lobbying
1890mdashTobacco appeared in the US Pharmacopeia(official US government listing of drugs)1905mdashDropped from list before the 1906 Food and Drug Act (legislation that created the Food and Drug Administration)2005mdashFDA cannot regulate nicotine in tobacco
68
Political Lobbying US
Four of the twelve most generous donors to the 2000 Bush Campaign (1 Phillip Morris RJR UST Brown and Williamson)$18 million to federal candidates between 1997 and 2003 minus 82 to Republican candidates and committees
US $43 million spent to counter McCain bill (highest amount ever spent on a sustained issue advocacy campaign in the US)
69
The Latin Project Argentina
Counter regulations aimed at creating smoke-free workplaces and public placesminus September 30 1991mdashNeri Bill approved by Senate
(advertising promotion and sampling ban limit public smoking)
minus Industry campaignmdashmedia debates briefing packages to Senators and the President paid chief scientific advisor to President
minus October 13 1991mdashPresident vetoes law
70
The Czech Republic
June 2001
Philip Morris presents members of the Health and Social Affairs Committee of the Czech Parliament a study concluding that smoking is good for the Czech governments finances because of the savings from early deaths caused by smoking
71
Preemption
ldquoWe could never win at the local level The reason is [that] all of the health advocates the ones that I unfortunately used to call lsquohealth nazisrsquotheyrsquore all local activists who run the little political organizations So the Tobacco Institute and the tobacco companiesrsquo first priority has always been to preempt the field preferably to put it all on the federal level but if they canrsquot do that at least on the state level because the health advocates canrsquot compete with me on the state levelrdquo
mdash Victor Crawford former Maryland state legislator
72
Industry Self-Regulation
British American Tobacco
11 September 2001
INTERNATIONAL TOBACCO PRODUCTS MARKETING STANDARDS
The parties subscribing to these Standards (the ldquoParticipantsrdquo) wish to record their belief that tobacco products should be marketed in a responsible manner and that reasonable measures should be taken to ensure that the promotion and distribution of tobacco products is
bull directed at adult smokers and not at youth and
bull consistent with the principle of informed adult choice
73
International Tobacco Marketing Standards
ldquoWe have analyzed the nine-page agreement and believe that the multinationalsrsquo strategy is proactive and is a way to improve their image rdquoldquoAlso by proactively setting new international tobacco marketing standards the multinationals could be trying to counter a number of proposals that the WHO has been working on to curb the amount of cigarettes that are consumed on an international levelrdquoldquo Interestingly in many countries the existing laws or industry codes are already more restrictive than the provisions of the international marketing standardsrdquo
Source International Tobacco Marketing Standards September 2001
74
Creating the Illusion of Support
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
75
Front Groups
Buying citizen involvement (letter writing phone banking campaigns) by supporting front groups
ldquoHandrdquo of the industry remains hidden
It has been a common practice of Big Tobacco to use third parties or to create front groups to be out in front fighting smokefreepolicies while the industry remains behind the scenes protecting its public image
-Americans for Nonsmokersrsquo Rightshttpwwwno-smokeorggetthefactsphpdp=d21|d23 accessed 22306
76
Industry Front Groups and Allies
Ive learned from experience that as soon as Im identified as a representative of the Tobacco Institute I lose all credibility They just sneer us awayso I try to work behind the scenes whenever I can
- Ron Saldana lobbyist for the Tobacco Institute 82486
Source httpwwwno-smokeorggetthefactsphpdp=d21|d23 accessed 22306
77
International Tobacco Growers Association
ITGAldquo[Establish] ITGA [International Tobacco Growers Association] [as a] front group for our third world lobby activities at WHOrdquo
Source Report of the WHO Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents
Source Report of the WHO Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents
78
Legal and Economic Intimidation
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
79
Intimidating Johns Hopkins
ldquoThe tobacco companies have commenced nothing short of a campaign of harassment against the academic institutions that discovered smoking is injurious to the public healthrdquominus Estelle A Fishbein general
council for Johns Hopkins University
ldquoTobacco Industry in Fight To Get
Universitiesrsquo DataLegal Moves Termed Fishing Expeditionrdquo
-The New York Times Jan 20 2002
80
Industry Harassment
PUBLIC HEALTH MATTERS
Public Health Under Attack The American Stop Smoking Intervention Study (ASSIST) and the
Tobacco Industry
- White J and LA Bero
- The Transnational Tobacco Industry
- Section A
- Describing a Disease
- The Agent
- The Host
- The Vector
- Section B
- Background
- Background
- What Is a ldquoTransnationalrdquo Company
- Major Transnational Tobacco Companies
- Cigarette Production
- Company Size and Wealth
- TNC Sales and Developing Countries
- China National Tobacco Corporation
- A Return to the Past
- Section C
- A Global Market
- Looking Abroad
- Going Abroad
- A Global Business
- Factors Fueling Global Expansion
- Trade Liberalization
- Impact of Trade Liberalization
- Tobacco Leaf Production
- Tobacco Leaf Trade
- Privatization
- Foreign InvestmentmdashUkraine
- Major Company Mergers
- Marlboro Market Share (2001)
- Marlbororsquos Global Penetration
- Section D
- Industry Strategies
- Modeling Industry Activities
- Undermining Science
- Sworn Public Statements
- Confidential Statements
- Buying Science and Intimidation
- The Attack on Meta-Analysis
- Junk Science
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
- Industry Tactics to Undermine IARC
- Philip Morris and SHS
- Japan Tobacco and SHS
- Public Relations
- Public Statements on Youth
- Private Statements on Youth
- Minimum Age 18
- Changing the Issues
- Philanthropy
- Corporate Social Responsibility
- BATS Social Reports
- Today on Addiction
- Today on Addiction
- Public Health Advocates
- Truth in Advertising
- Section E
- Marketing
- Industry Expenditures on Advertising
- Communicating Disease
- Advertising Strategies
- Grand Prix
- Section F
- Lobbying and Legislation
- A Long History of Lobbying
- Political Lobbying US
- The Latin Project Argentina
- The Czech Republic
- Preemption
- Industry Self-Regulation
- International Tobacco Marketing Standards
- Creating the Illusion of Support
- Front Groups
- Industry Front Groups and Allies
- International Tobacco Growers Association
- Legal and Economic Intimidation
- Intimidating Johns Hopkins
- Industry Harassment
-
29
Privatization
Over 140 mergers and acquisitions between international companies and state-run companies
A few examplesminus 2003 BAT buys Duvanska (Serbia) minus 1997 PM buys Tabaqueira (Portugal)minus 1994 PM buys Kharkov (Ukraine)minus 1993 PM buys Klaipeda (Lithuania)minus 1992 PM buys Czech Tabacminus 1991 BAT buys Hungaryrsquos State company
30
Foreign InvestmentmdashUkraine
Foreign tobacco firms invested $520 million between 1991 and 1999mdash14 of all foreign direct investment
Over 90 manufacturing capacity now run by Western companies
Platform for exporting to other countries throughout Central and Eastern Europe
31
Major Company Mergers
1999 minus BAT buys Rothmansminus Philip Morris buys Liggettminus Japan Tobacco buys RJR International
Transformed size and global reach of largest three companies
32
Marlboro Market Share (2001)
Netherlandsmdash39Francemdash30Germanymdash30Spainmdash155Polandmdash72Russiamdash20Romaniamdash18Saudi Arabiamdash532Mexicomdash425
33
Marlbororsquos Global Penetration
Creditcopy 1993 Lauren Goodsmith Courtesy of Photoshare
Image source httpwwwlibraryuiucedumortensonimagesmarlborojpgaccessed 22106
Section D
Industry Strategies I Science and Public Relations
35
Industry Strategies
Advertising and promotionBuying sciencePublic relationsPhilanthropyLobbyingFront groupsIntimidationLegislation and public policy
36
Modeling Industry Activities
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
37
Undermining Science
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
38
Sworn Public Statements
ldquoI believe nicotine is not addictiverdquo
mdash William Campbell (Phillip Morris US Congressional Hearings 1994)
Image source httpwwwnlmnihgovhmdfrankensteinfrank_promisehtml retrieved 2806
39
Confidential Statements
ldquoNicotine is addictive We are then in the business of selling nicotinemdashan addictive drug effective in the release of stress mechanismsrdquominus Brown and Williamson 1963
ldquohellipBAT should learn to look at itself as a drug company rather than as a tobacco companyrdquominus BAT 1980
ldquo [T]he entire matter of addiction is the most potent weapon a prosecuting attorney can have in a lung cancercigarette case We canrsquot defend continued smoking as lsquofree choicersquo if the person was lsquoaddictedrsquordquominus Tobacco Institute 1980
40
Buying Science and Intimidation
Letters to BMJ regarding the 1981 Hirayama StudyminusMisclassification
Active smokingPassive smoking
minusConfoundingminusStatistical errorminusPlausibility
0
10
20
30
21895 69645 17366
Population at enrollment
Stan
dard
ised
mor
talit
y ra
te fo
r lun
g ca
ncer
pe
r 100
000
32-79
15-50
8-70
Cigarette smokers
Non smoker Familial passive
smoking (-)
Non smoker Familial passive
smoking (+)
Total 108905
(Non smoker wives of non
smoker husbands)
(Non smoker wives of husbands
with smoking habits)
(Women with smoking habits)
Data source Hirayama T 1981 Non-smoking wives of heavy smokers have a higher risk of lung cancer a study from Japan BMJ 282183ndash5
41
The Attack on Meta-Analysis
Tweedie RL amp KL Mengersen 1995 Meta-analytic approaches to dose-response relationships with application in studies of lung cancer and exposure to environmental tobacco smoke Statistics in Medicine 14 545-569
Excerpt from Acknowledgements ndash ldquoThe paper was completed at Colorado State University with partial support from several tobacco companies the methods and analysis here are however entirely those of the authors and should not be otherwise ascribedrdquo
Bailar JC 1997 The promise and problems of meta-analysis New England Journal of Medicine 337 (8) 559-61
Fleiss JL amp AJ Gross 1991 Meta-analysis in epidemiology with special reference to studies of the association between exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and lung cancer a critique Journal of Clinical Epidemiology44 (2) 127-139
Excerpt from Acknowledgements ndash ldquoThis research was supported by a grant from The Tobacco Institute Washington DC USA We thank Dr Myron Weinberg President of the Weinberg GroupWASHTECH for encouraging us to develop this critiquerdquo
42
Junk Science
Gori GB JC Luik Passive Smoke The EPArsquos betrayal of science and
policy The Fraser Institute
Milloy SJ 1995 Science without sense The risky business of public
health research Cato Institute Washington DC
43
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
ldquoThe massive effort launched across the tobacco industry against one scientific
study is remarkablerdquo
Source Ong E K and Glantz S A (2000 April 8) Tobacco industry efforts subverting International Agency for Research on Cancerrsquos second-hand smoke study The Lancet 355 (9211) 1253ndash1259
44
Industry Tactics to Undermine IARC
ldquoDelay the progress andor release of the studyrdquoldquoAffect the wording of its conclusions and official statement of resultsrdquoldquoNeutralize possible negative results of the study rdquoldquoCounteract the potential impact of the study on government policy public opinion and actions by private employers and proprietorsrdquominus WHO Expert Panel on Industry Documents
45
Philip Morris and SHS
ldquoPublic health officials have concluded that secondhand smoke from cigarettes causes disease including lung cancer and heart disease in non-smoking adults as well as causes conditions in children such as asthma respiratory infections cough wheeze otitis media (middle ear infection) and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome In addition public health officials have concluded that secondhand smoke can exacerbate adult asthma and cause eye throat and nasal irritationrdquo
Source Philip Morris USA websitehttpwwwphilipmorrisusacomenhealth_issuessecondhand_smokeaspRetrieved 22106
46
Japan Tobacco and SHS
ldquo available evidence does not support the assertion that environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is harmful to healthrdquo
mdash Japan Tobacco
Source Submission to the WHO Public Hearings on the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control October 2000
47
Public Relations
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
48
Public Statements on Youth
ldquo would be willing to support prevention efforts that affected our bottom line Absolutely if we can come up with a program that prevents all teenagers from smoking cigarettes we would be delighted to see that happen And if that meant that fewer people smoked as adults so be itrdquo
mdash Corky Newton Vice President of Corporate and Youth Responsibility
Programs Brown and Williamson
Source Transcript of meeting with SWAT (Students Working Against Tobacco) US November 6 1999 Cited in PR in the Playground ASH UK 2000
49
Private Statements on Youth
ldquoWe [Philip Morris] refined the objective of a juvenile initiative program as follows maintain and proactively protect our ability to advertise promote and market our products via a juvenile initiativerdquo
ldquoJuvenile initiative = a series of programs and events to discourage juvenile smoking because smoking is an adult decisionrdquo
Source Cathy Leiber (18 May 1995) Philip Morris International Youth Initiatives Bates No 250301901114 Cited in PR in the Playground ASH UK 2000
50
Minimum Age 18
Image source Image source httpkumuicsdhawaiigovhealthhealthy- httpwwwdhssdelawaregovdhssdphlifestylestobaccotpeprtochtm dpcyouthaccesshtml retrieved 21206) retrieved 21206
51
Changing the Issues
Smoking manners
ldquoSmoking is prohibited in public places like railway stations airports museums and art galleries except for designated smoking areas There are some wards (ku in Japanese) that have specific rules in the form of bylaws concerning smoking If these regulations are broken the smoker is liable to pay a fine There is a provision of punishment for smoking on the street or in public places without carrying a portable ashtray as well as for throwing away cigarette buttsrdquo
httpwwwtourismmetrotokyojpenglishbasicbasic09htmlSource accessed 22306
52
Philanthropy
53
Corporate Social Responsibility
ldquohellip Because for us economic performance is not the only measure of our success Honesty integrity and social responsibility are just as important to the way we measure ourselvesrdquominus Philip Morris International
ldquoOur companies are committed to providing consumers with pleasure through excellent products and to demonstrating that we are meeting our commercial goals in ways that are consistent with reasonable societal expectations of a responsible tobacco group in the 21st centuryrdquominus British American Tobacco
54
BATS Social Reports
Argentina AustraliaBrazil GermanyHong KongHungaryJapanKoreaMalaysiaMexicoNew ZealandNigeriaPolandRussiaSouth Africa USA
55
Today on Addiction
PHILIP MORRIS USAPHILIP MORRIS INTERNATIONAL
TOBACCO ISSUESCigarette Smoking Health Issues for Smokers
Cigarette Smoking and AddictionWe agree with the overwhelming medical and scientific consensus that cigarette smoking is addictive It can be very difficult to quit smoking but this should not deter smokers who want to quit from trying to do so
minus httpphilipmorriscomdefaultasp
Continued
56
Today on AddictionPHILIP MORRIS USAPHILIP MORRIS INTERNATIONAL
TOBACCO ISSUESCigarette Smoking Health Issues for Smokers
Cigarette Smoking and Disease in SmokersThere is an overwhelming medical and scientific consensus that cigarette smoking causes lung cancer heart disease emphysema and other serious diseases in smokers Smokers are far more likely to develop serious diseases like lung cancer than non-smokers There is no safe cigarette These are and have been the messages of public health authorities worldwide Smokers and potential smokers should rely on these messages in making all smoking-related decisions
minus httpphilipmorriscomdefaultasp
57
Public Health Advocates
ldquoIntroducing QuitAssistQuitAssist is an information resource sponsored by Philip Morris USA Itrsquos designed to help you connect with a wealth of expert quitting information available ndash usually for free ndash from government agencies universities and respected nonprofit organizations This QuitAssist guide points the way to programs telephone quitlines websites guides and more that can help you find your own path to success
You can also read this guide at QuitAssist Online Log on through wwwphilipmorrisusacom
From there you can link directly to dozens of resources to help you move ahead and leave cigarettes behindrdquo
If you decide to quit smokinghellip
QuitAssistInformation Resource
Philip Morris USA
Never mentions the word ldquoaddictionrdquo
Source httpphilipmorrisusacomenquitassistindex_flashasp accessed 22306
58
Truth in Advertising
Aggressively markets the only legal product that when used as intended by its manufacturers eventually kills half its users
Section E
Industry Tactics II Industry Advertising Promotion and Sponsorship
60
Marketing
ldquoWe refined the objective of a juvenile initiative program as follows Maintain and proactively protect our ability to advertise promote and market our products via a juvenile initiativeldquo
mdash Cathy Leiber PM International 1995
Notes Juvenile initiative = a series of programs and events designed to discourage juvenile smoking because smoking is an adult decision
61
Industry Expenditures on Advertising
0100020003000400050006000700080009000
10000
Am
ount
spe
nt $
mill
ion
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Changes in cigarette marketing expenditure in the USA 1970-99
Data source Mackay J amp M Eriksen 2002 The Tobacco Atlas World Health Organization
62
Communicating Disease
According to the trade magazine ldquoAdvertising Agerdquo the Marlboro man was the most powerful advertising image of the 20th century
Image source httpwwwcdcgovtobaccosgrsgr4kidsadbusthtm retrieved 22306
63
Advertising Strategies
Targeting womenTargeting youthSelling AmericaSponsorship of sporting events and concertsContests and give-awaysBrand stretching
64
Grand Prix
Image source httpwwwnasnasagovAboutEducationRacecardevelopment_emobightml retrieved 22306
Section F
Industry Tactics III Lobbying Legislation and Litigation
66
Lobbying and Legislation
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
67
A Long History of Lobbying
1890mdashTobacco appeared in the US Pharmacopeia(official US government listing of drugs)1905mdashDropped from list before the 1906 Food and Drug Act (legislation that created the Food and Drug Administration)2005mdashFDA cannot regulate nicotine in tobacco
68
Political Lobbying US
Four of the twelve most generous donors to the 2000 Bush Campaign (1 Phillip Morris RJR UST Brown and Williamson)$18 million to federal candidates between 1997 and 2003 minus 82 to Republican candidates and committees
US $43 million spent to counter McCain bill (highest amount ever spent on a sustained issue advocacy campaign in the US)
69
The Latin Project Argentina
Counter regulations aimed at creating smoke-free workplaces and public placesminus September 30 1991mdashNeri Bill approved by Senate
(advertising promotion and sampling ban limit public smoking)
minus Industry campaignmdashmedia debates briefing packages to Senators and the President paid chief scientific advisor to President
minus October 13 1991mdashPresident vetoes law
70
The Czech Republic
June 2001
Philip Morris presents members of the Health and Social Affairs Committee of the Czech Parliament a study concluding that smoking is good for the Czech governments finances because of the savings from early deaths caused by smoking
71
Preemption
ldquoWe could never win at the local level The reason is [that] all of the health advocates the ones that I unfortunately used to call lsquohealth nazisrsquotheyrsquore all local activists who run the little political organizations So the Tobacco Institute and the tobacco companiesrsquo first priority has always been to preempt the field preferably to put it all on the federal level but if they canrsquot do that at least on the state level because the health advocates canrsquot compete with me on the state levelrdquo
mdash Victor Crawford former Maryland state legislator
72
Industry Self-Regulation
British American Tobacco
11 September 2001
INTERNATIONAL TOBACCO PRODUCTS MARKETING STANDARDS
The parties subscribing to these Standards (the ldquoParticipantsrdquo) wish to record their belief that tobacco products should be marketed in a responsible manner and that reasonable measures should be taken to ensure that the promotion and distribution of tobacco products is
bull directed at adult smokers and not at youth and
bull consistent with the principle of informed adult choice
73
International Tobacco Marketing Standards
ldquoWe have analyzed the nine-page agreement and believe that the multinationalsrsquo strategy is proactive and is a way to improve their image rdquoldquoAlso by proactively setting new international tobacco marketing standards the multinationals could be trying to counter a number of proposals that the WHO has been working on to curb the amount of cigarettes that are consumed on an international levelrdquoldquo Interestingly in many countries the existing laws or industry codes are already more restrictive than the provisions of the international marketing standardsrdquo
Source International Tobacco Marketing Standards September 2001
74
Creating the Illusion of Support
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
75
Front Groups
Buying citizen involvement (letter writing phone banking campaigns) by supporting front groups
ldquoHandrdquo of the industry remains hidden
It has been a common practice of Big Tobacco to use third parties or to create front groups to be out in front fighting smokefreepolicies while the industry remains behind the scenes protecting its public image
-Americans for Nonsmokersrsquo Rightshttpwwwno-smokeorggetthefactsphpdp=d21|d23 accessed 22306
76
Industry Front Groups and Allies
Ive learned from experience that as soon as Im identified as a representative of the Tobacco Institute I lose all credibility They just sneer us awayso I try to work behind the scenes whenever I can
- Ron Saldana lobbyist for the Tobacco Institute 82486
Source httpwwwno-smokeorggetthefactsphpdp=d21|d23 accessed 22306
77
International Tobacco Growers Association
ITGAldquo[Establish] ITGA [International Tobacco Growers Association] [as a] front group for our third world lobby activities at WHOrdquo
Source Report of the WHO Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents
Source Report of the WHO Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents
78
Legal and Economic Intimidation
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
79
Intimidating Johns Hopkins
ldquoThe tobacco companies have commenced nothing short of a campaign of harassment against the academic institutions that discovered smoking is injurious to the public healthrdquominus Estelle A Fishbein general
council for Johns Hopkins University
ldquoTobacco Industry in Fight To Get
Universitiesrsquo DataLegal Moves Termed Fishing Expeditionrdquo
-The New York Times Jan 20 2002
80
Industry Harassment
PUBLIC HEALTH MATTERS
Public Health Under Attack The American Stop Smoking Intervention Study (ASSIST) and the
Tobacco Industry
- White J and LA Bero
- The Transnational Tobacco Industry
- Section A
- Describing a Disease
- The Agent
- The Host
- The Vector
- Section B
- Background
- Background
- What Is a ldquoTransnationalrdquo Company
- Major Transnational Tobacco Companies
- Cigarette Production
- Company Size and Wealth
- TNC Sales and Developing Countries
- China National Tobacco Corporation
- A Return to the Past
- Section C
- A Global Market
- Looking Abroad
- Going Abroad
- A Global Business
- Factors Fueling Global Expansion
- Trade Liberalization
- Impact of Trade Liberalization
- Tobacco Leaf Production
- Tobacco Leaf Trade
- Privatization
- Foreign InvestmentmdashUkraine
- Major Company Mergers
- Marlboro Market Share (2001)
- Marlbororsquos Global Penetration
- Section D
- Industry Strategies
- Modeling Industry Activities
- Undermining Science
- Sworn Public Statements
- Confidential Statements
- Buying Science and Intimidation
- The Attack on Meta-Analysis
- Junk Science
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
- Industry Tactics to Undermine IARC
- Philip Morris and SHS
- Japan Tobacco and SHS
- Public Relations
- Public Statements on Youth
- Private Statements on Youth
- Minimum Age 18
- Changing the Issues
- Philanthropy
- Corporate Social Responsibility
- BATS Social Reports
- Today on Addiction
- Today on Addiction
- Public Health Advocates
- Truth in Advertising
- Section E
- Marketing
- Industry Expenditures on Advertising
- Communicating Disease
- Advertising Strategies
- Grand Prix
- Section F
- Lobbying and Legislation
- A Long History of Lobbying
- Political Lobbying US
- The Latin Project Argentina
- The Czech Republic
- Preemption
- Industry Self-Regulation
- International Tobacco Marketing Standards
- Creating the Illusion of Support
- Front Groups
- Industry Front Groups and Allies
- International Tobacco Growers Association
- Legal and Economic Intimidation
- Intimidating Johns Hopkins
- Industry Harassment
-
30
Foreign InvestmentmdashUkraine
Foreign tobacco firms invested $520 million between 1991 and 1999mdash14 of all foreign direct investment
Over 90 manufacturing capacity now run by Western companies
Platform for exporting to other countries throughout Central and Eastern Europe
31
Major Company Mergers
1999 minus BAT buys Rothmansminus Philip Morris buys Liggettminus Japan Tobacco buys RJR International
Transformed size and global reach of largest three companies
32
Marlboro Market Share (2001)
Netherlandsmdash39Francemdash30Germanymdash30Spainmdash155Polandmdash72Russiamdash20Romaniamdash18Saudi Arabiamdash532Mexicomdash425
33
Marlbororsquos Global Penetration
Creditcopy 1993 Lauren Goodsmith Courtesy of Photoshare
Image source httpwwwlibraryuiucedumortensonimagesmarlborojpgaccessed 22106
Section D
Industry Strategies I Science and Public Relations
35
Industry Strategies
Advertising and promotionBuying sciencePublic relationsPhilanthropyLobbyingFront groupsIntimidationLegislation and public policy
36
Modeling Industry Activities
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
37
Undermining Science
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
38
Sworn Public Statements
ldquoI believe nicotine is not addictiverdquo
mdash William Campbell (Phillip Morris US Congressional Hearings 1994)
Image source httpwwwnlmnihgovhmdfrankensteinfrank_promisehtml retrieved 2806
39
Confidential Statements
ldquoNicotine is addictive We are then in the business of selling nicotinemdashan addictive drug effective in the release of stress mechanismsrdquominus Brown and Williamson 1963
ldquohellipBAT should learn to look at itself as a drug company rather than as a tobacco companyrdquominus BAT 1980
ldquo [T]he entire matter of addiction is the most potent weapon a prosecuting attorney can have in a lung cancercigarette case We canrsquot defend continued smoking as lsquofree choicersquo if the person was lsquoaddictedrsquordquominus Tobacco Institute 1980
40
Buying Science and Intimidation
Letters to BMJ regarding the 1981 Hirayama StudyminusMisclassification
Active smokingPassive smoking
minusConfoundingminusStatistical errorminusPlausibility
0
10
20
30
21895 69645 17366
Population at enrollment
Stan
dard
ised
mor
talit
y ra
te fo
r lun
g ca
ncer
pe
r 100
000
32-79
15-50
8-70
Cigarette smokers
Non smoker Familial passive
smoking (-)
Non smoker Familial passive
smoking (+)
Total 108905
(Non smoker wives of non
smoker husbands)
(Non smoker wives of husbands
with smoking habits)
(Women with smoking habits)
Data source Hirayama T 1981 Non-smoking wives of heavy smokers have a higher risk of lung cancer a study from Japan BMJ 282183ndash5
41
The Attack on Meta-Analysis
Tweedie RL amp KL Mengersen 1995 Meta-analytic approaches to dose-response relationships with application in studies of lung cancer and exposure to environmental tobacco smoke Statistics in Medicine 14 545-569
Excerpt from Acknowledgements ndash ldquoThe paper was completed at Colorado State University with partial support from several tobacco companies the methods and analysis here are however entirely those of the authors and should not be otherwise ascribedrdquo
Bailar JC 1997 The promise and problems of meta-analysis New England Journal of Medicine 337 (8) 559-61
Fleiss JL amp AJ Gross 1991 Meta-analysis in epidemiology with special reference to studies of the association between exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and lung cancer a critique Journal of Clinical Epidemiology44 (2) 127-139
Excerpt from Acknowledgements ndash ldquoThis research was supported by a grant from The Tobacco Institute Washington DC USA We thank Dr Myron Weinberg President of the Weinberg GroupWASHTECH for encouraging us to develop this critiquerdquo
42
Junk Science
Gori GB JC Luik Passive Smoke The EPArsquos betrayal of science and
policy The Fraser Institute
Milloy SJ 1995 Science without sense The risky business of public
health research Cato Institute Washington DC
43
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
ldquoThe massive effort launched across the tobacco industry against one scientific
study is remarkablerdquo
Source Ong E K and Glantz S A (2000 April 8) Tobacco industry efforts subverting International Agency for Research on Cancerrsquos second-hand smoke study The Lancet 355 (9211) 1253ndash1259
44
Industry Tactics to Undermine IARC
ldquoDelay the progress andor release of the studyrdquoldquoAffect the wording of its conclusions and official statement of resultsrdquoldquoNeutralize possible negative results of the study rdquoldquoCounteract the potential impact of the study on government policy public opinion and actions by private employers and proprietorsrdquominus WHO Expert Panel on Industry Documents
45
Philip Morris and SHS
ldquoPublic health officials have concluded that secondhand smoke from cigarettes causes disease including lung cancer and heart disease in non-smoking adults as well as causes conditions in children such as asthma respiratory infections cough wheeze otitis media (middle ear infection) and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome In addition public health officials have concluded that secondhand smoke can exacerbate adult asthma and cause eye throat and nasal irritationrdquo
Source Philip Morris USA websitehttpwwwphilipmorrisusacomenhealth_issuessecondhand_smokeaspRetrieved 22106
46
Japan Tobacco and SHS
ldquo available evidence does not support the assertion that environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is harmful to healthrdquo
mdash Japan Tobacco
Source Submission to the WHO Public Hearings on the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control October 2000
47
Public Relations
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
48
Public Statements on Youth
ldquo would be willing to support prevention efforts that affected our bottom line Absolutely if we can come up with a program that prevents all teenagers from smoking cigarettes we would be delighted to see that happen And if that meant that fewer people smoked as adults so be itrdquo
mdash Corky Newton Vice President of Corporate and Youth Responsibility
Programs Brown and Williamson
Source Transcript of meeting with SWAT (Students Working Against Tobacco) US November 6 1999 Cited in PR in the Playground ASH UK 2000
49
Private Statements on Youth
ldquoWe [Philip Morris] refined the objective of a juvenile initiative program as follows maintain and proactively protect our ability to advertise promote and market our products via a juvenile initiativerdquo
ldquoJuvenile initiative = a series of programs and events to discourage juvenile smoking because smoking is an adult decisionrdquo
Source Cathy Leiber (18 May 1995) Philip Morris International Youth Initiatives Bates No 250301901114 Cited in PR in the Playground ASH UK 2000
50
Minimum Age 18
Image source Image source httpkumuicsdhawaiigovhealthhealthy- httpwwwdhssdelawaregovdhssdphlifestylestobaccotpeprtochtm dpcyouthaccesshtml retrieved 21206) retrieved 21206
51
Changing the Issues
Smoking manners
ldquoSmoking is prohibited in public places like railway stations airports museums and art galleries except for designated smoking areas There are some wards (ku in Japanese) that have specific rules in the form of bylaws concerning smoking If these regulations are broken the smoker is liable to pay a fine There is a provision of punishment for smoking on the street or in public places without carrying a portable ashtray as well as for throwing away cigarette buttsrdquo
httpwwwtourismmetrotokyojpenglishbasicbasic09htmlSource accessed 22306
52
Philanthropy
53
Corporate Social Responsibility
ldquohellip Because for us economic performance is not the only measure of our success Honesty integrity and social responsibility are just as important to the way we measure ourselvesrdquominus Philip Morris International
ldquoOur companies are committed to providing consumers with pleasure through excellent products and to demonstrating that we are meeting our commercial goals in ways that are consistent with reasonable societal expectations of a responsible tobacco group in the 21st centuryrdquominus British American Tobacco
54
BATS Social Reports
Argentina AustraliaBrazil GermanyHong KongHungaryJapanKoreaMalaysiaMexicoNew ZealandNigeriaPolandRussiaSouth Africa USA
55
Today on Addiction
PHILIP MORRIS USAPHILIP MORRIS INTERNATIONAL
TOBACCO ISSUESCigarette Smoking Health Issues for Smokers
Cigarette Smoking and AddictionWe agree with the overwhelming medical and scientific consensus that cigarette smoking is addictive It can be very difficult to quit smoking but this should not deter smokers who want to quit from trying to do so
minus httpphilipmorriscomdefaultasp
Continued
56
Today on AddictionPHILIP MORRIS USAPHILIP MORRIS INTERNATIONAL
TOBACCO ISSUESCigarette Smoking Health Issues for Smokers
Cigarette Smoking and Disease in SmokersThere is an overwhelming medical and scientific consensus that cigarette smoking causes lung cancer heart disease emphysema and other serious diseases in smokers Smokers are far more likely to develop serious diseases like lung cancer than non-smokers There is no safe cigarette These are and have been the messages of public health authorities worldwide Smokers and potential smokers should rely on these messages in making all smoking-related decisions
minus httpphilipmorriscomdefaultasp
57
Public Health Advocates
ldquoIntroducing QuitAssistQuitAssist is an information resource sponsored by Philip Morris USA Itrsquos designed to help you connect with a wealth of expert quitting information available ndash usually for free ndash from government agencies universities and respected nonprofit organizations This QuitAssist guide points the way to programs telephone quitlines websites guides and more that can help you find your own path to success
You can also read this guide at QuitAssist Online Log on through wwwphilipmorrisusacom
From there you can link directly to dozens of resources to help you move ahead and leave cigarettes behindrdquo
If you decide to quit smokinghellip
QuitAssistInformation Resource
Philip Morris USA
Never mentions the word ldquoaddictionrdquo
Source httpphilipmorrisusacomenquitassistindex_flashasp accessed 22306
58
Truth in Advertising
Aggressively markets the only legal product that when used as intended by its manufacturers eventually kills half its users
Section E
Industry Tactics II Industry Advertising Promotion and Sponsorship
60
Marketing
ldquoWe refined the objective of a juvenile initiative program as follows Maintain and proactively protect our ability to advertise promote and market our products via a juvenile initiativeldquo
mdash Cathy Leiber PM International 1995
Notes Juvenile initiative = a series of programs and events designed to discourage juvenile smoking because smoking is an adult decision
61
Industry Expenditures on Advertising
0100020003000400050006000700080009000
10000
Am
ount
spe
nt $
mill
ion
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Changes in cigarette marketing expenditure in the USA 1970-99
Data source Mackay J amp M Eriksen 2002 The Tobacco Atlas World Health Organization
62
Communicating Disease
According to the trade magazine ldquoAdvertising Agerdquo the Marlboro man was the most powerful advertising image of the 20th century
Image source httpwwwcdcgovtobaccosgrsgr4kidsadbusthtm retrieved 22306
63
Advertising Strategies
Targeting womenTargeting youthSelling AmericaSponsorship of sporting events and concertsContests and give-awaysBrand stretching
64
Grand Prix
Image source httpwwwnasnasagovAboutEducationRacecardevelopment_emobightml retrieved 22306
Section F
Industry Tactics III Lobbying Legislation and Litigation
66
Lobbying and Legislation
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
67
A Long History of Lobbying
1890mdashTobacco appeared in the US Pharmacopeia(official US government listing of drugs)1905mdashDropped from list before the 1906 Food and Drug Act (legislation that created the Food and Drug Administration)2005mdashFDA cannot regulate nicotine in tobacco
68
Political Lobbying US
Four of the twelve most generous donors to the 2000 Bush Campaign (1 Phillip Morris RJR UST Brown and Williamson)$18 million to federal candidates between 1997 and 2003 minus 82 to Republican candidates and committees
US $43 million spent to counter McCain bill (highest amount ever spent on a sustained issue advocacy campaign in the US)
69
The Latin Project Argentina
Counter regulations aimed at creating smoke-free workplaces and public placesminus September 30 1991mdashNeri Bill approved by Senate
(advertising promotion and sampling ban limit public smoking)
minus Industry campaignmdashmedia debates briefing packages to Senators and the President paid chief scientific advisor to President
minus October 13 1991mdashPresident vetoes law
70
The Czech Republic
June 2001
Philip Morris presents members of the Health and Social Affairs Committee of the Czech Parliament a study concluding that smoking is good for the Czech governments finances because of the savings from early deaths caused by smoking
71
Preemption
ldquoWe could never win at the local level The reason is [that] all of the health advocates the ones that I unfortunately used to call lsquohealth nazisrsquotheyrsquore all local activists who run the little political organizations So the Tobacco Institute and the tobacco companiesrsquo first priority has always been to preempt the field preferably to put it all on the federal level but if they canrsquot do that at least on the state level because the health advocates canrsquot compete with me on the state levelrdquo
mdash Victor Crawford former Maryland state legislator
72
Industry Self-Regulation
British American Tobacco
11 September 2001
INTERNATIONAL TOBACCO PRODUCTS MARKETING STANDARDS
The parties subscribing to these Standards (the ldquoParticipantsrdquo) wish to record their belief that tobacco products should be marketed in a responsible manner and that reasonable measures should be taken to ensure that the promotion and distribution of tobacco products is
bull directed at adult smokers and not at youth and
bull consistent with the principle of informed adult choice
73
International Tobacco Marketing Standards
ldquoWe have analyzed the nine-page agreement and believe that the multinationalsrsquo strategy is proactive and is a way to improve their image rdquoldquoAlso by proactively setting new international tobacco marketing standards the multinationals could be trying to counter a number of proposals that the WHO has been working on to curb the amount of cigarettes that are consumed on an international levelrdquoldquo Interestingly in many countries the existing laws or industry codes are already more restrictive than the provisions of the international marketing standardsrdquo
Source International Tobacco Marketing Standards September 2001
74
Creating the Illusion of Support
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
75
Front Groups
Buying citizen involvement (letter writing phone banking campaigns) by supporting front groups
ldquoHandrdquo of the industry remains hidden
It has been a common practice of Big Tobacco to use third parties or to create front groups to be out in front fighting smokefreepolicies while the industry remains behind the scenes protecting its public image
-Americans for Nonsmokersrsquo Rightshttpwwwno-smokeorggetthefactsphpdp=d21|d23 accessed 22306
76
Industry Front Groups and Allies
Ive learned from experience that as soon as Im identified as a representative of the Tobacco Institute I lose all credibility They just sneer us awayso I try to work behind the scenes whenever I can
- Ron Saldana lobbyist for the Tobacco Institute 82486
Source httpwwwno-smokeorggetthefactsphpdp=d21|d23 accessed 22306
77
International Tobacco Growers Association
ITGAldquo[Establish] ITGA [International Tobacco Growers Association] [as a] front group for our third world lobby activities at WHOrdquo
Source Report of the WHO Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents
Source Report of the WHO Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents
78
Legal and Economic Intimidation
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
79
Intimidating Johns Hopkins
ldquoThe tobacco companies have commenced nothing short of a campaign of harassment against the academic institutions that discovered smoking is injurious to the public healthrdquominus Estelle A Fishbein general
council for Johns Hopkins University
ldquoTobacco Industry in Fight To Get
Universitiesrsquo DataLegal Moves Termed Fishing Expeditionrdquo
-The New York Times Jan 20 2002
80
Industry Harassment
PUBLIC HEALTH MATTERS
Public Health Under Attack The American Stop Smoking Intervention Study (ASSIST) and the
Tobacco Industry
- White J and LA Bero
- The Transnational Tobacco Industry
- Section A
- Describing a Disease
- The Agent
- The Host
- The Vector
- Section B
- Background
- Background
- What Is a ldquoTransnationalrdquo Company
- Major Transnational Tobacco Companies
- Cigarette Production
- Company Size and Wealth
- TNC Sales and Developing Countries
- China National Tobacco Corporation
- A Return to the Past
- Section C
- A Global Market
- Looking Abroad
- Going Abroad
- A Global Business
- Factors Fueling Global Expansion
- Trade Liberalization
- Impact of Trade Liberalization
- Tobacco Leaf Production
- Tobacco Leaf Trade
- Privatization
- Foreign InvestmentmdashUkraine
- Major Company Mergers
- Marlboro Market Share (2001)
- Marlbororsquos Global Penetration
- Section D
- Industry Strategies
- Modeling Industry Activities
- Undermining Science
- Sworn Public Statements
- Confidential Statements
- Buying Science and Intimidation
- The Attack on Meta-Analysis
- Junk Science
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
- Industry Tactics to Undermine IARC
- Philip Morris and SHS
- Japan Tobacco and SHS
- Public Relations
- Public Statements on Youth
- Private Statements on Youth
- Minimum Age 18
- Changing the Issues
- Philanthropy
- Corporate Social Responsibility
- BATS Social Reports
- Today on Addiction
- Today on Addiction
- Public Health Advocates
- Truth in Advertising
- Section E
- Marketing
- Industry Expenditures on Advertising
- Communicating Disease
- Advertising Strategies
- Grand Prix
- Section F
- Lobbying and Legislation
- A Long History of Lobbying
- Political Lobbying US
- The Latin Project Argentina
- The Czech Republic
- Preemption
- Industry Self-Regulation
- International Tobacco Marketing Standards
- Creating the Illusion of Support
- Front Groups
- Industry Front Groups and Allies
- International Tobacco Growers Association
- Legal and Economic Intimidation
- Intimidating Johns Hopkins
- Industry Harassment
-
31
Major Company Mergers
1999 minus BAT buys Rothmansminus Philip Morris buys Liggettminus Japan Tobacco buys RJR International
Transformed size and global reach of largest three companies
32
Marlboro Market Share (2001)
Netherlandsmdash39Francemdash30Germanymdash30Spainmdash155Polandmdash72Russiamdash20Romaniamdash18Saudi Arabiamdash532Mexicomdash425
33
Marlbororsquos Global Penetration
Creditcopy 1993 Lauren Goodsmith Courtesy of Photoshare
Image source httpwwwlibraryuiucedumortensonimagesmarlborojpgaccessed 22106
Section D
Industry Strategies I Science and Public Relations
35
Industry Strategies
Advertising and promotionBuying sciencePublic relationsPhilanthropyLobbyingFront groupsIntimidationLegislation and public policy
36
Modeling Industry Activities
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
37
Undermining Science
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
38
Sworn Public Statements
ldquoI believe nicotine is not addictiverdquo
mdash William Campbell (Phillip Morris US Congressional Hearings 1994)
Image source httpwwwnlmnihgovhmdfrankensteinfrank_promisehtml retrieved 2806
39
Confidential Statements
ldquoNicotine is addictive We are then in the business of selling nicotinemdashan addictive drug effective in the release of stress mechanismsrdquominus Brown and Williamson 1963
ldquohellipBAT should learn to look at itself as a drug company rather than as a tobacco companyrdquominus BAT 1980
ldquo [T]he entire matter of addiction is the most potent weapon a prosecuting attorney can have in a lung cancercigarette case We canrsquot defend continued smoking as lsquofree choicersquo if the person was lsquoaddictedrsquordquominus Tobacco Institute 1980
40
Buying Science and Intimidation
Letters to BMJ regarding the 1981 Hirayama StudyminusMisclassification
Active smokingPassive smoking
minusConfoundingminusStatistical errorminusPlausibility
0
10
20
30
21895 69645 17366
Population at enrollment
Stan
dard
ised
mor
talit
y ra
te fo
r lun
g ca
ncer
pe
r 100
000
32-79
15-50
8-70
Cigarette smokers
Non smoker Familial passive
smoking (-)
Non smoker Familial passive
smoking (+)
Total 108905
(Non smoker wives of non
smoker husbands)
(Non smoker wives of husbands
with smoking habits)
(Women with smoking habits)
Data source Hirayama T 1981 Non-smoking wives of heavy smokers have a higher risk of lung cancer a study from Japan BMJ 282183ndash5
41
The Attack on Meta-Analysis
Tweedie RL amp KL Mengersen 1995 Meta-analytic approaches to dose-response relationships with application in studies of lung cancer and exposure to environmental tobacco smoke Statistics in Medicine 14 545-569
Excerpt from Acknowledgements ndash ldquoThe paper was completed at Colorado State University with partial support from several tobacco companies the methods and analysis here are however entirely those of the authors and should not be otherwise ascribedrdquo
Bailar JC 1997 The promise and problems of meta-analysis New England Journal of Medicine 337 (8) 559-61
Fleiss JL amp AJ Gross 1991 Meta-analysis in epidemiology with special reference to studies of the association between exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and lung cancer a critique Journal of Clinical Epidemiology44 (2) 127-139
Excerpt from Acknowledgements ndash ldquoThis research was supported by a grant from The Tobacco Institute Washington DC USA We thank Dr Myron Weinberg President of the Weinberg GroupWASHTECH for encouraging us to develop this critiquerdquo
42
Junk Science
Gori GB JC Luik Passive Smoke The EPArsquos betrayal of science and
policy The Fraser Institute
Milloy SJ 1995 Science without sense The risky business of public
health research Cato Institute Washington DC
43
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
ldquoThe massive effort launched across the tobacco industry against one scientific
study is remarkablerdquo
Source Ong E K and Glantz S A (2000 April 8) Tobacco industry efforts subverting International Agency for Research on Cancerrsquos second-hand smoke study The Lancet 355 (9211) 1253ndash1259
44
Industry Tactics to Undermine IARC
ldquoDelay the progress andor release of the studyrdquoldquoAffect the wording of its conclusions and official statement of resultsrdquoldquoNeutralize possible negative results of the study rdquoldquoCounteract the potential impact of the study on government policy public opinion and actions by private employers and proprietorsrdquominus WHO Expert Panel on Industry Documents
45
Philip Morris and SHS
ldquoPublic health officials have concluded that secondhand smoke from cigarettes causes disease including lung cancer and heart disease in non-smoking adults as well as causes conditions in children such as asthma respiratory infections cough wheeze otitis media (middle ear infection) and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome In addition public health officials have concluded that secondhand smoke can exacerbate adult asthma and cause eye throat and nasal irritationrdquo
Source Philip Morris USA websitehttpwwwphilipmorrisusacomenhealth_issuessecondhand_smokeaspRetrieved 22106
46
Japan Tobacco and SHS
ldquo available evidence does not support the assertion that environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is harmful to healthrdquo
mdash Japan Tobacco
Source Submission to the WHO Public Hearings on the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control October 2000
47
Public Relations
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
48
Public Statements on Youth
ldquo would be willing to support prevention efforts that affected our bottom line Absolutely if we can come up with a program that prevents all teenagers from smoking cigarettes we would be delighted to see that happen And if that meant that fewer people smoked as adults so be itrdquo
mdash Corky Newton Vice President of Corporate and Youth Responsibility
Programs Brown and Williamson
Source Transcript of meeting with SWAT (Students Working Against Tobacco) US November 6 1999 Cited in PR in the Playground ASH UK 2000
49
Private Statements on Youth
ldquoWe [Philip Morris] refined the objective of a juvenile initiative program as follows maintain and proactively protect our ability to advertise promote and market our products via a juvenile initiativerdquo
ldquoJuvenile initiative = a series of programs and events to discourage juvenile smoking because smoking is an adult decisionrdquo
Source Cathy Leiber (18 May 1995) Philip Morris International Youth Initiatives Bates No 250301901114 Cited in PR in the Playground ASH UK 2000
50
Minimum Age 18
Image source Image source httpkumuicsdhawaiigovhealthhealthy- httpwwwdhssdelawaregovdhssdphlifestylestobaccotpeprtochtm dpcyouthaccesshtml retrieved 21206) retrieved 21206
51
Changing the Issues
Smoking manners
ldquoSmoking is prohibited in public places like railway stations airports museums and art galleries except for designated smoking areas There are some wards (ku in Japanese) that have specific rules in the form of bylaws concerning smoking If these regulations are broken the smoker is liable to pay a fine There is a provision of punishment for smoking on the street or in public places without carrying a portable ashtray as well as for throwing away cigarette buttsrdquo
httpwwwtourismmetrotokyojpenglishbasicbasic09htmlSource accessed 22306
52
Philanthropy
53
Corporate Social Responsibility
ldquohellip Because for us economic performance is not the only measure of our success Honesty integrity and social responsibility are just as important to the way we measure ourselvesrdquominus Philip Morris International
ldquoOur companies are committed to providing consumers with pleasure through excellent products and to demonstrating that we are meeting our commercial goals in ways that are consistent with reasonable societal expectations of a responsible tobacco group in the 21st centuryrdquominus British American Tobacco
54
BATS Social Reports
Argentina AustraliaBrazil GermanyHong KongHungaryJapanKoreaMalaysiaMexicoNew ZealandNigeriaPolandRussiaSouth Africa USA
55
Today on Addiction
PHILIP MORRIS USAPHILIP MORRIS INTERNATIONAL
TOBACCO ISSUESCigarette Smoking Health Issues for Smokers
Cigarette Smoking and AddictionWe agree with the overwhelming medical and scientific consensus that cigarette smoking is addictive It can be very difficult to quit smoking but this should not deter smokers who want to quit from trying to do so
minus httpphilipmorriscomdefaultasp
Continued
56
Today on AddictionPHILIP MORRIS USAPHILIP MORRIS INTERNATIONAL
TOBACCO ISSUESCigarette Smoking Health Issues for Smokers
Cigarette Smoking and Disease in SmokersThere is an overwhelming medical and scientific consensus that cigarette smoking causes lung cancer heart disease emphysema and other serious diseases in smokers Smokers are far more likely to develop serious diseases like lung cancer than non-smokers There is no safe cigarette These are and have been the messages of public health authorities worldwide Smokers and potential smokers should rely on these messages in making all smoking-related decisions
minus httpphilipmorriscomdefaultasp
57
Public Health Advocates
ldquoIntroducing QuitAssistQuitAssist is an information resource sponsored by Philip Morris USA Itrsquos designed to help you connect with a wealth of expert quitting information available ndash usually for free ndash from government agencies universities and respected nonprofit organizations This QuitAssist guide points the way to programs telephone quitlines websites guides and more that can help you find your own path to success
You can also read this guide at QuitAssist Online Log on through wwwphilipmorrisusacom
From there you can link directly to dozens of resources to help you move ahead and leave cigarettes behindrdquo
If you decide to quit smokinghellip
QuitAssistInformation Resource
Philip Morris USA
Never mentions the word ldquoaddictionrdquo
Source httpphilipmorrisusacomenquitassistindex_flashasp accessed 22306
58
Truth in Advertising
Aggressively markets the only legal product that when used as intended by its manufacturers eventually kills half its users
Section E
Industry Tactics II Industry Advertising Promotion and Sponsorship
60
Marketing
ldquoWe refined the objective of a juvenile initiative program as follows Maintain and proactively protect our ability to advertise promote and market our products via a juvenile initiativeldquo
mdash Cathy Leiber PM International 1995
Notes Juvenile initiative = a series of programs and events designed to discourage juvenile smoking because smoking is an adult decision
61
Industry Expenditures on Advertising
0100020003000400050006000700080009000
10000
Am
ount
spe
nt $
mill
ion
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Changes in cigarette marketing expenditure in the USA 1970-99
Data source Mackay J amp M Eriksen 2002 The Tobacco Atlas World Health Organization
62
Communicating Disease
According to the trade magazine ldquoAdvertising Agerdquo the Marlboro man was the most powerful advertising image of the 20th century
Image source httpwwwcdcgovtobaccosgrsgr4kidsadbusthtm retrieved 22306
63
Advertising Strategies
Targeting womenTargeting youthSelling AmericaSponsorship of sporting events and concertsContests and give-awaysBrand stretching
64
Grand Prix
Image source httpwwwnasnasagovAboutEducationRacecardevelopment_emobightml retrieved 22306
Section F
Industry Tactics III Lobbying Legislation and Litigation
66
Lobbying and Legislation
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
67
A Long History of Lobbying
1890mdashTobacco appeared in the US Pharmacopeia(official US government listing of drugs)1905mdashDropped from list before the 1906 Food and Drug Act (legislation that created the Food and Drug Administration)2005mdashFDA cannot regulate nicotine in tobacco
68
Political Lobbying US
Four of the twelve most generous donors to the 2000 Bush Campaign (1 Phillip Morris RJR UST Brown and Williamson)$18 million to federal candidates between 1997 and 2003 minus 82 to Republican candidates and committees
US $43 million spent to counter McCain bill (highest amount ever spent on a sustained issue advocacy campaign in the US)
69
The Latin Project Argentina
Counter regulations aimed at creating smoke-free workplaces and public placesminus September 30 1991mdashNeri Bill approved by Senate
(advertising promotion and sampling ban limit public smoking)
minus Industry campaignmdashmedia debates briefing packages to Senators and the President paid chief scientific advisor to President
minus October 13 1991mdashPresident vetoes law
70
The Czech Republic
June 2001
Philip Morris presents members of the Health and Social Affairs Committee of the Czech Parliament a study concluding that smoking is good for the Czech governments finances because of the savings from early deaths caused by smoking
71
Preemption
ldquoWe could never win at the local level The reason is [that] all of the health advocates the ones that I unfortunately used to call lsquohealth nazisrsquotheyrsquore all local activists who run the little political organizations So the Tobacco Institute and the tobacco companiesrsquo first priority has always been to preempt the field preferably to put it all on the federal level but if they canrsquot do that at least on the state level because the health advocates canrsquot compete with me on the state levelrdquo
mdash Victor Crawford former Maryland state legislator
72
Industry Self-Regulation
British American Tobacco
11 September 2001
INTERNATIONAL TOBACCO PRODUCTS MARKETING STANDARDS
The parties subscribing to these Standards (the ldquoParticipantsrdquo) wish to record their belief that tobacco products should be marketed in a responsible manner and that reasonable measures should be taken to ensure that the promotion and distribution of tobacco products is
bull directed at adult smokers and not at youth and
bull consistent with the principle of informed adult choice
73
International Tobacco Marketing Standards
ldquoWe have analyzed the nine-page agreement and believe that the multinationalsrsquo strategy is proactive and is a way to improve their image rdquoldquoAlso by proactively setting new international tobacco marketing standards the multinationals could be trying to counter a number of proposals that the WHO has been working on to curb the amount of cigarettes that are consumed on an international levelrdquoldquo Interestingly in many countries the existing laws or industry codes are already more restrictive than the provisions of the international marketing standardsrdquo
Source International Tobacco Marketing Standards September 2001
74
Creating the Illusion of Support
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
75
Front Groups
Buying citizen involvement (letter writing phone banking campaigns) by supporting front groups
ldquoHandrdquo of the industry remains hidden
It has been a common practice of Big Tobacco to use third parties or to create front groups to be out in front fighting smokefreepolicies while the industry remains behind the scenes protecting its public image
-Americans for Nonsmokersrsquo Rightshttpwwwno-smokeorggetthefactsphpdp=d21|d23 accessed 22306
76
Industry Front Groups and Allies
Ive learned from experience that as soon as Im identified as a representative of the Tobacco Institute I lose all credibility They just sneer us awayso I try to work behind the scenes whenever I can
- Ron Saldana lobbyist for the Tobacco Institute 82486
Source httpwwwno-smokeorggetthefactsphpdp=d21|d23 accessed 22306
77
International Tobacco Growers Association
ITGAldquo[Establish] ITGA [International Tobacco Growers Association] [as a] front group for our third world lobby activities at WHOrdquo
Source Report of the WHO Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents
Source Report of the WHO Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents
78
Legal and Economic Intimidation
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
79
Intimidating Johns Hopkins
ldquoThe tobacco companies have commenced nothing short of a campaign of harassment against the academic institutions that discovered smoking is injurious to the public healthrdquominus Estelle A Fishbein general
council for Johns Hopkins University
ldquoTobacco Industry in Fight To Get
Universitiesrsquo DataLegal Moves Termed Fishing Expeditionrdquo
-The New York Times Jan 20 2002
80
Industry Harassment
PUBLIC HEALTH MATTERS
Public Health Under Attack The American Stop Smoking Intervention Study (ASSIST) and the
Tobacco Industry
- White J and LA Bero
- The Transnational Tobacco Industry
- Section A
- Describing a Disease
- The Agent
- The Host
- The Vector
- Section B
- Background
- Background
- What Is a ldquoTransnationalrdquo Company
- Major Transnational Tobacco Companies
- Cigarette Production
- Company Size and Wealth
- TNC Sales and Developing Countries
- China National Tobacco Corporation
- A Return to the Past
- Section C
- A Global Market
- Looking Abroad
- Going Abroad
- A Global Business
- Factors Fueling Global Expansion
- Trade Liberalization
- Impact of Trade Liberalization
- Tobacco Leaf Production
- Tobacco Leaf Trade
- Privatization
- Foreign InvestmentmdashUkraine
- Major Company Mergers
- Marlboro Market Share (2001)
- Marlbororsquos Global Penetration
- Section D
- Industry Strategies
- Modeling Industry Activities
- Undermining Science
- Sworn Public Statements
- Confidential Statements
- Buying Science and Intimidation
- The Attack on Meta-Analysis
- Junk Science
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
- Industry Tactics to Undermine IARC
- Philip Morris and SHS
- Japan Tobacco and SHS
- Public Relations
- Public Statements on Youth
- Private Statements on Youth
- Minimum Age 18
- Changing the Issues
- Philanthropy
- Corporate Social Responsibility
- BATS Social Reports
- Today on Addiction
- Today on Addiction
- Public Health Advocates
- Truth in Advertising
- Section E
- Marketing
- Industry Expenditures on Advertising
- Communicating Disease
- Advertising Strategies
- Grand Prix
- Section F
- Lobbying and Legislation
- A Long History of Lobbying
- Political Lobbying US
- The Latin Project Argentina
- The Czech Republic
- Preemption
- Industry Self-Regulation
- International Tobacco Marketing Standards
- Creating the Illusion of Support
- Front Groups
- Industry Front Groups and Allies
- International Tobacco Growers Association
- Legal and Economic Intimidation
- Intimidating Johns Hopkins
- Industry Harassment
-
32
Marlboro Market Share (2001)
Netherlandsmdash39Francemdash30Germanymdash30Spainmdash155Polandmdash72Russiamdash20Romaniamdash18Saudi Arabiamdash532Mexicomdash425
33
Marlbororsquos Global Penetration
Creditcopy 1993 Lauren Goodsmith Courtesy of Photoshare
Image source httpwwwlibraryuiucedumortensonimagesmarlborojpgaccessed 22106
Section D
Industry Strategies I Science and Public Relations
35
Industry Strategies
Advertising and promotionBuying sciencePublic relationsPhilanthropyLobbyingFront groupsIntimidationLegislation and public policy
36
Modeling Industry Activities
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
37
Undermining Science
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
38
Sworn Public Statements
ldquoI believe nicotine is not addictiverdquo
mdash William Campbell (Phillip Morris US Congressional Hearings 1994)
Image source httpwwwnlmnihgovhmdfrankensteinfrank_promisehtml retrieved 2806
39
Confidential Statements
ldquoNicotine is addictive We are then in the business of selling nicotinemdashan addictive drug effective in the release of stress mechanismsrdquominus Brown and Williamson 1963
ldquohellipBAT should learn to look at itself as a drug company rather than as a tobacco companyrdquominus BAT 1980
ldquo [T]he entire matter of addiction is the most potent weapon a prosecuting attorney can have in a lung cancercigarette case We canrsquot defend continued smoking as lsquofree choicersquo if the person was lsquoaddictedrsquordquominus Tobacco Institute 1980
40
Buying Science and Intimidation
Letters to BMJ regarding the 1981 Hirayama StudyminusMisclassification
Active smokingPassive smoking
minusConfoundingminusStatistical errorminusPlausibility
0
10
20
30
21895 69645 17366
Population at enrollment
Stan
dard
ised
mor
talit
y ra
te fo
r lun
g ca
ncer
pe
r 100
000
32-79
15-50
8-70
Cigarette smokers
Non smoker Familial passive
smoking (-)
Non smoker Familial passive
smoking (+)
Total 108905
(Non smoker wives of non
smoker husbands)
(Non smoker wives of husbands
with smoking habits)
(Women with smoking habits)
Data source Hirayama T 1981 Non-smoking wives of heavy smokers have a higher risk of lung cancer a study from Japan BMJ 282183ndash5
41
The Attack on Meta-Analysis
Tweedie RL amp KL Mengersen 1995 Meta-analytic approaches to dose-response relationships with application in studies of lung cancer and exposure to environmental tobacco smoke Statistics in Medicine 14 545-569
Excerpt from Acknowledgements ndash ldquoThe paper was completed at Colorado State University with partial support from several tobacco companies the methods and analysis here are however entirely those of the authors and should not be otherwise ascribedrdquo
Bailar JC 1997 The promise and problems of meta-analysis New England Journal of Medicine 337 (8) 559-61
Fleiss JL amp AJ Gross 1991 Meta-analysis in epidemiology with special reference to studies of the association between exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and lung cancer a critique Journal of Clinical Epidemiology44 (2) 127-139
Excerpt from Acknowledgements ndash ldquoThis research was supported by a grant from The Tobacco Institute Washington DC USA We thank Dr Myron Weinberg President of the Weinberg GroupWASHTECH for encouraging us to develop this critiquerdquo
42
Junk Science
Gori GB JC Luik Passive Smoke The EPArsquos betrayal of science and
policy The Fraser Institute
Milloy SJ 1995 Science without sense The risky business of public
health research Cato Institute Washington DC
43
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
ldquoThe massive effort launched across the tobacco industry against one scientific
study is remarkablerdquo
Source Ong E K and Glantz S A (2000 April 8) Tobacco industry efforts subverting International Agency for Research on Cancerrsquos second-hand smoke study The Lancet 355 (9211) 1253ndash1259
44
Industry Tactics to Undermine IARC
ldquoDelay the progress andor release of the studyrdquoldquoAffect the wording of its conclusions and official statement of resultsrdquoldquoNeutralize possible negative results of the study rdquoldquoCounteract the potential impact of the study on government policy public opinion and actions by private employers and proprietorsrdquominus WHO Expert Panel on Industry Documents
45
Philip Morris and SHS
ldquoPublic health officials have concluded that secondhand smoke from cigarettes causes disease including lung cancer and heart disease in non-smoking adults as well as causes conditions in children such as asthma respiratory infections cough wheeze otitis media (middle ear infection) and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome In addition public health officials have concluded that secondhand smoke can exacerbate adult asthma and cause eye throat and nasal irritationrdquo
Source Philip Morris USA websitehttpwwwphilipmorrisusacomenhealth_issuessecondhand_smokeaspRetrieved 22106
46
Japan Tobacco and SHS
ldquo available evidence does not support the assertion that environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is harmful to healthrdquo
mdash Japan Tobacco
Source Submission to the WHO Public Hearings on the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control October 2000
47
Public Relations
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
48
Public Statements on Youth
ldquo would be willing to support prevention efforts that affected our bottom line Absolutely if we can come up with a program that prevents all teenagers from smoking cigarettes we would be delighted to see that happen And if that meant that fewer people smoked as adults so be itrdquo
mdash Corky Newton Vice President of Corporate and Youth Responsibility
Programs Brown and Williamson
Source Transcript of meeting with SWAT (Students Working Against Tobacco) US November 6 1999 Cited in PR in the Playground ASH UK 2000
49
Private Statements on Youth
ldquoWe [Philip Morris] refined the objective of a juvenile initiative program as follows maintain and proactively protect our ability to advertise promote and market our products via a juvenile initiativerdquo
ldquoJuvenile initiative = a series of programs and events to discourage juvenile smoking because smoking is an adult decisionrdquo
Source Cathy Leiber (18 May 1995) Philip Morris International Youth Initiatives Bates No 250301901114 Cited in PR in the Playground ASH UK 2000
50
Minimum Age 18
Image source Image source httpkumuicsdhawaiigovhealthhealthy- httpwwwdhssdelawaregovdhssdphlifestylestobaccotpeprtochtm dpcyouthaccesshtml retrieved 21206) retrieved 21206
51
Changing the Issues
Smoking manners
ldquoSmoking is prohibited in public places like railway stations airports museums and art galleries except for designated smoking areas There are some wards (ku in Japanese) that have specific rules in the form of bylaws concerning smoking If these regulations are broken the smoker is liable to pay a fine There is a provision of punishment for smoking on the street or in public places without carrying a portable ashtray as well as for throwing away cigarette buttsrdquo
httpwwwtourismmetrotokyojpenglishbasicbasic09htmlSource accessed 22306
52
Philanthropy
53
Corporate Social Responsibility
ldquohellip Because for us economic performance is not the only measure of our success Honesty integrity and social responsibility are just as important to the way we measure ourselvesrdquominus Philip Morris International
ldquoOur companies are committed to providing consumers with pleasure through excellent products and to demonstrating that we are meeting our commercial goals in ways that are consistent with reasonable societal expectations of a responsible tobacco group in the 21st centuryrdquominus British American Tobacco
54
BATS Social Reports
Argentina AustraliaBrazil GermanyHong KongHungaryJapanKoreaMalaysiaMexicoNew ZealandNigeriaPolandRussiaSouth Africa USA
55
Today on Addiction
PHILIP MORRIS USAPHILIP MORRIS INTERNATIONAL
TOBACCO ISSUESCigarette Smoking Health Issues for Smokers
Cigarette Smoking and AddictionWe agree with the overwhelming medical and scientific consensus that cigarette smoking is addictive It can be very difficult to quit smoking but this should not deter smokers who want to quit from trying to do so
minus httpphilipmorriscomdefaultasp
Continued
56
Today on AddictionPHILIP MORRIS USAPHILIP MORRIS INTERNATIONAL
TOBACCO ISSUESCigarette Smoking Health Issues for Smokers
Cigarette Smoking and Disease in SmokersThere is an overwhelming medical and scientific consensus that cigarette smoking causes lung cancer heart disease emphysema and other serious diseases in smokers Smokers are far more likely to develop serious diseases like lung cancer than non-smokers There is no safe cigarette These are and have been the messages of public health authorities worldwide Smokers and potential smokers should rely on these messages in making all smoking-related decisions
minus httpphilipmorriscomdefaultasp
57
Public Health Advocates
ldquoIntroducing QuitAssistQuitAssist is an information resource sponsored by Philip Morris USA Itrsquos designed to help you connect with a wealth of expert quitting information available ndash usually for free ndash from government agencies universities and respected nonprofit organizations This QuitAssist guide points the way to programs telephone quitlines websites guides and more that can help you find your own path to success
You can also read this guide at QuitAssist Online Log on through wwwphilipmorrisusacom
From there you can link directly to dozens of resources to help you move ahead and leave cigarettes behindrdquo
If you decide to quit smokinghellip
QuitAssistInformation Resource
Philip Morris USA
Never mentions the word ldquoaddictionrdquo
Source httpphilipmorrisusacomenquitassistindex_flashasp accessed 22306
58
Truth in Advertising
Aggressively markets the only legal product that when used as intended by its manufacturers eventually kills half its users
Section E
Industry Tactics II Industry Advertising Promotion and Sponsorship
60
Marketing
ldquoWe refined the objective of a juvenile initiative program as follows Maintain and proactively protect our ability to advertise promote and market our products via a juvenile initiativeldquo
mdash Cathy Leiber PM International 1995
Notes Juvenile initiative = a series of programs and events designed to discourage juvenile smoking because smoking is an adult decision
61
Industry Expenditures on Advertising
0100020003000400050006000700080009000
10000
Am
ount
spe
nt $
mill
ion
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Changes in cigarette marketing expenditure in the USA 1970-99
Data source Mackay J amp M Eriksen 2002 The Tobacco Atlas World Health Organization
62
Communicating Disease
According to the trade magazine ldquoAdvertising Agerdquo the Marlboro man was the most powerful advertising image of the 20th century
Image source httpwwwcdcgovtobaccosgrsgr4kidsadbusthtm retrieved 22306
63
Advertising Strategies
Targeting womenTargeting youthSelling AmericaSponsorship of sporting events and concertsContests and give-awaysBrand stretching
64
Grand Prix
Image source httpwwwnasnasagovAboutEducationRacecardevelopment_emobightml retrieved 22306
Section F
Industry Tactics III Lobbying Legislation and Litigation
66
Lobbying and Legislation
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
67
A Long History of Lobbying
1890mdashTobacco appeared in the US Pharmacopeia(official US government listing of drugs)1905mdashDropped from list before the 1906 Food and Drug Act (legislation that created the Food and Drug Administration)2005mdashFDA cannot regulate nicotine in tobacco
68
Political Lobbying US
Four of the twelve most generous donors to the 2000 Bush Campaign (1 Phillip Morris RJR UST Brown and Williamson)$18 million to federal candidates between 1997 and 2003 minus 82 to Republican candidates and committees
US $43 million spent to counter McCain bill (highest amount ever spent on a sustained issue advocacy campaign in the US)
69
The Latin Project Argentina
Counter regulations aimed at creating smoke-free workplaces and public placesminus September 30 1991mdashNeri Bill approved by Senate
(advertising promotion and sampling ban limit public smoking)
minus Industry campaignmdashmedia debates briefing packages to Senators and the President paid chief scientific advisor to President
minus October 13 1991mdashPresident vetoes law
70
The Czech Republic
June 2001
Philip Morris presents members of the Health and Social Affairs Committee of the Czech Parliament a study concluding that smoking is good for the Czech governments finances because of the savings from early deaths caused by smoking
71
Preemption
ldquoWe could never win at the local level The reason is [that] all of the health advocates the ones that I unfortunately used to call lsquohealth nazisrsquotheyrsquore all local activists who run the little political organizations So the Tobacco Institute and the tobacco companiesrsquo first priority has always been to preempt the field preferably to put it all on the federal level but if they canrsquot do that at least on the state level because the health advocates canrsquot compete with me on the state levelrdquo
mdash Victor Crawford former Maryland state legislator
72
Industry Self-Regulation
British American Tobacco
11 September 2001
INTERNATIONAL TOBACCO PRODUCTS MARKETING STANDARDS
The parties subscribing to these Standards (the ldquoParticipantsrdquo) wish to record their belief that tobacco products should be marketed in a responsible manner and that reasonable measures should be taken to ensure that the promotion and distribution of tobacco products is
bull directed at adult smokers and not at youth and
bull consistent with the principle of informed adult choice
73
International Tobacco Marketing Standards
ldquoWe have analyzed the nine-page agreement and believe that the multinationalsrsquo strategy is proactive and is a way to improve their image rdquoldquoAlso by proactively setting new international tobacco marketing standards the multinationals could be trying to counter a number of proposals that the WHO has been working on to curb the amount of cigarettes that are consumed on an international levelrdquoldquo Interestingly in many countries the existing laws or industry codes are already more restrictive than the provisions of the international marketing standardsrdquo
Source International Tobacco Marketing Standards September 2001
74
Creating the Illusion of Support
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
75
Front Groups
Buying citizen involvement (letter writing phone banking campaigns) by supporting front groups
ldquoHandrdquo of the industry remains hidden
It has been a common practice of Big Tobacco to use third parties or to create front groups to be out in front fighting smokefreepolicies while the industry remains behind the scenes protecting its public image
-Americans for Nonsmokersrsquo Rightshttpwwwno-smokeorggetthefactsphpdp=d21|d23 accessed 22306
76
Industry Front Groups and Allies
Ive learned from experience that as soon as Im identified as a representative of the Tobacco Institute I lose all credibility They just sneer us awayso I try to work behind the scenes whenever I can
- Ron Saldana lobbyist for the Tobacco Institute 82486
Source httpwwwno-smokeorggetthefactsphpdp=d21|d23 accessed 22306
77
International Tobacco Growers Association
ITGAldquo[Establish] ITGA [International Tobacco Growers Association] [as a] front group for our third world lobby activities at WHOrdquo
Source Report of the WHO Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents
Source Report of the WHO Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents
78
Legal and Economic Intimidation
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
79
Intimidating Johns Hopkins
ldquoThe tobacco companies have commenced nothing short of a campaign of harassment against the academic institutions that discovered smoking is injurious to the public healthrdquominus Estelle A Fishbein general
council for Johns Hopkins University
ldquoTobacco Industry in Fight To Get
Universitiesrsquo DataLegal Moves Termed Fishing Expeditionrdquo
-The New York Times Jan 20 2002
80
Industry Harassment
PUBLIC HEALTH MATTERS
Public Health Under Attack The American Stop Smoking Intervention Study (ASSIST) and the
Tobacco Industry
- White J and LA Bero
- The Transnational Tobacco Industry
- Section A
- Describing a Disease
- The Agent
- The Host
- The Vector
- Section B
- Background
- Background
- What Is a ldquoTransnationalrdquo Company
- Major Transnational Tobacco Companies
- Cigarette Production
- Company Size and Wealth
- TNC Sales and Developing Countries
- China National Tobacco Corporation
- A Return to the Past
- Section C
- A Global Market
- Looking Abroad
- Going Abroad
- A Global Business
- Factors Fueling Global Expansion
- Trade Liberalization
- Impact of Trade Liberalization
- Tobacco Leaf Production
- Tobacco Leaf Trade
- Privatization
- Foreign InvestmentmdashUkraine
- Major Company Mergers
- Marlboro Market Share (2001)
- Marlbororsquos Global Penetration
- Section D
- Industry Strategies
- Modeling Industry Activities
- Undermining Science
- Sworn Public Statements
- Confidential Statements
- Buying Science and Intimidation
- The Attack on Meta-Analysis
- Junk Science
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
- Industry Tactics to Undermine IARC
- Philip Morris and SHS
- Japan Tobacco and SHS
- Public Relations
- Public Statements on Youth
- Private Statements on Youth
- Minimum Age 18
- Changing the Issues
- Philanthropy
- Corporate Social Responsibility
- BATS Social Reports
- Today on Addiction
- Today on Addiction
- Public Health Advocates
- Truth in Advertising
- Section E
- Marketing
- Industry Expenditures on Advertising
- Communicating Disease
- Advertising Strategies
- Grand Prix
- Section F
- Lobbying and Legislation
- A Long History of Lobbying
- Political Lobbying US
- The Latin Project Argentina
- The Czech Republic
- Preemption
- Industry Self-Regulation
- International Tobacco Marketing Standards
- Creating the Illusion of Support
- Front Groups
- Industry Front Groups and Allies
- International Tobacco Growers Association
- Legal and Economic Intimidation
- Intimidating Johns Hopkins
- Industry Harassment
-
33
Marlbororsquos Global Penetration
Creditcopy 1993 Lauren Goodsmith Courtesy of Photoshare
Image source httpwwwlibraryuiucedumortensonimagesmarlborojpgaccessed 22106
Section D
Industry Strategies I Science and Public Relations
35
Industry Strategies
Advertising and promotionBuying sciencePublic relationsPhilanthropyLobbyingFront groupsIntimidationLegislation and public policy
36
Modeling Industry Activities
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
37
Undermining Science
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
38
Sworn Public Statements
ldquoI believe nicotine is not addictiverdquo
mdash William Campbell (Phillip Morris US Congressional Hearings 1994)
Image source httpwwwnlmnihgovhmdfrankensteinfrank_promisehtml retrieved 2806
39
Confidential Statements
ldquoNicotine is addictive We are then in the business of selling nicotinemdashan addictive drug effective in the release of stress mechanismsrdquominus Brown and Williamson 1963
ldquohellipBAT should learn to look at itself as a drug company rather than as a tobacco companyrdquominus BAT 1980
ldquo [T]he entire matter of addiction is the most potent weapon a prosecuting attorney can have in a lung cancercigarette case We canrsquot defend continued smoking as lsquofree choicersquo if the person was lsquoaddictedrsquordquominus Tobacco Institute 1980
40
Buying Science and Intimidation
Letters to BMJ regarding the 1981 Hirayama StudyminusMisclassification
Active smokingPassive smoking
minusConfoundingminusStatistical errorminusPlausibility
0
10
20
30
21895 69645 17366
Population at enrollment
Stan
dard
ised
mor
talit
y ra
te fo
r lun
g ca
ncer
pe
r 100
000
32-79
15-50
8-70
Cigarette smokers
Non smoker Familial passive
smoking (-)
Non smoker Familial passive
smoking (+)
Total 108905
(Non smoker wives of non
smoker husbands)
(Non smoker wives of husbands
with smoking habits)
(Women with smoking habits)
Data source Hirayama T 1981 Non-smoking wives of heavy smokers have a higher risk of lung cancer a study from Japan BMJ 282183ndash5
41
The Attack on Meta-Analysis
Tweedie RL amp KL Mengersen 1995 Meta-analytic approaches to dose-response relationships with application in studies of lung cancer and exposure to environmental tobacco smoke Statistics in Medicine 14 545-569
Excerpt from Acknowledgements ndash ldquoThe paper was completed at Colorado State University with partial support from several tobacco companies the methods and analysis here are however entirely those of the authors and should not be otherwise ascribedrdquo
Bailar JC 1997 The promise and problems of meta-analysis New England Journal of Medicine 337 (8) 559-61
Fleiss JL amp AJ Gross 1991 Meta-analysis in epidemiology with special reference to studies of the association between exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and lung cancer a critique Journal of Clinical Epidemiology44 (2) 127-139
Excerpt from Acknowledgements ndash ldquoThis research was supported by a grant from The Tobacco Institute Washington DC USA We thank Dr Myron Weinberg President of the Weinberg GroupWASHTECH for encouraging us to develop this critiquerdquo
42
Junk Science
Gori GB JC Luik Passive Smoke The EPArsquos betrayal of science and
policy The Fraser Institute
Milloy SJ 1995 Science without sense The risky business of public
health research Cato Institute Washington DC
43
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
ldquoThe massive effort launched across the tobacco industry against one scientific
study is remarkablerdquo
Source Ong E K and Glantz S A (2000 April 8) Tobacco industry efforts subverting International Agency for Research on Cancerrsquos second-hand smoke study The Lancet 355 (9211) 1253ndash1259
44
Industry Tactics to Undermine IARC
ldquoDelay the progress andor release of the studyrdquoldquoAffect the wording of its conclusions and official statement of resultsrdquoldquoNeutralize possible negative results of the study rdquoldquoCounteract the potential impact of the study on government policy public opinion and actions by private employers and proprietorsrdquominus WHO Expert Panel on Industry Documents
45
Philip Morris and SHS
ldquoPublic health officials have concluded that secondhand smoke from cigarettes causes disease including lung cancer and heart disease in non-smoking adults as well as causes conditions in children such as asthma respiratory infections cough wheeze otitis media (middle ear infection) and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome In addition public health officials have concluded that secondhand smoke can exacerbate adult asthma and cause eye throat and nasal irritationrdquo
Source Philip Morris USA websitehttpwwwphilipmorrisusacomenhealth_issuessecondhand_smokeaspRetrieved 22106
46
Japan Tobacco and SHS
ldquo available evidence does not support the assertion that environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is harmful to healthrdquo
mdash Japan Tobacco
Source Submission to the WHO Public Hearings on the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control October 2000
47
Public Relations
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
48
Public Statements on Youth
ldquo would be willing to support prevention efforts that affected our bottom line Absolutely if we can come up with a program that prevents all teenagers from smoking cigarettes we would be delighted to see that happen And if that meant that fewer people smoked as adults so be itrdquo
mdash Corky Newton Vice President of Corporate and Youth Responsibility
Programs Brown and Williamson
Source Transcript of meeting with SWAT (Students Working Against Tobacco) US November 6 1999 Cited in PR in the Playground ASH UK 2000
49
Private Statements on Youth
ldquoWe [Philip Morris] refined the objective of a juvenile initiative program as follows maintain and proactively protect our ability to advertise promote and market our products via a juvenile initiativerdquo
ldquoJuvenile initiative = a series of programs and events to discourage juvenile smoking because smoking is an adult decisionrdquo
Source Cathy Leiber (18 May 1995) Philip Morris International Youth Initiatives Bates No 250301901114 Cited in PR in the Playground ASH UK 2000
50
Minimum Age 18
Image source Image source httpkumuicsdhawaiigovhealthhealthy- httpwwwdhssdelawaregovdhssdphlifestylestobaccotpeprtochtm dpcyouthaccesshtml retrieved 21206) retrieved 21206
51
Changing the Issues
Smoking manners
ldquoSmoking is prohibited in public places like railway stations airports museums and art galleries except for designated smoking areas There are some wards (ku in Japanese) that have specific rules in the form of bylaws concerning smoking If these regulations are broken the smoker is liable to pay a fine There is a provision of punishment for smoking on the street or in public places without carrying a portable ashtray as well as for throwing away cigarette buttsrdquo
httpwwwtourismmetrotokyojpenglishbasicbasic09htmlSource accessed 22306
52
Philanthropy
53
Corporate Social Responsibility
ldquohellip Because for us economic performance is not the only measure of our success Honesty integrity and social responsibility are just as important to the way we measure ourselvesrdquominus Philip Morris International
ldquoOur companies are committed to providing consumers with pleasure through excellent products and to demonstrating that we are meeting our commercial goals in ways that are consistent with reasonable societal expectations of a responsible tobacco group in the 21st centuryrdquominus British American Tobacco
54
BATS Social Reports
Argentina AustraliaBrazil GermanyHong KongHungaryJapanKoreaMalaysiaMexicoNew ZealandNigeriaPolandRussiaSouth Africa USA
55
Today on Addiction
PHILIP MORRIS USAPHILIP MORRIS INTERNATIONAL
TOBACCO ISSUESCigarette Smoking Health Issues for Smokers
Cigarette Smoking and AddictionWe agree with the overwhelming medical and scientific consensus that cigarette smoking is addictive It can be very difficult to quit smoking but this should not deter smokers who want to quit from trying to do so
minus httpphilipmorriscomdefaultasp
Continued
56
Today on AddictionPHILIP MORRIS USAPHILIP MORRIS INTERNATIONAL
TOBACCO ISSUESCigarette Smoking Health Issues for Smokers
Cigarette Smoking and Disease in SmokersThere is an overwhelming medical and scientific consensus that cigarette smoking causes lung cancer heart disease emphysema and other serious diseases in smokers Smokers are far more likely to develop serious diseases like lung cancer than non-smokers There is no safe cigarette These are and have been the messages of public health authorities worldwide Smokers and potential smokers should rely on these messages in making all smoking-related decisions
minus httpphilipmorriscomdefaultasp
57
Public Health Advocates
ldquoIntroducing QuitAssistQuitAssist is an information resource sponsored by Philip Morris USA Itrsquos designed to help you connect with a wealth of expert quitting information available ndash usually for free ndash from government agencies universities and respected nonprofit organizations This QuitAssist guide points the way to programs telephone quitlines websites guides and more that can help you find your own path to success
You can also read this guide at QuitAssist Online Log on through wwwphilipmorrisusacom
From there you can link directly to dozens of resources to help you move ahead and leave cigarettes behindrdquo
If you decide to quit smokinghellip
QuitAssistInformation Resource
Philip Morris USA
Never mentions the word ldquoaddictionrdquo
Source httpphilipmorrisusacomenquitassistindex_flashasp accessed 22306
58
Truth in Advertising
Aggressively markets the only legal product that when used as intended by its manufacturers eventually kills half its users
Section E
Industry Tactics II Industry Advertising Promotion and Sponsorship
60
Marketing
ldquoWe refined the objective of a juvenile initiative program as follows Maintain and proactively protect our ability to advertise promote and market our products via a juvenile initiativeldquo
mdash Cathy Leiber PM International 1995
Notes Juvenile initiative = a series of programs and events designed to discourage juvenile smoking because smoking is an adult decision
61
Industry Expenditures on Advertising
0100020003000400050006000700080009000
10000
Am
ount
spe
nt $
mill
ion
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Changes in cigarette marketing expenditure in the USA 1970-99
Data source Mackay J amp M Eriksen 2002 The Tobacco Atlas World Health Organization
62
Communicating Disease
According to the trade magazine ldquoAdvertising Agerdquo the Marlboro man was the most powerful advertising image of the 20th century
Image source httpwwwcdcgovtobaccosgrsgr4kidsadbusthtm retrieved 22306
63
Advertising Strategies
Targeting womenTargeting youthSelling AmericaSponsorship of sporting events and concertsContests and give-awaysBrand stretching
64
Grand Prix
Image source httpwwwnasnasagovAboutEducationRacecardevelopment_emobightml retrieved 22306
Section F
Industry Tactics III Lobbying Legislation and Litigation
66
Lobbying and Legislation
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
67
A Long History of Lobbying
1890mdashTobacco appeared in the US Pharmacopeia(official US government listing of drugs)1905mdashDropped from list before the 1906 Food and Drug Act (legislation that created the Food and Drug Administration)2005mdashFDA cannot regulate nicotine in tobacco
68
Political Lobbying US
Four of the twelve most generous donors to the 2000 Bush Campaign (1 Phillip Morris RJR UST Brown and Williamson)$18 million to federal candidates between 1997 and 2003 minus 82 to Republican candidates and committees
US $43 million spent to counter McCain bill (highest amount ever spent on a sustained issue advocacy campaign in the US)
69
The Latin Project Argentina
Counter regulations aimed at creating smoke-free workplaces and public placesminus September 30 1991mdashNeri Bill approved by Senate
(advertising promotion and sampling ban limit public smoking)
minus Industry campaignmdashmedia debates briefing packages to Senators and the President paid chief scientific advisor to President
minus October 13 1991mdashPresident vetoes law
70
The Czech Republic
June 2001
Philip Morris presents members of the Health and Social Affairs Committee of the Czech Parliament a study concluding that smoking is good for the Czech governments finances because of the savings from early deaths caused by smoking
71
Preemption
ldquoWe could never win at the local level The reason is [that] all of the health advocates the ones that I unfortunately used to call lsquohealth nazisrsquotheyrsquore all local activists who run the little political organizations So the Tobacco Institute and the tobacco companiesrsquo first priority has always been to preempt the field preferably to put it all on the federal level but if they canrsquot do that at least on the state level because the health advocates canrsquot compete with me on the state levelrdquo
mdash Victor Crawford former Maryland state legislator
72
Industry Self-Regulation
British American Tobacco
11 September 2001
INTERNATIONAL TOBACCO PRODUCTS MARKETING STANDARDS
The parties subscribing to these Standards (the ldquoParticipantsrdquo) wish to record their belief that tobacco products should be marketed in a responsible manner and that reasonable measures should be taken to ensure that the promotion and distribution of tobacco products is
bull directed at adult smokers and not at youth and
bull consistent with the principle of informed adult choice
73
International Tobacco Marketing Standards
ldquoWe have analyzed the nine-page agreement and believe that the multinationalsrsquo strategy is proactive and is a way to improve their image rdquoldquoAlso by proactively setting new international tobacco marketing standards the multinationals could be trying to counter a number of proposals that the WHO has been working on to curb the amount of cigarettes that are consumed on an international levelrdquoldquo Interestingly in many countries the existing laws or industry codes are already more restrictive than the provisions of the international marketing standardsrdquo
Source International Tobacco Marketing Standards September 2001
74
Creating the Illusion of Support
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
75
Front Groups
Buying citizen involvement (letter writing phone banking campaigns) by supporting front groups
ldquoHandrdquo of the industry remains hidden
It has been a common practice of Big Tobacco to use third parties or to create front groups to be out in front fighting smokefreepolicies while the industry remains behind the scenes protecting its public image
-Americans for Nonsmokersrsquo Rightshttpwwwno-smokeorggetthefactsphpdp=d21|d23 accessed 22306
76
Industry Front Groups and Allies
Ive learned from experience that as soon as Im identified as a representative of the Tobacco Institute I lose all credibility They just sneer us awayso I try to work behind the scenes whenever I can
- Ron Saldana lobbyist for the Tobacco Institute 82486
Source httpwwwno-smokeorggetthefactsphpdp=d21|d23 accessed 22306
77
International Tobacco Growers Association
ITGAldquo[Establish] ITGA [International Tobacco Growers Association] [as a] front group for our third world lobby activities at WHOrdquo
Source Report of the WHO Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents
Source Report of the WHO Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents
78
Legal and Economic Intimidation
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
79
Intimidating Johns Hopkins
ldquoThe tobacco companies have commenced nothing short of a campaign of harassment against the academic institutions that discovered smoking is injurious to the public healthrdquominus Estelle A Fishbein general
council for Johns Hopkins University
ldquoTobacco Industry in Fight To Get
Universitiesrsquo DataLegal Moves Termed Fishing Expeditionrdquo
-The New York Times Jan 20 2002
80
Industry Harassment
PUBLIC HEALTH MATTERS
Public Health Under Attack The American Stop Smoking Intervention Study (ASSIST) and the
Tobacco Industry
- White J and LA Bero
- The Transnational Tobacco Industry
- Section A
- Describing a Disease
- The Agent
- The Host
- The Vector
- Section B
- Background
- Background
- What Is a ldquoTransnationalrdquo Company
- Major Transnational Tobacco Companies
- Cigarette Production
- Company Size and Wealth
- TNC Sales and Developing Countries
- China National Tobacco Corporation
- A Return to the Past
- Section C
- A Global Market
- Looking Abroad
- Going Abroad
- A Global Business
- Factors Fueling Global Expansion
- Trade Liberalization
- Impact of Trade Liberalization
- Tobacco Leaf Production
- Tobacco Leaf Trade
- Privatization
- Foreign InvestmentmdashUkraine
- Major Company Mergers
- Marlboro Market Share (2001)
- Marlbororsquos Global Penetration
- Section D
- Industry Strategies
- Modeling Industry Activities
- Undermining Science
- Sworn Public Statements
- Confidential Statements
- Buying Science and Intimidation
- The Attack on Meta-Analysis
- Junk Science
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
- Industry Tactics to Undermine IARC
- Philip Morris and SHS
- Japan Tobacco and SHS
- Public Relations
- Public Statements on Youth
- Private Statements on Youth
- Minimum Age 18
- Changing the Issues
- Philanthropy
- Corporate Social Responsibility
- BATS Social Reports
- Today on Addiction
- Today on Addiction
- Public Health Advocates
- Truth in Advertising
- Section E
- Marketing
- Industry Expenditures on Advertising
- Communicating Disease
- Advertising Strategies
- Grand Prix
- Section F
- Lobbying and Legislation
- A Long History of Lobbying
- Political Lobbying US
- The Latin Project Argentina
- The Czech Republic
- Preemption
- Industry Self-Regulation
- International Tobacco Marketing Standards
- Creating the Illusion of Support
- Front Groups
- Industry Front Groups and Allies
- International Tobacco Growers Association
- Legal and Economic Intimidation
- Intimidating Johns Hopkins
- Industry Harassment
-
Section D
Industry Strategies I Science and Public Relations
35
Industry Strategies
Advertising and promotionBuying sciencePublic relationsPhilanthropyLobbyingFront groupsIntimidationLegislation and public policy
36
Modeling Industry Activities
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
37
Undermining Science
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
38
Sworn Public Statements
ldquoI believe nicotine is not addictiverdquo
mdash William Campbell (Phillip Morris US Congressional Hearings 1994)
Image source httpwwwnlmnihgovhmdfrankensteinfrank_promisehtml retrieved 2806
39
Confidential Statements
ldquoNicotine is addictive We are then in the business of selling nicotinemdashan addictive drug effective in the release of stress mechanismsrdquominus Brown and Williamson 1963
ldquohellipBAT should learn to look at itself as a drug company rather than as a tobacco companyrdquominus BAT 1980
ldquo [T]he entire matter of addiction is the most potent weapon a prosecuting attorney can have in a lung cancercigarette case We canrsquot defend continued smoking as lsquofree choicersquo if the person was lsquoaddictedrsquordquominus Tobacco Institute 1980
40
Buying Science and Intimidation
Letters to BMJ regarding the 1981 Hirayama StudyminusMisclassification
Active smokingPassive smoking
minusConfoundingminusStatistical errorminusPlausibility
0
10
20
30
21895 69645 17366
Population at enrollment
Stan
dard
ised
mor
talit
y ra
te fo
r lun
g ca
ncer
pe
r 100
000
32-79
15-50
8-70
Cigarette smokers
Non smoker Familial passive
smoking (-)
Non smoker Familial passive
smoking (+)
Total 108905
(Non smoker wives of non
smoker husbands)
(Non smoker wives of husbands
with smoking habits)
(Women with smoking habits)
Data source Hirayama T 1981 Non-smoking wives of heavy smokers have a higher risk of lung cancer a study from Japan BMJ 282183ndash5
41
The Attack on Meta-Analysis
Tweedie RL amp KL Mengersen 1995 Meta-analytic approaches to dose-response relationships with application in studies of lung cancer and exposure to environmental tobacco smoke Statistics in Medicine 14 545-569
Excerpt from Acknowledgements ndash ldquoThe paper was completed at Colorado State University with partial support from several tobacco companies the methods and analysis here are however entirely those of the authors and should not be otherwise ascribedrdquo
Bailar JC 1997 The promise and problems of meta-analysis New England Journal of Medicine 337 (8) 559-61
Fleiss JL amp AJ Gross 1991 Meta-analysis in epidemiology with special reference to studies of the association between exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and lung cancer a critique Journal of Clinical Epidemiology44 (2) 127-139
Excerpt from Acknowledgements ndash ldquoThis research was supported by a grant from The Tobacco Institute Washington DC USA We thank Dr Myron Weinberg President of the Weinberg GroupWASHTECH for encouraging us to develop this critiquerdquo
42
Junk Science
Gori GB JC Luik Passive Smoke The EPArsquos betrayal of science and
policy The Fraser Institute
Milloy SJ 1995 Science without sense The risky business of public
health research Cato Institute Washington DC
43
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
ldquoThe massive effort launched across the tobacco industry against one scientific
study is remarkablerdquo
Source Ong E K and Glantz S A (2000 April 8) Tobacco industry efforts subverting International Agency for Research on Cancerrsquos second-hand smoke study The Lancet 355 (9211) 1253ndash1259
44
Industry Tactics to Undermine IARC
ldquoDelay the progress andor release of the studyrdquoldquoAffect the wording of its conclusions and official statement of resultsrdquoldquoNeutralize possible negative results of the study rdquoldquoCounteract the potential impact of the study on government policy public opinion and actions by private employers and proprietorsrdquominus WHO Expert Panel on Industry Documents
45
Philip Morris and SHS
ldquoPublic health officials have concluded that secondhand smoke from cigarettes causes disease including lung cancer and heart disease in non-smoking adults as well as causes conditions in children such as asthma respiratory infections cough wheeze otitis media (middle ear infection) and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome In addition public health officials have concluded that secondhand smoke can exacerbate adult asthma and cause eye throat and nasal irritationrdquo
Source Philip Morris USA websitehttpwwwphilipmorrisusacomenhealth_issuessecondhand_smokeaspRetrieved 22106
46
Japan Tobacco and SHS
ldquo available evidence does not support the assertion that environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is harmful to healthrdquo
mdash Japan Tobacco
Source Submission to the WHO Public Hearings on the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control October 2000
47
Public Relations
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
48
Public Statements on Youth
ldquo would be willing to support prevention efforts that affected our bottom line Absolutely if we can come up with a program that prevents all teenagers from smoking cigarettes we would be delighted to see that happen And if that meant that fewer people smoked as adults so be itrdquo
mdash Corky Newton Vice President of Corporate and Youth Responsibility
Programs Brown and Williamson
Source Transcript of meeting with SWAT (Students Working Against Tobacco) US November 6 1999 Cited in PR in the Playground ASH UK 2000
49
Private Statements on Youth
ldquoWe [Philip Morris] refined the objective of a juvenile initiative program as follows maintain and proactively protect our ability to advertise promote and market our products via a juvenile initiativerdquo
ldquoJuvenile initiative = a series of programs and events to discourage juvenile smoking because smoking is an adult decisionrdquo
Source Cathy Leiber (18 May 1995) Philip Morris International Youth Initiatives Bates No 250301901114 Cited in PR in the Playground ASH UK 2000
50
Minimum Age 18
Image source Image source httpkumuicsdhawaiigovhealthhealthy- httpwwwdhssdelawaregovdhssdphlifestylestobaccotpeprtochtm dpcyouthaccesshtml retrieved 21206) retrieved 21206
51
Changing the Issues
Smoking manners
ldquoSmoking is prohibited in public places like railway stations airports museums and art galleries except for designated smoking areas There are some wards (ku in Japanese) that have specific rules in the form of bylaws concerning smoking If these regulations are broken the smoker is liable to pay a fine There is a provision of punishment for smoking on the street or in public places without carrying a portable ashtray as well as for throwing away cigarette buttsrdquo
httpwwwtourismmetrotokyojpenglishbasicbasic09htmlSource accessed 22306
52
Philanthropy
53
Corporate Social Responsibility
ldquohellip Because for us economic performance is not the only measure of our success Honesty integrity and social responsibility are just as important to the way we measure ourselvesrdquominus Philip Morris International
ldquoOur companies are committed to providing consumers with pleasure through excellent products and to demonstrating that we are meeting our commercial goals in ways that are consistent with reasonable societal expectations of a responsible tobacco group in the 21st centuryrdquominus British American Tobacco
54
BATS Social Reports
Argentina AustraliaBrazil GermanyHong KongHungaryJapanKoreaMalaysiaMexicoNew ZealandNigeriaPolandRussiaSouth Africa USA
55
Today on Addiction
PHILIP MORRIS USAPHILIP MORRIS INTERNATIONAL
TOBACCO ISSUESCigarette Smoking Health Issues for Smokers
Cigarette Smoking and AddictionWe agree with the overwhelming medical and scientific consensus that cigarette smoking is addictive It can be very difficult to quit smoking but this should not deter smokers who want to quit from trying to do so
minus httpphilipmorriscomdefaultasp
Continued
56
Today on AddictionPHILIP MORRIS USAPHILIP MORRIS INTERNATIONAL
TOBACCO ISSUESCigarette Smoking Health Issues for Smokers
Cigarette Smoking and Disease in SmokersThere is an overwhelming medical and scientific consensus that cigarette smoking causes lung cancer heart disease emphysema and other serious diseases in smokers Smokers are far more likely to develop serious diseases like lung cancer than non-smokers There is no safe cigarette These are and have been the messages of public health authorities worldwide Smokers and potential smokers should rely on these messages in making all smoking-related decisions
minus httpphilipmorriscomdefaultasp
57
Public Health Advocates
ldquoIntroducing QuitAssistQuitAssist is an information resource sponsored by Philip Morris USA Itrsquos designed to help you connect with a wealth of expert quitting information available ndash usually for free ndash from government agencies universities and respected nonprofit organizations This QuitAssist guide points the way to programs telephone quitlines websites guides and more that can help you find your own path to success
You can also read this guide at QuitAssist Online Log on through wwwphilipmorrisusacom
From there you can link directly to dozens of resources to help you move ahead and leave cigarettes behindrdquo
If you decide to quit smokinghellip
QuitAssistInformation Resource
Philip Morris USA
Never mentions the word ldquoaddictionrdquo
Source httpphilipmorrisusacomenquitassistindex_flashasp accessed 22306
58
Truth in Advertising
Aggressively markets the only legal product that when used as intended by its manufacturers eventually kills half its users
Section E
Industry Tactics II Industry Advertising Promotion and Sponsorship
60
Marketing
ldquoWe refined the objective of a juvenile initiative program as follows Maintain and proactively protect our ability to advertise promote and market our products via a juvenile initiativeldquo
mdash Cathy Leiber PM International 1995
Notes Juvenile initiative = a series of programs and events designed to discourage juvenile smoking because smoking is an adult decision
61
Industry Expenditures on Advertising
0100020003000400050006000700080009000
10000
Am
ount
spe
nt $
mill
ion
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Changes in cigarette marketing expenditure in the USA 1970-99
Data source Mackay J amp M Eriksen 2002 The Tobacco Atlas World Health Organization
62
Communicating Disease
According to the trade magazine ldquoAdvertising Agerdquo the Marlboro man was the most powerful advertising image of the 20th century
Image source httpwwwcdcgovtobaccosgrsgr4kidsadbusthtm retrieved 22306
63
Advertising Strategies
Targeting womenTargeting youthSelling AmericaSponsorship of sporting events and concertsContests and give-awaysBrand stretching
64
Grand Prix
Image source httpwwwnasnasagovAboutEducationRacecardevelopment_emobightml retrieved 22306
Section F
Industry Tactics III Lobbying Legislation and Litigation
66
Lobbying and Legislation
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
67
A Long History of Lobbying
1890mdashTobacco appeared in the US Pharmacopeia(official US government listing of drugs)1905mdashDropped from list before the 1906 Food and Drug Act (legislation that created the Food and Drug Administration)2005mdashFDA cannot regulate nicotine in tobacco
68
Political Lobbying US
Four of the twelve most generous donors to the 2000 Bush Campaign (1 Phillip Morris RJR UST Brown and Williamson)$18 million to federal candidates between 1997 and 2003 minus 82 to Republican candidates and committees
US $43 million spent to counter McCain bill (highest amount ever spent on a sustained issue advocacy campaign in the US)
69
The Latin Project Argentina
Counter regulations aimed at creating smoke-free workplaces and public placesminus September 30 1991mdashNeri Bill approved by Senate
(advertising promotion and sampling ban limit public smoking)
minus Industry campaignmdashmedia debates briefing packages to Senators and the President paid chief scientific advisor to President
minus October 13 1991mdashPresident vetoes law
70
The Czech Republic
June 2001
Philip Morris presents members of the Health and Social Affairs Committee of the Czech Parliament a study concluding that smoking is good for the Czech governments finances because of the savings from early deaths caused by smoking
71
Preemption
ldquoWe could never win at the local level The reason is [that] all of the health advocates the ones that I unfortunately used to call lsquohealth nazisrsquotheyrsquore all local activists who run the little political organizations So the Tobacco Institute and the tobacco companiesrsquo first priority has always been to preempt the field preferably to put it all on the federal level but if they canrsquot do that at least on the state level because the health advocates canrsquot compete with me on the state levelrdquo
mdash Victor Crawford former Maryland state legislator
72
Industry Self-Regulation
British American Tobacco
11 September 2001
INTERNATIONAL TOBACCO PRODUCTS MARKETING STANDARDS
The parties subscribing to these Standards (the ldquoParticipantsrdquo) wish to record their belief that tobacco products should be marketed in a responsible manner and that reasonable measures should be taken to ensure that the promotion and distribution of tobacco products is
bull directed at adult smokers and not at youth and
bull consistent with the principle of informed adult choice
73
International Tobacco Marketing Standards
ldquoWe have analyzed the nine-page agreement and believe that the multinationalsrsquo strategy is proactive and is a way to improve their image rdquoldquoAlso by proactively setting new international tobacco marketing standards the multinationals could be trying to counter a number of proposals that the WHO has been working on to curb the amount of cigarettes that are consumed on an international levelrdquoldquo Interestingly in many countries the existing laws or industry codes are already more restrictive than the provisions of the international marketing standardsrdquo
Source International Tobacco Marketing Standards September 2001
74
Creating the Illusion of Support
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
75
Front Groups
Buying citizen involvement (letter writing phone banking campaigns) by supporting front groups
ldquoHandrdquo of the industry remains hidden
It has been a common practice of Big Tobacco to use third parties or to create front groups to be out in front fighting smokefreepolicies while the industry remains behind the scenes protecting its public image
-Americans for Nonsmokersrsquo Rightshttpwwwno-smokeorggetthefactsphpdp=d21|d23 accessed 22306
76
Industry Front Groups and Allies
Ive learned from experience that as soon as Im identified as a representative of the Tobacco Institute I lose all credibility They just sneer us awayso I try to work behind the scenes whenever I can
- Ron Saldana lobbyist for the Tobacco Institute 82486
Source httpwwwno-smokeorggetthefactsphpdp=d21|d23 accessed 22306
77
International Tobacco Growers Association
ITGAldquo[Establish] ITGA [International Tobacco Growers Association] [as a] front group for our third world lobby activities at WHOrdquo
Source Report of the WHO Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents
Source Report of the WHO Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents
78
Legal and Economic Intimidation
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
79
Intimidating Johns Hopkins
ldquoThe tobacco companies have commenced nothing short of a campaign of harassment against the academic institutions that discovered smoking is injurious to the public healthrdquominus Estelle A Fishbein general
council for Johns Hopkins University
ldquoTobacco Industry in Fight To Get
Universitiesrsquo DataLegal Moves Termed Fishing Expeditionrdquo
-The New York Times Jan 20 2002
80
Industry Harassment
PUBLIC HEALTH MATTERS
Public Health Under Attack The American Stop Smoking Intervention Study (ASSIST) and the
Tobacco Industry
- White J and LA Bero
- The Transnational Tobacco Industry
- Section A
- Describing a Disease
- The Agent
- The Host
- The Vector
- Section B
- Background
- Background
- What Is a ldquoTransnationalrdquo Company
- Major Transnational Tobacco Companies
- Cigarette Production
- Company Size and Wealth
- TNC Sales and Developing Countries
- China National Tobacco Corporation
- A Return to the Past
- Section C
- A Global Market
- Looking Abroad
- Going Abroad
- A Global Business
- Factors Fueling Global Expansion
- Trade Liberalization
- Impact of Trade Liberalization
- Tobacco Leaf Production
- Tobacco Leaf Trade
- Privatization
- Foreign InvestmentmdashUkraine
- Major Company Mergers
- Marlboro Market Share (2001)
- Marlbororsquos Global Penetration
- Section D
- Industry Strategies
- Modeling Industry Activities
- Undermining Science
- Sworn Public Statements
- Confidential Statements
- Buying Science and Intimidation
- The Attack on Meta-Analysis
- Junk Science
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
- Industry Tactics to Undermine IARC
- Philip Morris and SHS
- Japan Tobacco and SHS
- Public Relations
- Public Statements on Youth
- Private Statements on Youth
- Minimum Age 18
- Changing the Issues
- Philanthropy
- Corporate Social Responsibility
- BATS Social Reports
- Today on Addiction
- Today on Addiction
- Public Health Advocates
- Truth in Advertising
- Section E
- Marketing
- Industry Expenditures on Advertising
- Communicating Disease
- Advertising Strategies
- Grand Prix
- Section F
- Lobbying and Legislation
- A Long History of Lobbying
- Political Lobbying US
- The Latin Project Argentina
- The Czech Republic
- Preemption
- Industry Self-Regulation
- International Tobacco Marketing Standards
- Creating the Illusion of Support
- Front Groups
- Industry Front Groups and Allies
- International Tobacco Growers Association
- Legal and Economic Intimidation
- Intimidating Johns Hopkins
- Industry Harassment
-
35
Industry Strategies
Advertising and promotionBuying sciencePublic relationsPhilanthropyLobbyingFront groupsIntimidationLegislation and public policy
36
Modeling Industry Activities
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
37
Undermining Science
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
38
Sworn Public Statements
ldquoI believe nicotine is not addictiverdquo
mdash William Campbell (Phillip Morris US Congressional Hearings 1994)
Image source httpwwwnlmnihgovhmdfrankensteinfrank_promisehtml retrieved 2806
39
Confidential Statements
ldquoNicotine is addictive We are then in the business of selling nicotinemdashan addictive drug effective in the release of stress mechanismsrdquominus Brown and Williamson 1963
ldquohellipBAT should learn to look at itself as a drug company rather than as a tobacco companyrdquominus BAT 1980
ldquo [T]he entire matter of addiction is the most potent weapon a prosecuting attorney can have in a lung cancercigarette case We canrsquot defend continued smoking as lsquofree choicersquo if the person was lsquoaddictedrsquordquominus Tobacco Institute 1980
40
Buying Science and Intimidation
Letters to BMJ regarding the 1981 Hirayama StudyminusMisclassification
Active smokingPassive smoking
minusConfoundingminusStatistical errorminusPlausibility
0
10
20
30
21895 69645 17366
Population at enrollment
Stan
dard
ised
mor
talit
y ra
te fo
r lun
g ca
ncer
pe
r 100
000
32-79
15-50
8-70
Cigarette smokers
Non smoker Familial passive
smoking (-)
Non smoker Familial passive
smoking (+)
Total 108905
(Non smoker wives of non
smoker husbands)
(Non smoker wives of husbands
with smoking habits)
(Women with smoking habits)
Data source Hirayama T 1981 Non-smoking wives of heavy smokers have a higher risk of lung cancer a study from Japan BMJ 282183ndash5
41
The Attack on Meta-Analysis
Tweedie RL amp KL Mengersen 1995 Meta-analytic approaches to dose-response relationships with application in studies of lung cancer and exposure to environmental tobacco smoke Statistics in Medicine 14 545-569
Excerpt from Acknowledgements ndash ldquoThe paper was completed at Colorado State University with partial support from several tobacco companies the methods and analysis here are however entirely those of the authors and should not be otherwise ascribedrdquo
Bailar JC 1997 The promise and problems of meta-analysis New England Journal of Medicine 337 (8) 559-61
Fleiss JL amp AJ Gross 1991 Meta-analysis in epidemiology with special reference to studies of the association between exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and lung cancer a critique Journal of Clinical Epidemiology44 (2) 127-139
Excerpt from Acknowledgements ndash ldquoThis research was supported by a grant from The Tobacco Institute Washington DC USA We thank Dr Myron Weinberg President of the Weinberg GroupWASHTECH for encouraging us to develop this critiquerdquo
42
Junk Science
Gori GB JC Luik Passive Smoke The EPArsquos betrayal of science and
policy The Fraser Institute
Milloy SJ 1995 Science without sense The risky business of public
health research Cato Institute Washington DC
43
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
ldquoThe massive effort launched across the tobacco industry against one scientific
study is remarkablerdquo
Source Ong E K and Glantz S A (2000 April 8) Tobacco industry efforts subverting International Agency for Research on Cancerrsquos second-hand smoke study The Lancet 355 (9211) 1253ndash1259
44
Industry Tactics to Undermine IARC
ldquoDelay the progress andor release of the studyrdquoldquoAffect the wording of its conclusions and official statement of resultsrdquoldquoNeutralize possible negative results of the study rdquoldquoCounteract the potential impact of the study on government policy public opinion and actions by private employers and proprietorsrdquominus WHO Expert Panel on Industry Documents
45
Philip Morris and SHS
ldquoPublic health officials have concluded that secondhand smoke from cigarettes causes disease including lung cancer and heart disease in non-smoking adults as well as causes conditions in children such as asthma respiratory infections cough wheeze otitis media (middle ear infection) and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome In addition public health officials have concluded that secondhand smoke can exacerbate adult asthma and cause eye throat and nasal irritationrdquo
Source Philip Morris USA websitehttpwwwphilipmorrisusacomenhealth_issuessecondhand_smokeaspRetrieved 22106
46
Japan Tobacco and SHS
ldquo available evidence does not support the assertion that environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is harmful to healthrdquo
mdash Japan Tobacco
Source Submission to the WHO Public Hearings on the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control October 2000
47
Public Relations
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
48
Public Statements on Youth
ldquo would be willing to support prevention efforts that affected our bottom line Absolutely if we can come up with a program that prevents all teenagers from smoking cigarettes we would be delighted to see that happen And if that meant that fewer people smoked as adults so be itrdquo
mdash Corky Newton Vice President of Corporate and Youth Responsibility
Programs Brown and Williamson
Source Transcript of meeting with SWAT (Students Working Against Tobacco) US November 6 1999 Cited in PR in the Playground ASH UK 2000
49
Private Statements on Youth
ldquoWe [Philip Morris] refined the objective of a juvenile initiative program as follows maintain and proactively protect our ability to advertise promote and market our products via a juvenile initiativerdquo
ldquoJuvenile initiative = a series of programs and events to discourage juvenile smoking because smoking is an adult decisionrdquo
Source Cathy Leiber (18 May 1995) Philip Morris International Youth Initiatives Bates No 250301901114 Cited in PR in the Playground ASH UK 2000
50
Minimum Age 18
Image source Image source httpkumuicsdhawaiigovhealthhealthy- httpwwwdhssdelawaregovdhssdphlifestylestobaccotpeprtochtm dpcyouthaccesshtml retrieved 21206) retrieved 21206
51
Changing the Issues
Smoking manners
ldquoSmoking is prohibited in public places like railway stations airports museums and art galleries except for designated smoking areas There are some wards (ku in Japanese) that have specific rules in the form of bylaws concerning smoking If these regulations are broken the smoker is liable to pay a fine There is a provision of punishment for smoking on the street or in public places without carrying a portable ashtray as well as for throwing away cigarette buttsrdquo
httpwwwtourismmetrotokyojpenglishbasicbasic09htmlSource accessed 22306
52
Philanthropy
53
Corporate Social Responsibility
ldquohellip Because for us economic performance is not the only measure of our success Honesty integrity and social responsibility are just as important to the way we measure ourselvesrdquominus Philip Morris International
ldquoOur companies are committed to providing consumers with pleasure through excellent products and to demonstrating that we are meeting our commercial goals in ways that are consistent with reasonable societal expectations of a responsible tobacco group in the 21st centuryrdquominus British American Tobacco
54
BATS Social Reports
Argentina AustraliaBrazil GermanyHong KongHungaryJapanKoreaMalaysiaMexicoNew ZealandNigeriaPolandRussiaSouth Africa USA
55
Today on Addiction
PHILIP MORRIS USAPHILIP MORRIS INTERNATIONAL
TOBACCO ISSUESCigarette Smoking Health Issues for Smokers
Cigarette Smoking and AddictionWe agree with the overwhelming medical and scientific consensus that cigarette smoking is addictive It can be very difficult to quit smoking but this should not deter smokers who want to quit from trying to do so
minus httpphilipmorriscomdefaultasp
Continued
56
Today on AddictionPHILIP MORRIS USAPHILIP MORRIS INTERNATIONAL
TOBACCO ISSUESCigarette Smoking Health Issues for Smokers
Cigarette Smoking and Disease in SmokersThere is an overwhelming medical and scientific consensus that cigarette smoking causes lung cancer heart disease emphysema and other serious diseases in smokers Smokers are far more likely to develop serious diseases like lung cancer than non-smokers There is no safe cigarette These are and have been the messages of public health authorities worldwide Smokers and potential smokers should rely on these messages in making all smoking-related decisions
minus httpphilipmorriscomdefaultasp
57
Public Health Advocates
ldquoIntroducing QuitAssistQuitAssist is an information resource sponsored by Philip Morris USA Itrsquos designed to help you connect with a wealth of expert quitting information available ndash usually for free ndash from government agencies universities and respected nonprofit organizations This QuitAssist guide points the way to programs telephone quitlines websites guides and more that can help you find your own path to success
You can also read this guide at QuitAssist Online Log on through wwwphilipmorrisusacom
From there you can link directly to dozens of resources to help you move ahead and leave cigarettes behindrdquo
If you decide to quit smokinghellip
QuitAssistInformation Resource
Philip Morris USA
Never mentions the word ldquoaddictionrdquo
Source httpphilipmorrisusacomenquitassistindex_flashasp accessed 22306
58
Truth in Advertising
Aggressively markets the only legal product that when used as intended by its manufacturers eventually kills half its users
Section E
Industry Tactics II Industry Advertising Promotion and Sponsorship
60
Marketing
ldquoWe refined the objective of a juvenile initiative program as follows Maintain and proactively protect our ability to advertise promote and market our products via a juvenile initiativeldquo
mdash Cathy Leiber PM International 1995
Notes Juvenile initiative = a series of programs and events designed to discourage juvenile smoking because smoking is an adult decision
61
Industry Expenditures on Advertising
0100020003000400050006000700080009000
10000
Am
ount
spe
nt $
mill
ion
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Changes in cigarette marketing expenditure in the USA 1970-99
Data source Mackay J amp M Eriksen 2002 The Tobacco Atlas World Health Organization
62
Communicating Disease
According to the trade magazine ldquoAdvertising Agerdquo the Marlboro man was the most powerful advertising image of the 20th century
Image source httpwwwcdcgovtobaccosgrsgr4kidsadbusthtm retrieved 22306
63
Advertising Strategies
Targeting womenTargeting youthSelling AmericaSponsorship of sporting events and concertsContests and give-awaysBrand stretching
64
Grand Prix
Image source httpwwwnasnasagovAboutEducationRacecardevelopment_emobightml retrieved 22306
Section F
Industry Tactics III Lobbying Legislation and Litigation
66
Lobbying and Legislation
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
67
A Long History of Lobbying
1890mdashTobacco appeared in the US Pharmacopeia(official US government listing of drugs)1905mdashDropped from list before the 1906 Food and Drug Act (legislation that created the Food and Drug Administration)2005mdashFDA cannot regulate nicotine in tobacco
68
Political Lobbying US
Four of the twelve most generous donors to the 2000 Bush Campaign (1 Phillip Morris RJR UST Brown and Williamson)$18 million to federal candidates between 1997 and 2003 minus 82 to Republican candidates and committees
US $43 million spent to counter McCain bill (highest amount ever spent on a sustained issue advocacy campaign in the US)
69
The Latin Project Argentina
Counter regulations aimed at creating smoke-free workplaces and public placesminus September 30 1991mdashNeri Bill approved by Senate
(advertising promotion and sampling ban limit public smoking)
minus Industry campaignmdashmedia debates briefing packages to Senators and the President paid chief scientific advisor to President
minus October 13 1991mdashPresident vetoes law
70
The Czech Republic
June 2001
Philip Morris presents members of the Health and Social Affairs Committee of the Czech Parliament a study concluding that smoking is good for the Czech governments finances because of the savings from early deaths caused by smoking
71
Preemption
ldquoWe could never win at the local level The reason is [that] all of the health advocates the ones that I unfortunately used to call lsquohealth nazisrsquotheyrsquore all local activists who run the little political organizations So the Tobacco Institute and the tobacco companiesrsquo first priority has always been to preempt the field preferably to put it all on the federal level but if they canrsquot do that at least on the state level because the health advocates canrsquot compete with me on the state levelrdquo
mdash Victor Crawford former Maryland state legislator
72
Industry Self-Regulation
British American Tobacco
11 September 2001
INTERNATIONAL TOBACCO PRODUCTS MARKETING STANDARDS
The parties subscribing to these Standards (the ldquoParticipantsrdquo) wish to record their belief that tobacco products should be marketed in a responsible manner and that reasonable measures should be taken to ensure that the promotion and distribution of tobacco products is
bull directed at adult smokers and not at youth and
bull consistent with the principle of informed adult choice
73
International Tobacco Marketing Standards
ldquoWe have analyzed the nine-page agreement and believe that the multinationalsrsquo strategy is proactive and is a way to improve their image rdquoldquoAlso by proactively setting new international tobacco marketing standards the multinationals could be trying to counter a number of proposals that the WHO has been working on to curb the amount of cigarettes that are consumed on an international levelrdquoldquo Interestingly in many countries the existing laws or industry codes are already more restrictive than the provisions of the international marketing standardsrdquo
Source International Tobacco Marketing Standards September 2001
74
Creating the Illusion of Support
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
75
Front Groups
Buying citizen involvement (letter writing phone banking campaigns) by supporting front groups
ldquoHandrdquo of the industry remains hidden
It has been a common practice of Big Tobacco to use third parties or to create front groups to be out in front fighting smokefreepolicies while the industry remains behind the scenes protecting its public image
-Americans for Nonsmokersrsquo Rightshttpwwwno-smokeorggetthefactsphpdp=d21|d23 accessed 22306
76
Industry Front Groups and Allies
Ive learned from experience that as soon as Im identified as a representative of the Tobacco Institute I lose all credibility They just sneer us awayso I try to work behind the scenes whenever I can
- Ron Saldana lobbyist for the Tobacco Institute 82486
Source httpwwwno-smokeorggetthefactsphpdp=d21|d23 accessed 22306
77
International Tobacco Growers Association
ITGAldquo[Establish] ITGA [International Tobacco Growers Association] [as a] front group for our third world lobby activities at WHOrdquo
Source Report of the WHO Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents
Source Report of the WHO Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents
78
Legal and Economic Intimidation
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
79
Intimidating Johns Hopkins
ldquoThe tobacco companies have commenced nothing short of a campaign of harassment against the academic institutions that discovered smoking is injurious to the public healthrdquominus Estelle A Fishbein general
council for Johns Hopkins University
ldquoTobacco Industry in Fight To Get
Universitiesrsquo DataLegal Moves Termed Fishing Expeditionrdquo
-The New York Times Jan 20 2002
80
Industry Harassment
PUBLIC HEALTH MATTERS
Public Health Under Attack The American Stop Smoking Intervention Study (ASSIST) and the
Tobacco Industry
- White J and LA Bero
- The Transnational Tobacco Industry
- Section A
- Describing a Disease
- The Agent
- The Host
- The Vector
- Section B
- Background
- Background
- What Is a ldquoTransnationalrdquo Company
- Major Transnational Tobacco Companies
- Cigarette Production
- Company Size and Wealth
- TNC Sales and Developing Countries
- China National Tobacco Corporation
- A Return to the Past
- Section C
- A Global Market
- Looking Abroad
- Going Abroad
- A Global Business
- Factors Fueling Global Expansion
- Trade Liberalization
- Impact of Trade Liberalization
- Tobacco Leaf Production
- Tobacco Leaf Trade
- Privatization
- Foreign InvestmentmdashUkraine
- Major Company Mergers
- Marlboro Market Share (2001)
- Marlbororsquos Global Penetration
- Section D
- Industry Strategies
- Modeling Industry Activities
- Undermining Science
- Sworn Public Statements
- Confidential Statements
- Buying Science and Intimidation
- The Attack on Meta-Analysis
- Junk Science
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
- Industry Tactics to Undermine IARC
- Philip Morris and SHS
- Japan Tobacco and SHS
- Public Relations
- Public Statements on Youth
- Private Statements on Youth
- Minimum Age 18
- Changing the Issues
- Philanthropy
- Corporate Social Responsibility
- BATS Social Reports
- Today on Addiction
- Today on Addiction
- Public Health Advocates
- Truth in Advertising
- Section E
- Marketing
- Industry Expenditures on Advertising
- Communicating Disease
- Advertising Strategies
- Grand Prix
- Section F
- Lobbying and Legislation
- A Long History of Lobbying
- Political Lobbying US
- The Latin Project Argentina
- The Czech Republic
- Preemption
- Industry Self-Regulation
- International Tobacco Marketing Standards
- Creating the Illusion of Support
- Front Groups
- Industry Front Groups and Allies
- International Tobacco Growers Association
- Legal and Economic Intimidation
- Intimidating Johns Hopkins
- Industry Harassment
-
36
Modeling Industry Activities
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
37
Undermining Science
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
38
Sworn Public Statements
ldquoI believe nicotine is not addictiverdquo
mdash William Campbell (Phillip Morris US Congressional Hearings 1994)
Image source httpwwwnlmnihgovhmdfrankensteinfrank_promisehtml retrieved 2806
39
Confidential Statements
ldquoNicotine is addictive We are then in the business of selling nicotinemdashan addictive drug effective in the release of stress mechanismsrdquominus Brown and Williamson 1963
ldquohellipBAT should learn to look at itself as a drug company rather than as a tobacco companyrdquominus BAT 1980
ldquo [T]he entire matter of addiction is the most potent weapon a prosecuting attorney can have in a lung cancercigarette case We canrsquot defend continued smoking as lsquofree choicersquo if the person was lsquoaddictedrsquordquominus Tobacco Institute 1980
40
Buying Science and Intimidation
Letters to BMJ regarding the 1981 Hirayama StudyminusMisclassification
Active smokingPassive smoking
minusConfoundingminusStatistical errorminusPlausibility
0
10
20
30
21895 69645 17366
Population at enrollment
Stan
dard
ised
mor
talit
y ra
te fo
r lun
g ca
ncer
pe
r 100
000
32-79
15-50
8-70
Cigarette smokers
Non smoker Familial passive
smoking (-)
Non smoker Familial passive
smoking (+)
Total 108905
(Non smoker wives of non
smoker husbands)
(Non smoker wives of husbands
with smoking habits)
(Women with smoking habits)
Data source Hirayama T 1981 Non-smoking wives of heavy smokers have a higher risk of lung cancer a study from Japan BMJ 282183ndash5
41
The Attack on Meta-Analysis
Tweedie RL amp KL Mengersen 1995 Meta-analytic approaches to dose-response relationships with application in studies of lung cancer and exposure to environmental tobacco smoke Statistics in Medicine 14 545-569
Excerpt from Acknowledgements ndash ldquoThe paper was completed at Colorado State University with partial support from several tobacco companies the methods and analysis here are however entirely those of the authors and should not be otherwise ascribedrdquo
Bailar JC 1997 The promise and problems of meta-analysis New England Journal of Medicine 337 (8) 559-61
Fleiss JL amp AJ Gross 1991 Meta-analysis in epidemiology with special reference to studies of the association between exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and lung cancer a critique Journal of Clinical Epidemiology44 (2) 127-139
Excerpt from Acknowledgements ndash ldquoThis research was supported by a grant from The Tobacco Institute Washington DC USA We thank Dr Myron Weinberg President of the Weinberg GroupWASHTECH for encouraging us to develop this critiquerdquo
42
Junk Science
Gori GB JC Luik Passive Smoke The EPArsquos betrayal of science and
policy The Fraser Institute
Milloy SJ 1995 Science without sense The risky business of public
health research Cato Institute Washington DC
43
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
ldquoThe massive effort launched across the tobacco industry against one scientific
study is remarkablerdquo
Source Ong E K and Glantz S A (2000 April 8) Tobacco industry efforts subverting International Agency for Research on Cancerrsquos second-hand smoke study The Lancet 355 (9211) 1253ndash1259
44
Industry Tactics to Undermine IARC
ldquoDelay the progress andor release of the studyrdquoldquoAffect the wording of its conclusions and official statement of resultsrdquoldquoNeutralize possible negative results of the study rdquoldquoCounteract the potential impact of the study on government policy public opinion and actions by private employers and proprietorsrdquominus WHO Expert Panel on Industry Documents
45
Philip Morris and SHS
ldquoPublic health officials have concluded that secondhand smoke from cigarettes causes disease including lung cancer and heart disease in non-smoking adults as well as causes conditions in children such as asthma respiratory infections cough wheeze otitis media (middle ear infection) and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome In addition public health officials have concluded that secondhand smoke can exacerbate adult asthma and cause eye throat and nasal irritationrdquo
Source Philip Morris USA websitehttpwwwphilipmorrisusacomenhealth_issuessecondhand_smokeaspRetrieved 22106
46
Japan Tobacco and SHS
ldquo available evidence does not support the assertion that environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is harmful to healthrdquo
mdash Japan Tobacco
Source Submission to the WHO Public Hearings on the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control October 2000
47
Public Relations
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
48
Public Statements on Youth
ldquo would be willing to support prevention efforts that affected our bottom line Absolutely if we can come up with a program that prevents all teenagers from smoking cigarettes we would be delighted to see that happen And if that meant that fewer people smoked as adults so be itrdquo
mdash Corky Newton Vice President of Corporate and Youth Responsibility
Programs Brown and Williamson
Source Transcript of meeting with SWAT (Students Working Against Tobacco) US November 6 1999 Cited in PR in the Playground ASH UK 2000
49
Private Statements on Youth
ldquoWe [Philip Morris] refined the objective of a juvenile initiative program as follows maintain and proactively protect our ability to advertise promote and market our products via a juvenile initiativerdquo
ldquoJuvenile initiative = a series of programs and events to discourage juvenile smoking because smoking is an adult decisionrdquo
Source Cathy Leiber (18 May 1995) Philip Morris International Youth Initiatives Bates No 250301901114 Cited in PR in the Playground ASH UK 2000
50
Minimum Age 18
Image source Image source httpkumuicsdhawaiigovhealthhealthy- httpwwwdhssdelawaregovdhssdphlifestylestobaccotpeprtochtm dpcyouthaccesshtml retrieved 21206) retrieved 21206
51
Changing the Issues
Smoking manners
ldquoSmoking is prohibited in public places like railway stations airports museums and art galleries except for designated smoking areas There are some wards (ku in Japanese) that have specific rules in the form of bylaws concerning smoking If these regulations are broken the smoker is liable to pay a fine There is a provision of punishment for smoking on the street or in public places without carrying a portable ashtray as well as for throwing away cigarette buttsrdquo
httpwwwtourismmetrotokyojpenglishbasicbasic09htmlSource accessed 22306
52
Philanthropy
53
Corporate Social Responsibility
ldquohellip Because for us economic performance is not the only measure of our success Honesty integrity and social responsibility are just as important to the way we measure ourselvesrdquominus Philip Morris International
ldquoOur companies are committed to providing consumers with pleasure through excellent products and to demonstrating that we are meeting our commercial goals in ways that are consistent with reasonable societal expectations of a responsible tobacco group in the 21st centuryrdquominus British American Tobacco
54
BATS Social Reports
Argentina AustraliaBrazil GermanyHong KongHungaryJapanKoreaMalaysiaMexicoNew ZealandNigeriaPolandRussiaSouth Africa USA
55
Today on Addiction
PHILIP MORRIS USAPHILIP MORRIS INTERNATIONAL
TOBACCO ISSUESCigarette Smoking Health Issues for Smokers
Cigarette Smoking and AddictionWe agree with the overwhelming medical and scientific consensus that cigarette smoking is addictive It can be very difficult to quit smoking but this should not deter smokers who want to quit from trying to do so
minus httpphilipmorriscomdefaultasp
Continued
56
Today on AddictionPHILIP MORRIS USAPHILIP MORRIS INTERNATIONAL
TOBACCO ISSUESCigarette Smoking Health Issues for Smokers
Cigarette Smoking and Disease in SmokersThere is an overwhelming medical and scientific consensus that cigarette smoking causes lung cancer heart disease emphysema and other serious diseases in smokers Smokers are far more likely to develop serious diseases like lung cancer than non-smokers There is no safe cigarette These are and have been the messages of public health authorities worldwide Smokers and potential smokers should rely on these messages in making all smoking-related decisions
minus httpphilipmorriscomdefaultasp
57
Public Health Advocates
ldquoIntroducing QuitAssistQuitAssist is an information resource sponsored by Philip Morris USA Itrsquos designed to help you connect with a wealth of expert quitting information available ndash usually for free ndash from government agencies universities and respected nonprofit organizations This QuitAssist guide points the way to programs telephone quitlines websites guides and more that can help you find your own path to success
You can also read this guide at QuitAssist Online Log on through wwwphilipmorrisusacom
From there you can link directly to dozens of resources to help you move ahead and leave cigarettes behindrdquo
If you decide to quit smokinghellip
QuitAssistInformation Resource
Philip Morris USA
Never mentions the word ldquoaddictionrdquo
Source httpphilipmorrisusacomenquitassistindex_flashasp accessed 22306
58
Truth in Advertising
Aggressively markets the only legal product that when used as intended by its manufacturers eventually kills half its users
Section E
Industry Tactics II Industry Advertising Promotion and Sponsorship
60
Marketing
ldquoWe refined the objective of a juvenile initiative program as follows Maintain and proactively protect our ability to advertise promote and market our products via a juvenile initiativeldquo
mdash Cathy Leiber PM International 1995
Notes Juvenile initiative = a series of programs and events designed to discourage juvenile smoking because smoking is an adult decision
61
Industry Expenditures on Advertising
0100020003000400050006000700080009000
10000
Am
ount
spe
nt $
mill
ion
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Changes in cigarette marketing expenditure in the USA 1970-99
Data source Mackay J amp M Eriksen 2002 The Tobacco Atlas World Health Organization
62
Communicating Disease
According to the trade magazine ldquoAdvertising Agerdquo the Marlboro man was the most powerful advertising image of the 20th century
Image source httpwwwcdcgovtobaccosgrsgr4kidsadbusthtm retrieved 22306
63
Advertising Strategies
Targeting womenTargeting youthSelling AmericaSponsorship of sporting events and concertsContests and give-awaysBrand stretching
64
Grand Prix
Image source httpwwwnasnasagovAboutEducationRacecardevelopment_emobightml retrieved 22306
Section F
Industry Tactics III Lobbying Legislation and Litigation
66
Lobbying and Legislation
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
67
A Long History of Lobbying
1890mdashTobacco appeared in the US Pharmacopeia(official US government listing of drugs)1905mdashDropped from list before the 1906 Food and Drug Act (legislation that created the Food and Drug Administration)2005mdashFDA cannot regulate nicotine in tobacco
68
Political Lobbying US
Four of the twelve most generous donors to the 2000 Bush Campaign (1 Phillip Morris RJR UST Brown and Williamson)$18 million to federal candidates between 1997 and 2003 minus 82 to Republican candidates and committees
US $43 million spent to counter McCain bill (highest amount ever spent on a sustained issue advocacy campaign in the US)
69
The Latin Project Argentina
Counter regulations aimed at creating smoke-free workplaces and public placesminus September 30 1991mdashNeri Bill approved by Senate
(advertising promotion and sampling ban limit public smoking)
minus Industry campaignmdashmedia debates briefing packages to Senators and the President paid chief scientific advisor to President
minus October 13 1991mdashPresident vetoes law
70
The Czech Republic
June 2001
Philip Morris presents members of the Health and Social Affairs Committee of the Czech Parliament a study concluding that smoking is good for the Czech governments finances because of the savings from early deaths caused by smoking
71
Preemption
ldquoWe could never win at the local level The reason is [that] all of the health advocates the ones that I unfortunately used to call lsquohealth nazisrsquotheyrsquore all local activists who run the little political organizations So the Tobacco Institute and the tobacco companiesrsquo first priority has always been to preempt the field preferably to put it all on the federal level but if they canrsquot do that at least on the state level because the health advocates canrsquot compete with me on the state levelrdquo
mdash Victor Crawford former Maryland state legislator
72
Industry Self-Regulation
British American Tobacco
11 September 2001
INTERNATIONAL TOBACCO PRODUCTS MARKETING STANDARDS
The parties subscribing to these Standards (the ldquoParticipantsrdquo) wish to record their belief that tobacco products should be marketed in a responsible manner and that reasonable measures should be taken to ensure that the promotion and distribution of tobacco products is
bull directed at adult smokers and not at youth and
bull consistent with the principle of informed adult choice
73
International Tobacco Marketing Standards
ldquoWe have analyzed the nine-page agreement and believe that the multinationalsrsquo strategy is proactive and is a way to improve their image rdquoldquoAlso by proactively setting new international tobacco marketing standards the multinationals could be trying to counter a number of proposals that the WHO has been working on to curb the amount of cigarettes that are consumed on an international levelrdquoldquo Interestingly in many countries the existing laws or industry codes are already more restrictive than the provisions of the international marketing standardsrdquo
Source International Tobacco Marketing Standards September 2001
74
Creating the Illusion of Support
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
75
Front Groups
Buying citizen involvement (letter writing phone banking campaigns) by supporting front groups
ldquoHandrdquo of the industry remains hidden
It has been a common practice of Big Tobacco to use third parties or to create front groups to be out in front fighting smokefreepolicies while the industry remains behind the scenes protecting its public image
-Americans for Nonsmokersrsquo Rightshttpwwwno-smokeorggetthefactsphpdp=d21|d23 accessed 22306
76
Industry Front Groups and Allies
Ive learned from experience that as soon as Im identified as a representative of the Tobacco Institute I lose all credibility They just sneer us awayso I try to work behind the scenes whenever I can
- Ron Saldana lobbyist for the Tobacco Institute 82486
Source httpwwwno-smokeorggetthefactsphpdp=d21|d23 accessed 22306
77
International Tobacco Growers Association
ITGAldquo[Establish] ITGA [International Tobacco Growers Association] [as a] front group for our third world lobby activities at WHOrdquo
Source Report of the WHO Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents
Source Report of the WHO Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents
78
Legal and Economic Intimidation
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
79
Intimidating Johns Hopkins
ldquoThe tobacco companies have commenced nothing short of a campaign of harassment against the academic institutions that discovered smoking is injurious to the public healthrdquominus Estelle A Fishbein general
council for Johns Hopkins University
ldquoTobacco Industry in Fight To Get
Universitiesrsquo DataLegal Moves Termed Fishing Expeditionrdquo
-The New York Times Jan 20 2002
80
Industry Harassment
PUBLIC HEALTH MATTERS
Public Health Under Attack The American Stop Smoking Intervention Study (ASSIST) and the
Tobacco Industry
- White J and LA Bero
- The Transnational Tobacco Industry
- Section A
- Describing a Disease
- The Agent
- The Host
- The Vector
- Section B
- Background
- Background
- What Is a ldquoTransnationalrdquo Company
- Major Transnational Tobacco Companies
- Cigarette Production
- Company Size and Wealth
- TNC Sales and Developing Countries
- China National Tobacco Corporation
- A Return to the Past
- Section C
- A Global Market
- Looking Abroad
- Going Abroad
- A Global Business
- Factors Fueling Global Expansion
- Trade Liberalization
- Impact of Trade Liberalization
- Tobacco Leaf Production
- Tobacco Leaf Trade
- Privatization
- Foreign InvestmentmdashUkraine
- Major Company Mergers
- Marlboro Market Share (2001)
- Marlbororsquos Global Penetration
- Section D
- Industry Strategies
- Modeling Industry Activities
- Undermining Science
- Sworn Public Statements
- Confidential Statements
- Buying Science and Intimidation
- The Attack on Meta-Analysis
- Junk Science
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
- Industry Tactics to Undermine IARC
- Philip Morris and SHS
- Japan Tobacco and SHS
- Public Relations
- Public Statements on Youth
- Private Statements on Youth
- Minimum Age 18
- Changing the Issues
- Philanthropy
- Corporate Social Responsibility
- BATS Social Reports
- Today on Addiction
- Today on Addiction
- Public Health Advocates
- Truth in Advertising
- Section E
- Marketing
- Industry Expenditures on Advertising
- Communicating Disease
- Advertising Strategies
- Grand Prix
- Section F
- Lobbying and Legislation
- A Long History of Lobbying
- Political Lobbying US
- The Latin Project Argentina
- The Czech Republic
- Preemption
- Industry Self-Regulation
- International Tobacco Marketing Standards
- Creating the Illusion of Support
- Front Groups
- Industry Front Groups and Allies
- International Tobacco Growers Association
- Legal and Economic Intimidation
- Intimidating Johns Hopkins
- Industry Harassment
-
37
Undermining Science
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
38
Sworn Public Statements
ldquoI believe nicotine is not addictiverdquo
mdash William Campbell (Phillip Morris US Congressional Hearings 1994)
Image source httpwwwnlmnihgovhmdfrankensteinfrank_promisehtml retrieved 2806
39
Confidential Statements
ldquoNicotine is addictive We are then in the business of selling nicotinemdashan addictive drug effective in the release of stress mechanismsrdquominus Brown and Williamson 1963
ldquohellipBAT should learn to look at itself as a drug company rather than as a tobacco companyrdquominus BAT 1980
ldquo [T]he entire matter of addiction is the most potent weapon a prosecuting attorney can have in a lung cancercigarette case We canrsquot defend continued smoking as lsquofree choicersquo if the person was lsquoaddictedrsquordquominus Tobacco Institute 1980
40
Buying Science and Intimidation
Letters to BMJ regarding the 1981 Hirayama StudyminusMisclassification
Active smokingPassive smoking
minusConfoundingminusStatistical errorminusPlausibility
0
10
20
30
21895 69645 17366
Population at enrollment
Stan
dard
ised
mor
talit
y ra
te fo
r lun
g ca
ncer
pe
r 100
000
32-79
15-50
8-70
Cigarette smokers
Non smoker Familial passive
smoking (-)
Non smoker Familial passive
smoking (+)
Total 108905
(Non smoker wives of non
smoker husbands)
(Non smoker wives of husbands
with smoking habits)
(Women with smoking habits)
Data source Hirayama T 1981 Non-smoking wives of heavy smokers have a higher risk of lung cancer a study from Japan BMJ 282183ndash5
41
The Attack on Meta-Analysis
Tweedie RL amp KL Mengersen 1995 Meta-analytic approaches to dose-response relationships with application in studies of lung cancer and exposure to environmental tobacco smoke Statistics in Medicine 14 545-569
Excerpt from Acknowledgements ndash ldquoThe paper was completed at Colorado State University with partial support from several tobacco companies the methods and analysis here are however entirely those of the authors and should not be otherwise ascribedrdquo
Bailar JC 1997 The promise and problems of meta-analysis New England Journal of Medicine 337 (8) 559-61
Fleiss JL amp AJ Gross 1991 Meta-analysis in epidemiology with special reference to studies of the association between exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and lung cancer a critique Journal of Clinical Epidemiology44 (2) 127-139
Excerpt from Acknowledgements ndash ldquoThis research was supported by a grant from The Tobacco Institute Washington DC USA We thank Dr Myron Weinberg President of the Weinberg GroupWASHTECH for encouraging us to develop this critiquerdquo
42
Junk Science
Gori GB JC Luik Passive Smoke The EPArsquos betrayal of science and
policy The Fraser Institute
Milloy SJ 1995 Science without sense The risky business of public
health research Cato Institute Washington DC
43
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
ldquoThe massive effort launched across the tobacco industry against one scientific
study is remarkablerdquo
Source Ong E K and Glantz S A (2000 April 8) Tobacco industry efforts subverting International Agency for Research on Cancerrsquos second-hand smoke study The Lancet 355 (9211) 1253ndash1259
44
Industry Tactics to Undermine IARC
ldquoDelay the progress andor release of the studyrdquoldquoAffect the wording of its conclusions and official statement of resultsrdquoldquoNeutralize possible negative results of the study rdquoldquoCounteract the potential impact of the study on government policy public opinion and actions by private employers and proprietorsrdquominus WHO Expert Panel on Industry Documents
45
Philip Morris and SHS
ldquoPublic health officials have concluded that secondhand smoke from cigarettes causes disease including lung cancer and heart disease in non-smoking adults as well as causes conditions in children such as asthma respiratory infections cough wheeze otitis media (middle ear infection) and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome In addition public health officials have concluded that secondhand smoke can exacerbate adult asthma and cause eye throat and nasal irritationrdquo
Source Philip Morris USA websitehttpwwwphilipmorrisusacomenhealth_issuessecondhand_smokeaspRetrieved 22106
46
Japan Tobacco and SHS
ldquo available evidence does not support the assertion that environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is harmful to healthrdquo
mdash Japan Tobacco
Source Submission to the WHO Public Hearings on the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control October 2000
47
Public Relations
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
48
Public Statements on Youth
ldquo would be willing to support prevention efforts that affected our bottom line Absolutely if we can come up with a program that prevents all teenagers from smoking cigarettes we would be delighted to see that happen And if that meant that fewer people smoked as adults so be itrdquo
mdash Corky Newton Vice President of Corporate and Youth Responsibility
Programs Brown and Williamson
Source Transcript of meeting with SWAT (Students Working Against Tobacco) US November 6 1999 Cited in PR in the Playground ASH UK 2000
49
Private Statements on Youth
ldquoWe [Philip Morris] refined the objective of a juvenile initiative program as follows maintain and proactively protect our ability to advertise promote and market our products via a juvenile initiativerdquo
ldquoJuvenile initiative = a series of programs and events to discourage juvenile smoking because smoking is an adult decisionrdquo
Source Cathy Leiber (18 May 1995) Philip Morris International Youth Initiatives Bates No 250301901114 Cited in PR in the Playground ASH UK 2000
50
Minimum Age 18
Image source Image source httpkumuicsdhawaiigovhealthhealthy- httpwwwdhssdelawaregovdhssdphlifestylestobaccotpeprtochtm dpcyouthaccesshtml retrieved 21206) retrieved 21206
51
Changing the Issues
Smoking manners
ldquoSmoking is prohibited in public places like railway stations airports museums and art galleries except for designated smoking areas There are some wards (ku in Japanese) that have specific rules in the form of bylaws concerning smoking If these regulations are broken the smoker is liable to pay a fine There is a provision of punishment for smoking on the street or in public places without carrying a portable ashtray as well as for throwing away cigarette buttsrdquo
httpwwwtourismmetrotokyojpenglishbasicbasic09htmlSource accessed 22306
52
Philanthropy
53
Corporate Social Responsibility
ldquohellip Because for us economic performance is not the only measure of our success Honesty integrity and social responsibility are just as important to the way we measure ourselvesrdquominus Philip Morris International
ldquoOur companies are committed to providing consumers with pleasure through excellent products and to demonstrating that we are meeting our commercial goals in ways that are consistent with reasonable societal expectations of a responsible tobacco group in the 21st centuryrdquominus British American Tobacco
54
BATS Social Reports
Argentina AustraliaBrazil GermanyHong KongHungaryJapanKoreaMalaysiaMexicoNew ZealandNigeriaPolandRussiaSouth Africa USA
55
Today on Addiction
PHILIP MORRIS USAPHILIP MORRIS INTERNATIONAL
TOBACCO ISSUESCigarette Smoking Health Issues for Smokers
Cigarette Smoking and AddictionWe agree with the overwhelming medical and scientific consensus that cigarette smoking is addictive It can be very difficult to quit smoking but this should not deter smokers who want to quit from trying to do so
minus httpphilipmorriscomdefaultasp
Continued
56
Today on AddictionPHILIP MORRIS USAPHILIP MORRIS INTERNATIONAL
TOBACCO ISSUESCigarette Smoking Health Issues for Smokers
Cigarette Smoking and Disease in SmokersThere is an overwhelming medical and scientific consensus that cigarette smoking causes lung cancer heart disease emphysema and other serious diseases in smokers Smokers are far more likely to develop serious diseases like lung cancer than non-smokers There is no safe cigarette These are and have been the messages of public health authorities worldwide Smokers and potential smokers should rely on these messages in making all smoking-related decisions
minus httpphilipmorriscomdefaultasp
57
Public Health Advocates
ldquoIntroducing QuitAssistQuitAssist is an information resource sponsored by Philip Morris USA Itrsquos designed to help you connect with a wealth of expert quitting information available ndash usually for free ndash from government agencies universities and respected nonprofit organizations This QuitAssist guide points the way to programs telephone quitlines websites guides and more that can help you find your own path to success
You can also read this guide at QuitAssist Online Log on through wwwphilipmorrisusacom
From there you can link directly to dozens of resources to help you move ahead and leave cigarettes behindrdquo
If you decide to quit smokinghellip
QuitAssistInformation Resource
Philip Morris USA
Never mentions the word ldquoaddictionrdquo
Source httpphilipmorrisusacomenquitassistindex_flashasp accessed 22306
58
Truth in Advertising
Aggressively markets the only legal product that when used as intended by its manufacturers eventually kills half its users
Section E
Industry Tactics II Industry Advertising Promotion and Sponsorship
60
Marketing
ldquoWe refined the objective of a juvenile initiative program as follows Maintain and proactively protect our ability to advertise promote and market our products via a juvenile initiativeldquo
mdash Cathy Leiber PM International 1995
Notes Juvenile initiative = a series of programs and events designed to discourage juvenile smoking because smoking is an adult decision
61
Industry Expenditures on Advertising
0100020003000400050006000700080009000
10000
Am
ount
spe
nt $
mill
ion
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Changes in cigarette marketing expenditure in the USA 1970-99
Data source Mackay J amp M Eriksen 2002 The Tobacco Atlas World Health Organization
62
Communicating Disease
According to the trade magazine ldquoAdvertising Agerdquo the Marlboro man was the most powerful advertising image of the 20th century
Image source httpwwwcdcgovtobaccosgrsgr4kidsadbusthtm retrieved 22306
63
Advertising Strategies
Targeting womenTargeting youthSelling AmericaSponsorship of sporting events and concertsContests and give-awaysBrand stretching
64
Grand Prix
Image source httpwwwnasnasagovAboutEducationRacecardevelopment_emobightml retrieved 22306
Section F
Industry Tactics III Lobbying Legislation and Litigation
66
Lobbying and Legislation
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
67
A Long History of Lobbying
1890mdashTobacco appeared in the US Pharmacopeia(official US government listing of drugs)1905mdashDropped from list before the 1906 Food and Drug Act (legislation that created the Food and Drug Administration)2005mdashFDA cannot regulate nicotine in tobacco
68
Political Lobbying US
Four of the twelve most generous donors to the 2000 Bush Campaign (1 Phillip Morris RJR UST Brown and Williamson)$18 million to federal candidates between 1997 and 2003 minus 82 to Republican candidates and committees
US $43 million spent to counter McCain bill (highest amount ever spent on a sustained issue advocacy campaign in the US)
69
The Latin Project Argentina
Counter regulations aimed at creating smoke-free workplaces and public placesminus September 30 1991mdashNeri Bill approved by Senate
(advertising promotion and sampling ban limit public smoking)
minus Industry campaignmdashmedia debates briefing packages to Senators and the President paid chief scientific advisor to President
minus October 13 1991mdashPresident vetoes law
70
The Czech Republic
June 2001
Philip Morris presents members of the Health and Social Affairs Committee of the Czech Parliament a study concluding that smoking is good for the Czech governments finances because of the savings from early deaths caused by smoking
71
Preemption
ldquoWe could never win at the local level The reason is [that] all of the health advocates the ones that I unfortunately used to call lsquohealth nazisrsquotheyrsquore all local activists who run the little political organizations So the Tobacco Institute and the tobacco companiesrsquo first priority has always been to preempt the field preferably to put it all on the federal level but if they canrsquot do that at least on the state level because the health advocates canrsquot compete with me on the state levelrdquo
mdash Victor Crawford former Maryland state legislator
72
Industry Self-Regulation
British American Tobacco
11 September 2001
INTERNATIONAL TOBACCO PRODUCTS MARKETING STANDARDS
The parties subscribing to these Standards (the ldquoParticipantsrdquo) wish to record their belief that tobacco products should be marketed in a responsible manner and that reasonable measures should be taken to ensure that the promotion and distribution of tobacco products is
bull directed at adult smokers and not at youth and
bull consistent with the principle of informed adult choice
73
International Tobacco Marketing Standards
ldquoWe have analyzed the nine-page agreement and believe that the multinationalsrsquo strategy is proactive and is a way to improve their image rdquoldquoAlso by proactively setting new international tobacco marketing standards the multinationals could be trying to counter a number of proposals that the WHO has been working on to curb the amount of cigarettes that are consumed on an international levelrdquoldquo Interestingly in many countries the existing laws or industry codes are already more restrictive than the provisions of the international marketing standardsrdquo
Source International Tobacco Marketing Standards September 2001
74
Creating the Illusion of Support
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
75
Front Groups
Buying citizen involvement (letter writing phone banking campaigns) by supporting front groups
ldquoHandrdquo of the industry remains hidden
It has been a common practice of Big Tobacco to use third parties or to create front groups to be out in front fighting smokefreepolicies while the industry remains behind the scenes protecting its public image
-Americans for Nonsmokersrsquo Rightshttpwwwno-smokeorggetthefactsphpdp=d21|d23 accessed 22306
76
Industry Front Groups and Allies
Ive learned from experience that as soon as Im identified as a representative of the Tobacco Institute I lose all credibility They just sneer us awayso I try to work behind the scenes whenever I can
- Ron Saldana lobbyist for the Tobacco Institute 82486
Source httpwwwno-smokeorggetthefactsphpdp=d21|d23 accessed 22306
77
International Tobacco Growers Association
ITGAldquo[Establish] ITGA [International Tobacco Growers Association] [as a] front group for our third world lobby activities at WHOrdquo
Source Report of the WHO Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents
Source Report of the WHO Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents
78
Legal and Economic Intimidation
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
79
Intimidating Johns Hopkins
ldquoThe tobacco companies have commenced nothing short of a campaign of harassment against the academic institutions that discovered smoking is injurious to the public healthrdquominus Estelle A Fishbein general
council for Johns Hopkins University
ldquoTobacco Industry in Fight To Get
Universitiesrsquo DataLegal Moves Termed Fishing Expeditionrdquo
-The New York Times Jan 20 2002
80
Industry Harassment
PUBLIC HEALTH MATTERS
Public Health Under Attack The American Stop Smoking Intervention Study (ASSIST) and the
Tobacco Industry
- White J and LA Bero
- The Transnational Tobacco Industry
- Section A
- Describing a Disease
- The Agent
- The Host
- The Vector
- Section B
- Background
- Background
- What Is a ldquoTransnationalrdquo Company
- Major Transnational Tobacco Companies
- Cigarette Production
- Company Size and Wealth
- TNC Sales and Developing Countries
- China National Tobacco Corporation
- A Return to the Past
- Section C
- A Global Market
- Looking Abroad
- Going Abroad
- A Global Business
- Factors Fueling Global Expansion
- Trade Liberalization
- Impact of Trade Liberalization
- Tobacco Leaf Production
- Tobacco Leaf Trade
- Privatization
- Foreign InvestmentmdashUkraine
- Major Company Mergers
- Marlboro Market Share (2001)
- Marlbororsquos Global Penetration
- Section D
- Industry Strategies
- Modeling Industry Activities
- Undermining Science
- Sworn Public Statements
- Confidential Statements
- Buying Science and Intimidation
- The Attack on Meta-Analysis
- Junk Science
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
- Industry Tactics to Undermine IARC
- Philip Morris and SHS
- Japan Tobacco and SHS
- Public Relations
- Public Statements on Youth
- Private Statements on Youth
- Minimum Age 18
- Changing the Issues
- Philanthropy
- Corporate Social Responsibility
- BATS Social Reports
- Today on Addiction
- Today on Addiction
- Public Health Advocates
- Truth in Advertising
- Section E
- Marketing
- Industry Expenditures on Advertising
- Communicating Disease
- Advertising Strategies
- Grand Prix
- Section F
- Lobbying and Legislation
- A Long History of Lobbying
- Political Lobbying US
- The Latin Project Argentina
- The Czech Republic
- Preemption
- Industry Self-Regulation
- International Tobacco Marketing Standards
- Creating the Illusion of Support
- Front Groups
- Industry Front Groups and Allies
- International Tobacco Growers Association
- Legal and Economic Intimidation
- Intimidating Johns Hopkins
- Industry Harassment
-
38
Sworn Public Statements
ldquoI believe nicotine is not addictiverdquo
mdash William Campbell (Phillip Morris US Congressional Hearings 1994)
Image source httpwwwnlmnihgovhmdfrankensteinfrank_promisehtml retrieved 2806
39
Confidential Statements
ldquoNicotine is addictive We are then in the business of selling nicotinemdashan addictive drug effective in the release of stress mechanismsrdquominus Brown and Williamson 1963
ldquohellipBAT should learn to look at itself as a drug company rather than as a tobacco companyrdquominus BAT 1980
ldquo [T]he entire matter of addiction is the most potent weapon a prosecuting attorney can have in a lung cancercigarette case We canrsquot defend continued smoking as lsquofree choicersquo if the person was lsquoaddictedrsquordquominus Tobacco Institute 1980
40
Buying Science and Intimidation
Letters to BMJ regarding the 1981 Hirayama StudyminusMisclassification
Active smokingPassive smoking
minusConfoundingminusStatistical errorminusPlausibility
0
10
20
30
21895 69645 17366
Population at enrollment
Stan
dard
ised
mor
talit
y ra
te fo
r lun
g ca
ncer
pe
r 100
000
32-79
15-50
8-70
Cigarette smokers
Non smoker Familial passive
smoking (-)
Non smoker Familial passive
smoking (+)
Total 108905
(Non smoker wives of non
smoker husbands)
(Non smoker wives of husbands
with smoking habits)
(Women with smoking habits)
Data source Hirayama T 1981 Non-smoking wives of heavy smokers have a higher risk of lung cancer a study from Japan BMJ 282183ndash5
41
The Attack on Meta-Analysis
Tweedie RL amp KL Mengersen 1995 Meta-analytic approaches to dose-response relationships with application in studies of lung cancer and exposure to environmental tobacco smoke Statistics in Medicine 14 545-569
Excerpt from Acknowledgements ndash ldquoThe paper was completed at Colorado State University with partial support from several tobacco companies the methods and analysis here are however entirely those of the authors and should not be otherwise ascribedrdquo
Bailar JC 1997 The promise and problems of meta-analysis New England Journal of Medicine 337 (8) 559-61
Fleiss JL amp AJ Gross 1991 Meta-analysis in epidemiology with special reference to studies of the association between exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and lung cancer a critique Journal of Clinical Epidemiology44 (2) 127-139
Excerpt from Acknowledgements ndash ldquoThis research was supported by a grant from The Tobacco Institute Washington DC USA We thank Dr Myron Weinberg President of the Weinberg GroupWASHTECH for encouraging us to develop this critiquerdquo
42
Junk Science
Gori GB JC Luik Passive Smoke The EPArsquos betrayal of science and
policy The Fraser Institute
Milloy SJ 1995 Science without sense The risky business of public
health research Cato Institute Washington DC
43
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
ldquoThe massive effort launched across the tobacco industry against one scientific
study is remarkablerdquo
Source Ong E K and Glantz S A (2000 April 8) Tobacco industry efforts subverting International Agency for Research on Cancerrsquos second-hand smoke study The Lancet 355 (9211) 1253ndash1259
44
Industry Tactics to Undermine IARC
ldquoDelay the progress andor release of the studyrdquoldquoAffect the wording of its conclusions and official statement of resultsrdquoldquoNeutralize possible negative results of the study rdquoldquoCounteract the potential impact of the study on government policy public opinion and actions by private employers and proprietorsrdquominus WHO Expert Panel on Industry Documents
45
Philip Morris and SHS
ldquoPublic health officials have concluded that secondhand smoke from cigarettes causes disease including lung cancer and heart disease in non-smoking adults as well as causes conditions in children such as asthma respiratory infections cough wheeze otitis media (middle ear infection) and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome In addition public health officials have concluded that secondhand smoke can exacerbate adult asthma and cause eye throat and nasal irritationrdquo
Source Philip Morris USA websitehttpwwwphilipmorrisusacomenhealth_issuessecondhand_smokeaspRetrieved 22106
46
Japan Tobacco and SHS
ldquo available evidence does not support the assertion that environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is harmful to healthrdquo
mdash Japan Tobacco
Source Submission to the WHO Public Hearings on the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control October 2000
47
Public Relations
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
48
Public Statements on Youth
ldquo would be willing to support prevention efforts that affected our bottom line Absolutely if we can come up with a program that prevents all teenagers from smoking cigarettes we would be delighted to see that happen And if that meant that fewer people smoked as adults so be itrdquo
mdash Corky Newton Vice President of Corporate and Youth Responsibility
Programs Brown and Williamson
Source Transcript of meeting with SWAT (Students Working Against Tobacco) US November 6 1999 Cited in PR in the Playground ASH UK 2000
49
Private Statements on Youth
ldquoWe [Philip Morris] refined the objective of a juvenile initiative program as follows maintain and proactively protect our ability to advertise promote and market our products via a juvenile initiativerdquo
ldquoJuvenile initiative = a series of programs and events to discourage juvenile smoking because smoking is an adult decisionrdquo
Source Cathy Leiber (18 May 1995) Philip Morris International Youth Initiatives Bates No 250301901114 Cited in PR in the Playground ASH UK 2000
50
Minimum Age 18
Image source Image source httpkumuicsdhawaiigovhealthhealthy- httpwwwdhssdelawaregovdhssdphlifestylestobaccotpeprtochtm dpcyouthaccesshtml retrieved 21206) retrieved 21206
51
Changing the Issues
Smoking manners
ldquoSmoking is prohibited in public places like railway stations airports museums and art galleries except for designated smoking areas There are some wards (ku in Japanese) that have specific rules in the form of bylaws concerning smoking If these regulations are broken the smoker is liable to pay a fine There is a provision of punishment for smoking on the street or in public places without carrying a portable ashtray as well as for throwing away cigarette buttsrdquo
httpwwwtourismmetrotokyojpenglishbasicbasic09htmlSource accessed 22306
52
Philanthropy
53
Corporate Social Responsibility
ldquohellip Because for us economic performance is not the only measure of our success Honesty integrity and social responsibility are just as important to the way we measure ourselvesrdquominus Philip Morris International
ldquoOur companies are committed to providing consumers with pleasure through excellent products and to demonstrating that we are meeting our commercial goals in ways that are consistent with reasonable societal expectations of a responsible tobacco group in the 21st centuryrdquominus British American Tobacco
54
BATS Social Reports
Argentina AustraliaBrazil GermanyHong KongHungaryJapanKoreaMalaysiaMexicoNew ZealandNigeriaPolandRussiaSouth Africa USA
55
Today on Addiction
PHILIP MORRIS USAPHILIP MORRIS INTERNATIONAL
TOBACCO ISSUESCigarette Smoking Health Issues for Smokers
Cigarette Smoking and AddictionWe agree with the overwhelming medical and scientific consensus that cigarette smoking is addictive It can be very difficult to quit smoking but this should not deter smokers who want to quit from trying to do so
minus httpphilipmorriscomdefaultasp
Continued
56
Today on AddictionPHILIP MORRIS USAPHILIP MORRIS INTERNATIONAL
TOBACCO ISSUESCigarette Smoking Health Issues for Smokers
Cigarette Smoking and Disease in SmokersThere is an overwhelming medical and scientific consensus that cigarette smoking causes lung cancer heart disease emphysema and other serious diseases in smokers Smokers are far more likely to develop serious diseases like lung cancer than non-smokers There is no safe cigarette These are and have been the messages of public health authorities worldwide Smokers and potential smokers should rely on these messages in making all smoking-related decisions
minus httpphilipmorriscomdefaultasp
57
Public Health Advocates
ldquoIntroducing QuitAssistQuitAssist is an information resource sponsored by Philip Morris USA Itrsquos designed to help you connect with a wealth of expert quitting information available ndash usually for free ndash from government agencies universities and respected nonprofit organizations This QuitAssist guide points the way to programs telephone quitlines websites guides and more that can help you find your own path to success
You can also read this guide at QuitAssist Online Log on through wwwphilipmorrisusacom
From there you can link directly to dozens of resources to help you move ahead and leave cigarettes behindrdquo
If you decide to quit smokinghellip
QuitAssistInformation Resource
Philip Morris USA
Never mentions the word ldquoaddictionrdquo
Source httpphilipmorrisusacomenquitassistindex_flashasp accessed 22306
58
Truth in Advertising
Aggressively markets the only legal product that when used as intended by its manufacturers eventually kills half its users
Section E
Industry Tactics II Industry Advertising Promotion and Sponsorship
60
Marketing
ldquoWe refined the objective of a juvenile initiative program as follows Maintain and proactively protect our ability to advertise promote and market our products via a juvenile initiativeldquo
mdash Cathy Leiber PM International 1995
Notes Juvenile initiative = a series of programs and events designed to discourage juvenile smoking because smoking is an adult decision
61
Industry Expenditures on Advertising
0100020003000400050006000700080009000
10000
Am
ount
spe
nt $
mill
ion
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Changes in cigarette marketing expenditure in the USA 1970-99
Data source Mackay J amp M Eriksen 2002 The Tobacco Atlas World Health Organization
62
Communicating Disease
According to the trade magazine ldquoAdvertising Agerdquo the Marlboro man was the most powerful advertising image of the 20th century
Image source httpwwwcdcgovtobaccosgrsgr4kidsadbusthtm retrieved 22306
63
Advertising Strategies
Targeting womenTargeting youthSelling AmericaSponsorship of sporting events and concertsContests and give-awaysBrand stretching
64
Grand Prix
Image source httpwwwnasnasagovAboutEducationRacecardevelopment_emobightml retrieved 22306
Section F
Industry Tactics III Lobbying Legislation and Litigation
66
Lobbying and Legislation
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
67
A Long History of Lobbying
1890mdashTobacco appeared in the US Pharmacopeia(official US government listing of drugs)1905mdashDropped from list before the 1906 Food and Drug Act (legislation that created the Food and Drug Administration)2005mdashFDA cannot regulate nicotine in tobacco
68
Political Lobbying US
Four of the twelve most generous donors to the 2000 Bush Campaign (1 Phillip Morris RJR UST Brown and Williamson)$18 million to federal candidates between 1997 and 2003 minus 82 to Republican candidates and committees
US $43 million spent to counter McCain bill (highest amount ever spent on a sustained issue advocacy campaign in the US)
69
The Latin Project Argentina
Counter regulations aimed at creating smoke-free workplaces and public placesminus September 30 1991mdashNeri Bill approved by Senate
(advertising promotion and sampling ban limit public smoking)
minus Industry campaignmdashmedia debates briefing packages to Senators and the President paid chief scientific advisor to President
minus October 13 1991mdashPresident vetoes law
70
The Czech Republic
June 2001
Philip Morris presents members of the Health and Social Affairs Committee of the Czech Parliament a study concluding that smoking is good for the Czech governments finances because of the savings from early deaths caused by smoking
71
Preemption
ldquoWe could never win at the local level The reason is [that] all of the health advocates the ones that I unfortunately used to call lsquohealth nazisrsquotheyrsquore all local activists who run the little political organizations So the Tobacco Institute and the tobacco companiesrsquo first priority has always been to preempt the field preferably to put it all on the federal level but if they canrsquot do that at least on the state level because the health advocates canrsquot compete with me on the state levelrdquo
mdash Victor Crawford former Maryland state legislator
72
Industry Self-Regulation
British American Tobacco
11 September 2001
INTERNATIONAL TOBACCO PRODUCTS MARKETING STANDARDS
The parties subscribing to these Standards (the ldquoParticipantsrdquo) wish to record their belief that tobacco products should be marketed in a responsible manner and that reasonable measures should be taken to ensure that the promotion and distribution of tobacco products is
bull directed at adult smokers and not at youth and
bull consistent with the principle of informed adult choice
73
International Tobacco Marketing Standards
ldquoWe have analyzed the nine-page agreement and believe that the multinationalsrsquo strategy is proactive and is a way to improve their image rdquoldquoAlso by proactively setting new international tobacco marketing standards the multinationals could be trying to counter a number of proposals that the WHO has been working on to curb the amount of cigarettes that are consumed on an international levelrdquoldquo Interestingly in many countries the existing laws or industry codes are already more restrictive than the provisions of the international marketing standardsrdquo
Source International Tobacco Marketing Standards September 2001
74
Creating the Illusion of Support
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
75
Front Groups
Buying citizen involvement (letter writing phone banking campaigns) by supporting front groups
ldquoHandrdquo of the industry remains hidden
It has been a common practice of Big Tobacco to use third parties or to create front groups to be out in front fighting smokefreepolicies while the industry remains behind the scenes protecting its public image
-Americans for Nonsmokersrsquo Rightshttpwwwno-smokeorggetthefactsphpdp=d21|d23 accessed 22306
76
Industry Front Groups and Allies
Ive learned from experience that as soon as Im identified as a representative of the Tobacco Institute I lose all credibility They just sneer us awayso I try to work behind the scenes whenever I can
- Ron Saldana lobbyist for the Tobacco Institute 82486
Source httpwwwno-smokeorggetthefactsphpdp=d21|d23 accessed 22306
77
International Tobacco Growers Association
ITGAldquo[Establish] ITGA [International Tobacco Growers Association] [as a] front group for our third world lobby activities at WHOrdquo
Source Report of the WHO Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents
Source Report of the WHO Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents
78
Legal and Economic Intimidation
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
79
Intimidating Johns Hopkins
ldquoThe tobacco companies have commenced nothing short of a campaign of harassment against the academic institutions that discovered smoking is injurious to the public healthrdquominus Estelle A Fishbein general
council for Johns Hopkins University
ldquoTobacco Industry in Fight To Get
Universitiesrsquo DataLegal Moves Termed Fishing Expeditionrdquo
-The New York Times Jan 20 2002
80
Industry Harassment
PUBLIC HEALTH MATTERS
Public Health Under Attack The American Stop Smoking Intervention Study (ASSIST) and the
Tobacco Industry
- White J and LA Bero
- The Transnational Tobacco Industry
- Section A
- Describing a Disease
- The Agent
- The Host
- The Vector
- Section B
- Background
- Background
- What Is a ldquoTransnationalrdquo Company
- Major Transnational Tobacco Companies
- Cigarette Production
- Company Size and Wealth
- TNC Sales and Developing Countries
- China National Tobacco Corporation
- A Return to the Past
- Section C
- A Global Market
- Looking Abroad
- Going Abroad
- A Global Business
- Factors Fueling Global Expansion
- Trade Liberalization
- Impact of Trade Liberalization
- Tobacco Leaf Production
- Tobacco Leaf Trade
- Privatization
- Foreign InvestmentmdashUkraine
- Major Company Mergers
- Marlboro Market Share (2001)
- Marlbororsquos Global Penetration
- Section D
- Industry Strategies
- Modeling Industry Activities
- Undermining Science
- Sworn Public Statements
- Confidential Statements
- Buying Science and Intimidation
- The Attack on Meta-Analysis
- Junk Science
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
- Industry Tactics to Undermine IARC
- Philip Morris and SHS
- Japan Tobacco and SHS
- Public Relations
- Public Statements on Youth
- Private Statements on Youth
- Minimum Age 18
- Changing the Issues
- Philanthropy
- Corporate Social Responsibility
- BATS Social Reports
- Today on Addiction
- Today on Addiction
- Public Health Advocates
- Truth in Advertising
- Section E
- Marketing
- Industry Expenditures on Advertising
- Communicating Disease
- Advertising Strategies
- Grand Prix
- Section F
- Lobbying and Legislation
- A Long History of Lobbying
- Political Lobbying US
- The Latin Project Argentina
- The Czech Republic
- Preemption
- Industry Self-Regulation
- International Tobacco Marketing Standards
- Creating the Illusion of Support
- Front Groups
- Industry Front Groups and Allies
- International Tobacco Growers Association
- Legal and Economic Intimidation
- Intimidating Johns Hopkins
- Industry Harassment
-
39
Confidential Statements
ldquoNicotine is addictive We are then in the business of selling nicotinemdashan addictive drug effective in the release of stress mechanismsrdquominus Brown and Williamson 1963
ldquohellipBAT should learn to look at itself as a drug company rather than as a tobacco companyrdquominus BAT 1980
ldquo [T]he entire matter of addiction is the most potent weapon a prosecuting attorney can have in a lung cancercigarette case We canrsquot defend continued smoking as lsquofree choicersquo if the person was lsquoaddictedrsquordquominus Tobacco Institute 1980
40
Buying Science and Intimidation
Letters to BMJ regarding the 1981 Hirayama StudyminusMisclassification
Active smokingPassive smoking
minusConfoundingminusStatistical errorminusPlausibility
0
10
20
30
21895 69645 17366
Population at enrollment
Stan
dard
ised
mor
talit
y ra
te fo
r lun
g ca
ncer
pe
r 100
000
32-79
15-50
8-70
Cigarette smokers
Non smoker Familial passive
smoking (-)
Non smoker Familial passive
smoking (+)
Total 108905
(Non smoker wives of non
smoker husbands)
(Non smoker wives of husbands
with smoking habits)
(Women with smoking habits)
Data source Hirayama T 1981 Non-smoking wives of heavy smokers have a higher risk of lung cancer a study from Japan BMJ 282183ndash5
41
The Attack on Meta-Analysis
Tweedie RL amp KL Mengersen 1995 Meta-analytic approaches to dose-response relationships with application in studies of lung cancer and exposure to environmental tobacco smoke Statistics in Medicine 14 545-569
Excerpt from Acknowledgements ndash ldquoThe paper was completed at Colorado State University with partial support from several tobacco companies the methods and analysis here are however entirely those of the authors and should not be otherwise ascribedrdquo
Bailar JC 1997 The promise and problems of meta-analysis New England Journal of Medicine 337 (8) 559-61
Fleiss JL amp AJ Gross 1991 Meta-analysis in epidemiology with special reference to studies of the association between exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and lung cancer a critique Journal of Clinical Epidemiology44 (2) 127-139
Excerpt from Acknowledgements ndash ldquoThis research was supported by a grant from The Tobacco Institute Washington DC USA We thank Dr Myron Weinberg President of the Weinberg GroupWASHTECH for encouraging us to develop this critiquerdquo
42
Junk Science
Gori GB JC Luik Passive Smoke The EPArsquos betrayal of science and
policy The Fraser Institute
Milloy SJ 1995 Science without sense The risky business of public
health research Cato Institute Washington DC
43
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
ldquoThe massive effort launched across the tobacco industry against one scientific
study is remarkablerdquo
Source Ong E K and Glantz S A (2000 April 8) Tobacco industry efforts subverting International Agency for Research on Cancerrsquos second-hand smoke study The Lancet 355 (9211) 1253ndash1259
44
Industry Tactics to Undermine IARC
ldquoDelay the progress andor release of the studyrdquoldquoAffect the wording of its conclusions and official statement of resultsrdquoldquoNeutralize possible negative results of the study rdquoldquoCounteract the potential impact of the study on government policy public opinion and actions by private employers and proprietorsrdquominus WHO Expert Panel on Industry Documents
45
Philip Morris and SHS
ldquoPublic health officials have concluded that secondhand smoke from cigarettes causes disease including lung cancer and heart disease in non-smoking adults as well as causes conditions in children such as asthma respiratory infections cough wheeze otitis media (middle ear infection) and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome In addition public health officials have concluded that secondhand smoke can exacerbate adult asthma and cause eye throat and nasal irritationrdquo
Source Philip Morris USA websitehttpwwwphilipmorrisusacomenhealth_issuessecondhand_smokeaspRetrieved 22106
46
Japan Tobacco and SHS
ldquo available evidence does not support the assertion that environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is harmful to healthrdquo
mdash Japan Tobacco
Source Submission to the WHO Public Hearings on the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control October 2000
47
Public Relations
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
48
Public Statements on Youth
ldquo would be willing to support prevention efforts that affected our bottom line Absolutely if we can come up with a program that prevents all teenagers from smoking cigarettes we would be delighted to see that happen And if that meant that fewer people smoked as adults so be itrdquo
mdash Corky Newton Vice President of Corporate and Youth Responsibility
Programs Brown and Williamson
Source Transcript of meeting with SWAT (Students Working Against Tobacco) US November 6 1999 Cited in PR in the Playground ASH UK 2000
49
Private Statements on Youth
ldquoWe [Philip Morris] refined the objective of a juvenile initiative program as follows maintain and proactively protect our ability to advertise promote and market our products via a juvenile initiativerdquo
ldquoJuvenile initiative = a series of programs and events to discourage juvenile smoking because smoking is an adult decisionrdquo
Source Cathy Leiber (18 May 1995) Philip Morris International Youth Initiatives Bates No 250301901114 Cited in PR in the Playground ASH UK 2000
50
Minimum Age 18
Image source Image source httpkumuicsdhawaiigovhealthhealthy- httpwwwdhssdelawaregovdhssdphlifestylestobaccotpeprtochtm dpcyouthaccesshtml retrieved 21206) retrieved 21206
51
Changing the Issues
Smoking manners
ldquoSmoking is prohibited in public places like railway stations airports museums and art galleries except for designated smoking areas There are some wards (ku in Japanese) that have specific rules in the form of bylaws concerning smoking If these regulations are broken the smoker is liable to pay a fine There is a provision of punishment for smoking on the street or in public places without carrying a portable ashtray as well as for throwing away cigarette buttsrdquo
httpwwwtourismmetrotokyojpenglishbasicbasic09htmlSource accessed 22306
52
Philanthropy
53
Corporate Social Responsibility
ldquohellip Because for us economic performance is not the only measure of our success Honesty integrity and social responsibility are just as important to the way we measure ourselvesrdquominus Philip Morris International
ldquoOur companies are committed to providing consumers with pleasure through excellent products and to demonstrating that we are meeting our commercial goals in ways that are consistent with reasonable societal expectations of a responsible tobacco group in the 21st centuryrdquominus British American Tobacco
54
BATS Social Reports
Argentina AustraliaBrazil GermanyHong KongHungaryJapanKoreaMalaysiaMexicoNew ZealandNigeriaPolandRussiaSouth Africa USA
55
Today on Addiction
PHILIP MORRIS USAPHILIP MORRIS INTERNATIONAL
TOBACCO ISSUESCigarette Smoking Health Issues for Smokers
Cigarette Smoking and AddictionWe agree with the overwhelming medical and scientific consensus that cigarette smoking is addictive It can be very difficult to quit smoking but this should not deter smokers who want to quit from trying to do so
minus httpphilipmorriscomdefaultasp
Continued
56
Today on AddictionPHILIP MORRIS USAPHILIP MORRIS INTERNATIONAL
TOBACCO ISSUESCigarette Smoking Health Issues for Smokers
Cigarette Smoking and Disease in SmokersThere is an overwhelming medical and scientific consensus that cigarette smoking causes lung cancer heart disease emphysema and other serious diseases in smokers Smokers are far more likely to develop serious diseases like lung cancer than non-smokers There is no safe cigarette These are and have been the messages of public health authorities worldwide Smokers and potential smokers should rely on these messages in making all smoking-related decisions
minus httpphilipmorriscomdefaultasp
57
Public Health Advocates
ldquoIntroducing QuitAssistQuitAssist is an information resource sponsored by Philip Morris USA Itrsquos designed to help you connect with a wealth of expert quitting information available ndash usually for free ndash from government agencies universities and respected nonprofit organizations This QuitAssist guide points the way to programs telephone quitlines websites guides and more that can help you find your own path to success
You can also read this guide at QuitAssist Online Log on through wwwphilipmorrisusacom
From there you can link directly to dozens of resources to help you move ahead and leave cigarettes behindrdquo
If you decide to quit smokinghellip
QuitAssistInformation Resource
Philip Morris USA
Never mentions the word ldquoaddictionrdquo
Source httpphilipmorrisusacomenquitassistindex_flashasp accessed 22306
58
Truth in Advertising
Aggressively markets the only legal product that when used as intended by its manufacturers eventually kills half its users
Section E
Industry Tactics II Industry Advertising Promotion and Sponsorship
60
Marketing
ldquoWe refined the objective of a juvenile initiative program as follows Maintain and proactively protect our ability to advertise promote and market our products via a juvenile initiativeldquo
mdash Cathy Leiber PM International 1995
Notes Juvenile initiative = a series of programs and events designed to discourage juvenile smoking because smoking is an adult decision
61
Industry Expenditures on Advertising
0100020003000400050006000700080009000
10000
Am
ount
spe
nt $
mill
ion
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Changes in cigarette marketing expenditure in the USA 1970-99
Data source Mackay J amp M Eriksen 2002 The Tobacco Atlas World Health Organization
62
Communicating Disease
According to the trade magazine ldquoAdvertising Agerdquo the Marlboro man was the most powerful advertising image of the 20th century
Image source httpwwwcdcgovtobaccosgrsgr4kidsadbusthtm retrieved 22306
63
Advertising Strategies
Targeting womenTargeting youthSelling AmericaSponsorship of sporting events and concertsContests and give-awaysBrand stretching
64
Grand Prix
Image source httpwwwnasnasagovAboutEducationRacecardevelopment_emobightml retrieved 22306
Section F
Industry Tactics III Lobbying Legislation and Litigation
66
Lobbying and Legislation
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
67
A Long History of Lobbying
1890mdashTobacco appeared in the US Pharmacopeia(official US government listing of drugs)1905mdashDropped from list before the 1906 Food and Drug Act (legislation that created the Food and Drug Administration)2005mdashFDA cannot regulate nicotine in tobacco
68
Political Lobbying US
Four of the twelve most generous donors to the 2000 Bush Campaign (1 Phillip Morris RJR UST Brown and Williamson)$18 million to federal candidates between 1997 and 2003 minus 82 to Republican candidates and committees
US $43 million spent to counter McCain bill (highest amount ever spent on a sustained issue advocacy campaign in the US)
69
The Latin Project Argentina
Counter regulations aimed at creating smoke-free workplaces and public placesminus September 30 1991mdashNeri Bill approved by Senate
(advertising promotion and sampling ban limit public smoking)
minus Industry campaignmdashmedia debates briefing packages to Senators and the President paid chief scientific advisor to President
minus October 13 1991mdashPresident vetoes law
70
The Czech Republic
June 2001
Philip Morris presents members of the Health and Social Affairs Committee of the Czech Parliament a study concluding that smoking is good for the Czech governments finances because of the savings from early deaths caused by smoking
71
Preemption
ldquoWe could never win at the local level The reason is [that] all of the health advocates the ones that I unfortunately used to call lsquohealth nazisrsquotheyrsquore all local activists who run the little political organizations So the Tobacco Institute and the tobacco companiesrsquo first priority has always been to preempt the field preferably to put it all on the federal level but if they canrsquot do that at least on the state level because the health advocates canrsquot compete with me on the state levelrdquo
mdash Victor Crawford former Maryland state legislator
72
Industry Self-Regulation
British American Tobacco
11 September 2001
INTERNATIONAL TOBACCO PRODUCTS MARKETING STANDARDS
The parties subscribing to these Standards (the ldquoParticipantsrdquo) wish to record their belief that tobacco products should be marketed in a responsible manner and that reasonable measures should be taken to ensure that the promotion and distribution of tobacco products is
bull directed at adult smokers and not at youth and
bull consistent with the principle of informed adult choice
73
International Tobacco Marketing Standards
ldquoWe have analyzed the nine-page agreement and believe that the multinationalsrsquo strategy is proactive and is a way to improve their image rdquoldquoAlso by proactively setting new international tobacco marketing standards the multinationals could be trying to counter a number of proposals that the WHO has been working on to curb the amount of cigarettes that are consumed on an international levelrdquoldquo Interestingly in many countries the existing laws or industry codes are already more restrictive than the provisions of the international marketing standardsrdquo
Source International Tobacco Marketing Standards September 2001
74
Creating the Illusion of Support
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
75
Front Groups
Buying citizen involvement (letter writing phone banking campaigns) by supporting front groups
ldquoHandrdquo of the industry remains hidden
It has been a common practice of Big Tobacco to use third parties or to create front groups to be out in front fighting smokefreepolicies while the industry remains behind the scenes protecting its public image
-Americans for Nonsmokersrsquo Rightshttpwwwno-smokeorggetthefactsphpdp=d21|d23 accessed 22306
76
Industry Front Groups and Allies
Ive learned from experience that as soon as Im identified as a representative of the Tobacco Institute I lose all credibility They just sneer us awayso I try to work behind the scenes whenever I can
- Ron Saldana lobbyist for the Tobacco Institute 82486
Source httpwwwno-smokeorggetthefactsphpdp=d21|d23 accessed 22306
77
International Tobacco Growers Association
ITGAldquo[Establish] ITGA [International Tobacco Growers Association] [as a] front group for our third world lobby activities at WHOrdquo
Source Report of the WHO Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents
Source Report of the WHO Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents
78
Legal and Economic Intimidation
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
79
Intimidating Johns Hopkins
ldquoThe tobacco companies have commenced nothing short of a campaign of harassment against the academic institutions that discovered smoking is injurious to the public healthrdquominus Estelle A Fishbein general
council for Johns Hopkins University
ldquoTobacco Industry in Fight To Get
Universitiesrsquo DataLegal Moves Termed Fishing Expeditionrdquo
-The New York Times Jan 20 2002
80
Industry Harassment
PUBLIC HEALTH MATTERS
Public Health Under Attack The American Stop Smoking Intervention Study (ASSIST) and the
Tobacco Industry
- White J and LA Bero
- The Transnational Tobacco Industry
- Section A
- Describing a Disease
- The Agent
- The Host
- The Vector
- Section B
- Background
- Background
- What Is a ldquoTransnationalrdquo Company
- Major Transnational Tobacco Companies
- Cigarette Production
- Company Size and Wealth
- TNC Sales and Developing Countries
- China National Tobacco Corporation
- A Return to the Past
- Section C
- A Global Market
- Looking Abroad
- Going Abroad
- A Global Business
- Factors Fueling Global Expansion
- Trade Liberalization
- Impact of Trade Liberalization
- Tobacco Leaf Production
- Tobacco Leaf Trade
- Privatization
- Foreign InvestmentmdashUkraine
- Major Company Mergers
- Marlboro Market Share (2001)
- Marlbororsquos Global Penetration
- Section D
- Industry Strategies
- Modeling Industry Activities
- Undermining Science
- Sworn Public Statements
- Confidential Statements
- Buying Science and Intimidation
- The Attack on Meta-Analysis
- Junk Science
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
- Industry Tactics to Undermine IARC
- Philip Morris and SHS
- Japan Tobacco and SHS
- Public Relations
- Public Statements on Youth
- Private Statements on Youth
- Minimum Age 18
- Changing the Issues
- Philanthropy
- Corporate Social Responsibility
- BATS Social Reports
- Today on Addiction
- Today on Addiction
- Public Health Advocates
- Truth in Advertising
- Section E
- Marketing
- Industry Expenditures on Advertising
- Communicating Disease
- Advertising Strategies
- Grand Prix
- Section F
- Lobbying and Legislation
- A Long History of Lobbying
- Political Lobbying US
- The Latin Project Argentina
- The Czech Republic
- Preemption
- Industry Self-Regulation
- International Tobacco Marketing Standards
- Creating the Illusion of Support
- Front Groups
- Industry Front Groups and Allies
- International Tobacco Growers Association
- Legal and Economic Intimidation
- Intimidating Johns Hopkins
- Industry Harassment
-
40
Buying Science and Intimidation
Letters to BMJ regarding the 1981 Hirayama StudyminusMisclassification
Active smokingPassive smoking
minusConfoundingminusStatistical errorminusPlausibility
0
10
20
30
21895 69645 17366
Population at enrollment
Stan
dard
ised
mor
talit
y ra
te fo
r lun
g ca
ncer
pe
r 100
000
32-79
15-50
8-70
Cigarette smokers
Non smoker Familial passive
smoking (-)
Non smoker Familial passive
smoking (+)
Total 108905
(Non smoker wives of non
smoker husbands)
(Non smoker wives of husbands
with smoking habits)
(Women with smoking habits)
Data source Hirayama T 1981 Non-smoking wives of heavy smokers have a higher risk of lung cancer a study from Japan BMJ 282183ndash5
41
The Attack on Meta-Analysis
Tweedie RL amp KL Mengersen 1995 Meta-analytic approaches to dose-response relationships with application in studies of lung cancer and exposure to environmental tobacco smoke Statistics in Medicine 14 545-569
Excerpt from Acknowledgements ndash ldquoThe paper was completed at Colorado State University with partial support from several tobacco companies the methods and analysis here are however entirely those of the authors and should not be otherwise ascribedrdquo
Bailar JC 1997 The promise and problems of meta-analysis New England Journal of Medicine 337 (8) 559-61
Fleiss JL amp AJ Gross 1991 Meta-analysis in epidemiology with special reference to studies of the association between exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and lung cancer a critique Journal of Clinical Epidemiology44 (2) 127-139
Excerpt from Acknowledgements ndash ldquoThis research was supported by a grant from The Tobacco Institute Washington DC USA We thank Dr Myron Weinberg President of the Weinberg GroupWASHTECH for encouraging us to develop this critiquerdquo
42
Junk Science
Gori GB JC Luik Passive Smoke The EPArsquos betrayal of science and
policy The Fraser Institute
Milloy SJ 1995 Science without sense The risky business of public
health research Cato Institute Washington DC
43
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
ldquoThe massive effort launched across the tobacco industry against one scientific
study is remarkablerdquo
Source Ong E K and Glantz S A (2000 April 8) Tobacco industry efforts subverting International Agency for Research on Cancerrsquos second-hand smoke study The Lancet 355 (9211) 1253ndash1259
44
Industry Tactics to Undermine IARC
ldquoDelay the progress andor release of the studyrdquoldquoAffect the wording of its conclusions and official statement of resultsrdquoldquoNeutralize possible negative results of the study rdquoldquoCounteract the potential impact of the study on government policy public opinion and actions by private employers and proprietorsrdquominus WHO Expert Panel on Industry Documents
45
Philip Morris and SHS
ldquoPublic health officials have concluded that secondhand smoke from cigarettes causes disease including lung cancer and heart disease in non-smoking adults as well as causes conditions in children such as asthma respiratory infections cough wheeze otitis media (middle ear infection) and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome In addition public health officials have concluded that secondhand smoke can exacerbate adult asthma and cause eye throat and nasal irritationrdquo
Source Philip Morris USA websitehttpwwwphilipmorrisusacomenhealth_issuessecondhand_smokeaspRetrieved 22106
46
Japan Tobacco and SHS
ldquo available evidence does not support the assertion that environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is harmful to healthrdquo
mdash Japan Tobacco
Source Submission to the WHO Public Hearings on the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control October 2000
47
Public Relations
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
48
Public Statements on Youth
ldquo would be willing to support prevention efforts that affected our bottom line Absolutely if we can come up with a program that prevents all teenagers from smoking cigarettes we would be delighted to see that happen And if that meant that fewer people smoked as adults so be itrdquo
mdash Corky Newton Vice President of Corporate and Youth Responsibility
Programs Brown and Williamson
Source Transcript of meeting with SWAT (Students Working Against Tobacco) US November 6 1999 Cited in PR in the Playground ASH UK 2000
49
Private Statements on Youth
ldquoWe [Philip Morris] refined the objective of a juvenile initiative program as follows maintain and proactively protect our ability to advertise promote and market our products via a juvenile initiativerdquo
ldquoJuvenile initiative = a series of programs and events to discourage juvenile smoking because smoking is an adult decisionrdquo
Source Cathy Leiber (18 May 1995) Philip Morris International Youth Initiatives Bates No 250301901114 Cited in PR in the Playground ASH UK 2000
50
Minimum Age 18
Image source Image source httpkumuicsdhawaiigovhealthhealthy- httpwwwdhssdelawaregovdhssdphlifestylestobaccotpeprtochtm dpcyouthaccesshtml retrieved 21206) retrieved 21206
51
Changing the Issues
Smoking manners
ldquoSmoking is prohibited in public places like railway stations airports museums and art galleries except for designated smoking areas There are some wards (ku in Japanese) that have specific rules in the form of bylaws concerning smoking If these regulations are broken the smoker is liable to pay a fine There is a provision of punishment for smoking on the street or in public places without carrying a portable ashtray as well as for throwing away cigarette buttsrdquo
httpwwwtourismmetrotokyojpenglishbasicbasic09htmlSource accessed 22306
52
Philanthropy
53
Corporate Social Responsibility
ldquohellip Because for us economic performance is not the only measure of our success Honesty integrity and social responsibility are just as important to the way we measure ourselvesrdquominus Philip Morris International
ldquoOur companies are committed to providing consumers with pleasure through excellent products and to demonstrating that we are meeting our commercial goals in ways that are consistent with reasonable societal expectations of a responsible tobacco group in the 21st centuryrdquominus British American Tobacco
54
BATS Social Reports
Argentina AustraliaBrazil GermanyHong KongHungaryJapanKoreaMalaysiaMexicoNew ZealandNigeriaPolandRussiaSouth Africa USA
55
Today on Addiction
PHILIP MORRIS USAPHILIP MORRIS INTERNATIONAL
TOBACCO ISSUESCigarette Smoking Health Issues for Smokers
Cigarette Smoking and AddictionWe agree with the overwhelming medical and scientific consensus that cigarette smoking is addictive It can be very difficult to quit smoking but this should not deter smokers who want to quit from trying to do so
minus httpphilipmorriscomdefaultasp
Continued
56
Today on AddictionPHILIP MORRIS USAPHILIP MORRIS INTERNATIONAL
TOBACCO ISSUESCigarette Smoking Health Issues for Smokers
Cigarette Smoking and Disease in SmokersThere is an overwhelming medical and scientific consensus that cigarette smoking causes lung cancer heart disease emphysema and other serious diseases in smokers Smokers are far more likely to develop serious diseases like lung cancer than non-smokers There is no safe cigarette These are and have been the messages of public health authorities worldwide Smokers and potential smokers should rely on these messages in making all smoking-related decisions
minus httpphilipmorriscomdefaultasp
57
Public Health Advocates
ldquoIntroducing QuitAssistQuitAssist is an information resource sponsored by Philip Morris USA Itrsquos designed to help you connect with a wealth of expert quitting information available ndash usually for free ndash from government agencies universities and respected nonprofit organizations This QuitAssist guide points the way to programs telephone quitlines websites guides and more that can help you find your own path to success
You can also read this guide at QuitAssist Online Log on through wwwphilipmorrisusacom
From there you can link directly to dozens of resources to help you move ahead and leave cigarettes behindrdquo
If you decide to quit smokinghellip
QuitAssistInformation Resource
Philip Morris USA
Never mentions the word ldquoaddictionrdquo
Source httpphilipmorrisusacomenquitassistindex_flashasp accessed 22306
58
Truth in Advertising
Aggressively markets the only legal product that when used as intended by its manufacturers eventually kills half its users
Section E
Industry Tactics II Industry Advertising Promotion and Sponsorship
60
Marketing
ldquoWe refined the objective of a juvenile initiative program as follows Maintain and proactively protect our ability to advertise promote and market our products via a juvenile initiativeldquo
mdash Cathy Leiber PM International 1995
Notes Juvenile initiative = a series of programs and events designed to discourage juvenile smoking because smoking is an adult decision
61
Industry Expenditures on Advertising
0100020003000400050006000700080009000
10000
Am
ount
spe
nt $
mill
ion
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Changes in cigarette marketing expenditure in the USA 1970-99
Data source Mackay J amp M Eriksen 2002 The Tobacco Atlas World Health Organization
62
Communicating Disease
According to the trade magazine ldquoAdvertising Agerdquo the Marlboro man was the most powerful advertising image of the 20th century
Image source httpwwwcdcgovtobaccosgrsgr4kidsadbusthtm retrieved 22306
63
Advertising Strategies
Targeting womenTargeting youthSelling AmericaSponsorship of sporting events and concertsContests and give-awaysBrand stretching
64
Grand Prix
Image source httpwwwnasnasagovAboutEducationRacecardevelopment_emobightml retrieved 22306
Section F
Industry Tactics III Lobbying Legislation and Litigation
66
Lobbying and Legislation
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
67
A Long History of Lobbying
1890mdashTobacco appeared in the US Pharmacopeia(official US government listing of drugs)1905mdashDropped from list before the 1906 Food and Drug Act (legislation that created the Food and Drug Administration)2005mdashFDA cannot regulate nicotine in tobacco
68
Political Lobbying US
Four of the twelve most generous donors to the 2000 Bush Campaign (1 Phillip Morris RJR UST Brown and Williamson)$18 million to federal candidates between 1997 and 2003 minus 82 to Republican candidates and committees
US $43 million spent to counter McCain bill (highest amount ever spent on a sustained issue advocacy campaign in the US)
69
The Latin Project Argentina
Counter regulations aimed at creating smoke-free workplaces and public placesminus September 30 1991mdashNeri Bill approved by Senate
(advertising promotion and sampling ban limit public smoking)
minus Industry campaignmdashmedia debates briefing packages to Senators and the President paid chief scientific advisor to President
minus October 13 1991mdashPresident vetoes law
70
The Czech Republic
June 2001
Philip Morris presents members of the Health and Social Affairs Committee of the Czech Parliament a study concluding that smoking is good for the Czech governments finances because of the savings from early deaths caused by smoking
71
Preemption
ldquoWe could never win at the local level The reason is [that] all of the health advocates the ones that I unfortunately used to call lsquohealth nazisrsquotheyrsquore all local activists who run the little political organizations So the Tobacco Institute and the tobacco companiesrsquo first priority has always been to preempt the field preferably to put it all on the federal level but if they canrsquot do that at least on the state level because the health advocates canrsquot compete with me on the state levelrdquo
mdash Victor Crawford former Maryland state legislator
72
Industry Self-Regulation
British American Tobacco
11 September 2001
INTERNATIONAL TOBACCO PRODUCTS MARKETING STANDARDS
The parties subscribing to these Standards (the ldquoParticipantsrdquo) wish to record their belief that tobacco products should be marketed in a responsible manner and that reasonable measures should be taken to ensure that the promotion and distribution of tobacco products is
bull directed at adult smokers and not at youth and
bull consistent with the principle of informed adult choice
73
International Tobacco Marketing Standards
ldquoWe have analyzed the nine-page agreement and believe that the multinationalsrsquo strategy is proactive and is a way to improve their image rdquoldquoAlso by proactively setting new international tobacco marketing standards the multinationals could be trying to counter a number of proposals that the WHO has been working on to curb the amount of cigarettes that are consumed on an international levelrdquoldquo Interestingly in many countries the existing laws or industry codes are already more restrictive than the provisions of the international marketing standardsrdquo
Source International Tobacco Marketing Standards September 2001
74
Creating the Illusion of Support
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
75
Front Groups
Buying citizen involvement (letter writing phone banking campaigns) by supporting front groups
ldquoHandrdquo of the industry remains hidden
It has been a common practice of Big Tobacco to use third parties or to create front groups to be out in front fighting smokefreepolicies while the industry remains behind the scenes protecting its public image
-Americans for Nonsmokersrsquo Rightshttpwwwno-smokeorggetthefactsphpdp=d21|d23 accessed 22306
76
Industry Front Groups and Allies
Ive learned from experience that as soon as Im identified as a representative of the Tobacco Institute I lose all credibility They just sneer us awayso I try to work behind the scenes whenever I can
- Ron Saldana lobbyist for the Tobacco Institute 82486
Source httpwwwno-smokeorggetthefactsphpdp=d21|d23 accessed 22306
77
International Tobacco Growers Association
ITGAldquo[Establish] ITGA [International Tobacco Growers Association] [as a] front group for our third world lobby activities at WHOrdquo
Source Report of the WHO Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents
Source Report of the WHO Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents
78
Legal and Economic Intimidation
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
79
Intimidating Johns Hopkins
ldquoThe tobacco companies have commenced nothing short of a campaign of harassment against the academic institutions that discovered smoking is injurious to the public healthrdquominus Estelle A Fishbein general
council for Johns Hopkins University
ldquoTobacco Industry in Fight To Get
Universitiesrsquo DataLegal Moves Termed Fishing Expeditionrdquo
-The New York Times Jan 20 2002
80
Industry Harassment
PUBLIC HEALTH MATTERS
Public Health Under Attack The American Stop Smoking Intervention Study (ASSIST) and the
Tobacco Industry
- White J and LA Bero
- The Transnational Tobacco Industry
- Section A
- Describing a Disease
- The Agent
- The Host
- The Vector
- Section B
- Background
- Background
- What Is a ldquoTransnationalrdquo Company
- Major Transnational Tobacco Companies
- Cigarette Production
- Company Size and Wealth
- TNC Sales and Developing Countries
- China National Tobacco Corporation
- A Return to the Past
- Section C
- A Global Market
- Looking Abroad
- Going Abroad
- A Global Business
- Factors Fueling Global Expansion
- Trade Liberalization
- Impact of Trade Liberalization
- Tobacco Leaf Production
- Tobacco Leaf Trade
- Privatization
- Foreign InvestmentmdashUkraine
- Major Company Mergers
- Marlboro Market Share (2001)
- Marlbororsquos Global Penetration
- Section D
- Industry Strategies
- Modeling Industry Activities
- Undermining Science
- Sworn Public Statements
- Confidential Statements
- Buying Science and Intimidation
- The Attack on Meta-Analysis
- Junk Science
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
- Industry Tactics to Undermine IARC
- Philip Morris and SHS
- Japan Tobacco and SHS
- Public Relations
- Public Statements on Youth
- Private Statements on Youth
- Minimum Age 18
- Changing the Issues
- Philanthropy
- Corporate Social Responsibility
- BATS Social Reports
- Today on Addiction
- Today on Addiction
- Public Health Advocates
- Truth in Advertising
- Section E
- Marketing
- Industry Expenditures on Advertising
- Communicating Disease
- Advertising Strategies
- Grand Prix
- Section F
- Lobbying and Legislation
- A Long History of Lobbying
- Political Lobbying US
- The Latin Project Argentina
- The Czech Republic
- Preemption
- Industry Self-Regulation
- International Tobacco Marketing Standards
- Creating the Illusion of Support
- Front Groups
- Industry Front Groups and Allies
- International Tobacco Growers Association
- Legal and Economic Intimidation
- Intimidating Johns Hopkins
- Industry Harassment
-
41
The Attack on Meta-Analysis
Tweedie RL amp KL Mengersen 1995 Meta-analytic approaches to dose-response relationships with application in studies of lung cancer and exposure to environmental tobacco smoke Statistics in Medicine 14 545-569
Excerpt from Acknowledgements ndash ldquoThe paper was completed at Colorado State University with partial support from several tobacco companies the methods and analysis here are however entirely those of the authors and should not be otherwise ascribedrdquo
Bailar JC 1997 The promise and problems of meta-analysis New England Journal of Medicine 337 (8) 559-61
Fleiss JL amp AJ Gross 1991 Meta-analysis in epidemiology with special reference to studies of the association between exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and lung cancer a critique Journal of Clinical Epidemiology44 (2) 127-139
Excerpt from Acknowledgements ndash ldquoThis research was supported by a grant from The Tobacco Institute Washington DC USA We thank Dr Myron Weinberg President of the Weinberg GroupWASHTECH for encouraging us to develop this critiquerdquo
42
Junk Science
Gori GB JC Luik Passive Smoke The EPArsquos betrayal of science and
policy The Fraser Institute
Milloy SJ 1995 Science without sense The risky business of public
health research Cato Institute Washington DC
43
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
ldquoThe massive effort launched across the tobacco industry against one scientific
study is remarkablerdquo
Source Ong E K and Glantz S A (2000 April 8) Tobacco industry efforts subverting International Agency for Research on Cancerrsquos second-hand smoke study The Lancet 355 (9211) 1253ndash1259
44
Industry Tactics to Undermine IARC
ldquoDelay the progress andor release of the studyrdquoldquoAffect the wording of its conclusions and official statement of resultsrdquoldquoNeutralize possible negative results of the study rdquoldquoCounteract the potential impact of the study on government policy public opinion and actions by private employers and proprietorsrdquominus WHO Expert Panel on Industry Documents
45
Philip Morris and SHS
ldquoPublic health officials have concluded that secondhand smoke from cigarettes causes disease including lung cancer and heart disease in non-smoking adults as well as causes conditions in children such as asthma respiratory infections cough wheeze otitis media (middle ear infection) and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome In addition public health officials have concluded that secondhand smoke can exacerbate adult asthma and cause eye throat and nasal irritationrdquo
Source Philip Morris USA websitehttpwwwphilipmorrisusacomenhealth_issuessecondhand_smokeaspRetrieved 22106
46
Japan Tobacco and SHS
ldquo available evidence does not support the assertion that environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is harmful to healthrdquo
mdash Japan Tobacco
Source Submission to the WHO Public Hearings on the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control October 2000
47
Public Relations
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
48
Public Statements on Youth
ldquo would be willing to support prevention efforts that affected our bottom line Absolutely if we can come up with a program that prevents all teenagers from smoking cigarettes we would be delighted to see that happen And if that meant that fewer people smoked as adults so be itrdquo
mdash Corky Newton Vice President of Corporate and Youth Responsibility
Programs Brown and Williamson
Source Transcript of meeting with SWAT (Students Working Against Tobacco) US November 6 1999 Cited in PR in the Playground ASH UK 2000
49
Private Statements on Youth
ldquoWe [Philip Morris] refined the objective of a juvenile initiative program as follows maintain and proactively protect our ability to advertise promote and market our products via a juvenile initiativerdquo
ldquoJuvenile initiative = a series of programs and events to discourage juvenile smoking because smoking is an adult decisionrdquo
Source Cathy Leiber (18 May 1995) Philip Morris International Youth Initiatives Bates No 250301901114 Cited in PR in the Playground ASH UK 2000
50
Minimum Age 18
Image source Image source httpkumuicsdhawaiigovhealthhealthy- httpwwwdhssdelawaregovdhssdphlifestylestobaccotpeprtochtm dpcyouthaccesshtml retrieved 21206) retrieved 21206
51
Changing the Issues
Smoking manners
ldquoSmoking is prohibited in public places like railway stations airports museums and art galleries except for designated smoking areas There are some wards (ku in Japanese) that have specific rules in the form of bylaws concerning smoking If these regulations are broken the smoker is liable to pay a fine There is a provision of punishment for smoking on the street or in public places without carrying a portable ashtray as well as for throwing away cigarette buttsrdquo
httpwwwtourismmetrotokyojpenglishbasicbasic09htmlSource accessed 22306
52
Philanthropy
53
Corporate Social Responsibility
ldquohellip Because for us economic performance is not the only measure of our success Honesty integrity and social responsibility are just as important to the way we measure ourselvesrdquominus Philip Morris International
ldquoOur companies are committed to providing consumers with pleasure through excellent products and to demonstrating that we are meeting our commercial goals in ways that are consistent with reasonable societal expectations of a responsible tobacco group in the 21st centuryrdquominus British American Tobacco
54
BATS Social Reports
Argentina AustraliaBrazil GermanyHong KongHungaryJapanKoreaMalaysiaMexicoNew ZealandNigeriaPolandRussiaSouth Africa USA
55
Today on Addiction
PHILIP MORRIS USAPHILIP MORRIS INTERNATIONAL
TOBACCO ISSUESCigarette Smoking Health Issues for Smokers
Cigarette Smoking and AddictionWe agree with the overwhelming medical and scientific consensus that cigarette smoking is addictive It can be very difficult to quit smoking but this should not deter smokers who want to quit from trying to do so
minus httpphilipmorriscomdefaultasp
Continued
56
Today on AddictionPHILIP MORRIS USAPHILIP MORRIS INTERNATIONAL
TOBACCO ISSUESCigarette Smoking Health Issues for Smokers
Cigarette Smoking and Disease in SmokersThere is an overwhelming medical and scientific consensus that cigarette smoking causes lung cancer heart disease emphysema and other serious diseases in smokers Smokers are far more likely to develop serious diseases like lung cancer than non-smokers There is no safe cigarette These are and have been the messages of public health authorities worldwide Smokers and potential smokers should rely on these messages in making all smoking-related decisions
minus httpphilipmorriscomdefaultasp
57
Public Health Advocates
ldquoIntroducing QuitAssistQuitAssist is an information resource sponsored by Philip Morris USA Itrsquos designed to help you connect with a wealth of expert quitting information available ndash usually for free ndash from government agencies universities and respected nonprofit organizations This QuitAssist guide points the way to programs telephone quitlines websites guides and more that can help you find your own path to success
You can also read this guide at QuitAssist Online Log on through wwwphilipmorrisusacom
From there you can link directly to dozens of resources to help you move ahead and leave cigarettes behindrdquo
If you decide to quit smokinghellip
QuitAssistInformation Resource
Philip Morris USA
Never mentions the word ldquoaddictionrdquo
Source httpphilipmorrisusacomenquitassistindex_flashasp accessed 22306
58
Truth in Advertising
Aggressively markets the only legal product that when used as intended by its manufacturers eventually kills half its users
Section E
Industry Tactics II Industry Advertising Promotion and Sponsorship
60
Marketing
ldquoWe refined the objective of a juvenile initiative program as follows Maintain and proactively protect our ability to advertise promote and market our products via a juvenile initiativeldquo
mdash Cathy Leiber PM International 1995
Notes Juvenile initiative = a series of programs and events designed to discourage juvenile smoking because smoking is an adult decision
61
Industry Expenditures on Advertising
0100020003000400050006000700080009000
10000
Am
ount
spe
nt $
mill
ion
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Changes in cigarette marketing expenditure in the USA 1970-99
Data source Mackay J amp M Eriksen 2002 The Tobacco Atlas World Health Organization
62
Communicating Disease
According to the trade magazine ldquoAdvertising Agerdquo the Marlboro man was the most powerful advertising image of the 20th century
Image source httpwwwcdcgovtobaccosgrsgr4kidsadbusthtm retrieved 22306
63
Advertising Strategies
Targeting womenTargeting youthSelling AmericaSponsorship of sporting events and concertsContests and give-awaysBrand stretching
64
Grand Prix
Image source httpwwwnasnasagovAboutEducationRacecardevelopment_emobightml retrieved 22306
Section F
Industry Tactics III Lobbying Legislation and Litigation
66
Lobbying and Legislation
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
67
A Long History of Lobbying
1890mdashTobacco appeared in the US Pharmacopeia(official US government listing of drugs)1905mdashDropped from list before the 1906 Food and Drug Act (legislation that created the Food and Drug Administration)2005mdashFDA cannot regulate nicotine in tobacco
68
Political Lobbying US
Four of the twelve most generous donors to the 2000 Bush Campaign (1 Phillip Morris RJR UST Brown and Williamson)$18 million to federal candidates between 1997 and 2003 minus 82 to Republican candidates and committees
US $43 million spent to counter McCain bill (highest amount ever spent on a sustained issue advocacy campaign in the US)
69
The Latin Project Argentina
Counter regulations aimed at creating smoke-free workplaces and public placesminus September 30 1991mdashNeri Bill approved by Senate
(advertising promotion and sampling ban limit public smoking)
minus Industry campaignmdashmedia debates briefing packages to Senators and the President paid chief scientific advisor to President
minus October 13 1991mdashPresident vetoes law
70
The Czech Republic
June 2001
Philip Morris presents members of the Health and Social Affairs Committee of the Czech Parliament a study concluding that smoking is good for the Czech governments finances because of the savings from early deaths caused by smoking
71
Preemption
ldquoWe could never win at the local level The reason is [that] all of the health advocates the ones that I unfortunately used to call lsquohealth nazisrsquotheyrsquore all local activists who run the little political organizations So the Tobacco Institute and the tobacco companiesrsquo first priority has always been to preempt the field preferably to put it all on the federal level but if they canrsquot do that at least on the state level because the health advocates canrsquot compete with me on the state levelrdquo
mdash Victor Crawford former Maryland state legislator
72
Industry Self-Regulation
British American Tobacco
11 September 2001
INTERNATIONAL TOBACCO PRODUCTS MARKETING STANDARDS
The parties subscribing to these Standards (the ldquoParticipantsrdquo) wish to record their belief that tobacco products should be marketed in a responsible manner and that reasonable measures should be taken to ensure that the promotion and distribution of tobacco products is
bull directed at adult smokers and not at youth and
bull consistent with the principle of informed adult choice
73
International Tobacco Marketing Standards
ldquoWe have analyzed the nine-page agreement and believe that the multinationalsrsquo strategy is proactive and is a way to improve their image rdquoldquoAlso by proactively setting new international tobacco marketing standards the multinationals could be trying to counter a number of proposals that the WHO has been working on to curb the amount of cigarettes that are consumed on an international levelrdquoldquo Interestingly in many countries the existing laws or industry codes are already more restrictive than the provisions of the international marketing standardsrdquo
Source International Tobacco Marketing Standards September 2001
74
Creating the Illusion of Support
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
75
Front Groups
Buying citizen involvement (letter writing phone banking campaigns) by supporting front groups
ldquoHandrdquo of the industry remains hidden
It has been a common practice of Big Tobacco to use third parties or to create front groups to be out in front fighting smokefreepolicies while the industry remains behind the scenes protecting its public image
-Americans for Nonsmokersrsquo Rightshttpwwwno-smokeorggetthefactsphpdp=d21|d23 accessed 22306
76
Industry Front Groups and Allies
Ive learned from experience that as soon as Im identified as a representative of the Tobacco Institute I lose all credibility They just sneer us awayso I try to work behind the scenes whenever I can
- Ron Saldana lobbyist for the Tobacco Institute 82486
Source httpwwwno-smokeorggetthefactsphpdp=d21|d23 accessed 22306
77
International Tobacco Growers Association
ITGAldquo[Establish] ITGA [International Tobacco Growers Association] [as a] front group for our third world lobby activities at WHOrdquo
Source Report of the WHO Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents
Source Report of the WHO Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents
78
Legal and Economic Intimidation
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
79
Intimidating Johns Hopkins
ldquoThe tobacco companies have commenced nothing short of a campaign of harassment against the academic institutions that discovered smoking is injurious to the public healthrdquominus Estelle A Fishbein general
council for Johns Hopkins University
ldquoTobacco Industry in Fight To Get
Universitiesrsquo DataLegal Moves Termed Fishing Expeditionrdquo
-The New York Times Jan 20 2002
80
Industry Harassment
PUBLIC HEALTH MATTERS
Public Health Under Attack The American Stop Smoking Intervention Study (ASSIST) and the
Tobacco Industry
- White J and LA Bero
- The Transnational Tobacco Industry
- Section A
- Describing a Disease
- The Agent
- The Host
- The Vector
- Section B
- Background
- Background
- What Is a ldquoTransnationalrdquo Company
- Major Transnational Tobacco Companies
- Cigarette Production
- Company Size and Wealth
- TNC Sales and Developing Countries
- China National Tobacco Corporation
- A Return to the Past
- Section C
- A Global Market
- Looking Abroad
- Going Abroad
- A Global Business
- Factors Fueling Global Expansion
- Trade Liberalization
- Impact of Trade Liberalization
- Tobacco Leaf Production
- Tobacco Leaf Trade
- Privatization
- Foreign InvestmentmdashUkraine
- Major Company Mergers
- Marlboro Market Share (2001)
- Marlbororsquos Global Penetration
- Section D
- Industry Strategies
- Modeling Industry Activities
- Undermining Science
- Sworn Public Statements
- Confidential Statements
- Buying Science and Intimidation
- The Attack on Meta-Analysis
- Junk Science
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
- Industry Tactics to Undermine IARC
- Philip Morris and SHS
- Japan Tobacco and SHS
- Public Relations
- Public Statements on Youth
- Private Statements on Youth
- Minimum Age 18
- Changing the Issues
- Philanthropy
- Corporate Social Responsibility
- BATS Social Reports
- Today on Addiction
- Today on Addiction
- Public Health Advocates
- Truth in Advertising
- Section E
- Marketing
- Industry Expenditures on Advertising
- Communicating Disease
- Advertising Strategies
- Grand Prix
- Section F
- Lobbying and Legislation
- A Long History of Lobbying
- Political Lobbying US
- The Latin Project Argentina
- The Czech Republic
- Preemption
- Industry Self-Regulation
- International Tobacco Marketing Standards
- Creating the Illusion of Support
- Front Groups
- Industry Front Groups and Allies
- International Tobacco Growers Association
- Legal and Economic Intimidation
- Intimidating Johns Hopkins
- Industry Harassment
-
42
Junk Science
Gori GB JC Luik Passive Smoke The EPArsquos betrayal of science and
policy The Fraser Institute
Milloy SJ 1995 Science without sense The risky business of public
health research Cato Institute Washington DC
43
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
ldquoThe massive effort launched across the tobacco industry against one scientific
study is remarkablerdquo
Source Ong E K and Glantz S A (2000 April 8) Tobacco industry efforts subverting International Agency for Research on Cancerrsquos second-hand smoke study The Lancet 355 (9211) 1253ndash1259
44
Industry Tactics to Undermine IARC
ldquoDelay the progress andor release of the studyrdquoldquoAffect the wording of its conclusions and official statement of resultsrdquoldquoNeutralize possible negative results of the study rdquoldquoCounteract the potential impact of the study on government policy public opinion and actions by private employers and proprietorsrdquominus WHO Expert Panel on Industry Documents
45
Philip Morris and SHS
ldquoPublic health officials have concluded that secondhand smoke from cigarettes causes disease including lung cancer and heart disease in non-smoking adults as well as causes conditions in children such as asthma respiratory infections cough wheeze otitis media (middle ear infection) and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome In addition public health officials have concluded that secondhand smoke can exacerbate adult asthma and cause eye throat and nasal irritationrdquo
Source Philip Morris USA websitehttpwwwphilipmorrisusacomenhealth_issuessecondhand_smokeaspRetrieved 22106
46
Japan Tobacco and SHS
ldquo available evidence does not support the assertion that environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is harmful to healthrdquo
mdash Japan Tobacco
Source Submission to the WHO Public Hearings on the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control October 2000
47
Public Relations
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
48
Public Statements on Youth
ldquo would be willing to support prevention efforts that affected our bottom line Absolutely if we can come up with a program that prevents all teenagers from smoking cigarettes we would be delighted to see that happen And if that meant that fewer people smoked as adults so be itrdquo
mdash Corky Newton Vice President of Corporate and Youth Responsibility
Programs Brown and Williamson
Source Transcript of meeting with SWAT (Students Working Against Tobacco) US November 6 1999 Cited in PR in the Playground ASH UK 2000
49
Private Statements on Youth
ldquoWe [Philip Morris] refined the objective of a juvenile initiative program as follows maintain and proactively protect our ability to advertise promote and market our products via a juvenile initiativerdquo
ldquoJuvenile initiative = a series of programs and events to discourage juvenile smoking because smoking is an adult decisionrdquo
Source Cathy Leiber (18 May 1995) Philip Morris International Youth Initiatives Bates No 250301901114 Cited in PR in the Playground ASH UK 2000
50
Minimum Age 18
Image source Image source httpkumuicsdhawaiigovhealthhealthy- httpwwwdhssdelawaregovdhssdphlifestylestobaccotpeprtochtm dpcyouthaccesshtml retrieved 21206) retrieved 21206
51
Changing the Issues
Smoking manners
ldquoSmoking is prohibited in public places like railway stations airports museums and art galleries except for designated smoking areas There are some wards (ku in Japanese) that have specific rules in the form of bylaws concerning smoking If these regulations are broken the smoker is liable to pay a fine There is a provision of punishment for smoking on the street or in public places without carrying a portable ashtray as well as for throwing away cigarette buttsrdquo
httpwwwtourismmetrotokyojpenglishbasicbasic09htmlSource accessed 22306
52
Philanthropy
53
Corporate Social Responsibility
ldquohellip Because for us economic performance is not the only measure of our success Honesty integrity and social responsibility are just as important to the way we measure ourselvesrdquominus Philip Morris International
ldquoOur companies are committed to providing consumers with pleasure through excellent products and to demonstrating that we are meeting our commercial goals in ways that are consistent with reasonable societal expectations of a responsible tobacco group in the 21st centuryrdquominus British American Tobacco
54
BATS Social Reports
Argentina AustraliaBrazil GermanyHong KongHungaryJapanKoreaMalaysiaMexicoNew ZealandNigeriaPolandRussiaSouth Africa USA
55
Today on Addiction
PHILIP MORRIS USAPHILIP MORRIS INTERNATIONAL
TOBACCO ISSUESCigarette Smoking Health Issues for Smokers
Cigarette Smoking and AddictionWe agree with the overwhelming medical and scientific consensus that cigarette smoking is addictive It can be very difficult to quit smoking but this should not deter smokers who want to quit from trying to do so
minus httpphilipmorriscomdefaultasp
Continued
56
Today on AddictionPHILIP MORRIS USAPHILIP MORRIS INTERNATIONAL
TOBACCO ISSUESCigarette Smoking Health Issues for Smokers
Cigarette Smoking and Disease in SmokersThere is an overwhelming medical and scientific consensus that cigarette smoking causes lung cancer heart disease emphysema and other serious diseases in smokers Smokers are far more likely to develop serious diseases like lung cancer than non-smokers There is no safe cigarette These are and have been the messages of public health authorities worldwide Smokers and potential smokers should rely on these messages in making all smoking-related decisions
minus httpphilipmorriscomdefaultasp
57
Public Health Advocates
ldquoIntroducing QuitAssistQuitAssist is an information resource sponsored by Philip Morris USA Itrsquos designed to help you connect with a wealth of expert quitting information available ndash usually for free ndash from government agencies universities and respected nonprofit organizations This QuitAssist guide points the way to programs telephone quitlines websites guides and more that can help you find your own path to success
You can also read this guide at QuitAssist Online Log on through wwwphilipmorrisusacom
From there you can link directly to dozens of resources to help you move ahead and leave cigarettes behindrdquo
If you decide to quit smokinghellip
QuitAssistInformation Resource
Philip Morris USA
Never mentions the word ldquoaddictionrdquo
Source httpphilipmorrisusacomenquitassistindex_flashasp accessed 22306
58
Truth in Advertising
Aggressively markets the only legal product that when used as intended by its manufacturers eventually kills half its users
Section E
Industry Tactics II Industry Advertising Promotion and Sponsorship
60
Marketing
ldquoWe refined the objective of a juvenile initiative program as follows Maintain and proactively protect our ability to advertise promote and market our products via a juvenile initiativeldquo
mdash Cathy Leiber PM International 1995
Notes Juvenile initiative = a series of programs and events designed to discourage juvenile smoking because smoking is an adult decision
61
Industry Expenditures on Advertising
0100020003000400050006000700080009000
10000
Am
ount
spe
nt $
mill
ion
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Changes in cigarette marketing expenditure in the USA 1970-99
Data source Mackay J amp M Eriksen 2002 The Tobacco Atlas World Health Organization
62
Communicating Disease
According to the trade magazine ldquoAdvertising Agerdquo the Marlboro man was the most powerful advertising image of the 20th century
Image source httpwwwcdcgovtobaccosgrsgr4kidsadbusthtm retrieved 22306
63
Advertising Strategies
Targeting womenTargeting youthSelling AmericaSponsorship of sporting events and concertsContests and give-awaysBrand stretching
64
Grand Prix
Image source httpwwwnasnasagovAboutEducationRacecardevelopment_emobightml retrieved 22306
Section F
Industry Tactics III Lobbying Legislation and Litigation
66
Lobbying and Legislation
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
67
A Long History of Lobbying
1890mdashTobacco appeared in the US Pharmacopeia(official US government listing of drugs)1905mdashDropped from list before the 1906 Food and Drug Act (legislation that created the Food and Drug Administration)2005mdashFDA cannot regulate nicotine in tobacco
68
Political Lobbying US
Four of the twelve most generous donors to the 2000 Bush Campaign (1 Phillip Morris RJR UST Brown and Williamson)$18 million to federal candidates between 1997 and 2003 minus 82 to Republican candidates and committees
US $43 million spent to counter McCain bill (highest amount ever spent on a sustained issue advocacy campaign in the US)
69
The Latin Project Argentina
Counter regulations aimed at creating smoke-free workplaces and public placesminus September 30 1991mdashNeri Bill approved by Senate
(advertising promotion and sampling ban limit public smoking)
minus Industry campaignmdashmedia debates briefing packages to Senators and the President paid chief scientific advisor to President
minus October 13 1991mdashPresident vetoes law
70
The Czech Republic
June 2001
Philip Morris presents members of the Health and Social Affairs Committee of the Czech Parliament a study concluding that smoking is good for the Czech governments finances because of the savings from early deaths caused by smoking
71
Preemption
ldquoWe could never win at the local level The reason is [that] all of the health advocates the ones that I unfortunately used to call lsquohealth nazisrsquotheyrsquore all local activists who run the little political organizations So the Tobacco Institute and the tobacco companiesrsquo first priority has always been to preempt the field preferably to put it all on the federal level but if they canrsquot do that at least on the state level because the health advocates canrsquot compete with me on the state levelrdquo
mdash Victor Crawford former Maryland state legislator
72
Industry Self-Regulation
British American Tobacco
11 September 2001
INTERNATIONAL TOBACCO PRODUCTS MARKETING STANDARDS
The parties subscribing to these Standards (the ldquoParticipantsrdquo) wish to record their belief that tobacco products should be marketed in a responsible manner and that reasonable measures should be taken to ensure that the promotion and distribution of tobacco products is
bull directed at adult smokers and not at youth and
bull consistent with the principle of informed adult choice
73
International Tobacco Marketing Standards
ldquoWe have analyzed the nine-page agreement and believe that the multinationalsrsquo strategy is proactive and is a way to improve their image rdquoldquoAlso by proactively setting new international tobacco marketing standards the multinationals could be trying to counter a number of proposals that the WHO has been working on to curb the amount of cigarettes that are consumed on an international levelrdquoldquo Interestingly in many countries the existing laws or industry codes are already more restrictive than the provisions of the international marketing standardsrdquo
Source International Tobacco Marketing Standards September 2001
74
Creating the Illusion of Support
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
75
Front Groups
Buying citizen involvement (letter writing phone banking campaigns) by supporting front groups
ldquoHandrdquo of the industry remains hidden
It has been a common practice of Big Tobacco to use third parties or to create front groups to be out in front fighting smokefreepolicies while the industry remains behind the scenes protecting its public image
-Americans for Nonsmokersrsquo Rightshttpwwwno-smokeorggetthefactsphpdp=d21|d23 accessed 22306
76
Industry Front Groups and Allies
Ive learned from experience that as soon as Im identified as a representative of the Tobacco Institute I lose all credibility They just sneer us awayso I try to work behind the scenes whenever I can
- Ron Saldana lobbyist for the Tobacco Institute 82486
Source httpwwwno-smokeorggetthefactsphpdp=d21|d23 accessed 22306
77
International Tobacco Growers Association
ITGAldquo[Establish] ITGA [International Tobacco Growers Association] [as a] front group for our third world lobby activities at WHOrdquo
Source Report of the WHO Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents
Source Report of the WHO Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents
78
Legal and Economic Intimidation
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
79
Intimidating Johns Hopkins
ldquoThe tobacco companies have commenced nothing short of a campaign of harassment against the academic institutions that discovered smoking is injurious to the public healthrdquominus Estelle A Fishbein general
council for Johns Hopkins University
ldquoTobacco Industry in Fight To Get
Universitiesrsquo DataLegal Moves Termed Fishing Expeditionrdquo
-The New York Times Jan 20 2002
80
Industry Harassment
PUBLIC HEALTH MATTERS
Public Health Under Attack The American Stop Smoking Intervention Study (ASSIST) and the
Tobacco Industry
- White J and LA Bero
- The Transnational Tobacco Industry
- Section A
- Describing a Disease
- The Agent
- The Host
- The Vector
- Section B
- Background
- Background
- What Is a ldquoTransnationalrdquo Company
- Major Transnational Tobacco Companies
- Cigarette Production
- Company Size and Wealth
- TNC Sales and Developing Countries
- China National Tobacco Corporation
- A Return to the Past
- Section C
- A Global Market
- Looking Abroad
- Going Abroad
- A Global Business
- Factors Fueling Global Expansion
- Trade Liberalization
- Impact of Trade Liberalization
- Tobacco Leaf Production
- Tobacco Leaf Trade
- Privatization
- Foreign InvestmentmdashUkraine
- Major Company Mergers
- Marlboro Market Share (2001)
- Marlbororsquos Global Penetration
- Section D
- Industry Strategies
- Modeling Industry Activities
- Undermining Science
- Sworn Public Statements
- Confidential Statements
- Buying Science and Intimidation
- The Attack on Meta-Analysis
- Junk Science
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
- Industry Tactics to Undermine IARC
- Philip Morris and SHS
- Japan Tobacco and SHS
- Public Relations
- Public Statements on Youth
- Private Statements on Youth
- Minimum Age 18
- Changing the Issues
- Philanthropy
- Corporate Social Responsibility
- BATS Social Reports
- Today on Addiction
- Today on Addiction
- Public Health Advocates
- Truth in Advertising
- Section E
- Marketing
- Industry Expenditures on Advertising
- Communicating Disease
- Advertising Strategies
- Grand Prix
- Section F
- Lobbying and Legislation
- A Long History of Lobbying
- Political Lobbying US
- The Latin Project Argentina
- The Czech Republic
- Preemption
- Industry Self-Regulation
- International Tobacco Marketing Standards
- Creating the Illusion of Support
- Front Groups
- Industry Front Groups and Allies
- International Tobacco Growers Association
- Legal and Economic Intimidation
- Intimidating Johns Hopkins
- Industry Harassment
-
43
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
ldquoThe massive effort launched across the tobacco industry against one scientific
study is remarkablerdquo
Source Ong E K and Glantz S A (2000 April 8) Tobacco industry efforts subverting International Agency for Research on Cancerrsquos second-hand smoke study The Lancet 355 (9211) 1253ndash1259
44
Industry Tactics to Undermine IARC
ldquoDelay the progress andor release of the studyrdquoldquoAffect the wording of its conclusions and official statement of resultsrdquoldquoNeutralize possible negative results of the study rdquoldquoCounteract the potential impact of the study on government policy public opinion and actions by private employers and proprietorsrdquominus WHO Expert Panel on Industry Documents
45
Philip Morris and SHS
ldquoPublic health officials have concluded that secondhand smoke from cigarettes causes disease including lung cancer and heart disease in non-smoking adults as well as causes conditions in children such as asthma respiratory infections cough wheeze otitis media (middle ear infection) and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome In addition public health officials have concluded that secondhand smoke can exacerbate adult asthma and cause eye throat and nasal irritationrdquo
Source Philip Morris USA websitehttpwwwphilipmorrisusacomenhealth_issuessecondhand_smokeaspRetrieved 22106
46
Japan Tobacco and SHS
ldquo available evidence does not support the assertion that environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is harmful to healthrdquo
mdash Japan Tobacco
Source Submission to the WHO Public Hearings on the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control October 2000
47
Public Relations
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
48
Public Statements on Youth
ldquo would be willing to support prevention efforts that affected our bottom line Absolutely if we can come up with a program that prevents all teenagers from smoking cigarettes we would be delighted to see that happen And if that meant that fewer people smoked as adults so be itrdquo
mdash Corky Newton Vice President of Corporate and Youth Responsibility
Programs Brown and Williamson
Source Transcript of meeting with SWAT (Students Working Against Tobacco) US November 6 1999 Cited in PR in the Playground ASH UK 2000
49
Private Statements on Youth
ldquoWe [Philip Morris] refined the objective of a juvenile initiative program as follows maintain and proactively protect our ability to advertise promote and market our products via a juvenile initiativerdquo
ldquoJuvenile initiative = a series of programs and events to discourage juvenile smoking because smoking is an adult decisionrdquo
Source Cathy Leiber (18 May 1995) Philip Morris International Youth Initiatives Bates No 250301901114 Cited in PR in the Playground ASH UK 2000
50
Minimum Age 18
Image source Image source httpkumuicsdhawaiigovhealthhealthy- httpwwwdhssdelawaregovdhssdphlifestylestobaccotpeprtochtm dpcyouthaccesshtml retrieved 21206) retrieved 21206
51
Changing the Issues
Smoking manners
ldquoSmoking is prohibited in public places like railway stations airports museums and art galleries except for designated smoking areas There are some wards (ku in Japanese) that have specific rules in the form of bylaws concerning smoking If these regulations are broken the smoker is liable to pay a fine There is a provision of punishment for smoking on the street or in public places without carrying a portable ashtray as well as for throwing away cigarette buttsrdquo
httpwwwtourismmetrotokyojpenglishbasicbasic09htmlSource accessed 22306
52
Philanthropy
53
Corporate Social Responsibility
ldquohellip Because for us economic performance is not the only measure of our success Honesty integrity and social responsibility are just as important to the way we measure ourselvesrdquominus Philip Morris International
ldquoOur companies are committed to providing consumers with pleasure through excellent products and to demonstrating that we are meeting our commercial goals in ways that are consistent with reasonable societal expectations of a responsible tobacco group in the 21st centuryrdquominus British American Tobacco
54
BATS Social Reports
Argentina AustraliaBrazil GermanyHong KongHungaryJapanKoreaMalaysiaMexicoNew ZealandNigeriaPolandRussiaSouth Africa USA
55
Today on Addiction
PHILIP MORRIS USAPHILIP MORRIS INTERNATIONAL
TOBACCO ISSUESCigarette Smoking Health Issues for Smokers
Cigarette Smoking and AddictionWe agree with the overwhelming medical and scientific consensus that cigarette smoking is addictive It can be very difficult to quit smoking but this should not deter smokers who want to quit from trying to do so
minus httpphilipmorriscomdefaultasp
Continued
56
Today on AddictionPHILIP MORRIS USAPHILIP MORRIS INTERNATIONAL
TOBACCO ISSUESCigarette Smoking Health Issues for Smokers
Cigarette Smoking and Disease in SmokersThere is an overwhelming medical and scientific consensus that cigarette smoking causes lung cancer heart disease emphysema and other serious diseases in smokers Smokers are far more likely to develop serious diseases like lung cancer than non-smokers There is no safe cigarette These are and have been the messages of public health authorities worldwide Smokers and potential smokers should rely on these messages in making all smoking-related decisions
minus httpphilipmorriscomdefaultasp
57
Public Health Advocates
ldquoIntroducing QuitAssistQuitAssist is an information resource sponsored by Philip Morris USA Itrsquos designed to help you connect with a wealth of expert quitting information available ndash usually for free ndash from government agencies universities and respected nonprofit organizations This QuitAssist guide points the way to programs telephone quitlines websites guides and more that can help you find your own path to success
You can also read this guide at QuitAssist Online Log on through wwwphilipmorrisusacom
From there you can link directly to dozens of resources to help you move ahead and leave cigarettes behindrdquo
If you decide to quit smokinghellip
QuitAssistInformation Resource
Philip Morris USA
Never mentions the word ldquoaddictionrdquo
Source httpphilipmorrisusacomenquitassistindex_flashasp accessed 22306
58
Truth in Advertising
Aggressively markets the only legal product that when used as intended by its manufacturers eventually kills half its users
Section E
Industry Tactics II Industry Advertising Promotion and Sponsorship
60
Marketing
ldquoWe refined the objective of a juvenile initiative program as follows Maintain and proactively protect our ability to advertise promote and market our products via a juvenile initiativeldquo
mdash Cathy Leiber PM International 1995
Notes Juvenile initiative = a series of programs and events designed to discourage juvenile smoking because smoking is an adult decision
61
Industry Expenditures on Advertising
0100020003000400050006000700080009000
10000
Am
ount
spe
nt $
mill
ion
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Changes in cigarette marketing expenditure in the USA 1970-99
Data source Mackay J amp M Eriksen 2002 The Tobacco Atlas World Health Organization
62
Communicating Disease
According to the trade magazine ldquoAdvertising Agerdquo the Marlboro man was the most powerful advertising image of the 20th century
Image source httpwwwcdcgovtobaccosgrsgr4kidsadbusthtm retrieved 22306
63
Advertising Strategies
Targeting womenTargeting youthSelling AmericaSponsorship of sporting events and concertsContests and give-awaysBrand stretching
64
Grand Prix
Image source httpwwwnasnasagovAboutEducationRacecardevelopment_emobightml retrieved 22306
Section F
Industry Tactics III Lobbying Legislation and Litigation
66
Lobbying and Legislation
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
67
A Long History of Lobbying
1890mdashTobacco appeared in the US Pharmacopeia(official US government listing of drugs)1905mdashDropped from list before the 1906 Food and Drug Act (legislation that created the Food and Drug Administration)2005mdashFDA cannot regulate nicotine in tobacco
68
Political Lobbying US
Four of the twelve most generous donors to the 2000 Bush Campaign (1 Phillip Morris RJR UST Brown and Williamson)$18 million to federal candidates between 1997 and 2003 minus 82 to Republican candidates and committees
US $43 million spent to counter McCain bill (highest amount ever spent on a sustained issue advocacy campaign in the US)
69
The Latin Project Argentina
Counter regulations aimed at creating smoke-free workplaces and public placesminus September 30 1991mdashNeri Bill approved by Senate
(advertising promotion and sampling ban limit public smoking)
minus Industry campaignmdashmedia debates briefing packages to Senators and the President paid chief scientific advisor to President
minus October 13 1991mdashPresident vetoes law
70
The Czech Republic
June 2001
Philip Morris presents members of the Health and Social Affairs Committee of the Czech Parliament a study concluding that smoking is good for the Czech governments finances because of the savings from early deaths caused by smoking
71
Preemption
ldquoWe could never win at the local level The reason is [that] all of the health advocates the ones that I unfortunately used to call lsquohealth nazisrsquotheyrsquore all local activists who run the little political organizations So the Tobacco Institute and the tobacco companiesrsquo first priority has always been to preempt the field preferably to put it all on the federal level but if they canrsquot do that at least on the state level because the health advocates canrsquot compete with me on the state levelrdquo
mdash Victor Crawford former Maryland state legislator
72
Industry Self-Regulation
British American Tobacco
11 September 2001
INTERNATIONAL TOBACCO PRODUCTS MARKETING STANDARDS
The parties subscribing to these Standards (the ldquoParticipantsrdquo) wish to record their belief that tobacco products should be marketed in a responsible manner and that reasonable measures should be taken to ensure that the promotion and distribution of tobacco products is
bull directed at adult smokers and not at youth and
bull consistent with the principle of informed adult choice
73
International Tobacco Marketing Standards
ldquoWe have analyzed the nine-page agreement and believe that the multinationalsrsquo strategy is proactive and is a way to improve their image rdquoldquoAlso by proactively setting new international tobacco marketing standards the multinationals could be trying to counter a number of proposals that the WHO has been working on to curb the amount of cigarettes that are consumed on an international levelrdquoldquo Interestingly in many countries the existing laws or industry codes are already more restrictive than the provisions of the international marketing standardsrdquo
Source International Tobacco Marketing Standards September 2001
74
Creating the Illusion of Support
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
75
Front Groups
Buying citizen involvement (letter writing phone banking campaigns) by supporting front groups
ldquoHandrdquo of the industry remains hidden
It has been a common practice of Big Tobacco to use third parties or to create front groups to be out in front fighting smokefreepolicies while the industry remains behind the scenes protecting its public image
-Americans for Nonsmokersrsquo Rightshttpwwwno-smokeorggetthefactsphpdp=d21|d23 accessed 22306
76
Industry Front Groups and Allies
Ive learned from experience that as soon as Im identified as a representative of the Tobacco Institute I lose all credibility They just sneer us awayso I try to work behind the scenes whenever I can
- Ron Saldana lobbyist for the Tobacco Institute 82486
Source httpwwwno-smokeorggetthefactsphpdp=d21|d23 accessed 22306
77
International Tobacco Growers Association
ITGAldquo[Establish] ITGA [International Tobacco Growers Association] [as a] front group for our third world lobby activities at WHOrdquo
Source Report of the WHO Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents
Source Report of the WHO Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents
78
Legal and Economic Intimidation
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
79
Intimidating Johns Hopkins
ldquoThe tobacco companies have commenced nothing short of a campaign of harassment against the academic institutions that discovered smoking is injurious to the public healthrdquominus Estelle A Fishbein general
council for Johns Hopkins University
ldquoTobacco Industry in Fight To Get
Universitiesrsquo DataLegal Moves Termed Fishing Expeditionrdquo
-The New York Times Jan 20 2002
80
Industry Harassment
PUBLIC HEALTH MATTERS
Public Health Under Attack The American Stop Smoking Intervention Study (ASSIST) and the
Tobacco Industry
- White J and LA Bero
- The Transnational Tobacco Industry
- Section A
- Describing a Disease
- The Agent
- The Host
- The Vector
- Section B
- Background
- Background
- What Is a ldquoTransnationalrdquo Company
- Major Transnational Tobacco Companies
- Cigarette Production
- Company Size and Wealth
- TNC Sales and Developing Countries
- China National Tobacco Corporation
- A Return to the Past
- Section C
- A Global Market
- Looking Abroad
- Going Abroad
- A Global Business
- Factors Fueling Global Expansion
- Trade Liberalization
- Impact of Trade Liberalization
- Tobacco Leaf Production
- Tobacco Leaf Trade
- Privatization
- Foreign InvestmentmdashUkraine
- Major Company Mergers
- Marlboro Market Share (2001)
- Marlbororsquos Global Penetration
- Section D
- Industry Strategies
- Modeling Industry Activities
- Undermining Science
- Sworn Public Statements
- Confidential Statements
- Buying Science and Intimidation
- The Attack on Meta-Analysis
- Junk Science
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
- Industry Tactics to Undermine IARC
- Philip Morris and SHS
- Japan Tobacco and SHS
- Public Relations
- Public Statements on Youth
- Private Statements on Youth
- Minimum Age 18
- Changing the Issues
- Philanthropy
- Corporate Social Responsibility
- BATS Social Reports
- Today on Addiction
- Today on Addiction
- Public Health Advocates
- Truth in Advertising
- Section E
- Marketing
- Industry Expenditures on Advertising
- Communicating Disease
- Advertising Strategies
- Grand Prix
- Section F
- Lobbying and Legislation
- A Long History of Lobbying
- Political Lobbying US
- The Latin Project Argentina
- The Czech Republic
- Preemption
- Industry Self-Regulation
- International Tobacco Marketing Standards
- Creating the Illusion of Support
- Front Groups
- Industry Front Groups and Allies
- International Tobacco Growers Association
- Legal and Economic Intimidation
- Intimidating Johns Hopkins
- Industry Harassment
-
44
Industry Tactics to Undermine IARC
ldquoDelay the progress andor release of the studyrdquoldquoAffect the wording of its conclusions and official statement of resultsrdquoldquoNeutralize possible negative results of the study rdquoldquoCounteract the potential impact of the study on government policy public opinion and actions by private employers and proprietorsrdquominus WHO Expert Panel on Industry Documents
45
Philip Morris and SHS
ldquoPublic health officials have concluded that secondhand smoke from cigarettes causes disease including lung cancer and heart disease in non-smoking adults as well as causes conditions in children such as asthma respiratory infections cough wheeze otitis media (middle ear infection) and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome In addition public health officials have concluded that secondhand smoke can exacerbate adult asthma and cause eye throat and nasal irritationrdquo
Source Philip Morris USA websitehttpwwwphilipmorrisusacomenhealth_issuessecondhand_smokeaspRetrieved 22106
46
Japan Tobacco and SHS
ldquo available evidence does not support the assertion that environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is harmful to healthrdquo
mdash Japan Tobacco
Source Submission to the WHO Public Hearings on the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control October 2000
47
Public Relations
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
48
Public Statements on Youth
ldquo would be willing to support prevention efforts that affected our bottom line Absolutely if we can come up with a program that prevents all teenagers from smoking cigarettes we would be delighted to see that happen And if that meant that fewer people smoked as adults so be itrdquo
mdash Corky Newton Vice President of Corporate and Youth Responsibility
Programs Brown and Williamson
Source Transcript of meeting with SWAT (Students Working Against Tobacco) US November 6 1999 Cited in PR in the Playground ASH UK 2000
49
Private Statements on Youth
ldquoWe [Philip Morris] refined the objective of a juvenile initiative program as follows maintain and proactively protect our ability to advertise promote and market our products via a juvenile initiativerdquo
ldquoJuvenile initiative = a series of programs and events to discourage juvenile smoking because smoking is an adult decisionrdquo
Source Cathy Leiber (18 May 1995) Philip Morris International Youth Initiatives Bates No 250301901114 Cited in PR in the Playground ASH UK 2000
50
Minimum Age 18
Image source Image source httpkumuicsdhawaiigovhealthhealthy- httpwwwdhssdelawaregovdhssdphlifestylestobaccotpeprtochtm dpcyouthaccesshtml retrieved 21206) retrieved 21206
51
Changing the Issues
Smoking manners
ldquoSmoking is prohibited in public places like railway stations airports museums and art galleries except for designated smoking areas There are some wards (ku in Japanese) that have specific rules in the form of bylaws concerning smoking If these regulations are broken the smoker is liable to pay a fine There is a provision of punishment for smoking on the street or in public places without carrying a portable ashtray as well as for throwing away cigarette buttsrdquo
httpwwwtourismmetrotokyojpenglishbasicbasic09htmlSource accessed 22306
52
Philanthropy
53
Corporate Social Responsibility
ldquohellip Because for us economic performance is not the only measure of our success Honesty integrity and social responsibility are just as important to the way we measure ourselvesrdquominus Philip Morris International
ldquoOur companies are committed to providing consumers with pleasure through excellent products and to demonstrating that we are meeting our commercial goals in ways that are consistent with reasonable societal expectations of a responsible tobacco group in the 21st centuryrdquominus British American Tobacco
54
BATS Social Reports
Argentina AustraliaBrazil GermanyHong KongHungaryJapanKoreaMalaysiaMexicoNew ZealandNigeriaPolandRussiaSouth Africa USA
55
Today on Addiction
PHILIP MORRIS USAPHILIP MORRIS INTERNATIONAL
TOBACCO ISSUESCigarette Smoking Health Issues for Smokers
Cigarette Smoking and AddictionWe agree with the overwhelming medical and scientific consensus that cigarette smoking is addictive It can be very difficult to quit smoking but this should not deter smokers who want to quit from trying to do so
minus httpphilipmorriscomdefaultasp
Continued
56
Today on AddictionPHILIP MORRIS USAPHILIP MORRIS INTERNATIONAL
TOBACCO ISSUESCigarette Smoking Health Issues for Smokers
Cigarette Smoking and Disease in SmokersThere is an overwhelming medical and scientific consensus that cigarette smoking causes lung cancer heart disease emphysema and other serious diseases in smokers Smokers are far more likely to develop serious diseases like lung cancer than non-smokers There is no safe cigarette These are and have been the messages of public health authorities worldwide Smokers and potential smokers should rely on these messages in making all smoking-related decisions
minus httpphilipmorriscomdefaultasp
57
Public Health Advocates
ldquoIntroducing QuitAssistQuitAssist is an information resource sponsored by Philip Morris USA Itrsquos designed to help you connect with a wealth of expert quitting information available ndash usually for free ndash from government agencies universities and respected nonprofit organizations This QuitAssist guide points the way to programs telephone quitlines websites guides and more that can help you find your own path to success
You can also read this guide at QuitAssist Online Log on through wwwphilipmorrisusacom
From there you can link directly to dozens of resources to help you move ahead and leave cigarettes behindrdquo
If you decide to quit smokinghellip
QuitAssistInformation Resource
Philip Morris USA
Never mentions the word ldquoaddictionrdquo
Source httpphilipmorrisusacomenquitassistindex_flashasp accessed 22306
58
Truth in Advertising
Aggressively markets the only legal product that when used as intended by its manufacturers eventually kills half its users
Section E
Industry Tactics II Industry Advertising Promotion and Sponsorship
60
Marketing
ldquoWe refined the objective of a juvenile initiative program as follows Maintain and proactively protect our ability to advertise promote and market our products via a juvenile initiativeldquo
mdash Cathy Leiber PM International 1995
Notes Juvenile initiative = a series of programs and events designed to discourage juvenile smoking because smoking is an adult decision
61
Industry Expenditures on Advertising
0100020003000400050006000700080009000
10000
Am
ount
spe
nt $
mill
ion
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Changes in cigarette marketing expenditure in the USA 1970-99
Data source Mackay J amp M Eriksen 2002 The Tobacco Atlas World Health Organization
62
Communicating Disease
According to the trade magazine ldquoAdvertising Agerdquo the Marlboro man was the most powerful advertising image of the 20th century
Image source httpwwwcdcgovtobaccosgrsgr4kidsadbusthtm retrieved 22306
63
Advertising Strategies
Targeting womenTargeting youthSelling AmericaSponsorship of sporting events and concertsContests and give-awaysBrand stretching
64
Grand Prix
Image source httpwwwnasnasagovAboutEducationRacecardevelopment_emobightml retrieved 22306
Section F
Industry Tactics III Lobbying Legislation and Litigation
66
Lobbying and Legislation
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
67
A Long History of Lobbying
1890mdashTobacco appeared in the US Pharmacopeia(official US government listing of drugs)1905mdashDropped from list before the 1906 Food and Drug Act (legislation that created the Food and Drug Administration)2005mdashFDA cannot regulate nicotine in tobacco
68
Political Lobbying US
Four of the twelve most generous donors to the 2000 Bush Campaign (1 Phillip Morris RJR UST Brown and Williamson)$18 million to federal candidates between 1997 and 2003 minus 82 to Republican candidates and committees
US $43 million spent to counter McCain bill (highest amount ever spent on a sustained issue advocacy campaign in the US)
69
The Latin Project Argentina
Counter regulations aimed at creating smoke-free workplaces and public placesminus September 30 1991mdashNeri Bill approved by Senate
(advertising promotion and sampling ban limit public smoking)
minus Industry campaignmdashmedia debates briefing packages to Senators and the President paid chief scientific advisor to President
minus October 13 1991mdashPresident vetoes law
70
The Czech Republic
June 2001
Philip Morris presents members of the Health and Social Affairs Committee of the Czech Parliament a study concluding that smoking is good for the Czech governments finances because of the savings from early deaths caused by smoking
71
Preemption
ldquoWe could never win at the local level The reason is [that] all of the health advocates the ones that I unfortunately used to call lsquohealth nazisrsquotheyrsquore all local activists who run the little political organizations So the Tobacco Institute and the tobacco companiesrsquo first priority has always been to preempt the field preferably to put it all on the federal level but if they canrsquot do that at least on the state level because the health advocates canrsquot compete with me on the state levelrdquo
mdash Victor Crawford former Maryland state legislator
72
Industry Self-Regulation
British American Tobacco
11 September 2001
INTERNATIONAL TOBACCO PRODUCTS MARKETING STANDARDS
The parties subscribing to these Standards (the ldquoParticipantsrdquo) wish to record their belief that tobacco products should be marketed in a responsible manner and that reasonable measures should be taken to ensure that the promotion and distribution of tobacco products is
bull directed at adult smokers and not at youth and
bull consistent with the principle of informed adult choice
73
International Tobacco Marketing Standards
ldquoWe have analyzed the nine-page agreement and believe that the multinationalsrsquo strategy is proactive and is a way to improve their image rdquoldquoAlso by proactively setting new international tobacco marketing standards the multinationals could be trying to counter a number of proposals that the WHO has been working on to curb the amount of cigarettes that are consumed on an international levelrdquoldquo Interestingly in many countries the existing laws or industry codes are already more restrictive than the provisions of the international marketing standardsrdquo
Source International Tobacco Marketing Standards September 2001
74
Creating the Illusion of Support
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
75
Front Groups
Buying citizen involvement (letter writing phone banking campaigns) by supporting front groups
ldquoHandrdquo of the industry remains hidden
It has been a common practice of Big Tobacco to use third parties or to create front groups to be out in front fighting smokefreepolicies while the industry remains behind the scenes protecting its public image
-Americans for Nonsmokersrsquo Rightshttpwwwno-smokeorggetthefactsphpdp=d21|d23 accessed 22306
76
Industry Front Groups and Allies
Ive learned from experience that as soon as Im identified as a representative of the Tobacco Institute I lose all credibility They just sneer us awayso I try to work behind the scenes whenever I can
- Ron Saldana lobbyist for the Tobacco Institute 82486
Source httpwwwno-smokeorggetthefactsphpdp=d21|d23 accessed 22306
77
International Tobacco Growers Association
ITGAldquo[Establish] ITGA [International Tobacco Growers Association] [as a] front group for our third world lobby activities at WHOrdquo
Source Report of the WHO Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents
Source Report of the WHO Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents
78
Legal and Economic Intimidation
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
79
Intimidating Johns Hopkins
ldquoThe tobacco companies have commenced nothing short of a campaign of harassment against the academic institutions that discovered smoking is injurious to the public healthrdquominus Estelle A Fishbein general
council for Johns Hopkins University
ldquoTobacco Industry in Fight To Get
Universitiesrsquo DataLegal Moves Termed Fishing Expeditionrdquo
-The New York Times Jan 20 2002
80
Industry Harassment
PUBLIC HEALTH MATTERS
Public Health Under Attack The American Stop Smoking Intervention Study (ASSIST) and the
Tobacco Industry
- White J and LA Bero
- The Transnational Tobacco Industry
- Section A
- Describing a Disease
- The Agent
- The Host
- The Vector
- Section B
- Background
- Background
- What Is a ldquoTransnationalrdquo Company
- Major Transnational Tobacco Companies
- Cigarette Production
- Company Size and Wealth
- TNC Sales and Developing Countries
- China National Tobacco Corporation
- A Return to the Past
- Section C
- A Global Market
- Looking Abroad
- Going Abroad
- A Global Business
- Factors Fueling Global Expansion
- Trade Liberalization
- Impact of Trade Liberalization
- Tobacco Leaf Production
- Tobacco Leaf Trade
- Privatization
- Foreign InvestmentmdashUkraine
- Major Company Mergers
- Marlboro Market Share (2001)
- Marlbororsquos Global Penetration
- Section D
- Industry Strategies
- Modeling Industry Activities
- Undermining Science
- Sworn Public Statements
- Confidential Statements
- Buying Science and Intimidation
- The Attack on Meta-Analysis
- Junk Science
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
- Industry Tactics to Undermine IARC
- Philip Morris and SHS
- Japan Tobacco and SHS
- Public Relations
- Public Statements on Youth
- Private Statements on Youth
- Minimum Age 18
- Changing the Issues
- Philanthropy
- Corporate Social Responsibility
- BATS Social Reports
- Today on Addiction
- Today on Addiction
- Public Health Advocates
- Truth in Advertising
- Section E
- Marketing
- Industry Expenditures on Advertising
- Communicating Disease
- Advertising Strategies
- Grand Prix
- Section F
- Lobbying and Legislation
- A Long History of Lobbying
- Political Lobbying US
- The Latin Project Argentina
- The Czech Republic
- Preemption
- Industry Self-Regulation
- International Tobacco Marketing Standards
- Creating the Illusion of Support
- Front Groups
- Industry Front Groups and Allies
- International Tobacco Growers Association
- Legal and Economic Intimidation
- Intimidating Johns Hopkins
- Industry Harassment
-
45
Philip Morris and SHS
ldquoPublic health officials have concluded that secondhand smoke from cigarettes causes disease including lung cancer and heart disease in non-smoking adults as well as causes conditions in children such as asthma respiratory infections cough wheeze otitis media (middle ear infection) and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome In addition public health officials have concluded that secondhand smoke can exacerbate adult asthma and cause eye throat and nasal irritationrdquo
Source Philip Morris USA websitehttpwwwphilipmorrisusacomenhealth_issuessecondhand_smokeaspRetrieved 22106
46
Japan Tobacco and SHS
ldquo available evidence does not support the assertion that environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is harmful to healthrdquo
mdash Japan Tobacco
Source Submission to the WHO Public Hearings on the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control October 2000
47
Public Relations
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
48
Public Statements on Youth
ldquo would be willing to support prevention efforts that affected our bottom line Absolutely if we can come up with a program that prevents all teenagers from smoking cigarettes we would be delighted to see that happen And if that meant that fewer people smoked as adults so be itrdquo
mdash Corky Newton Vice President of Corporate and Youth Responsibility
Programs Brown and Williamson
Source Transcript of meeting with SWAT (Students Working Against Tobacco) US November 6 1999 Cited in PR in the Playground ASH UK 2000
49
Private Statements on Youth
ldquoWe [Philip Morris] refined the objective of a juvenile initiative program as follows maintain and proactively protect our ability to advertise promote and market our products via a juvenile initiativerdquo
ldquoJuvenile initiative = a series of programs and events to discourage juvenile smoking because smoking is an adult decisionrdquo
Source Cathy Leiber (18 May 1995) Philip Morris International Youth Initiatives Bates No 250301901114 Cited in PR in the Playground ASH UK 2000
50
Minimum Age 18
Image source Image source httpkumuicsdhawaiigovhealthhealthy- httpwwwdhssdelawaregovdhssdphlifestylestobaccotpeprtochtm dpcyouthaccesshtml retrieved 21206) retrieved 21206
51
Changing the Issues
Smoking manners
ldquoSmoking is prohibited in public places like railway stations airports museums and art galleries except for designated smoking areas There are some wards (ku in Japanese) that have specific rules in the form of bylaws concerning smoking If these regulations are broken the smoker is liable to pay a fine There is a provision of punishment for smoking on the street or in public places without carrying a portable ashtray as well as for throwing away cigarette buttsrdquo
httpwwwtourismmetrotokyojpenglishbasicbasic09htmlSource accessed 22306
52
Philanthropy
53
Corporate Social Responsibility
ldquohellip Because for us economic performance is not the only measure of our success Honesty integrity and social responsibility are just as important to the way we measure ourselvesrdquominus Philip Morris International
ldquoOur companies are committed to providing consumers with pleasure through excellent products and to demonstrating that we are meeting our commercial goals in ways that are consistent with reasonable societal expectations of a responsible tobacco group in the 21st centuryrdquominus British American Tobacco
54
BATS Social Reports
Argentina AustraliaBrazil GermanyHong KongHungaryJapanKoreaMalaysiaMexicoNew ZealandNigeriaPolandRussiaSouth Africa USA
55
Today on Addiction
PHILIP MORRIS USAPHILIP MORRIS INTERNATIONAL
TOBACCO ISSUESCigarette Smoking Health Issues for Smokers
Cigarette Smoking and AddictionWe agree with the overwhelming medical and scientific consensus that cigarette smoking is addictive It can be very difficult to quit smoking but this should not deter smokers who want to quit from trying to do so
minus httpphilipmorriscomdefaultasp
Continued
56
Today on AddictionPHILIP MORRIS USAPHILIP MORRIS INTERNATIONAL
TOBACCO ISSUESCigarette Smoking Health Issues for Smokers
Cigarette Smoking and Disease in SmokersThere is an overwhelming medical and scientific consensus that cigarette smoking causes lung cancer heart disease emphysema and other serious diseases in smokers Smokers are far more likely to develop serious diseases like lung cancer than non-smokers There is no safe cigarette These are and have been the messages of public health authorities worldwide Smokers and potential smokers should rely on these messages in making all smoking-related decisions
minus httpphilipmorriscomdefaultasp
57
Public Health Advocates
ldquoIntroducing QuitAssistQuitAssist is an information resource sponsored by Philip Morris USA Itrsquos designed to help you connect with a wealth of expert quitting information available ndash usually for free ndash from government agencies universities and respected nonprofit organizations This QuitAssist guide points the way to programs telephone quitlines websites guides and more that can help you find your own path to success
You can also read this guide at QuitAssist Online Log on through wwwphilipmorrisusacom
From there you can link directly to dozens of resources to help you move ahead and leave cigarettes behindrdquo
If you decide to quit smokinghellip
QuitAssistInformation Resource
Philip Morris USA
Never mentions the word ldquoaddictionrdquo
Source httpphilipmorrisusacomenquitassistindex_flashasp accessed 22306
58
Truth in Advertising
Aggressively markets the only legal product that when used as intended by its manufacturers eventually kills half its users
Section E
Industry Tactics II Industry Advertising Promotion and Sponsorship
60
Marketing
ldquoWe refined the objective of a juvenile initiative program as follows Maintain and proactively protect our ability to advertise promote and market our products via a juvenile initiativeldquo
mdash Cathy Leiber PM International 1995
Notes Juvenile initiative = a series of programs and events designed to discourage juvenile smoking because smoking is an adult decision
61
Industry Expenditures on Advertising
0100020003000400050006000700080009000
10000
Am
ount
spe
nt $
mill
ion
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Changes in cigarette marketing expenditure in the USA 1970-99
Data source Mackay J amp M Eriksen 2002 The Tobacco Atlas World Health Organization
62
Communicating Disease
According to the trade magazine ldquoAdvertising Agerdquo the Marlboro man was the most powerful advertising image of the 20th century
Image source httpwwwcdcgovtobaccosgrsgr4kidsadbusthtm retrieved 22306
63
Advertising Strategies
Targeting womenTargeting youthSelling AmericaSponsorship of sporting events and concertsContests and give-awaysBrand stretching
64
Grand Prix
Image source httpwwwnasnasagovAboutEducationRacecardevelopment_emobightml retrieved 22306
Section F
Industry Tactics III Lobbying Legislation and Litigation
66
Lobbying and Legislation
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
67
A Long History of Lobbying
1890mdashTobacco appeared in the US Pharmacopeia(official US government listing of drugs)1905mdashDropped from list before the 1906 Food and Drug Act (legislation that created the Food and Drug Administration)2005mdashFDA cannot regulate nicotine in tobacco
68
Political Lobbying US
Four of the twelve most generous donors to the 2000 Bush Campaign (1 Phillip Morris RJR UST Brown and Williamson)$18 million to federal candidates between 1997 and 2003 minus 82 to Republican candidates and committees
US $43 million spent to counter McCain bill (highest amount ever spent on a sustained issue advocacy campaign in the US)
69
The Latin Project Argentina
Counter regulations aimed at creating smoke-free workplaces and public placesminus September 30 1991mdashNeri Bill approved by Senate
(advertising promotion and sampling ban limit public smoking)
minus Industry campaignmdashmedia debates briefing packages to Senators and the President paid chief scientific advisor to President
minus October 13 1991mdashPresident vetoes law
70
The Czech Republic
June 2001
Philip Morris presents members of the Health and Social Affairs Committee of the Czech Parliament a study concluding that smoking is good for the Czech governments finances because of the savings from early deaths caused by smoking
71
Preemption
ldquoWe could never win at the local level The reason is [that] all of the health advocates the ones that I unfortunately used to call lsquohealth nazisrsquotheyrsquore all local activists who run the little political organizations So the Tobacco Institute and the tobacco companiesrsquo first priority has always been to preempt the field preferably to put it all on the federal level but if they canrsquot do that at least on the state level because the health advocates canrsquot compete with me on the state levelrdquo
mdash Victor Crawford former Maryland state legislator
72
Industry Self-Regulation
British American Tobacco
11 September 2001
INTERNATIONAL TOBACCO PRODUCTS MARKETING STANDARDS
The parties subscribing to these Standards (the ldquoParticipantsrdquo) wish to record their belief that tobacco products should be marketed in a responsible manner and that reasonable measures should be taken to ensure that the promotion and distribution of tobacco products is
bull directed at adult smokers and not at youth and
bull consistent with the principle of informed adult choice
73
International Tobacco Marketing Standards
ldquoWe have analyzed the nine-page agreement and believe that the multinationalsrsquo strategy is proactive and is a way to improve their image rdquoldquoAlso by proactively setting new international tobacco marketing standards the multinationals could be trying to counter a number of proposals that the WHO has been working on to curb the amount of cigarettes that are consumed on an international levelrdquoldquo Interestingly in many countries the existing laws or industry codes are already more restrictive than the provisions of the international marketing standardsrdquo
Source International Tobacco Marketing Standards September 2001
74
Creating the Illusion of Support
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
75
Front Groups
Buying citizen involvement (letter writing phone banking campaigns) by supporting front groups
ldquoHandrdquo of the industry remains hidden
It has been a common practice of Big Tobacco to use third parties or to create front groups to be out in front fighting smokefreepolicies while the industry remains behind the scenes protecting its public image
-Americans for Nonsmokersrsquo Rightshttpwwwno-smokeorggetthefactsphpdp=d21|d23 accessed 22306
76
Industry Front Groups and Allies
Ive learned from experience that as soon as Im identified as a representative of the Tobacco Institute I lose all credibility They just sneer us awayso I try to work behind the scenes whenever I can
- Ron Saldana lobbyist for the Tobacco Institute 82486
Source httpwwwno-smokeorggetthefactsphpdp=d21|d23 accessed 22306
77
International Tobacco Growers Association
ITGAldquo[Establish] ITGA [International Tobacco Growers Association] [as a] front group for our third world lobby activities at WHOrdquo
Source Report of the WHO Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents
Source Report of the WHO Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents
78
Legal and Economic Intimidation
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
79
Intimidating Johns Hopkins
ldquoThe tobacco companies have commenced nothing short of a campaign of harassment against the academic institutions that discovered smoking is injurious to the public healthrdquominus Estelle A Fishbein general
council for Johns Hopkins University
ldquoTobacco Industry in Fight To Get
Universitiesrsquo DataLegal Moves Termed Fishing Expeditionrdquo
-The New York Times Jan 20 2002
80
Industry Harassment
PUBLIC HEALTH MATTERS
Public Health Under Attack The American Stop Smoking Intervention Study (ASSIST) and the
Tobacco Industry
- White J and LA Bero
- The Transnational Tobacco Industry
- Section A
- Describing a Disease
- The Agent
- The Host
- The Vector
- Section B
- Background
- Background
- What Is a ldquoTransnationalrdquo Company
- Major Transnational Tobacco Companies
- Cigarette Production
- Company Size and Wealth
- TNC Sales and Developing Countries
- China National Tobacco Corporation
- A Return to the Past
- Section C
- A Global Market
- Looking Abroad
- Going Abroad
- A Global Business
- Factors Fueling Global Expansion
- Trade Liberalization
- Impact of Trade Liberalization
- Tobacco Leaf Production
- Tobacco Leaf Trade
- Privatization
- Foreign InvestmentmdashUkraine
- Major Company Mergers
- Marlboro Market Share (2001)
- Marlbororsquos Global Penetration
- Section D
- Industry Strategies
- Modeling Industry Activities
- Undermining Science
- Sworn Public Statements
- Confidential Statements
- Buying Science and Intimidation
- The Attack on Meta-Analysis
- Junk Science
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
- Industry Tactics to Undermine IARC
- Philip Morris and SHS
- Japan Tobacco and SHS
- Public Relations
- Public Statements on Youth
- Private Statements on Youth
- Minimum Age 18
- Changing the Issues
- Philanthropy
- Corporate Social Responsibility
- BATS Social Reports
- Today on Addiction
- Today on Addiction
- Public Health Advocates
- Truth in Advertising
- Section E
- Marketing
- Industry Expenditures on Advertising
- Communicating Disease
- Advertising Strategies
- Grand Prix
- Section F
- Lobbying and Legislation
- A Long History of Lobbying
- Political Lobbying US
- The Latin Project Argentina
- The Czech Republic
- Preemption
- Industry Self-Regulation
- International Tobacco Marketing Standards
- Creating the Illusion of Support
- Front Groups
- Industry Front Groups and Allies
- International Tobacco Growers Association
- Legal and Economic Intimidation
- Intimidating Johns Hopkins
- Industry Harassment
-
46
Japan Tobacco and SHS
ldquo available evidence does not support the assertion that environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is harmful to healthrdquo
mdash Japan Tobacco
Source Submission to the WHO Public Hearings on the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control October 2000
47
Public Relations
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
48
Public Statements on Youth
ldquo would be willing to support prevention efforts that affected our bottom line Absolutely if we can come up with a program that prevents all teenagers from smoking cigarettes we would be delighted to see that happen And if that meant that fewer people smoked as adults so be itrdquo
mdash Corky Newton Vice President of Corporate and Youth Responsibility
Programs Brown and Williamson
Source Transcript of meeting with SWAT (Students Working Against Tobacco) US November 6 1999 Cited in PR in the Playground ASH UK 2000
49
Private Statements on Youth
ldquoWe [Philip Morris] refined the objective of a juvenile initiative program as follows maintain and proactively protect our ability to advertise promote and market our products via a juvenile initiativerdquo
ldquoJuvenile initiative = a series of programs and events to discourage juvenile smoking because smoking is an adult decisionrdquo
Source Cathy Leiber (18 May 1995) Philip Morris International Youth Initiatives Bates No 250301901114 Cited in PR in the Playground ASH UK 2000
50
Minimum Age 18
Image source Image source httpkumuicsdhawaiigovhealthhealthy- httpwwwdhssdelawaregovdhssdphlifestylestobaccotpeprtochtm dpcyouthaccesshtml retrieved 21206) retrieved 21206
51
Changing the Issues
Smoking manners
ldquoSmoking is prohibited in public places like railway stations airports museums and art galleries except for designated smoking areas There are some wards (ku in Japanese) that have specific rules in the form of bylaws concerning smoking If these regulations are broken the smoker is liable to pay a fine There is a provision of punishment for smoking on the street or in public places without carrying a portable ashtray as well as for throwing away cigarette buttsrdquo
httpwwwtourismmetrotokyojpenglishbasicbasic09htmlSource accessed 22306
52
Philanthropy
53
Corporate Social Responsibility
ldquohellip Because for us economic performance is not the only measure of our success Honesty integrity and social responsibility are just as important to the way we measure ourselvesrdquominus Philip Morris International
ldquoOur companies are committed to providing consumers with pleasure through excellent products and to demonstrating that we are meeting our commercial goals in ways that are consistent with reasonable societal expectations of a responsible tobacco group in the 21st centuryrdquominus British American Tobacco
54
BATS Social Reports
Argentina AustraliaBrazil GermanyHong KongHungaryJapanKoreaMalaysiaMexicoNew ZealandNigeriaPolandRussiaSouth Africa USA
55
Today on Addiction
PHILIP MORRIS USAPHILIP MORRIS INTERNATIONAL
TOBACCO ISSUESCigarette Smoking Health Issues for Smokers
Cigarette Smoking and AddictionWe agree with the overwhelming medical and scientific consensus that cigarette smoking is addictive It can be very difficult to quit smoking but this should not deter smokers who want to quit from trying to do so
minus httpphilipmorriscomdefaultasp
Continued
56
Today on AddictionPHILIP MORRIS USAPHILIP MORRIS INTERNATIONAL
TOBACCO ISSUESCigarette Smoking Health Issues for Smokers
Cigarette Smoking and Disease in SmokersThere is an overwhelming medical and scientific consensus that cigarette smoking causes lung cancer heart disease emphysema and other serious diseases in smokers Smokers are far more likely to develop serious diseases like lung cancer than non-smokers There is no safe cigarette These are and have been the messages of public health authorities worldwide Smokers and potential smokers should rely on these messages in making all smoking-related decisions
minus httpphilipmorriscomdefaultasp
57
Public Health Advocates
ldquoIntroducing QuitAssistQuitAssist is an information resource sponsored by Philip Morris USA Itrsquos designed to help you connect with a wealth of expert quitting information available ndash usually for free ndash from government agencies universities and respected nonprofit organizations This QuitAssist guide points the way to programs telephone quitlines websites guides and more that can help you find your own path to success
You can also read this guide at QuitAssist Online Log on through wwwphilipmorrisusacom
From there you can link directly to dozens of resources to help you move ahead and leave cigarettes behindrdquo
If you decide to quit smokinghellip
QuitAssistInformation Resource
Philip Morris USA
Never mentions the word ldquoaddictionrdquo
Source httpphilipmorrisusacomenquitassistindex_flashasp accessed 22306
58
Truth in Advertising
Aggressively markets the only legal product that when used as intended by its manufacturers eventually kills half its users
Section E
Industry Tactics II Industry Advertising Promotion and Sponsorship
60
Marketing
ldquoWe refined the objective of a juvenile initiative program as follows Maintain and proactively protect our ability to advertise promote and market our products via a juvenile initiativeldquo
mdash Cathy Leiber PM International 1995
Notes Juvenile initiative = a series of programs and events designed to discourage juvenile smoking because smoking is an adult decision
61
Industry Expenditures on Advertising
0100020003000400050006000700080009000
10000
Am
ount
spe
nt $
mill
ion
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Changes in cigarette marketing expenditure in the USA 1970-99
Data source Mackay J amp M Eriksen 2002 The Tobacco Atlas World Health Organization
62
Communicating Disease
According to the trade magazine ldquoAdvertising Agerdquo the Marlboro man was the most powerful advertising image of the 20th century
Image source httpwwwcdcgovtobaccosgrsgr4kidsadbusthtm retrieved 22306
63
Advertising Strategies
Targeting womenTargeting youthSelling AmericaSponsorship of sporting events and concertsContests and give-awaysBrand stretching
64
Grand Prix
Image source httpwwwnasnasagovAboutEducationRacecardevelopment_emobightml retrieved 22306
Section F
Industry Tactics III Lobbying Legislation and Litigation
66
Lobbying and Legislation
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
67
A Long History of Lobbying
1890mdashTobacco appeared in the US Pharmacopeia(official US government listing of drugs)1905mdashDropped from list before the 1906 Food and Drug Act (legislation that created the Food and Drug Administration)2005mdashFDA cannot regulate nicotine in tobacco
68
Political Lobbying US
Four of the twelve most generous donors to the 2000 Bush Campaign (1 Phillip Morris RJR UST Brown and Williamson)$18 million to federal candidates between 1997 and 2003 minus 82 to Republican candidates and committees
US $43 million spent to counter McCain bill (highest amount ever spent on a sustained issue advocacy campaign in the US)
69
The Latin Project Argentina
Counter regulations aimed at creating smoke-free workplaces and public placesminus September 30 1991mdashNeri Bill approved by Senate
(advertising promotion and sampling ban limit public smoking)
minus Industry campaignmdashmedia debates briefing packages to Senators and the President paid chief scientific advisor to President
minus October 13 1991mdashPresident vetoes law
70
The Czech Republic
June 2001
Philip Morris presents members of the Health and Social Affairs Committee of the Czech Parliament a study concluding that smoking is good for the Czech governments finances because of the savings from early deaths caused by smoking
71
Preemption
ldquoWe could never win at the local level The reason is [that] all of the health advocates the ones that I unfortunately used to call lsquohealth nazisrsquotheyrsquore all local activists who run the little political organizations So the Tobacco Institute and the tobacco companiesrsquo first priority has always been to preempt the field preferably to put it all on the federal level but if they canrsquot do that at least on the state level because the health advocates canrsquot compete with me on the state levelrdquo
mdash Victor Crawford former Maryland state legislator
72
Industry Self-Regulation
British American Tobacco
11 September 2001
INTERNATIONAL TOBACCO PRODUCTS MARKETING STANDARDS
The parties subscribing to these Standards (the ldquoParticipantsrdquo) wish to record their belief that tobacco products should be marketed in a responsible manner and that reasonable measures should be taken to ensure that the promotion and distribution of tobacco products is
bull directed at adult smokers and not at youth and
bull consistent with the principle of informed adult choice
73
International Tobacco Marketing Standards
ldquoWe have analyzed the nine-page agreement and believe that the multinationalsrsquo strategy is proactive and is a way to improve their image rdquoldquoAlso by proactively setting new international tobacco marketing standards the multinationals could be trying to counter a number of proposals that the WHO has been working on to curb the amount of cigarettes that are consumed on an international levelrdquoldquo Interestingly in many countries the existing laws or industry codes are already more restrictive than the provisions of the international marketing standardsrdquo
Source International Tobacco Marketing Standards September 2001
74
Creating the Illusion of Support
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
75
Front Groups
Buying citizen involvement (letter writing phone banking campaigns) by supporting front groups
ldquoHandrdquo of the industry remains hidden
It has been a common practice of Big Tobacco to use third parties or to create front groups to be out in front fighting smokefreepolicies while the industry remains behind the scenes protecting its public image
-Americans for Nonsmokersrsquo Rightshttpwwwno-smokeorggetthefactsphpdp=d21|d23 accessed 22306
76
Industry Front Groups and Allies
Ive learned from experience that as soon as Im identified as a representative of the Tobacco Institute I lose all credibility They just sneer us awayso I try to work behind the scenes whenever I can
- Ron Saldana lobbyist for the Tobacco Institute 82486
Source httpwwwno-smokeorggetthefactsphpdp=d21|d23 accessed 22306
77
International Tobacco Growers Association
ITGAldquo[Establish] ITGA [International Tobacco Growers Association] [as a] front group for our third world lobby activities at WHOrdquo
Source Report of the WHO Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents
Source Report of the WHO Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents
78
Legal and Economic Intimidation
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
79
Intimidating Johns Hopkins
ldquoThe tobacco companies have commenced nothing short of a campaign of harassment against the academic institutions that discovered smoking is injurious to the public healthrdquominus Estelle A Fishbein general
council for Johns Hopkins University
ldquoTobacco Industry in Fight To Get
Universitiesrsquo DataLegal Moves Termed Fishing Expeditionrdquo
-The New York Times Jan 20 2002
80
Industry Harassment
PUBLIC HEALTH MATTERS
Public Health Under Attack The American Stop Smoking Intervention Study (ASSIST) and the
Tobacco Industry
- White J and LA Bero
- The Transnational Tobacco Industry
- Section A
- Describing a Disease
- The Agent
- The Host
- The Vector
- Section B
- Background
- Background
- What Is a ldquoTransnationalrdquo Company
- Major Transnational Tobacco Companies
- Cigarette Production
- Company Size and Wealth
- TNC Sales and Developing Countries
- China National Tobacco Corporation
- A Return to the Past
- Section C
- A Global Market
- Looking Abroad
- Going Abroad
- A Global Business
- Factors Fueling Global Expansion
- Trade Liberalization
- Impact of Trade Liberalization
- Tobacco Leaf Production
- Tobacco Leaf Trade
- Privatization
- Foreign InvestmentmdashUkraine
- Major Company Mergers
- Marlboro Market Share (2001)
- Marlbororsquos Global Penetration
- Section D
- Industry Strategies
- Modeling Industry Activities
- Undermining Science
- Sworn Public Statements
- Confidential Statements
- Buying Science and Intimidation
- The Attack on Meta-Analysis
- Junk Science
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
- Industry Tactics to Undermine IARC
- Philip Morris and SHS
- Japan Tobacco and SHS
- Public Relations
- Public Statements on Youth
- Private Statements on Youth
- Minimum Age 18
- Changing the Issues
- Philanthropy
- Corporate Social Responsibility
- BATS Social Reports
- Today on Addiction
- Today on Addiction
- Public Health Advocates
- Truth in Advertising
- Section E
- Marketing
- Industry Expenditures on Advertising
- Communicating Disease
- Advertising Strategies
- Grand Prix
- Section F
- Lobbying and Legislation
- A Long History of Lobbying
- Political Lobbying US
- The Latin Project Argentina
- The Czech Republic
- Preemption
- Industry Self-Regulation
- International Tobacco Marketing Standards
- Creating the Illusion of Support
- Front Groups
- Industry Front Groups and Allies
- International Tobacco Growers Association
- Legal and Economic Intimidation
- Intimidating Johns Hopkins
- Industry Harassment
-
47
Public Relations
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
48
Public Statements on Youth
ldquo would be willing to support prevention efforts that affected our bottom line Absolutely if we can come up with a program that prevents all teenagers from smoking cigarettes we would be delighted to see that happen And if that meant that fewer people smoked as adults so be itrdquo
mdash Corky Newton Vice President of Corporate and Youth Responsibility
Programs Brown and Williamson
Source Transcript of meeting with SWAT (Students Working Against Tobacco) US November 6 1999 Cited in PR in the Playground ASH UK 2000
49
Private Statements on Youth
ldquoWe [Philip Morris] refined the objective of a juvenile initiative program as follows maintain and proactively protect our ability to advertise promote and market our products via a juvenile initiativerdquo
ldquoJuvenile initiative = a series of programs and events to discourage juvenile smoking because smoking is an adult decisionrdquo
Source Cathy Leiber (18 May 1995) Philip Morris International Youth Initiatives Bates No 250301901114 Cited in PR in the Playground ASH UK 2000
50
Minimum Age 18
Image source Image source httpkumuicsdhawaiigovhealthhealthy- httpwwwdhssdelawaregovdhssdphlifestylestobaccotpeprtochtm dpcyouthaccesshtml retrieved 21206) retrieved 21206
51
Changing the Issues
Smoking manners
ldquoSmoking is prohibited in public places like railway stations airports museums and art galleries except for designated smoking areas There are some wards (ku in Japanese) that have specific rules in the form of bylaws concerning smoking If these regulations are broken the smoker is liable to pay a fine There is a provision of punishment for smoking on the street or in public places without carrying a portable ashtray as well as for throwing away cigarette buttsrdquo
httpwwwtourismmetrotokyojpenglishbasicbasic09htmlSource accessed 22306
52
Philanthropy
53
Corporate Social Responsibility
ldquohellip Because for us economic performance is not the only measure of our success Honesty integrity and social responsibility are just as important to the way we measure ourselvesrdquominus Philip Morris International
ldquoOur companies are committed to providing consumers with pleasure through excellent products and to demonstrating that we are meeting our commercial goals in ways that are consistent with reasonable societal expectations of a responsible tobacco group in the 21st centuryrdquominus British American Tobacco
54
BATS Social Reports
Argentina AustraliaBrazil GermanyHong KongHungaryJapanKoreaMalaysiaMexicoNew ZealandNigeriaPolandRussiaSouth Africa USA
55
Today on Addiction
PHILIP MORRIS USAPHILIP MORRIS INTERNATIONAL
TOBACCO ISSUESCigarette Smoking Health Issues for Smokers
Cigarette Smoking and AddictionWe agree with the overwhelming medical and scientific consensus that cigarette smoking is addictive It can be very difficult to quit smoking but this should not deter smokers who want to quit from trying to do so
minus httpphilipmorriscomdefaultasp
Continued
56
Today on AddictionPHILIP MORRIS USAPHILIP MORRIS INTERNATIONAL
TOBACCO ISSUESCigarette Smoking Health Issues for Smokers
Cigarette Smoking and Disease in SmokersThere is an overwhelming medical and scientific consensus that cigarette smoking causes lung cancer heart disease emphysema and other serious diseases in smokers Smokers are far more likely to develop serious diseases like lung cancer than non-smokers There is no safe cigarette These are and have been the messages of public health authorities worldwide Smokers and potential smokers should rely on these messages in making all smoking-related decisions
minus httpphilipmorriscomdefaultasp
57
Public Health Advocates
ldquoIntroducing QuitAssistQuitAssist is an information resource sponsored by Philip Morris USA Itrsquos designed to help you connect with a wealth of expert quitting information available ndash usually for free ndash from government agencies universities and respected nonprofit organizations This QuitAssist guide points the way to programs telephone quitlines websites guides and more that can help you find your own path to success
You can also read this guide at QuitAssist Online Log on through wwwphilipmorrisusacom
From there you can link directly to dozens of resources to help you move ahead and leave cigarettes behindrdquo
If you decide to quit smokinghellip
QuitAssistInformation Resource
Philip Morris USA
Never mentions the word ldquoaddictionrdquo
Source httpphilipmorrisusacomenquitassistindex_flashasp accessed 22306
58
Truth in Advertising
Aggressively markets the only legal product that when used as intended by its manufacturers eventually kills half its users
Section E
Industry Tactics II Industry Advertising Promotion and Sponsorship
60
Marketing
ldquoWe refined the objective of a juvenile initiative program as follows Maintain and proactively protect our ability to advertise promote and market our products via a juvenile initiativeldquo
mdash Cathy Leiber PM International 1995
Notes Juvenile initiative = a series of programs and events designed to discourage juvenile smoking because smoking is an adult decision
61
Industry Expenditures on Advertising
0100020003000400050006000700080009000
10000
Am
ount
spe
nt $
mill
ion
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Changes in cigarette marketing expenditure in the USA 1970-99
Data source Mackay J amp M Eriksen 2002 The Tobacco Atlas World Health Organization
62
Communicating Disease
According to the trade magazine ldquoAdvertising Agerdquo the Marlboro man was the most powerful advertising image of the 20th century
Image source httpwwwcdcgovtobaccosgrsgr4kidsadbusthtm retrieved 22306
63
Advertising Strategies
Targeting womenTargeting youthSelling AmericaSponsorship of sporting events and concertsContests and give-awaysBrand stretching
64
Grand Prix
Image source httpwwwnasnasagovAboutEducationRacecardevelopment_emobightml retrieved 22306
Section F
Industry Tactics III Lobbying Legislation and Litigation
66
Lobbying and Legislation
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
67
A Long History of Lobbying
1890mdashTobacco appeared in the US Pharmacopeia(official US government listing of drugs)1905mdashDropped from list before the 1906 Food and Drug Act (legislation that created the Food and Drug Administration)2005mdashFDA cannot regulate nicotine in tobacco
68
Political Lobbying US
Four of the twelve most generous donors to the 2000 Bush Campaign (1 Phillip Morris RJR UST Brown and Williamson)$18 million to federal candidates between 1997 and 2003 minus 82 to Republican candidates and committees
US $43 million spent to counter McCain bill (highest amount ever spent on a sustained issue advocacy campaign in the US)
69
The Latin Project Argentina
Counter regulations aimed at creating smoke-free workplaces and public placesminus September 30 1991mdashNeri Bill approved by Senate
(advertising promotion and sampling ban limit public smoking)
minus Industry campaignmdashmedia debates briefing packages to Senators and the President paid chief scientific advisor to President
minus October 13 1991mdashPresident vetoes law
70
The Czech Republic
June 2001
Philip Morris presents members of the Health and Social Affairs Committee of the Czech Parliament a study concluding that smoking is good for the Czech governments finances because of the savings from early deaths caused by smoking
71
Preemption
ldquoWe could never win at the local level The reason is [that] all of the health advocates the ones that I unfortunately used to call lsquohealth nazisrsquotheyrsquore all local activists who run the little political organizations So the Tobacco Institute and the tobacco companiesrsquo first priority has always been to preempt the field preferably to put it all on the federal level but if they canrsquot do that at least on the state level because the health advocates canrsquot compete with me on the state levelrdquo
mdash Victor Crawford former Maryland state legislator
72
Industry Self-Regulation
British American Tobacco
11 September 2001
INTERNATIONAL TOBACCO PRODUCTS MARKETING STANDARDS
The parties subscribing to these Standards (the ldquoParticipantsrdquo) wish to record their belief that tobacco products should be marketed in a responsible manner and that reasonable measures should be taken to ensure that the promotion and distribution of tobacco products is
bull directed at adult smokers and not at youth and
bull consistent with the principle of informed adult choice
73
International Tobacco Marketing Standards
ldquoWe have analyzed the nine-page agreement and believe that the multinationalsrsquo strategy is proactive and is a way to improve their image rdquoldquoAlso by proactively setting new international tobacco marketing standards the multinationals could be trying to counter a number of proposals that the WHO has been working on to curb the amount of cigarettes that are consumed on an international levelrdquoldquo Interestingly in many countries the existing laws or industry codes are already more restrictive than the provisions of the international marketing standardsrdquo
Source International Tobacco Marketing Standards September 2001
74
Creating the Illusion of Support
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
75
Front Groups
Buying citizen involvement (letter writing phone banking campaigns) by supporting front groups
ldquoHandrdquo of the industry remains hidden
It has been a common practice of Big Tobacco to use third parties or to create front groups to be out in front fighting smokefreepolicies while the industry remains behind the scenes protecting its public image
-Americans for Nonsmokersrsquo Rightshttpwwwno-smokeorggetthefactsphpdp=d21|d23 accessed 22306
76
Industry Front Groups and Allies
Ive learned from experience that as soon as Im identified as a representative of the Tobacco Institute I lose all credibility They just sneer us awayso I try to work behind the scenes whenever I can
- Ron Saldana lobbyist for the Tobacco Institute 82486
Source httpwwwno-smokeorggetthefactsphpdp=d21|d23 accessed 22306
77
International Tobacco Growers Association
ITGAldquo[Establish] ITGA [International Tobacco Growers Association] [as a] front group for our third world lobby activities at WHOrdquo
Source Report of the WHO Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents
Source Report of the WHO Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents
78
Legal and Economic Intimidation
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
79
Intimidating Johns Hopkins
ldquoThe tobacco companies have commenced nothing short of a campaign of harassment against the academic institutions that discovered smoking is injurious to the public healthrdquominus Estelle A Fishbein general
council for Johns Hopkins University
ldquoTobacco Industry in Fight To Get
Universitiesrsquo DataLegal Moves Termed Fishing Expeditionrdquo
-The New York Times Jan 20 2002
80
Industry Harassment
PUBLIC HEALTH MATTERS
Public Health Under Attack The American Stop Smoking Intervention Study (ASSIST) and the
Tobacco Industry
- White J and LA Bero
- The Transnational Tobacco Industry
- Section A
- Describing a Disease
- The Agent
- The Host
- The Vector
- Section B
- Background
- Background
- What Is a ldquoTransnationalrdquo Company
- Major Transnational Tobacco Companies
- Cigarette Production
- Company Size and Wealth
- TNC Sales and Developing Countries
- China National Tobacco Corporation
- A Return to the Past
- Section C
- A Global Market
- Looking Abroad
- Going Abroad
- A Global Business
- Factors Fueling Global Expansion
- Trade Liberalization
- Impact of Trade Liberalization
- Tobacco Leaf Production
- Tobacco Leaf Trade
- Privatization
- Foreign InvestmentmdashUkraine
- Major Company Mergers
- Marlboro Market Share (2001)
- Marlbororsquos Global Penetration
- Section D
- Industry Strategies
- Modeling Industry Activities
- Undermining Science
- Sworn Public Statements
- Confidential Statements
- Buying Science and Intimidation
- The Attack on Meta-Analysis
- Junk Science
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
- Industry Tactics to Undermine IARC
- Philip Morris and SHS
- Japan Tobacco and SHS
- Public Relations
- Public Statements on Youth
- Private Statements on Youth
- Minimum Age 18
- Changing the Issues
- Philanthropy
- Corporate Social Responsibility
- BATS Social Reports
- Today on Addiction
- Today on Addiction
- Public Health Advocates
- Truth in Advertising
- Section E
- Marketing
- Industry Expenditures on Advertising
- Communicating Disease
- Advertising Strategies
- Grand Prix
- Section F
- Lobbying and Legislation
- A Long History of Lobbying
- Political Lobbying US
- The Latin Project Argentina
- The Czech Republic
- Preemption
- Industry Self-Regulation
- International Tobacco Marketing Standards
- Creating the Illusion of Support
- Front Groups
- Industry Front Groups and Allies
- International Tobacco Growers Association
- Legal and Economic Intimidation
- Intimidating Johns Hopkins
- Industry Harassment
-
48
Public Statements on Youth
ldquo would be willing to support prevention efforts that affected our bottom line Absolutely if we can come up with a program that prevents all teenagers from smoking cigarettes we would be delighted to see that happen And if that meant that fewer people smoked as adults so be itrdquo
mdash Corky Newton Vice President of Corporate and Youth Responsibility
Programs Brown and Williamson
Source Transcript of meeting with SWAT (Students Working Against Tobacco) US November 6 1999 Cited in PR in the Playground ASH UK 2000
49
Private Statements on Youth
ldquoWe [Philip Morris] refined the objective of a juvenile initiative program as follows maintain and proactively protect our ability to advertise promote and market our products via a juvenile initiativerdquo
ldquoJuvenile initiative = a series of programs and events to discourage juvenile smoking because smoking is an adult decisionrdquo
Source Cathy Leiber (18 May 1995) Philip Morris International Youth Initiatives Bates No 250301901114 Cited in PR in the Playground ASH UK 2000
50
Minimum Age 18
Image source Image source httpkumuicsdhawaiigovhealthhealthy- httpwwwdhssdelawaregovdhssdphlifestylestobaccotpeprtochtm dpcyouthaccesshtml retrieved 21206) retrieved 21206
51
Changing the Issues
Smoking manners
ldquoSmoking is prohibited in public places like railway stations airports museums and art galleries except for designated smoking areas There are some wards (ku in Japanese) that have specific rules in the form of bylaws concerning smoking If these regulations are broken the smoker is liable to pay a fine There is a provision of punishment for smoking on the street or in public places without carrying a portable ashtray as well as for throwing away cigarette buttsrdquo
httpwwwtourismmetrotokyojpenglishbasicbasic09htmlSource accessed 22306
52
Philanthropy
53
Corporate Social Responsibility
ldquohellip Because for us economic performance is not the only measure of our success Honesty integrity and social responsibility are just as important to the way we measure ourselvesrdquominus Philip Morris International
ldquoOur companies are committed to providing consumers with pleasure through excellent products and to demonstrating that we are meeting our commercial goals in ways that are consistent with reasonable societal expectations of a responsible tobacco group in the 21st centuryrdquominus British American Tobacco
54
BATS Social Reports
Argentina AustraliaBrazil GermanyHong KongHungaryJapanKoreaMalaysiaMexicoNew ZealandNigeriaPolandRussiaSouth Africa USA
55
Today on Addiction
PHILIP MORRIS USAPHILIP MORRIS INTERNATIONAL
TOBACCO ISSUESCigarette Smoking Health Issues for Smokers
Cigarette Smoking and AddictionWe agree with the overwhelming medical and scientific consensus that cigarette smoking is addictive It can be very difficult to quit smoking but this should not deter smokers who want to quit from trying to do so
minus httpphilipmorriscomdefaultasp
Continued
56
Today on AddictionPHILIP MORRIS USAPHILIP MORRIS INTERNATIONAL
TOBACCO ISSUESCigarette Smoking Health Issues for Smokers
Cigarette Smoking and Disease in SmokersThere is an overwhelming medical and scientific consensus that cigarette smoking causes lung cancer heart disease emphysema and other serious diseases in smokers Smokers are far more likely to develop serious diseases like lung cancer than non-smokers There is no safe cigarette These are and have been the messages of public health authorities worldwide Smokers and potential smokers should rely on these messages in making all smoking-related decisions
minus httpphilipmorriscomdefaultasp
57
Public Health Advocates
ldquoIntroducing QuitAssistQuitAssist is an information resource sponsored by Philip Morris USA Itrsquos designed to help you connect with a wealth of expert quitting information available ndash usually for free ndash from government agencies universities and respected nonprofit organizations This QuitAssist guide points the way to programs telephone quitlines websites guides and more that can help you find your own path to success
You can also read this guide at QuitAssist Online Log on through wwwphilipmorrisusacom
From there you can link directly to dozens of resources to help you move ahead and leave cigarettes behindrdquo
If you decide to quit smokinghellip
QuitAssistInformation Resource
Philip Morris USA
Never mentions the word ldquoaddictionrdquo
Source httpphilipmorrisusacomenquitassistindex_flashasp accessed 22306
58
Truth in Advertising
Aggressively markets the only legal product that when used as intended by its manufacturers eventually kills half its users
Section E
Industry Tactics II Industry Advertising Promotion and Sponsorship
60
Marketing
ldquoWe refined the objective of a juvenile initiative program as follows Maintain and proactively protect our ability to advertise promote and market our products via a juvenile initiativeldquo
mdash Cathy Leiber PM International 1995
Notes Juvenile initiative = a series of programs and events designed to discourage juvenile smoking because smoking is an adult decision
61
Industry Expenditures on Advertising
0100020003000400050006000700080009000
10000
Am
ount
spe
nt $
mill
ion
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Changes in cigarette marketing expenditure in the USA 1970-99
Data source Mackay J amp M Eriksen 2002 The Tobacco Atlas World Health Organization
62
Communicating Disease
According to the trade magazine ldquoAdvertising Agerdquo the Marlboro man was the most powerful advertising image of the 20th century
Image source httpwwwcdcgovtobaccosgrsgr4kidsadbusthtm retrieved 22306
63
Advertising Strategies
Targeting womenTargeting youthSelling AmericaSponsorship of sporting events and concertsContests and give-awaysBrand stretching
64
Grand Prix
Image source httpwwwnasnasagovAboutEducationRacecardevelopment_emobightml retrieved 22306
Section F
Industry Tactics III Lobbying Legislation and Litigation
66
Lobbying and Legislation
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
67
A Long History of Lobbying
1890mdashTobacco appeared in the US Pharmacopeia(official US government listing of drugs)1905mdashDropped from list before the 1906 Food and Drug Act (legislation that created the Food and Drug Administration)2005mdashFDA cannot regulate nicotine in tobacco
68
Political Lobbying US
Four of the twelve most generous donors to the 2000 Bush Campaign (1 Phillip Morris RJR UST Brown and Williamson)$18 million to federal candidates between 1997 and 2003 minus 82 to Republican candidates and committees
US $43 million spent to counter McCain bill (highest amount ever spent on a sustained issue advocacy campaign in the US)
69
The Latin Project Argentina
Counter regulations aimed at creating smoke-free workplaces and public placesminus September 30 1991mdashNeri Bill approved by Senate
(advertising promotion and sampling ban limit public smoking)
minus Industry campaignmdashmedia debates briefing packages to Senators and the President paid chief scientific advisor to President
minus October 13 1991mdashPresident vetoes law
70
The Czech Republic
June 2001
Philip Morris presents members of the Health and Social Affairs Committee of the Czech Parliament a study concluding that smoking is good for the Czech governments finances because of the savings from early deaths caused by smoking
71
Preemption
ldquoWe could never win at the local level The reason is [that] all of the health advocates the ones that I unfortunately used to call lsquohealth nazisrsquotheyrsquore all local activists who run the little political organizations So the Tobacco Institute and the tobacco companiesrsquo first priority has always been to preempt the field preferably to put it all on the federal level but if they canrsquot do that at least on the state level because the health advocates canrsquot compete with me on the state levelrdquo
mdash Victor Crawford former Maryland state legislator
72
Industry Self-Regulation
British American Tobacco
11 September 2001
INTERNATIONAL TOBACCO PRODUCTS MARKETING STANDARDS
The parties subscribing to these Standards (the ldquoParticipantsrdquo) wish to record their belief that tobacco products should be marketed in a responsible manner and that reasonable measures should be taken to ensure that the promotion and distribution of tobacco products is
bull directed at adult smokers and not at youth and
bull consistent with the principle of informed adult choice
73
International Tobacco Marketing Standards
ldquoWe have analyzed the nine-page agreement and believe that the multinationalsrsquo strategy is proactive and is a way to improve their image rdquoldquoAlso by proactively setting new international tobacco marketing standards the multinationals could be trying to counter a number of proposals that the WHO has been working on to curb the amount of cigarettes that are consumed on an international levelrdquoldquo Interestingly in many countries the existing laws or industry codes are already more restrictive than the provisions of the international marketing standardsrdquo
Source International Tobacco Marketing Standards September 2001
74
Creating the Illusion of Support
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
75
Front Groups
Buying citizen involvement (letter writing phone banking campaigns) by supporting front groups
ldquoHandrdquo of the industry remains hidden
It has been a common practice of Big Tobacco to use third parties or to create front groups to be out in front fighting smokefreepolicies while the industry remains behind the scenes protecting its public image
-Americans for Nonsmokersrsquo Rightshttpwwwno-smokeorggetthefactsphpdp=d21|d23 accessed 22306
76
Industry Front Groups and Allies
Ive learned from experience that as soon as Im identified as a representative of the Tobacco Institute I lose all credibility They just sneer us awayso I try to work behind the scenes whenever I can
- Ron Saldana lobbyist for the Tobacco Institute 82486
Source httpwwwno-smokeorggetthefactsphpdp=d21|d23 accessed 22306
77
International Tobacco Growers Association
ITGAldquo[Establish] ITGA [International Tobacco Growers Association] [as a] front group for our third world lobby activities at WHOrdquo
Source Report of the WHO Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents
Source Report of the WHO Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents
78
Legal and Economic Intimidation
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
79
Intimidating Johns Hopkins
ldquoThe tobacco companies have commenced nothing short of a campaign of harassment against the academic institutions that discovered smoking is injurious to the public healthrdquominus Estelle A Fishbein general
council for Johns Hopkins University
ldquoTobacco Industry in Fight To Get
Universitiesrsquo DataLegal Moves Termed Fishing Expeditionrdquo
-The New York Times Jan 20 2002
80
Industry Harassment
PUBLIC HEALTH MATTERS
Public Health Under Attack The American Stop Smoking Intervention Study (ASSIST) and the
Tobacco Industry
- White J and LA Bero
- The Transnational Tobacco Industry
- Section A
- Describing a Disease
- The Agent
- The Host
- The Vector
- Section B
- Background
- Background
- What Is a ldquoTransnationalrdquo Company
- Major Transnational Tobacco Companies
- Cigarette Production
- Company Size and Wealth
- TNC Sales and Developing Countries
- China National Tobacco Corporation
- A Return to the Past
- Section C
- A Global Market
- Looking Abroad
- Going Abroad
- A Global Business
- Factors Fueling Global Expansion
- Trade Liberalization
- Impact of Trade Liberalization
- Tobacco Leaf Production
- Tobacco Leaf Trade
- Privatization
- Foreign InvestmentmdashUkraine
- Major Company Mergers
- Marlboro Market Share (2001)
- Marlbororsquos Global Penetration
- Section D
- Industry Strategies
- Modeling Industry Activities
- Undermining Science
- Sworn Public Statements
- Confidential Statements
- Buying Science and Intimidation
- The Attack on Meta-Analysis
- Junk Science
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
- Industry Tactics to Undermine IARC
- Philip Morris and SHS
- Japan Tobacco and SHS
- Public Relations
- Public Statements on Youth
- Private Statements on Youth
- Minimum Age 18
- Changing the Issues
- Philanthropy
- Corporate Social Responsibility
- BATS Social Reports
- Today on Addiction
- Today on Addiction
- Public Health Advocates
- Truth in Advertising
- Section E
- Marketing
- Industry Expenditures on Advertising
- Communicating Disease
- Advertising Strategies
- Grand Prix
- Section F
- Lobbying and Legislation
- A Long History of Lobbying
- Political Lobbying US
- The Latin Project Argentina
- The Czech Republic
- Preemption
- Industry Self-Regulation
- International Tobacco Marketing Standards
- Creating the Illusion of Support
- Front Groups
- Industry Front Groups and Allies
- International Tobacco Growers Association
- Legal and Economic Intimidation
- Intimidating Johns Hopkins
- Industry Harassment
-
49
Private Statements on Youth
ldquoWe [Philip Morris] refined the objective of a juvenile initiative program as follows maintain and proactively protect our ability to advertise promote and market our products via a juvenile initiativerdquo
ldquoJuvenile initiative = a series of programs and events to discourage juvenile smoking because smoking is an adult decisionrdquo
Source Cathy Leiber (18 May 1995) Philip Morris International Youth Initiatives Bates No 250301901114 Cited in PR in the Playground ASH UK 2000
50
Minimum Age 18
Image source Image source httpkumuicsdhawaiigovhealthhealthy- httpwwwdhssdelawaregovdhssdphlifestylestobaccotpeprtochtm dpcyouthaccesshtml retrieved 21206) retrieved 21206
51
Changing the Issues
Smoking manners
ldquoSmoking is prohibited in public places like railway stations airports museums and art galleries except for designated smoking areas There are some wards (ku in Japanese) that have specific rules in the form of bylaws concerning smoking If these regulations are broken the smoker is liable to pay a fine There is a provision of punishment for smoking on the street or in public places without carrying a portable ashtray as well as for throwing away cigarette buttsrdquo
httpwwwtourismmetrotokyojpenglishbasicbasic09htmlSource accessed 22306
52
Philanthropy
53
Corporate Social Responsibility
ldquohellip Because for us economic performance is not the only measure of our success Honesty integrity and social responsibility are just as important to the way we measure ourselvesrdquominus Philip Morris International
ldquoOur companies are committed to providing consumers with pleasure through excellent products and to demonstrating that we are meeting our commercial goals in ways that are consistent with reasonable societal expectations of a responsible tobacco group in the 21st centuryrdquominus British American Tobacco
54
BATS Social Reports
Argentina AustraliaBrazil GermanyHong KongHungaryJapanKoreaMalaysiaMexicoNew ZealandNigeriaPolandRussiaSouth Africa USA
55
Today on Addiction
PHILIP MORRIS USAPHILIP MORRIS INTERNATIONAL
TOBACCO ISSUESCigarette Smoking Health Issues for Smokers
Cigarette Smoking and AddictionWe agree with the overwhelming medical and scientific consensus that cigarette smoking is addictive It can be very difficult to quit smoking but this should not deter smokers who want to quit from trying to do so
minus httpphilipmorriscomdefaultasp
Continued
56
Today on AddictionPHILIP MORRIS USAPHILIP MORRIS INTERNATIONAL
TOBACCO ISSUESCigarette Smoking Health Issues for Smokers
Cigarette Smoking and Disease in SmokersThere is an overwhelming medical and scientific consensus that cigarette smoking causes lung cancer heart disease emphysema and other serious diseases in smokers Smokers are far more likely to develop serious diseases like lung cancer than non-smokers There is no safe cigarette These are and have been the messages of public health authorities worldwide Smokers and potential smokers should rely on these messages in making all smoking-related decisions
minus httpphilipmorriscomdefaultasp
57
Public Health Advocates
ldquoIntroducing QuitAssistQuitAssist is an information resource sponsored by Philip Morris USA Itrsquos designed to help you connect with a wealth of expert quitting information available ndash usually for free ndash from government agencies universities and respected nonprofit organizations This QuitAssist guide points the way to programs telephone quitlines websites guides and more that can help you find your own path to success
You can also read this guide at QuitAssist Online Log on through wwwphilipmorrisusacom
From there you can link directly to dozens of resources to help you move ahead and leave cigarettes behindrdquo
If you decide to quit smokinghellip
QuitAssistInformation Resource
Philip Morris USA
Never mentions the word ldquoaddictionrdquo
Source httpphilipmorrisusacomenquitassistindex_flashasp accessed 22306
58
Truth in Advertising
Aggressively markets the only legal product that when used as intended by its manufacturers eventually kills half its users
Section E
Industry Tactics II Industry Advertising Promotion and Sponsorship
60
Marketing
ldquoWe refined the objective of a juvenile initiative program as follows Maintain and proactively protect our ability to advertise promote and market our products via a juvenile initiativeldquo
mdash Cathy Leiber PM International 1995
Notes Juvenile initiative = a series of programs and events designed to discourage juvenile smoking because smoking is an adult decision
61
Industry Expenditures on Advertising
0100020003000400050006000700080009000
10000
Am
ount
spe
nt $
mill
ion
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Changes in cigarette marketing expenditure in the USA 1970-99
Data source Mackay J amp M Eriksen 2002 The Tobacco Atlas World Health Organization
62
Communicating Disease
According to the trade magazine ldquoAdvertising Agerdquo the Marlboro man was the most powerful advertising image of the 20th century
Image source httpwwwcdcgovtobaccosgrsgr4kidsadbusthtm retrieved 22306
63
Advertising Strategies
Targeting womenTargeting youthSelling AmericaSponsorship of sporting events and concertsContests and give-awaysBrand stretching
64
Grand Prix
Image source httpwwwnasnasagovAboutEducationRacecardevelopment_emobightml retrieved 22306
Section F
Industry Tactics III Lobbying Legislation and Litigation
66
Lobbying and Legislation
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
67
A Long History of Lobbying
1890mdashTobacco appeared in the US Pharmacopeia(official US government listing of drugs)1905mdashDropped from list before the 1906 Food and Drug Act (legislation that created the Food and Drug Administration)2005mdashFDA cannot regulate nicotine in tobacco
68
Political Lobbying US
Four of the twelve most generous donors to the 2000 Bush Campaign (1 Phillip Morris RJR UST Brown and Williamson)$18 million to federal candidates between 1997 and 2003 minus 82 to Republican candidates and committees
US $43 million spent to counter McCain bill (highest amount ever spent on a sustained issue advocacy campaign in the US)
69
The Latin Project Argentina
Counter regulations aimed at creating smoke-free workplaces and public placesminus September 30 1991mdashNeri Bill approved by Senate
(advertising promotion and sampling ban limit public smoking)
minus Industry campaignmdashmedia debates briefing packages to Senators and the President paid chief scientific advisor to President
minus October 13 1991mdashPresident vetoes law
70
The Czech Republic
June 2001
Philip Morris presents members of the Health and Social Affairs Committee of the Czech Parliament a study concluding that smoking is good for the Czech governments finances because of the savings from early deaths caused by smoking
71
Preemption
ldquoWe could never win at the local level The reason is [that] all of the health advocates the ones that I unfortunately used to call lsquohealth nazisrsquotheyrsquore all local activists who run the little political organizations So the Tobacco Institute and the tobacco companiesrsquo first priority has always been to preempt the field preferably to put it all on the federal level but if they canrsquot do that at least on the state level because the health advocates canrsquot compete with me on the state levelrdquo
mdash Victor Crawford former Maryland state legislator
72
Industry Self-Regulation
British American Tobacco
11 September 2001
INTERNATIONAL TOBACCO PRODUCTS MARKETING STANDARDS
The parties subscribing to these Standards (the ldquoParticipantsrdquo) wish to record their belief that tobacco products should be marketed in a responsible manner and that reasonable measures should be taken to ensure that the promotion and distribution of tobacco products is
bull directed at adult smokers and not at youth and
bull consistent with the principle of informed adult choice
73
International Tobacco Marketing Standards
ldquoWe have analyzed the nine-page agreement and believe that the multinationalsrsquo strategy is proactive and is a way to improve their image rdquoldquoAlso by proactively setting new international tobacco marketing standards the multinationals could be trying to counter a number of proposals that the WHO has been working on to curb the amount of cigarettes that are consumed on an international levelrdquoldquo Interestingly in many countries the existing laws or industry codes are already more restrictive than the provisions of the international marketing standardsrdquo
Source International Tobacco Marketing Standards September 2001
74
Creating the Illusion of Support
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
75
Front Groups
Buying citizen involvement (letter writing phone banking campaigns) by supporting front groups
ldquoHandrdquo of the industry remains hidden
It has been a common practice of Big Tobacco to use third parties or to create front groups to be out in front fighting smokefreepolicies while the industry remains behind the scenes protecting its public image
-Americans for Nonsmokersrsquo Rightshttpwwwno-smokeorggetthefactsphpdp=d21|d23 accessed 22306
76
Industry Front Groups and Allies
Ive learned from experience that as soon as Im identified as a representative of the Tobacco Institute I lose all credibility They just sneer us awayso I try to work behind the scenes whenever I can
- Ron Saldana lobbyist for the Tobacco Institute 82486
Source httpwwwno-smokeorggetthefactsphpdp=d21|d23 accessed 22306
77
International Tobacco Growers Association
ITGAldquo[Establish] ITGA [International Tobacco Growers Association] [as a] front group for our third world lobby activities at WHOrdquo
Source Report of the WHO Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents
Source Report of the WHO Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents
78
Legal and Economic Intimidation
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
79
Intimidating Johns Hopkins
ldquoThe tobacco companies have commenced nothing short of a campaign of harassment against the academic institutions that discovered smoking is injurious to the public healthrdquominus Estelle A Fishbein general
council for Johns Hopkins University
ldquoTobacco Industry in Fight To Get
Universitiesrsquo DataLegal Moves Termed Fishing Expeditionrdquo
-The New York Times Jan 20 2002
80
Industry Harassment
PUBLIC HEALTH MATTERS
Public Health Under Attack The American Stop Smoking Intervention Study (ASSIST) and the
Tobacco Industry
- White J and LA Bero
- The Transnational Tobacco Industry
- Section A
- Describing a Disease
- The Agent
- The Host
- The Vector
- Section B
- Background
- Background
- What Is a ldquoTransnationalrdquo Company
- Major Transnational Tobacco Companies
- Cigarette Production
- Company Size and Wealth
- TNC Sales and Developing Countries
- China National Tobacco Corporation
- A Return to the Past
- Section C
- A Global Market
- Looking Abroad
- Going Abroad
- A Global Business
- Factors Fueling Global Expansion
- Trade Liberalization
- Impact of Trade Liberalization
- Tobacco Leaf Production
- Tobacco Leaf Trade
- Privatization
- Foreign InvestmentmdashUkraine
- Major Company Mergers
- Marlboro Market Share (2001)
- Marlbororsquos Global Penetration
- Section D
- Industry Strategies
- Modeling Industry Activities
- Undermining Science
- Sworn Public Statements
- Confidential Statements
- Buying Science and Intimidation
- The Attack on Meta-Analysis
- Junk Science
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
- Industry Tactics to Undermine IARC
- Philip Morris and SHS
- Japan Tobacco and SHS
- Public Relations
- Public Statements on Youth
- Private Statements on Youth
- Minimum Age 18
- Changing the Issues
- Philanthropy
- Corporate Social Responsibility
- BATS Social Reports
- Today on Addiction
- Today on Addiction
- Public Health Advocates
- Truth in Advertising
- Section E
- Marketing
- Industry Expenditures on Advertising
- Communicating Disease
- Advertising Strategies
- Grand Prix
- Section F
- Lobbying and Legislation
- A Long History of Lobbying
- Political Lobbying US
- The Latin Project Argentina
- The Czech Republic
- Preemption
- Industry Self-Regulation
- International Tobacco Marketing Standards
- Creating the Illusion of Support
- Front Groups
- Industry Front Groups and Allies
- International Tobacco Growers Association
- Legal and Economic Intimidation
- Intimidating Johns Hopkins
- Industry Harassment
-
50
Minimum Age 18
Image source Image source httpkumuicsdhawaiigovhealthhealthy- httpwwwdhssdelawaregovdhssdphlifestylestobaccotpeprtochtm dpcyouthaccesshtml retrieved 21206) retrieved 21206
51
Changing the Issues
Smoking manners
ldquoSmoking is prohibited in public places like railway stations airports museums and art galleries except for designated smoking areas There are some wards (ku in Japanese) that have specific rules in the form of bylaws concerning smoking If these regulations are broken the smoker is liable to pay a fine There is a provision of punishment for smoking on the street or in public places without carrying a portable ashtray as well as for throwing away cigarette buttsrdquo
httpwwwtourismmetrotokyojpenglishbasicbasic09htmlSource accessed 22306
52
Philanthropy
53
Corporate Social Responsibility
ldquohellip Because for us economic performance is not the only measure of our success Honesty integrity and social responsibility are just as important to the way we measure ourselvesrdquominus Philip Morris International
ldquoOur companies are committed to providing consumers with pleasure through excellent products and to demonstrating that we are meeting our commercial goals in ways that are consistent with reasonable societal expectations of a responsible tobacco group in the 21st centuryrdquominus British American Tobacco
54
BATS Social Reports
Argentina AustraliaBrazil GermanyHong KongHungaryJapanKoreaMalaysiaMexicoNew ZealandNigeriaPolandRussiaSouth Africa USA
55
Today on Addiction
PHILIP MORRIS USAPHILIP MORRIS INTERNATIONAL
TOBACCO ISSUESCigarette Smoking Health Issues for Smokers
Cigarette Smoking and AddictionWe agree with the overwhelming medical and scientific consensus that cigarette smoking is addictive It can be very difficult to quit smoking but this should not deter smokers who want to quit from trying to do so
minus httpphilipmorriscomdefaultasp
Continued
56
Today on AddictionPHILIP MORRIS USAPHILIP MORRIS INTERNATIONAL
TOBACCO ISSUESCigarette Smoking Health Issues for Smokers
Cigarette Smoking and Disease in SmokersThere is an overwhelming medical and scientific consensus that cigarette smoking causes lung cancer heart disease emphysema and other serious diseases in smokers Smokers are far more likely to develop serious diseases like lung cancer than non-smokers There is no safe cigarette These are and have been the messages of public health authorities worldwide Smokers and potential smokers should rely on these messages in making all smoking-related decisions
minus httpphilipmorriscomdefaultasp
57
Public Health Advocates
ldquoIntroducing QuitAssistQuitAssist is an information resource sponsored by Philip Morris USA Itrsquos designed to help you connect with a wealth of expert quitting information available ndash usually for free ndash from government agencies universities and respected nonprofit organizations This QuitAssist guide points the way to programs telephone quitlines websites guides and more that can help you find your own path to success
You can also read this guide at QuitAssist Online Log on through wwwphilipmorrisusacom
From there you can link directly to dozens of resources to help you move ahead and leave cigarettes behindrdquo
If you decide to quit smokinghellip
QuitAssistInformation Resource
Philip Morris USA
Never mentions the word ldquoaddictionrdquo
Source httpphilipmorrisusacomenquitassistindex_flashasp accessed 22306
58
Truth in Advertising
Aggressively markets the only legal product that when used as intended by its manufacturers eventually kills half its users
Section E
Industry Tactics II Industry Advertising Promotion and Sponsorship
60
Marketing
ldquoWe refined the objective of a juvenile initiative program as follows Maintain and proactively protect our ability to advertise promote and market our products via a juvenile initiativeldquo
mdash Cathy Leiber PM International 1995
Notes Juvenile initiative = a series of programs and events designed to discourage juvenile smoking because smoking is an adult decision
61
Industry Expenditures on Advertising
0100020003000400050006000700080009000
10000
Am
ount
spe
nt $
mill
ion
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Changes in cigarette marketing expenditure in the USA 1970-99
Data source Mackay J amp M Eriksen 2002 The Tobacco Atlas World Health Organization
62
Communicating Disease
According to the trade magazine ldquoAdvertising Agerdquo the Marlboro man was the most powerful advertising image of the 20th century
Image source httpwwwcdcgovtobaccosgrsgr4kidsadbusthtm retrieved 22306
63
Advertising Strategies
Targeting womenTargeting youthSelling AmericaSponsorship of sporting events and concertsContests and give-awaysBrand stretching
64
Grand Prix
Image source httpwwwnasnasagovAboutEducationRacecardevelopment_emobightml retrieved 22306
Section F
Industry Tactics III Lobbying Legislation and Litigation
66
Lobbying and Legislation
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
67
A Long History of Lobbying
1890mdashTobacco appeared in the US Pharmacopeia(official US government listing of drugs)1905mdashDropped from list before the 1906 Food and Drug Act (legislation that created the Food and Drug Administration)2005mdashFDA cannot regulate nicotine in tobacco
68
Political Lobbying US
Four of the twelve most generous donors to the 2000 Bush Campaign (1 Phillip Morris RJR UST Brown and Williamson)$18 million to federal candidates between 1997 and 2003 minus 82 to Republican candidates and committees
US $43 million spent to counter McCain bill (highest amount ever spent on a sustained issue advocacy campaign in the US)
69
The Latin Project Argentina
Counter regulations aimed at creating smoke-free workplaces and public placesminus September 30 1991mdashNeri Bill approved by Senate
(advertising promotion and sampling ban limit public smoking)
minus Industry campaignmdashmedia debates briefing packages to Senators and the President paid chief scientific advisor to President
minus October 13 1991mdashPresident vetoes law
70
The Czech Republic
June 2001
Philip Morris presents members of the Health and Social Affairs Committee of the Czech Parliament a study concluding that smoking is good for the Czech governments finances because of the savings from early deaths caused by smoking
71
Preemption
ldquoWe could never win at the local level The reason is [that] all of the health advocates the ones that I unfortunately used to call lsquohealth nazisrsquotheyrsquore all local activists who run the little political organizations So the Tobacco Institute and the tobacco companiesrsquo first priority has always been to preempt the field preferably to put it all on the federal level but if they canrsquot do that at least on the state level because the health advocates canrsquot compete with me on the state levelrdquo
mdash Victor Crawford former Maryland state legislator
72
Industry Self-Regulation
British American Tobacco
11 September 2001
INTERNATIONAL TOBACCO PRODUCTS MARKETING STANDARDS
The parties subscribing to these Standards (the ldquoParticipantsrdquo) wish to record their belief that tobacco products should be marketed in a responsible manner and that reasonable measures should be taken to ensure that the promotion and distribution of tobacco products is
bull directed at adult smokers and not at youth and
bull consistent with the principle of informed adult choice
73
International Tobacco Marketing Standards
ldquoWe have analyzed the nine-page agreement and believe that the multinationalsrsquo strategy is proactive and is a way to improve their image rdquoldquoAlso by proactively setting new international tobacco marketing standards the multinationals could be trying to counter a number of proposals that the WHO has been working on to curb the amount of cigarettes that are consumed on an international levelrdquoldquo Interestingly in many countries the existing laws or industry codes are already more restrictive than the provisions of the international marketing standardsrdquo
Source International Tobacco Marketing Standards September 2001
74
Creating the Illusion of Support
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
75
Front Groups
Buying citizen involvement (letter writing phone banking campaigns) by supporting front groups
ldquoHandrdquo of the industry remains hidden
It has been a common practice of Big Tobacco to use third parties or to create front groups to be out in front fighting smokefreepolicies while the industry remains behind the scenes protecting its public image
-Americans for Nonsmokersrsquo Rightshttpwwwno-smokeorggetthefactsphpdp=d21|d23 accessed 22306
76
Industry Front Groups and Allies
Ive learned from experience that as soon as Im identified as a representative of the Tobacco Institute I lose all credibility They just sneer us awayso I try to work behind the scenes whenever I can
- Ron Saldana lobbyist for the Tobacco Institute 82486
Source httpwwwno-smokeorggetthefactsphpdp=d21|d23 accessed 22306
77
International Tobacco Growers Association
ITGAldquo[Establish] ITGA [International Tobacco Growers Association] [as a] front group for our third world lobby activities at WHOrdquo
Source Report of the WHO Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents
Source Report of the WHO Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents
78
Legal and Economic Intimidation
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
79
Intimidating Johns Hopkins
ldquoThe tobacco companies have commenced nothing short of a campaign of harassment against the academic institutions that discovered smoking is injurious to the public healthrdquominus Estelle A Fishbein general
council for Johns Hopkins University
ldquoTobacco Industry in Fight To Get
Universitiesrsquo DataLegal Moves Termed Fishing Expeditionrdquo
-The New York Times Jan 20 2002
80
Industry Harassment
PUBLIC HEALTH MATTERS
Public Health Under Attack The American Stop Smoking Intervention Study (ASSIST) and the
Tobacco Industry
- White J and LA Bero
- The Transnational Tobacco Industry
- Section A
- Describing a Disease
- The Agent
- The Host
- The Vector
- Section B
- Background
- Background
- What Is a ldquoTransnationalrdquo Company
- Major Transnational Tobacco Companies
- Cigarette Production
- Company Size and Wealth
- TNC Sales and Developing Countries
- China National Tobacco Corporation
- A Return to the Past
- Section C
- A Global Market
- Looking Abroad
- Going Abroad
- A Global Business
- Factors Fueling Global Expansion
- Trade Liberalization
- Impact of Trade Liberalization
- Tobacco Leaf Production
- Tobacco Leaf Trade
- Privatization
- Foreign InvestmentmdashUkraine
- Major Company Mergers
- Marlboro Market Share (2001)
- Marlbororsquos Global Penetration
- Section D
- Industry Strategies
- Modeling Industry Activities
- Undermining Science
- Sworn Public Statements
- Confidential Statements
- Buying Science and Intimidation
- The Attack on Meta-Analysis
- Junk Science
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
- Industry Tactics to Undermine IARC
- Philip Morris and SHS
- Japan Tobacco and SHS
- Public Relations
- Public Statements on Youth
- Private Statements on Youth
- Minimum Age 18
- Changing the Issues
- Philanthropy
- Corporate Social Responsibility
- BATS Social Reports
- Today on Addiction
- Today on Addiction
- Public Health Advocates
- Truth in Advertising
- Section E
- Marketing
- Industry Expenditures on Advertising
- Communicating Disease
- Advertising Strategies
- Grand Prix
- Section F
- Lobbying and Legislation
- A Long History of Lobbying
- Political Lobbying US
- The Latin Project Argentina
- The Czech Republic
- Preemption
- Industry Self-Regulation
- International Tobacco Marketing Standards
- Creating the Illusion of Support
- Front Groups
- Industry Front Groups and Allies
- International Tobacco Growers Association
- Legal and Economic Intimidation
- Intimidating Johns Hopkins
- Industry Harassment
-
51
Changing the Issues
Smoking manners
ldquoSmoking is prohibited in public places like railway stations airports museums and art galleries except for designated smoking areas There are some wards (ku in Japanese) that have specific rules in the form of bylaws concerning smoking If these regulations are broken the smoker is liable to pay a fine There is a provision of punishment for smoking on the street or in public places without carrying a portable ashtray as well as for throwing away cigarette buttsrdquo
httpwwwtourismmetrotokyojpenglishbasicbasic09htmlSource accessed 22306
52
Philanthropy
53
Corporate Social Responsibility
ldquohellip Because for us economic performance is not the only measure of our success Honesty integrity and social responsibility are just as important to the way we measure ourselvesrdquominus Philip Morris International
ldquoOur companies are committed to providing consumers with pleasure through excellent products and to demonstrating that we are meeting our commercial goals in ways that are consistent with reasonable societal expectations of a responsible tobacco group in the 21st centuryrdquominus British American Tobacco
54
BATS Social Reports
Argentina AustraliaBrazil GermanyHong KongHungaryJapanKoreaMalaysiaMexicoNew ZealandNigeriaPolandRussiaSouth Africa USA
55
Today on Addiction
PHILIP MORRIS USAPHILIP MORRIS INTERNATIONAL
TOBACCO ISSUESCigarette Smoking Health Issues for Smokers
Cigarette Smoking and AddictionWe agree with the overwhelming medical and scientific consensus that cigarette smoking is addictive It can be very difficult to quit smoking but this should not deter smokers who want to quit from trying to do so
minus httpphilipmorriscomdefaultasp
Continued
56
Today on AddictionPHILIP MORRIS USAPHILIP MORRIS INTERNATIONAL
TOBACCO ISSUESCigarette Smoking Health Issues for Smokers
Cigarette Smoking and Disease in SmokersThere is an overwhelming medical and scientific consensus that cigarette smoking causes lung cancer heart disease emphysema and other serious diseases in smokers Smokers are far more likely to develop serious diseases like lung cancer than non-smokers There is no safe cigarette These are and have been the messages of public health authorities worldwide Smokers and potential smokers should rely on these messages in making all smoking-related decisions
minus httpphilipmorriscomdefaultasp
57
Public Health Advocates
ldquoIntroducing QuitAssistQuitAssist is an information resource sponsored by Philip Morris USA Itrsquos designed to help you connect with a wealth of expert quitting information available ndash usually for free ndash from government agencies universities and respected nonprofit organizations This QuitAssist guide points the way to programs telephone quitlines websites guides and more that can help you find your own path to success
You can also read this guide at QuitAssist Online Log on through wwwphilipmorrisusacom
From there you can link directly to dozens of resources to help you move ahead and leave cigarettes behindrdquo
If you decide to quit smokinghellip
QuitAssistInformation Resource
Philip Morris USA
Never mentions the word ldquoaddictionrdquo
Source httpphilipmorrisusacomenquitassistindex_flashasp accessed 22306
58
Truth in Advertising
Aggressively markets the only legal product that when used as intended by its manufacturers eventually kills half its users
Section E
Industry Tactics II Industry Advertising Promotion and Sponsorship
60
Marketing
ldquoWe refined the objective of a juvenile initiative program as follows Maintain and proactively protect our ability to advertise promote and market our products via a juvenile initiativeldquo
mdash Cathy Leiber PM International 1995
Notes Juvenile initiative = a series of programs and events designed to discourage juvenile smoking because smoking is an adult decision
61
Industry Expenditures on Advertising
0100020003000400050006000700080009000
10000
Am
ount
spe
nt $
mill
ion
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Changes in cigarette marketing expenditure in the USA 1970-99
Data source Mackay J amp M Eriksen 2002 The Tobacco Atlas World Health Organization
62
Communicating Disease
According to the trade magazine ldquoAdvertising Agerdquo the Marlboro man was the most powerful advertising image of the 20th century
Image source httpwwwcdcgovtobaccosgrsgr4kidsadbusthtm retrieved 22306
63
Advertising Strategies
Targeting womenTargeting youthSelling AmericaSponsorship of sporting events and concertsContests and give-awaysBrand stretching
64
Grand Prix
Image source httpwwwnasnasagovAboutEducationRacecardevelopment_emobightml retrieved 22306
Section F
Industry Tactics III Lobbying Legislation and Litigation
66
Lobbying and Legislation
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
67
A Long History of Lobbying
1890mdashTobacco appeared in the US Pharmacopeia(official US government listing of drugs)1905mdashDropped from list before the 1906 Food and Drug Act (legislation that created the Food and Drug Administration)2005mdashFDA cannot regulate nicotine in tobacco
68
Political Lobbying US
Four of the twelve most generous donors to the 2000 Bush Campaign (1 Phillip Morris RJR UST Brown and Williamson)$18 million to federal candidates between 1997 and 2003 minus 82 to Republican candidates and committees
US $43 million spent to counter McCain bill (highest amount ever spent on a sustained issue advocacy campaign in the US)
69
The Latin Project Argentina
Counter regulations aimed at creating smoke-free workplaces and public placesminus September 30 1991mdashNeri Bill approved by Senate
(advertising promotion and sampling ban limit public smoking)
minus Industry campaignmdashmedia debates briefing packages to Senators and the President paid chief scientific advisor to President
minus October 13 1991mdashPresident vetoes law
70
The Czech Republic
June 2001
Philip Morris presents members of the Health and Social Affairs Committee of the Czech Parliament a study concluding that smoking is good for the Czech governments finances because of the savings from early deaths caused by smoking
71
Preemption
ldquoWe could never win at the local level The reason is [that] all of the health advocates the ones that I unfortunately used to call lsquohealth nazisrsquotheyrsquore all local activists who run the little political organizations So the Tobacco Institute and the tobacco companiesrsquo first priority has always been to preempt the field preferably to put it all on the federal level but if they canrsquot do that at least on the state level because the health advocates canrsquot compete with me on the state levelrdquo
mdash Victor Crawford former Maryland state legislator
72
Industry Self-Regulation
British American Tobacco
11 September 2001
INTERNATIONAL TOBACCO PRODUCTS MARKETING STANDARDS
The parties subscribing to these Standards (the ldquoParticipantsrdquo) wish to record their belief that tobacco products should be marketed in a responsible manner and that reasonable measures should be taken to ensure that the promotion and distribution of tobacco products is
bull directed at adult smokers and not at youth and
bull consistent with the principle of informed adult choice
73
International Tobacco Marketing Standards
ldquoWe have analyzed the nine-page agreement and believe that the multinationalsrsquo strategy is proactive and is a way to improve their image rdquoldquoAlso by proactively setting new international tobacco marketing standards the multinationals could be trying to counter a number of proposals that the WHO has been working on to curb the amount of cigarettes that are consumed on an international levelrdquoldquo Interestingly in many countries the existing laws or industry codes are already more restrictive than the provisions of the international marketing standardsrdquo
Source International Tobacco Marketing Standards September 2001
74
Creating the Illusion of Support
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
75
Front Groups
Buying citizen involvement (letter writing phone banking campaigns) by supporting front groups
ldquoHandrdquo of the industry remains hidden
It has been a common practice of Big Tobacco to use third parties or to create front groups to be out in front fighting smokefreepolicies while the industry remains behind the scenes protecting its public image
-Americans for Nonsmokersrsquo Rightshttpwwwno-smokeorggetthefactsphpdp=d21|d23 accessed 22306
76
Industry Front Groups and Allies
Ive learned from experience that as soon as Im identified as a representative of the Tobacco Institute I lose all credibility They just sneer us awayso I try to work behind the scenes whenever I can
- Ron Saldana lobbyist for the Tobacco Institute 82486
Source httpwwwno-smokeorggetthefactsphpdp=d21|d23 accessed 22306
77
International Tobacco Growers Association
ITGAldquo[Establish] ITGA [International Tobacco Growers Association] [as a] front group for our third world lobby activities at WHOrdquo
Source Report of the WHO Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents
Source Report of the WHO Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents
78
Legal and Economic Intimidation
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
79
Intimidating Johns Hopkins
ldquoThe tobacco companies have commenced nothing short of a campaign of harassment against the academic institutions that discovered smoking is injurious to the public healthrdquominus Estelle A Fishbein general
council for Johns Hopkins University
ldquoTobacco Industry in Fight To Get
Universitiesrsquo DataLegal Moves Termed Fishing Expeditionrdquo
-The New York Times Jan 20 2002
80
Industry Harassment
PUBLIC HEALTH MATTERS
Public Health Under Attack The American Stop Smoking Intervention Study (ASSIST) and the
Tobacco Industry
- White J and LA Bero
- The Transnational Tobacco Industry
- Section A
- Describing a Disease
- The Agent
- The Host
- The Vector
- Section B
- Background
- Background
- What Is a ldquoTransnationalrdquo Company
- Major Transnational Tobacco Companies
- Cigarette Production
- Company Size and Wealth
- TNC Sales and Developing Countries
- China National Tobacco Corporation
- A Return to the Past
- Section C
- A Global Market
- Looking Abroad
- Going Abroad
- A Global Business
- Factors Fueling Global Expansion
- Trade Liberalization
- Impact of Trade Liberalization
- Tobacco Leaf Production
- Tobacco Leaf Trade
- Privatization
- Foreign InvestmentmdashUkraine
- Major Company Mergers
- Marlboro Market Share (2001)
- Marlbororsquos Global Penetration
- Section D
- Industry Strategies
- Modeling Industry Activities
- Undermining Science
- Sworn Public Statements
- Confidential Statements
- Buying Science and Intimidation
- The Attack on Meta-Analysis
- Junk Science
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
- Industry Tactics to Undermine IARC
- Philip Morris and SHS
- Japan Tobacco and SHS
- Public Relations
- Public Statements on Youth
- Private Statements on Youth
- Minimum Age 18
- Changing the Issues
- Philanthropy
- Corporate Social Responsibility
- BATS Social Reports
- Today on Addiction
- Today on Addiction
- Public Health Advocates
- Truth in Advertising
- Section E
- Marketing
- Industry Expenditures on Advertising
- Communicating Disease
- Advertising Strategies
- Grand Prix
- Section F
- Lobbying and Legislation
- A Long History of Lobbying
- Political Lobbying US
- The Latin Project Argentina
- The Czech Republic
- Preemption
- Industry Self-Regulation
- International Tobacco Marketing Standards
- Creating the Illusion of Support
- Front Groups
- Industry Front Groups and Allies
- International Tobacco Growers Association
- Legal and Economic Intimidation
- Intimidating Johns Hopkins
- Industry Harassment
-
52
Philanthropy
53
Corporate Social Responsibility
ldquohellip Because for us economic performance is not the only measure of our success Honesty integrity and social responsibility are just as important to the way we measure ourselvesrdquominus Philip Morris International
ldquoOur companies are committed to providing consumers with pleasure through excellent products and to demonstrating that we are meeting our commercial goals in ways that are consistent with reasonable societal expectations of a responsible tobacco group in the 21st centuryrdquominus British American Tobacco
54
BATS Social Reports
Argentina AustraliaBrazil GermanyHong KongHungaryJapanKoreaMalaysiaMexicoNew ZealandNigeriaPolandRussiaSouth Africa USA
55
Today on Addiction
PHILIP MORRIS USAPHILIP MORRIS INTERNATIONAL
TOBACCO ISSUESCigarette Smoking Health Issues for Smokers
Cigarette Smoking and AddictionWe agree with the overwhelming medical and scientific consensus that cigarette smoking is addictive It can be very difficult to quit smoking but this should not deter smokers who want to quit from trying to do so
minus httpphilipmorriscomdefaultasp
Continued
56
Today on AddictionPHILIP MORRIS USAPHILIP MORRIS INTERNATIONAL
TOBACCO ISSUESCigarette Smoking Health Issues for Smokers
Cigarette Smoking and Disease in SmokersThere is an overwhelming medical and scientific consensus that cigarette smoking causes lung cancer heart disease emphysema and other serious diseases in smokers Smokers are far more likely to develop serious diseases like lung cancer than non-smokers There is no safe cigarette These are and have been the messages of public health authorities worldwide Smokers and potential smokers should rely on these messages in making all smoking-related decisions
minus httpphilipmorriscomdefaultasp
57
Public Health Advocates
ldquoIntroducing QuitAssistQuitAssist is an information resource sponsored by Philip Morris USA Itrsquos designed to help you connect with a wealth of expert quitting information available ndash usually for free ndash from government agencies universities and respected nonprofit organizations This QuitAssist guide points the way to programs telephone quitlines websites guides and more that can help you find your own path to success
You can also read this guide at QuitAssist Online Log on through wwwphilipmorrisusacom
From there you can link directly to dozens of resources to help you move ahead and leave cigarettes behindrdquo
If you decide to quit smokinghellip
QuitAssistInformation Resource
Philip Morris USA
Never mentions the word ldquoaddictionrdquo
Source httpphilipmorrisusacomenquitassistindex_flashasp accessed 22306
58
Truth in Advertising
Aggressively markets the only legal product that when used as intended by its manufacturers eventually kills half its users
Section E
Industry Tactics II Industry Advertising Promotion and Sponsorship
60
Marketing
ldquoWe refined the objective of a juvenile initiative program as follows Maintain and proactively protect our ability to advertise promote and market our products via a juvenile initiativeldquo
mdash Cathy Leiber PM International 1995
Notes Juvenile initiative = a series of programs and events designed to discourage juvenile smoking because smoking is an adult decision
61
Industry Expenditures on Advertising
0100020003000400050006000700080009000
10000
Am
ount
spe
nt $
mill
ion
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Changes in cigarette marketing expenditure in the USA 1970-99
Data source Mackay J amp M Eriksen 2002 The Tobacco Atlas World Health Organization
62
Communicating Disease
According to the trade magazine ldquoAdvertising Agerdquo the Marlboro man was the most powerful advertising image of the 20th century
Image source httpwwwcdcgovtobaccosgrsgr4kidsadbusthtm retrieved 22306
63
Advertising Strategies
Targeting womenTargeting youthSelling AmericaSponsorship of sporting events and concertsContests and give-awaysBrand stretching
64
Grand Prix
Image source httpwwwnasnasagovAboutEducationRacecardevelopment_emobightml retrieved 22306
Section F
Industry Tactics III Lobbying Legislation and Litigation
66
Lobbying and Legislation
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
67
A Long History of Lobbying
1890mdashTobacco appeared in the US Pharmacopeia(official US government listing of drugs)1905mdashDropped from list before the 1906 Food and Drug Act (legislation that created the Food and Drug Administration)2005mdashFDA cannot regulate nicotine in tobacco
68
Political Lobbying US
Four of the twelve most generous donors to the 2000 Bush Campaign (1 Phillip Morris RJR UST Brown and Williamson)$18 million to federal candidates between 1997 and 2003 minus 82 to Republican candidates and committees
US $43 million spent to counter McCain bill (highest amount ever spent on a sustained issue advocacy campaign in the US)
69
The Latin Project Argentina
Counter regulations aimed at creating smoke-free workplaces and public placesminus September 30 1991mdashNeri Bill approved by Senate
(advertising promotion and sampling ban limit public smoking)
minus Industry campaignmdashmedia debates briefing packages to Senators and the President paid chief scientific advisor to President
minus October 13 1991mdashPresident vetoes law
70
The Czech Republic
June 2001
Philip Morris presents members of the Health and Social Affairs Committee of the Czech Parliament a study concluding that smoking is good for the Czech governments finances because of the savings from early deaths caused by smoking
71
Preemption
ldquoWe could never win at the local level The reason is [that] all of the health advocates the ones that I unfortunately used to call lsquohealth nazisrsquotheyrsquore all local activists who run the little political organizations So the Tobacco Institute and the tobacco companiesrsquo first priority has always been to preempt the field preferably to put it all on the federal level but if they canrsquot do that at least on the state level because the health advocates canrsquot compete with me on the state levelrdquo
mdash Victor Crawford former Maryland state legislator
72
Industry Self-Regulation
British American Tobacco
11 September 2001
INTERNATIONAL TOBACCO PRODUCTS MARKETING STANDARDS
The parties subscribing to these Standards (the ldquoParticipantsrdquo) wish to record their belief that tobacco products should be marketed in a responsible manner and that reasonable measures should be taken to ensure that the promotion and distribution of tobacco products is
bull directed at adult smokers and not at youth and
bull consistent with the principle of informed adult choice
73
International Tobacco Marketing Standards
ldquoWe have analyzed the nine-page agreement and believe that the multinationalsrsquo strategy is proactive and is a way to improve their image rdquoldquoAlso by proactively setting new international tobacco marketing standards the multinationals could be trying to counter a number of proposals that the WHO has been working on to curb the amount of cigarettes that are consumed on an international levelrdquoldquo Interestingly in many countries the existing laws or industry codes are already more restrictive than the provisions of the international marketing standardsrdquo
Source International Tobacco Marketing Standards September 2001
74
Creating the Illusion of Support
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
75
Front Groups
Buying citizen involvement (letter writing phone banking campaigns) by supporting front groups
ldquoHandrdquo of the industry remains hidden
It has been a common practice of Big Tobacco to use third parties or to create front groups to be out in front fighting smokefreepolicies while the industry remains behind the scenes protecting its public image
-Americans for Nonsmokersrsquo Rightshttpwwwno-smokeorggetthefactsphpdp=d21|d23 accessed 22306
76
Industry Front Groups and Allies
Ive learned from experience that as soon as Im identified as a representative of the Tobacco Institute I lose all credibility They just sneer us awayso I try to work behind the scenes whenever I can
- Ron Saldana lobbyist for the Tobacco Institute 82486
Source httpwwwno-smokeorggetthefactsphpdp=d21|d23 accessed 22306
77
International Tobacco Growers Association
ITGAldquo[Establish] ITGA [International Tobacco Growers Association] [as a] front group for our third world lobby activities at WHOrdquo
Source Report of the WHO Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents
Source Report of the WHO Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents
78
Legal and Economic Intimidation
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
79
Intimidating Johns Hopkins
ldquoThe tobacco companies have commenced nothing short of a campaign of harassment against the academic institutions that discovered smoking is injurious to the public healthrdquominus Estelle A Fishbein general
council for Johns Hopkins University
ldquoTobacco Industry in Fight To Get
Universitiesrsquo DataLegal Moves Termed Fishing Expeditionrdquo
-The New York Times Jan 20 2002
80
Industry Harassment
PUBLIC HEALTH MATTERS
Public Health Under Attack The American Stop Smoking Intervention Study (ASSIST) and the
Tobacco Industry
- White J and LA Bero
- The Transnational Tobacco Industry
- Section A
- Describing a Disease
- The Agent
- The Host
- The Vector
- Section B
- Background
- Background
- What Is a ldquoTransnationalrdquo Company
- Major Transnational Tobacco Companies
- Cigarette Production
- Company Size and Wealth
- TNC Sales and Developing Countries
- China National Tobacco Corporation
- A Return to the Past
- Section C
- A Global Market
- Looking Abroad
- Going Abroad
- A Global Business
- Factors Fueling Global Expansion
- Trade Liberalization
- Impact of Trade Liberalization
- Tobacco Leaf Production
- Tobacco Leaf Trade
- Privatization
- Foreign InvestmentmdashUkraine
- Major Company Mergers
- Marlboro Market Share (2001)
- Marlbororsquos Global Penetration
- Section D
- Industry Strategies
- Modeling Industry Activities
- Undermining Science
- Sworn Public Statements
- Confidential Statements
- Buying Science and Intimidation
- The Attack on Meta-Analysis
- Junk Science
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
- Industry Tactics to Undermine IARC
- Philip Morris and SHS
- Japan Tobacco and SHS
- Public Relations
- Public Statements on Youth
- Private Statements on Youth
- Minimum Age 18
- Changing the Issues
- Philanthropy
- Corporate Social Responsibility
- BATS Social Reports
- Today on Addiction
- Today on Addiction
- Public Health Advocates
- Truth in Advertising
- Section E
- Marketing
- Industry Expenditures on Advertising
- Communicating Disease
- Advertising Strategies
- Grand Prix
- Section F
- Lobbying and Legislation
- A Long History of Lobbying
- Political Lobbying US
- The Latin Project Argentina
- The Czech Republic
- Preemption
- Industry Self-Regulation
- International Tobacco Marketing Standards
- Creating the Illusion of Support
- Front Groups
- Industry Front Groups and Allies
- International Tobacco Growers Association
- Legal and Economic Intimidation
- Intimidating Johns Hopkins
- Industry Harassment
-
53
Corporate Social Responsibility
ldquohellip Because for us economic performance is not the only measure of our success Honesty integrity and social responsibility are just as important to the way we measure ourselvesrdquominus Philip Morris International
ldquoOur companies are committed to providing consumers with pleasure through excellent products and to demonstrating that we are meeting our commercial goals in ways that are consistent with reasonable societal expectations of a responsible tobacco group in the 21st centuryrdquominus British American Tobacco
54
BATS Social Reports
Argentina AustraliaBrazil GermanyHong KongHungaryJapanKoreaMalaysiaMexicoNew ZealandNigeriaPolandRussiaSouth Africa USA
55
Today on Addiction
PHILIP MORRIS USAPHILIP MORRIS INTERNATIONAL
TOBACCO ISSUESCigarette Smoking Health Issues for Smokers
Cigarette Smoking and AddictionWe agree with the overwhelming medical and scientific consensus that cigarette smoking is addictive It can be very difficult to quit smoking but this should not deter smokers who want to quit from trying to do so
minus httpphilipmorriscomdefaultasp
Continued
56
Today on AddictionPHILIP MORRIS USAPHILIP MORRIS INTERNATIONAL
TOBACCO ISSUESCigarette Smoking Health Issues for Smokers
Cigarette Smoking and Disease in SmokersThere is an overwhelming medical and scientific consensus that cigarette smoking causes lung cancer heart disease emphysema and other serious diseases in smokers Smokers are far more likely to develop serious diseases like lung cancer than non-smokers There is no safe cigarette These are and have been the messages of public health authorities worldwide Smokers and potential smokers should rely on these messages in making all smoking-related decisions
minus httpphilipmorriscomdefaultasp
57
Public Health Advocates
ldquoIntroducing QuitAssistQuitAssist is an information resource sponsored by Philip Morris USA Itrsquos designed to help you connect with a wealth of expert quitting information available ndash usually for free ndash from government agencies universities and respected nonprofit organizations This QuitAssist guide points the way to programs telephone quitlines websites guides and more that can help you find your own path to success
You can also read this guide at QuitAssist Online Log on through wwwphilipmorrisusacom
From there you can link directly to dozens of resources to help you move ahead and leave cigarettes behindrdquo
If you decide to quit smokinghellip
QuitAssistInformation Resource
Philip Morris USA
Never mentions the word ldquoaddictionrdquo
Source httpphilipmorrisusacomenquitassistindex_flashasp accessed 22306
58
Truth in Advertising
Aggressively markets the only legal product that when used as intended by its manufacturers eventually kills half its users
Section E
Industry Tactics II Industry Advertising Promotion and Sponsorship
60
Marketing
ldquoWe refined the objective of a juvenile initiative program as follows Maintain and proactively protect our ability to advertise promote and market our products via a juvenile initiativeldquo
mdash Cathy Leiber PM International 1995
Notes Juvenile initiative = a series of programs and events designed to discourage juvenile smoking because smoking is an adult decision
61
Industry Expenditures on Advertising
0100020003000400050006000700080009000
10000
Am
ount
spe
nt $
mill
ion
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Changes in cigarette marketing expenditure in the USA 1970-99
Data source Mackay J amp M Eriksen 2002 The Tobacco Atlas World Health Organization
62
Communicating Disease
According to the trade magazine ldquoAdvertising Agerdquo the Marlboro man was the most powerful advertising image of the 20th century
Image source httpwwwcdcgovtobaccosgrsgr4kidsadbusthtm retrieved 22306
63
Advertising Strategies
Targeting womenTargeting youthSelling AmericaSponsorship of sporting events and concertsContests and give-awaysBrand stretching
64
Grand Prix
Image source httpwwwnasnasagovAboutEducationRacecardevelopment_emobightml retrieved 22306
Section F
Industry Tactics III Lobbying Legislation and Litigation
66
Lobbying and Legislation
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
67
A Long History of Lobbying
1890mdashTobacco appeared in the US Pharmacopeia(official US government listing of drugs)1905mdashDropped from list before the 1906 Food and Drug Act (legislation that created the Food and Drug Administration)2005mdashFDA cannot regulate nicotine in tobacco
68
Political Lobbying US
Four of the twelve most generous donors to the 2000 Bush Campaign (1 Phillip Morris RJR UST Brown and Williamson)$18 million to federal candidates between 1997 and 2003 minus 82 to Republican candidates and committees
US $43 million spent to counter McCain bill (highest amount ever spent on a sustained issue advocacy campaign in the US)
69
The Latin Project Argentina
Counter regulations aimed at creating smoke-free workplaces and public placesminus September 30 1991mdashNeri Bill approved by Senate
(advertising promotion and sampling ban limit public smoking)
minus Industry campaignmdashmedia debates briefing packages to Senators and the President paid chief scientific advisor to President
minus October 13 1991mdashPresident vetoes law
70
The Czech Republic
June 2001
Philip Morris presents members of the Health and Social Affairs Committee of the Czech Parliament a study concluding that smoking is good for the Czech governments finances because of the savings from early deaths caused by smoking
71
Preemption
ldquoWe could never win at the local level The reason is [that] all of the health advocates the ones that I unfortunately used to call lsquohealth nazisrsquotheyrsquore all local activists who run the little political organizations So the Tobacco Institute and the tobacco companiesrsquo first priority has always been to preempt the field preferably to put it all on the federal level but if they canrsquot do that at least on the state level because the health advocates canrsquot compete with me on the state levelrdquo
mdash Victor Crawford former Maryland state legislator
72
Industry Self-Regulation
British American Tobacco
11 September 2001
INTERNATIONAL TOBACCO PRODUCTS MARKETING STANDARDS
The parties subscribing to these Standards (the ldquoParticipantsrdquo) wish to record their belief that tobacco products should be marketed in a responsible manner and that reasonable measures should be taken to ensure that the promotion and distribution of tobacco products is
bull directed at adult smokers and not at youth and
bull consistent with the principle of informed adult choice
73
International Tobacco Marketing Standards
ldquoWe have analyzed the nine-page agreement and believe that the multinationalsrsquo strategy is proactive and is a way to improve their image rdquoldquoAlso by proactively setting new international tobacco marketing standards the multinationals could be trying to counter a number of proposals that the WHO has been working on to curb the amount of cigarettes that are consumed on an international levelrdquoldquo Interestingly in many countries the existing laws or industry codes are already more restrictive than the provisions of the international marketing standardsrdquo
Source International Tobacco Marketing Standards September 2001
74
Creating the Illusion of Support
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
75
Front Groups
Buying citizen involvement (letter writing phone banking campaigns) by supporting front groups
ldquoHandrdquo of the industry remains hidden
It has been a common practice of Big Tobacco to use third parties or to create front groups to be out in front fighting smokefreepolicies while the industry remains behind the scenes protecting its public image
-Americans for Nonsmokersrsquo Rightshttpwwwno-smokeorggetthefactsphpdp=d21|d23 accessed 22306
76
Industry Front Groups and Allies
Ive learned from experience that as soon as Im identified as a representative of the Tobacco Institute I lose all credibility They just sneer us awayso I try to work behind the scenes whenever I can
- Ron Saldana lobbyist for the Tobacco Institute 82486
Source httpwwwno-smokeorggetthefactsphpdp=d21|d23 accessed 22306
77
International Tobacco Growers Association
ITGAldquo[Establish] ITGA [International Tobacco Growers Association] [as a] front group for our third world lobby activities at WHOrdquo
Source Report of the WHO Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents
Source Report of the WHO Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents
78
Legal and Economic Intimidation
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
79
Intimidating Johns Hopkins
ldquoThe tobacco companies have commenced nothing short of a campaign of harassment against the academic institutions that discovered smoking is injurious to the public healthrdquominus Estelle A Fishbein general
council for Johns Hopkins University
ldquoTobacco Industry in Fight To Get
Universitiesrsquo DataLegal Moves Termed Fishing Expeditionrdquo
-The New York Times Jan 20 2002
80
Industry Harassment
PUBLIC HEALTH MATTERS
Public Health Under Attack The American Stop Smoking Intervention Study (ASSIST) and the
Tobacco Industry
- White J and LA Bero
- The Transnational Tobacco Industry
- Section A
- Describing a Disease
- The Agent
- The Host
- The Vector
- Section B
- Background
- Background
- What Is a ldquoTransnationalrdquo Company
- Major Transnational Tobacco Companies
- Cigarette Production
- Company Size and Wealth
- TNC Sales and Developing Countries
- China National Tobacco Corporation
- A Return to the Past
- Section C
- A Global Market
- Looking Abroad
- Going Abroad
- A Global Business
- Factors Fueling Global Expansion
- Trade Liberalization
- Impact of Trade Liberalization
- Tobacco Leaf Production
- Tobacco Leaf Trade
- Privatization
- Foreign InvestmentmdashUkraine
- Major Company Mergers
- Marlboro Market Share (2001)
- Marlbororsquos Global Penetration
- Section D
- Industry Strategies
- Modeling Industry Activities
- Undermining Science
- Sworn Public Statements
- Confidential Statements
- Buying Science and Intimidation
- The Attack on Meta-Analysis
- Junk Science
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
- Industry Tactics to Undermine IARC
- Philip Morris and SHS
- Japan Tobacco and SHS
- Public Relations
- Public Statements on Youth
- Private Statements on Youth
- Minimum Age 18
- Changing the Issues
- Philanthropy
- Corporate Social Responsibility
- BATS Social Reports
- Today on Addiction
- Today on Addiction
- Public Health Advocates
- Truth in Advertising
- Section E
- Marketing
- Industry Expenditures on Advertising
- Communicating Disease
- Advertising Strategies
- Grand Prix
- Section F
- Lobbying and Legislation
- A Long History of Lobbying
- Political Lobbying US
- The Latin Project Argentina
- The Czech Republic
- Preemption
- Industry Self-Regulation
- International Tobacco Marketing Standards
- Creating the Illusion of Support
- Front Groups
- Industry Front Groups and Allies
- International Tobacco Growers Association
- Legal and Economic Intimidation
- Intimidating Johns Hopkins
- Industry Harassment
-
54
BATS Social Reports
Argentina AustraliaBrazil GermanyHong KongHungaryJapanKoreaMalaysiaMexicoNew ZealandNigeriaPolandRussiaSouth Africa USA
55
Today on Addiction
PHILIP MORRIS USAPHILIP MORRIS INTERNATIONAL
TOBACCO ISSUESCigarette Smoking Health Issues for Smokers
Cigarette Smoking and AddictionWe agree with the overwhelming medical and scientific consensus that cigarette smoking is addictive It can be very difficult to quit smoking but this should not deter smokers who want to quit from trying to do so
minus httpphilipmorriscomdefaultasp
Continued
56
Today on AddictionPHILIP MORRIS USAPHILIP MORRIS INTERNATIONAL
TOBACCO ISSUESCigarette Smoking Health Issues for Smokers
Cigarette Smoking and Disease in SmokersThere is an overwhelming medical and scientific consensus that cigarette smoking causes lung cancer heart disease emphysema and other serious diseases in smokers Smokers are far more likely to develop serious diseases like lung cancer than non-smokers There is no safe cigarette These are and have been the messages of public health authorities worldwide Smokers and potential smokers should rely on these messages in making all smoking-related decisions
minus httpphilipmorriscomdefaultasp
57
Public Health Advocates
ldquoIntroducing QuitAssistQuitAssist is an information resource sponsored by Philip Morris USA Itrsquos designed to help you connect with a wealth of expert quitting information available ndash usually for free ndash from government agencies universities and respected nonprofit organizations This QuitAssist guide points the way to programs telephone quitlines websites guides and more that can help you find your own path to success
You can also read this guide at QuitAssist Online Log on through wwwphilipmorrisusacom
From there you can link directly to dozens of resources to help you move ahead and leave cigarettes behindrdquo
If you decide to quit smokinghellip
QuitAssistInformation Resource
Philip Morris USA
Never mentions the word ldquoaddictionrdquo
Source httpphilipmorrisusacomenquitassistindex_flashasp accessed 22306
58
Truth in Advertising
Aggressively markets the only legal product that when used as intended by its manufacturers eventually kills half its users
Section E
Industry Tactics II Industry Advertising Promotion and Sponsorship
60
Marketing
ldquoWe refined the objective of a juvenile initiative program as follows Maintain and proactively protect our ability to advertise promote and market our products via a juvenile initiativeldquo
mdash Cathy Leiber PM International 1995
Notes Juvenile initiative = a series of programs and events designed to discourage juvenile smoking because smoking is an adult decision
61
Industry Expenditures on Advertising
0100020003000400050006000700080009000
10000
Am
ount
spe
nt $
mill
ion
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Changes in cigarette marketing expenditure in the USA 1970-99
Data source Mackay J amp M Eriksen 2002 The Tobacco Atlas World Health Organization
62
Communicating Disease
According to the trade magazine ldquoAdvertising Agerdquo the Marlboro man was the most powerful advertising image of the 20th century
Image source httpwwwcdcgovtobaccosgrsgr4kidsadbusthtm retrieved 22306
63
Advertising Strategies
Targeting womenTargeting youthSelling AmericaSponsorship of sporting events and concertsContests and give-awaysBrand stretching
64
Grand Prix
Image source httpwwwnasnasagovAboutEducationRacecardevelopment_emobightml retrieved 22306
Section F
Industry Tactics III Lobbying Legislation and Litigation
66
Lobbying and Legislation
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
67
A Long History of Lobbying
1890mdashTobacco appeared in the US Pharmacopeia(official US government listing of drugs)1905mdashDropped from list before the 1906 Food and Drug Act (legislation that created the Food and Drug Administration)2005mdashFDA cannot regulate nicotine in tobacco
68
Political Lobbying US
Four of the twelve most generous donors to the 2000 Bush Campaign (1 Phillip Morris RJR UST Brown and Williamson)$18 million to federal candidates between 1997 and 2003 minus 82 to Republican candidates and committees
US $43 million spent to counter McCain bill (highest amount ever spent on a sustained issue advocacy campaign in the US)
69
The Latin Project Argentina
Counter regulations aimed at creating smoke-free workplaces and public placesminus September 30 1991mdashNeri Bill approved by Senate
(advertising promotion and sampling ban limit public smoking)
minus Industry campaignmdashmedia debates briefing packages to Senators and the President paid chief scientific advisor to President
minus October 13 1991mdashPresident vetoes law
70
The Czech Republic
June 2001
Philip Morris presents members of the Health and Social Affairs Committee of the Czech Parliament a study concluding that smoking is good for the Czech governments finances because of the savings from early deaths caused by smoking
71
Preemption
ldquoWe could never win at the local level The reason is [that] all of the health advocates the ones that I unfortunately used to call lsquohealth nazisrsquotheyrsquore all local activists who run the little political organizations So the Tobacco Institute and the tobacco companiesrsquo first priority has always been to preempt the field preferably to put it all on the federal level but if they canrsquot do that at least on the state level because the health advocates canrsquot compete with me on the state levelrdquo
mdash Victor Crawford former Maryland state legislator
72
Industry Self-Regulation
British American Tobacco
11 September 2001
INTERNATIONAL TOBACCO PRODUCTS MARKETING STANDARDS
The parties subscribing to these Standards (the ldquoParticipantsrdquo) wish to record their belief that tobacco products should be marketed in a responsible manner and that reasonable measures should be taken to ensure that the promotion and distribution of tobacco products is
bull directed at adult smokers and not at youth and
bull consistent with the principle of informed adult choice
73
International Tobacco Marketing Standards
ldquoWe have analyzed the nine-page agreement and believe that the multinationalsrsquo strategy is proactive and is a way to improve their image rdquoldquoAlso by proactively setting new international tobacco marketing standards the multinationals could be trying to counter a number of proposals that the WHO has been working on to curb the amount of cigarettes that are consumed on an international levelrdquoldquo Interestingly in many countries the existing laws or industry codes are already more restrictive than the provisions of the international marketing standardsrdquo
Source International Tobacco Marketing Standards September 2001
74
Creating the Illusion of Support
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
75
Front Groups
Buying citizen involvement (letter writing phone banking campaigns) by supporting front groups
ldquoHandrdquo of the industry remains hidden
It has been a common practice of Big Tobacco to use third parties or to create front groups to be out in front fighting smokefreepolicies while the industry remains behind the scenes protecting its public image
-Americans for Nonsmokersrsquo Rightshttpwwwno-smokeorggetthefactsphpdp=d21|d23 accessed 22306
76
Industry Front Groups and Allies
Ive learned from experience that as soon as Im identified as a representative of the Tobacco Institute I lose all credibility They just sneer us awayso I try to work behind the scenes whenever I can
- Ron Saldana lobbyist for the Tobacco Institute 82486
Source httpwwwno-smokeorggetthefactsphpdp=d21|d23 accessed 22306
77
International Tobacco Growers Association
ITGAldquo[Establish] ITGA [International Tobacco Growers Association] [as a] front group for our third world lobby activities at WHOrdquo
Source Report of the WHO Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents
Source Report of the WHO Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents
78
Legal and Economic Intimidation
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
79
Intimidating Johns Hopkins
ldquoThe tobacco companies have commenced nothing short of a campaign of harassment against the academic institutions that discovered smoking is injurious to the public healthrdquominus Estelle A Fishbein general
council for Johns Hopkins University
ldquoTobacco Industry in Fight To Get
Universitiesrsquo DataLegal Moves Termed Fishing Expeditionrdquo
-The New York Times Jan 20 2002
80
Industry Harassment
PUBLIC HEALTH MATTERS
Public Health Under Attack The American Stop Smoking Intervention Study (ASSIST) and the
Tobacco Industry
- White J and LA Bero
- The Transnational Tobacco Industry
- Section A
- Describing a Disease
- The Agent
- The Host
- The Vector
- Section B
- Background
- Background
- What Is a ldquoTransnationalrdquo Company
- Major Transnational Tobacco Companies
- Cigarette Production
- Company Size and Wealth
- TNC Sales and Developing Countries
- China National Tobacco Corporation
- A Return to the Past
- Section C
- A Global Market
- Looking Abroad
- Going Abroad
- A Global Business
- Factors Fueling Global Expansion
- Trade Liberalization
- Impact of Trade Liberalization
- Tobacco Leaf Production
- Tobacco Leaf Trade
- Privatization
- Foreign InvestmentmdashUkraine
- Major Company Mergers
- Marlboro Market Share (2001)
- Marlbororsquos Global Penetration
- Section D
- Industry Strategies
- Modeling Industry Activities
- Undermining Science
- Sworn Public Statements
- Confidential Statements
- Buying Science and Intimidation
- The Attack on Meta-Analysis
- Junk Science
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
- Industry Tactics to Undermine IARC
- Philip Morris and SHS
- Japan Tobacco and SHS
- Public Relations
- Public Statements on Youth
- Private Statements on Youth
- Minimum Age 18
- Changing the Issues
- Philanthropy
- Corporate Social Responsibility
- BATS Social Reports
- Today on Addiction
- Today on Addiction
- Public Health Advocates
- Truth in Advertising
- Section E
- Marketing
- Industry Expenditures on Advertising
- Communicating Disease
- Advertising Strategies
- Grand Prix
- Section F
- Lobbying and Legislation
- A Long History of Lobbying
- Political Lobbying US
- The Latin Project Argentina
- The Czech Republic
- Preemption
- Industry Self-Regulation
- International Tobacco Marketing Standards
- Creating the Illusion of Support
- Front Groups
- Industry Front Groups and Allies
- International Tobacco Growers Association
- Legal and Economic Intimidation
- Intimidating Johns Hopkins
- Industry Harassment
-
55
Today on Addiction
PHILIP MORRIS USAPHILIP MORRIS INTERNATIONAL
TOBACCO ISSUESCigarette Smoking Health Issues for Smokers
Cigarette Smoking and AddictionWe agree with the overwhelming medical and scientific consensus that cigarette smoking is addictive It can be very difficult to quit smoking but this should not deter smokers who want to quit from trying to do so
minus httpphilipmorriscomdefaultasp
Continued
56
Today on AddictionPHILIP MORRIS USAPHILIP MORRIS INTERNATIONAL
TOBACCO ISSUESCigarette Smoking Health Issues for Smokers
Cigarette Smoking and Disease in SmokersThere is an overwhelming medical and scientific consensus that cigarette smoking causes lung cancer heart disease emphysema and other serious diseases in smokers Smokers are far more likely to develop serious diseases like lung cancer than non-smokers There is no safe cigarette These are and have been the messages of public health authorities worldwide Smokers and potential smokers should rely on these messages in making all smoking-related decisions
minus httpphilipmorriscomdefaultasp
57
Public Health Advocates
ldquoIntroducing QuitAssistQuitAssist is an information resource sponsored by Philip Morris USA Itrsquos designed to help you connect with a wealth of expert quitting information available ndash usually for free ndash from government agencies universities and respected nonprofit organizations This QuitAssist guide points the way to programs telephone quitlines websites guides and more that can help you find your own path to success
You can also read this guide at QuitAssist Online Log on through wwwphilipmorrisusacom
From there you can link directly to dozens of resources to help you move ahead and leave cigarettes behindrdquo
If you decide to quit smokinghellip
QuitAssistInformation Resource
Philip Morris USA
Never mentions the word ldquoaddictionrdquo
Source httpphilipmorrisusacomenquitassistindex_flashasp accessed 22306
58
Truth in Advertising
Aggressively markets the only legal product that when used as intended by its manufacturers eventually kills half its users
Section E
Industry Tactics II Industry Advertising Promotion and Sponsorship
60
Marketing
ldquoWe refined the objective of a juvenile initiative program as follows Maintain and proactively protect our ability to advertise promote and market our products via a juvenile initiativeldquo
mdash Cathy Leiber PM International 1995
Notes Juvenile initiative = a series of programs and events designed to discourage juvenile smoking because smoking is an adult decision
61
Industry Expenditures on Advertising
0100020003000400050006000700080009000
10000
Am
ount
spe
nt $
mill
ion
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Changes in cigarette marketing expenditure in the USA 1970-99
Data source Mackay J amp M Eriksen 2002 The Tobacco Atlas World Health Organization
62
Communicating Disease
According to the trade magazine ldquoAdvertising Agerdquo the Marlboro man was the most powerful advertising image of the 20th century
Image source httpwwwcdcgovtobaccosgrsgr4kidsadbusthtm retrieved 22306
63
Advertising Strategies
Targeting womenTargeting youthSelling AmericaSponsorship of sporting events and concertsContests and give-awaysBrand stretching
64
Grand Prix
Image source httpwwwnasnasagovAboutEducationRacecardevelopment_emobightml retrieved 22306
Section F
Industry Tactics III Lobbying Legislation and Litigation
66
Lobbying and Legislation
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
67
A Long History of Lobbying
1890mdashTobacco appeared in the US Pharmacopeia(official US government listing of drugs)1905mdashDropped from list before the 1906 Food and Drug Act (legislation that created the Food and Drug Administration)2005mdashFDA cannot regulate nicotine in tobacco
68
Political Lobbying US
Four of the twelve most generous donors to the 2000 Bush Campaign (1 Phillip Morris RJR UST Brown and Williamson)$18 million to federal candidates between 1997 and 2003 minus 82 to Republican candidates and committees
US $43 million spent to counter McCain bill (highest amount ever spent on a sustained issue advocacy campaign in the US)
69
The Latin Project Argentina
Counter regulations aimed at creating smoke-free workplaces and public placesminus September 30 1991mdashNeri Bill approved by Senate
(advertising promotion and sampling ban limit public smoking)
minus Industry campaignmdashmedia debates briefing packages to Senators and the President paid chief scientific advisor to President
minus October 13 1991mdashPresident vetoes law
70
The Czech Republic
June 2001
Philip Morris presents members of the Health and Social Affairs Committee of the Czech Parliament a study concluding that smoking is good for the Czech governments finances because of the savings from early deaths caused by smoking
71
Preemption
ldquoWe could never win at the local level The reason is [that] all of the health advocates the ones that I unfortunately used to call lsquohealth nazisrsquotheyrsquore all local activists who run the little political organizations So the Tobacco Institute and the tobacco companiesrsquo first priority has always been to preempt the field preferably to put it all on the federal level but if they canrsquot do that at least on the state level because the health advocates canrsquot compete with me on the state levelrdquo
mdash Victor Crawford former Maryland state legislator
72
Industry Self-Regulation
British American Tobacco
11 September 2001
INTERNATIONAL TOBACCO PRODUCTS MARKETING STANDARDS
The parties subscribing to these Standards (the ldquoParticipantsrdquo) wish to record their belief that tobacco products should be marketed in a responsible manner and that reasonable measures should be taken to ensure that the promotion and distribution of tobacco products is
bull directed at adult smokers and not at youth and
bull consistent with the principle of informed adult choice
73
International Tobacco Marketing Standards
ldquoWe have analyzed the nine-page agreement and believe that the multinationalsrsquo strategy is proactive and is a way to improve their image rdquoldquoAlso by proactively setting new international tobacco marketing standards the multinationals could be trying to counter a number of proposals that the WHO has been working on to curb the amount of cigarettes that are consumed on an international levelrdquoldquo Interestingly in many countries the existing laws or industry codes are already more restrictive than the provisions of the international marketing standardsrdquo
Source International Tobacco Marketing Standards September 2001
74
Creating the Illusion of Support
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
75
Front Groups
Buying citizen involvement (letter writing phone banking campaigns) by supporting front groups
ldquoHandrdquo of the industry remains hidden
It has been a common practice of Big Tobacco to use third parties or to create front groups to be out in front fighting smokefreepolicies while the industry remains behind the scenes protecting its public image
-Americans for Nonsmokersrsquo Rightshttpwwwno-smokeorggetthefactsphpdp=d21|d23 accessed 22306
76
Industry Front Groups and Allies
Ive learned from experience that as soon as Im identified as a representative of the Tobacco Institute I lose all credibility They just sneer us awayso I try to work behind the scenes whenever I can
- Ron Saldana lobbyist for the Tobacco Institute 82486
Source httpwwwno-smokeorggetthefactsphpdp=d21|d23 accessed 22306
77
International Tobacco Growers Association
ITGAldquo[Establish] ITGA [International Tobacco Growers Association] [as a] front group for our third world lobby activities at WHOrdquo
Source Report of the WHO Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents
Source Report of the WHO Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents
78
Legal and Economic Intimidation
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
79
Intimidating Johns Hopkins
ldquoThe tobacco companies have commenced nothing short of a campaign of harassment against the academic institutions that discovered smoking is injurious to the public healthrdquominus Estelle A Fishbein general
council for Johns Hopkins University
ldquoTobacco Industry in Fight To Get
Universitiesrsquo DataLegal Moves Termed Fishing Expeditionrdquo
-The New York Times Jan 20 2002
80
Industry Harassment
PUBLIC HEALTH MATTERS
Public Health Under Attack The American Stop Smoking Intervention Study (ASSIST) and the
Tobacco Industry
- White J and LA Bero
- The Transnational Tobacco Industry
- Section A
- Describing a Disease
- The Agent
- The Host
- The Vector
- Section B
- Background
- Background
- What Is a ldquoTransnationalrdquo Company
- Major Transnational Tobacco Companies
- Cigarette Production
- Company Size and Wealth
- TNC Sales and Developing Countries
- China National Tobacco Corporation
- A Return to the Past
- Section C
- A Global Market
- Looking Abroad
- Going Abroad
- A Global Business
- Factors Fueling Global Expansion
- Trade Liberalization
- Impact of Trade Liberalization
- Tobacco Leaf Production
- Tobacco Leaf Trade
- Privatization
- Foreign InvestmentmdashUkraine
- Major Company Mergers
- Marlboro Market Share (2001)
- Marlbororsquos Global Penetration
- Section D
- Industry Strategies
- Modeling Industry Activities
- Undermining Science
- Sworn Public Statements
- Confidential Statements
- Buying Science and Intimidation
- The Attack on Meta-Analysis
- Junk Science
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
- Industry Tactics to Undermine IARC
- Philip Morris and SHS
- Japan Tobacco and SHS
- Public Relations
- Public Statements on Youth
- Private Statements on Youth
- Minimum Age 18
- Changing the Issues
- Philanthropy
- Corporate Social Responsibility
- BATS Social Reports
- Today on Addiction
- Today on Addiction
- Public Health Advocates
- Truth in Advertising
- Section E
- Marketing
- Industry Expenditures on Advertising
- Communicating Disease
- Advertising Strategies
- Grand Prix
- Section F
- Lobbying and Legislation
- A Long History of Lobbying
- Political Lobbying US
- The Latin Project Argentina
- The Czech Republic
- Preemption
- Industry Self-Regulation
- International Tobacco Marketing Standards
- Creating the Illusion of Support
- Front Groups
- Industry Front Groups and Allies
- International Tobacco Growers Association
- Legal and Economic Intimidation
- Intimidating Johns Hopkins
- Industry Harassment
-
56
Today on AddictionPHILIP MORRIS USAPHILIP MORRIS INTERNATIONAL
TOBACCO ISSUESCigarette Smoking Health Issues for Smokers
Cigarette Smoking and Disease in SmokersThere is an overwhelming medical and scientific consensus that cigarette smoking causes lung cancer heart disease emphysema and other serious diseases in smokers Smokers are far more likely to develop serious diseases like lung cancer than non-smokers There is no safe cigarette These are and have been the messages of public health authorities worldwide Smokers and potential smokers should rely on these messages in making all smoking-related decisions
minus httpphilipmorriscomdefaultasp
57
Public Health Advocates
ldquoIntroducing QuitAssistQuitAssist is an information resource sponsored by Philip Morris USA Itrsquos designed to help you connect with a wealth of expert quitting information available ndash usually for free ndash from government agencies universities and respected nonprofit organizations This QuitAssist guide points the way to programs telephone quitlines websites guides and more that can help you find your own path to success
You can also read this guide at QuitAssist Online Log on through wwwphilipmorrisusacom
From there you can link directly to dozens of resources to help you move ahead and leave cigarettes behindrdquo
If you decide to quit smokinghellip
QuitAssistInformation Resource
Philip Morris USA
Never mentions the word ldquoaddictionrdquo
Source httpphilipmorrisusacomenquitassistindex_flashasp accessed 22306
58
Truth in Advertising
Aggressively markets the only legal product that when used as intended by its manufacturers eventually kills half its users
Section E
Industry Tactics II Industry Advertising Promotion and Sponsorship
60
Marketing
ldquoWe refined the objective of a juvenile initiative program as follows Maintain and proactively protect our ability to advertise promote and market our products via a juvenile initiativeldquo
mdash Cathy Leiber PM International 1995
Notes Juvenile initiative = a series of programs and events designed to discourage juvenile smoking because smoking is an adult decision
61
Industry Expenditures on Advertising
0100020003000400050006000700080009000
10000
Am
ount
spe
nt $
mill
ion
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Changes in cigarette marketing expenditure in the USA 1970-99
Data source Mackay J amp M Eriksen 2002 The Tobacco Atlas World Health Organization
62
Communicating Disease
According to the trade magazine ldquoAdvertising Agerdquo the Marlboro man was the most powerful advertising image of the 20th century
Image source httpwwwcdcgovtobaccosgrsgr4kidsadbusthtm retrieved 22306
63
Advertising Strategies
Targeting womenTargeting youthSelling AmericaSponsorship of sporting events and concertsContests and give-awaysBrand stretching
64
Grand Prix
Image source httpwwwnasnasagovAboutEducationRacecardevelopment_emobightml retrieved 22306
Section F
Industry Tactics III Lobbying Legislation and Litigation
66
Lobbying and Legislation
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
67
A Long History of Lobbying
1890mdashTobacco appeared in the US Pharmacopeia(official US government listing of drugs)1905mdashDropped from list before the 1906 Food and Drug Act (legislation that created the Food and Drug Administration)2005mdashFDA cannot regulate nicotine in tobacco
68
Political Lobbying US
Four of the twelve most generous donors to the 2000 Bush Campaign (1 Phillip Morris RJR UST Brown and Williamson)$18 million to federal candidates between 1997 and 2003 minus 82 to Republican candidates and committees
US $43 million spent to counter McCain bill (highest amount ever spent on a sustained issue advocacy campaign in the US)
69
The Latin Project Argentina
Counter regulations aimed at creating smoke-free workplaces and public placesminus September 30 1991mdashNeri Bill approved by Senate
(advertising promotion and sampling ban limit public smoking)
minus Industry campaignmdashmedia debates briefing packages to Senators and the President paid chief scientific advisor to President
minus October 13 1991mdashPresident vetoes law
70
The Czech Republic
June 2001
Philip Morris presents members of the Health and Social Affairs Committee of the Czech Parliament a study concluding that smoking is good for the Czech governments finances because of the savings from early deaths caused by smoking
71
Preemption
ldquoWe could never win at the local level The reason is [that] all of the health advocates the ones that I unfortunately used to call lsquohealth nazisrsquotheyrsquore all local activists who run the little political organizations So the Tobacco Institute and the tobacco companiesrsquo first priority has always been to preempt the field preferably to put it all on the federal level but if they canrsquot do that at least on the state level because the health advocates canrsquot compete with me on the state levelrdquo
mdash Victor Crawford former Maryland state legislator
72
Industry Self-Regulation
British American Tobacco
11 September 2001
INTERNATIONAL TOBACCO PRODUCTS MARKETING STANDARDS
The parties subscribing to these Standards (the ldquoParticipantsrdquo) wish to record their belief that tobacco products should be marketed in a responsible manner and that reasonable measures should be taken to ensure that the promotion and distribution of tobacco products is
bull directed at adult smokers and not at youth and
bull consistent with the principle of informed adult choice
73
International Tobacco Marketing Standards
ldquoWe have analyzed the nine-page agreement and believe that the multinationalsrsquo strategy is proactive and is a way to improve their image rdquoldquoAlso by proactively setting new international tobacco marketing standards the multinationals could be trying to counter a number of proposals that the WHO has been working on to curb the amount of cigarettes that are consumed on an international levelrdquoldquo Interestingly in many countries the existing laws or industry codes are already more restrictive than the provisions of the international marketing standardsrdquo
Source International Tobacco Marketing Standards September 2001
74
Creating the Illusion of Support
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
75
Front Groups
Buying citizen involvement (letter writing phone banking campaigns) by supporting front groups
ldquoHandrdquo of the industry remains hidden
It has been a common practice of Big Tobacco to use third parties or to create front groups to be out in front fighting smokefreepolicies while the industry remains behind the scenes protecting its public image
-Americans for Nonsmokersrsquo Rightshttpwwwno-smokeorggetthefactsphpdp=d21|d23 accessed 22306
76
Industry Front Groups and Allies
Ive learned from experience that as soon as Im identified as a representative of the Tobacco Institute I lose all credibility They just sneer us awayso I try to work behind the scenes whenever I can
- Ron Saldana lobbyist for the Tobacco Institute 82486
Source httpwwwno-smokeorggetthefactsphpdp=d21|d23 accessed 22306
77
International Tobacco Growers Association
ITGAldquo[Establish] ITGA [International Tobacco Growers Association] [as a] front group for our third world lobby activities at WHOrdquo
Source Report of the WHO Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents
Source Report of the WHO Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents
78
Legal and Economic Intimidation
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
79
Intimidating Johns Hopkins
ldquoThe tobacco companies have commenced nothing short of a campaign of harassment against the academic institutions that discovered smoking is injurious to the public healthrdquominus Estelle A Fishbein general
council for Johns Hopkins University
ldquoTobacco Industry in Fight To Get
Universitiesrsquo DataLegal Moves Termed Fishing Expeditionrdquo
-The New York Times Jan 20 2002
80
Industry Harassment
PUBLIC HEALTH MATTERS
Public Health Under Attack The American Stop Smoking Intervention Study (ASSIST) and the
Tobacco Industry
- White J and LA Bero
- The Transnational Tobacco Industry
- Section A
- Describing a Disease
- The Agent
- The Host
- The Vector
- Section B
- Background
- Background
- What Is a ldquoTransnationalrdquo Company
- Major Transnational Tobacco Companies
- Cigarette Production
- Company Size and Wealth
- TNC Sales and Developing Countries
- China National Tobacco Corporation
- A Return to the Past
- Section C
- A Global Market
- Looking Abroad
- Going Abroad
- A Global Business
- Factors Fueling Global Expansion
- Trade Liberalization
- Impact of Trade Liberalization
- Tobacco Leaf Production
- Tobacco Leaf Trade
- Privatization
- Foreign InvestmentmdashUkraine
- Major Company Mergers
- Marlboro Market Share (2001)
- Marlbororsquos Global Penetration
- Section D
- Industry Strategies
- Modeling Industry Activities
- Undermining Science
- Sworn Public Statements
- Confidential Statements
- Buying Science and Intimidation
- The Attack on Meta-Analysis
- Junk Science
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
- Industry Tactics to Undermine IARC
- Philip Morris and SHS
- Japan Tobacco and SHS
- Public Relations
- Public Statements on Youth
- Private Statements on Youth
- Minimum Age 18
- Changing the Issues
- Philanthropy
- Corporate Social Responsibility
- BATS Social Reports
- Today on Addiction
- Today on Addiction
- Public Health Advocates
- Truth in Advertising
- Section E
- Marketing
- Industry Expenditures on Advertising
- Communicating Disease
- Advertising Strategies
- Grand Prix
- Section F
- Lobbying and Legislation
- A Long History of Lobbying
- Political Lobbying US
- The Latin Project Argentina
- The Czech Republic
- Preemption
- Industry Self-Regulation
- International Tobacco Marketing Standards
- Creating the Illusion of Support
- Front Groups
- Industry Front Groups and Allies
- International Tobacco Growers Association
- Legal and Economic Intimidation
- Intimidating Johns Hopkins
- Industry Harassment
-
57
Public Health Advocates
ldquoIntroducing QuitAssistQuitAssist is an information resource sponsored by Philip Morris USA Itrsquos designed to help you connect with a wealth of expert quitting information available ndash usually for free ndash from government agencies universities and respected nonprofit organizations This QuitAssist guide points the way to programs telephone quitlines websites guides and more that can help you find your own path to success
You can also read this guide at QuitAssist Online Log on through wwwphilipmorrisusacom
From there you can link directly to dozens of resources to help you move ahead and leave cigarettes behindrdquo
If you decide to quit smokinghellip
QuitAssistInformation Resource
Philip Morris USA
Never mentions the word ldquoaddictionrdquo
Source httpphilipmorrisusacomenquitassistindex_flashasp accessed 22306
58
Truth in Advertising
Aggressively markets the only legal product that when used as intended by its manufacturers eventually kills half its users
Section E
Industry Tactics II Industry Advertising Promotion and Sponsorship
60
Marketing
ldquoWe refined the objective of a juvenile initiative program as follows Maintain and proactively protect our ability to advertise promote and market our products via a juvenile initiativeldquo
mdash Cathy Leiber PM International 1995
Notes Juvenile initiative = a series of programs and events designed to discourage juvenile smoking because smoking is an adult decision
61
Industry Expenditures on Advertising
0100020003000400050006000700080009000
10000
Am
ount
spe
nt $
mill
ion
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Changes in cigarette marketing expenditure in the USA 1970-99
Data source Mackay J amp M Eriksen 2002 The Tobacco Atlas World Health Organization
62
Communicating Disease
According to the trade magazine ldquoAdvertising Agerdquo the Marlboro man was the most powerful advertising image of the 20th century
Image source httpwwwcdcgovtobaccosgrsgr4kidsadbusthtm retrieved 22306
63
Advertising Strategies
Targeting womenTargeting youthSelling AmericaSponsorship of sporting events and concertsContests and give-awaysBrand stretching
64
Grand Prix
Image source httpwwwnasnasagovAboutEducationRacecardevelopment_emobightml retrieved 22306
Section F
Industry Tactics III Lobbying Legislation and Litigation
66
Lobbying and Legislation
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
67
A Long History of Lobbying
1890mdashTobacco appeared in the US Pharmacopeia(official US government listing of drugs)1905mdashDropped from list before the 1906 Food and Drug Act (legislation that created the Food and Drug Administration)2005mdashFDA cannot regulate nicotine in tobacco
68
Political Lobbying US
Four of the twelve most generous donors to the 2000 Bush Campaign (1 Phillip Morris RJR UST Brown and Williamson)$18 million to federal candidates between 1997 and 2003 minus 82 to Republican candidates and committees
US $43 million spent to counter McCain bill (highest amount ever spent on a sustained issue advocacy campaign in the US)
69
The Latin Project Argentina
Counter regulations aimed at creating smoke-free workplaces and public placesminus September 30 1991mdashNeri Bill approved by Senate
(advertising promotion and sampling ban limit public smoking)
minus Industry campaignmdashmedia debates briefing packages to Senators and the President paid chief scientific advisor to President
minus October 13 1991mdashPresident vetoes law
70
The Czech Republic
June 2001
Philip Morris presents members of the Health and Social Affairs Committee of the Czech Parliament a study concluding that smoking is good for the Czech governments finances because of the savings from early deaths caused by smoking
71
Preemption
ldquoWe could never win at the local level The reason is [that] all of the health advocates the ones that I unfortunately used to call lsquohealth nazisrsquotheyrsquore all local activists who run the little political organizations So the Tobacco Institute and the tobacco companiesrsquo first priority has always been to preempt the field preferably to put it all on the federal level but if they canrsquot do that at least on the state level because the health advocates canrsquot compete with me on the state levelrdquo
mdash Victor Crawford former Maryland state legislator
72
Industry Self-Regulation
British American Tobacco
11 September 2001
INTERNATIONAL TOBACCO PRODUCTS MARKETING STANDARDS
The parties subscribing to these Standards (the ldquoParticipantsrdquo) wish to record their belief that tobacco products should be marketed in a responsible manner and that reasonable measures should be taken to ensure that the promotion and distribution of tobacco products is
bull directed at adult smokers and not at youth and
bull consistent with the principle of informed adult choice
73
International Tobacco Marketing Standards
ldquoWe have analyzed the nine-page agreement and believe that the multinationalsrsquo strategy is proactive and is a way to improve their image rdquoldquoAlso by proactively setting new international tobacco marketing standards the multinationals could be trying to counter a number of proposals that the WHO has been working on to curb the amount of cigarettes that are consumed on an international levelrdquoldquo Interestingly in many countries the existing laws or industry codes are already more restrictive than the provisions of the international marketing standardsrdquo
Source International Tobacco Marketing Standards September 2001
74
Creating the Illusion of Support
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
75
Front Groups
Buying citizen involvement (letter writing phone banking campaigns) by supporting front groups
ldquoHandrdquo of the industry remains hidden
It has been a common practice of Big Tobacco to use third parties or to create front groups to be out in front fighting smokefreepolicies while the industry remains behind the scenes protecting its public image
-Americans for Nonsmokersrsquo Rightshttpwwwno-smokeorggetthefactsphpdp=d21|d23 accessed 22306
76
Industry Front Groups and Allies
Ive learned from experience that as soon as Im identified as a representative of the Tobacco Institute I lose all credibility They just sneer us awayso I try to work behind the scenes whenever I can
- Ron Saldana lobbyist for the Tobacco Institute 82486
Source httpwwwno-smokeorggetthefactsphpdp=d21|d23 accessed 22306
77
International Tobacco Growers Association
ITGAldquo[Establish] ITGA [International Tobacco Growers Association] [as a] front group for our third world lobby activities at WHOrdquo
Source Report of the WHO Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents
Source Report of the WHO Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents
78
Legal and Economic Intimidation
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
79
Intimidating Johns Hopkins
ldquoThe tobacco companies have commenced nothing short of a campaign of harassment against the academic institutions that discovered smoking is injurious to the public healthrdquominus Estelle A Fishbein general
council for Johns Hopkins University
ldquoTobacco Industry in Fight To Get
Universitiesrsquo DataLegal Moves Termed Fishing Expeditionrdquo
-The New York Times Jan 20 2002
80
Industry Harassment
PUBLIC HEALTH MATTERS
Public Health Under Attack The American Stop Smoking Intervention Study (ASSIST) and the
Tobacco Industry
- White J and LA Bero
- The Transnational Tobacco Industry
- Section A
- Describing a Disease
- The Agent
- The Host
- The Vector
- Section B
- Background
- Background
- What Is a ldquoTransnationalrdquo Company
- Major Transnational Tobacco Companies
- Cigarette Production
- Company Size and Wealth
- TNC Sales and Developing Countries
- China National Tobacco Corporation
- A Return to the Past
- Section C
- A Global Market
- Looking Abroad
- Going Abroad
- A Global Business
- Factors Fueling Global Expansion
- Trade Liberalization
- Impact of Trade Liberalization
- Tobacco Leaf Production
- Tobacco Leaf Trade
- Privatization
- Foreign InvestmentmdashUkraine
- Major Company Mergers
- Marlboro Market Share (2001)
- Marlbororsquos Global Penetration
- Section D
- Industry Strategies
- Modeling Industry Activities
- Undermining Science
- Sworn Public Statements
- Confidential Statements
- Buying Science and Intimidation
- The Attack on Meta-Analysis
- Junk Science
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
- Industry Tactics to Undermine IARC
- Philip Morris and SHS
- Japan Tobacco and SHS
- Public Relations
- Public Statements on Youth
- Private Statements on Youth
- Minimum Age 18
- Changing the Issues
- Philanthropy
- Corporate Social Responsibility
- BATS Social Reports
- Today on Addiction
- Today on Addiction
- Public Health Advocates
- Truth in Advertising
- Section E
- Marketing
- Industry Expenditures on Advertising
- Communicating Disease
- Advertising Strategies
- Grand Prix
- Section F
- Lobbying and Legislation
- A Long History of Lobbying
- Political Lobbying US
- The Latin Project Argentina
- The Czech Republic
- Preemption
- Industry Self-Regulation
- International Tobacco Marketing Standards
- Creating the Illusion of Support
- Front Groups
- Industry Front Groups and Allies
- International Tobacco Growers Association
- Legal and Economic Intimidation
- Intimidating Johns Hopkins
- Industry Harassment
-
58
Truth in Advertising
Aggressively markets the only legal product that when used as intended by its manufacturers eventually kills half its users
Section E
Industry Tactics II Industry Advertising Promotion and Sponsorship
60
Marketing
ldquoWe refined the objective of a juvenile initiative program as follows Maintain and proactively protect our ability to advertise promote and market our products via a juvenile initiativeldquo
mdash Cathy Leiber PM International 1995
Notes Juvenile initiative = a series of programs and events designed to discourage juvenile smoking because smoking is an adult decision
61
Industry Expenditures on Advertising
0100020003000400050006000700080009000
10000
Am
ount
spe
nt $
mill
ion
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Changes in cigarette marketing expenditure in the USA 1970-99
Data source Mackay J amp M Eriksen 2002 The Tobacco Atlas World Health Organization
62
Communicating Disease
According to the trade magazine ldquoAdvertising Agerdquo the Marlboro man was the most powerful advertising image of the 20th century
Image source httpwwwcdcgovtobaccosgrsgr4kidsadbusthtm retrieved 22306
63
Advertising Strategies
Targeting womenTargeting youthSelling AmericaSponsorship of sporting events and concertsContests and give-awaysBrand stretching
64
Grand Prix
Image source httpwwwnasnasagovAboutEducationRacecardevelopment_emobightml retrieved 22306
Section F
Industry Tactics III Lobbying Legislation and Litigation
66
Lobbying and Legislation
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
67
A Long History of Lobbying
1890mdashTobacco appeared in the US Pharmacopeia(official US government listing of drugs)1905mdashDropped from list before the 1906 Food and Drug Act (legislation that created the Food and Drug Administration)2005mdashFDA cannot regulate nicotine in tobacco
68
Political Lobbying US
Four of the twelve most generous donors to the 2000 Bush Campaign (1 Phillip Morris RJR UST Brown and Williamson)$18 million to federal candidates between 1997 and 2003 minus 82 to Republican candidates and committees
US $43 million spent to counter McCain bill (highest amount ever spent on a sustained issue advocacy campaign in the US)
69
The Latin Project Argentina
Counter regulations aimed at creating smoke-free workplaces and public placesminus September 30 1991mdashNeri Bill approved by Senate
(advertising promotion and sampling ban limit public smoking)
minus Industry campaignmdashmedia debates briefing packages to Senators and the President paid chief scientific advisor to President
minus October 13 1991mdashPresident vetoes law
70
The Czech Republic
June 2001
Philip Morris presents members of the Health and Social Affairs Committee of the Czech Parliament a study concluding that smoking is good for the Czech governments finances because of the savings from early deaths caused by smoking
71
Preemption
ldquoWe could never win at the local level The reason is [that] all of the health advocates the ones that I unfortunately used to call lsquohealth nazisrsquotheyrsquore all local activists who run the little political organizations So the Tobacco Institute and the tobacco companiesrsquo first priority has always been to preempt the field preferably to put it all on the federal level but if they canrsquot do that at least on the state level because the health advocates canrsquot compete with me on the state levelrdquo
mdash Victor Crawford former Maryland state legislator
72
Industry Self-Regulation
British American Tobacco
11 September 2001
INTERNATIONAL TOBACCO PRODUCTS MARKETING STANDARDS
The parties subscribing to these Standards (the ldquoParticipantsrdquo) wish to record their belief that tobacco products should be marketed in a responsible manner and that reasonable measures should be taken to ensure that the promotion and distribution of tobacco products is
bull directed at adult smokers and not at youth and
bull consistent with the principle of informed adult choice
73
International Tobacco Marketing Standards
ldquoWe have analyzed the nine-page agreement and believe that the multinationalsrsquo strategy is proactive and is a way to improve their image rdquoldquoAlso by proactively setting new international tobacco marketing standards the multinationals could be trying to counter a number of proposals that the WHO has been working on to curb the amount of cigarettes that are consumed on an international levelrdquoldquo Interestingly in many countries the existing laws or industry codes are already more restrictive than the provisions of the international marketing standardsrdquo
Source International Tobacco Marketing Standards September 2001
74
Creating the Illusion of Support
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
75
Front Groups
Buying citizen involvement (letter writing phone banking campaigns) by supporting front groups
ldquoHandrdquo of the industry remains hidden
It has been a common practice of Big Tobacco to use third parties or to create front groups to be out in front fighting smokefreepolicies while the industry remains behind the scenes protecting its public image
-Americans for Nonsmokersrsquo Rightshttpwwwno-smokeorggetthefactsphpdp=d21|d23 accessed 22306
76
Industry Front Groups and Allies
Ive learned from experience that as soon as Im identified as a representative of the Tobacco Institute I lose all credibility They just sneer us awayso I try to work behind the scenes whenever I can
- Ron Saldana lobbyist for the Tobacco Institute 82486
Source httpwwwno-smokeorggetthefactsphpdp=d21|d23 accessed 22306
77
International Tobacco Growers Association
ITGAldquo[Establish] ITGA [International Tobacco Growers Association] [as a] front group for our third world lobby activities at WHOrdquo
Source Report of the WHO Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents
Source Report of the WHO Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents
78
Legal and Economic Intimidation
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
79
Intimidating Johns Hopkins
ldquoThe tobacco companies have commenced nothing short of a campaign of harassment against the academic institutions that discovered smoking is injurious to the public healthrdquominus Estelle A Fishbein general
council for Johns Hopkins University
ldquoTobacco Industry in Fight To Get
Universitiesrsquo DataLegal Moves Termed Fishing Expeditionrdquo
-The New York Times Jan 20 2002
80
Industry Harassment
PUBLIC HEALTH MATTERS
Public Health Under Attack The American Stop Smoking Intervention Study (ASSIST) and the
Tobacco Industry
- White J and LA Bero
- The Transnational Tobacco Industry
- Section A
- Describing a Disease
- The Agent
- The Host
- The Vector
- Section B
- Background
- Background
- What Is a ldquoTransnationalrdquo Company
- Major Transnational Tobacco Companies
- Cigarette Production
- Company Size and Wealth
- TNC Sales and Developing Countries
- China National Tobacco Corporation
- A Return to the Past
- Section C
- A Global Market
- Looking Abroad
- Going Abroad
- A Global Business
- Factors Fueling Global Expansion
- Trade Liberalization
- Impact of Trade Liberalization
- Tobacco Leaf Production
- Tobacco Leaf Trade
- Privatization
- Foreign InvestmentmdashUkraine
- Major Company Mergers
- Marlboro Market Share (2001)
- Marlbororsquos Global Penetration
- Section D
- Industry Strategies
- Modeling Industry Activities
- Undermining Science
- Sworn Public Statements
- Confidential Statements
- Buying Science and Intimidation
- The Attack on Meta-Analysis
- Junk Science
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
- Industry Tactics to Undermine IARC
- Philip Morris and SHS
- Japan Tobacco and SHS
- Public Relations
- Public Statements on Youth
- Private Statements on Youth
- Minimum Age 18
- Changing the Issues
- Philanthropy
- Corporate Social Responsibility
- BATS Social Reports
- Today on Addiction
- Today on Addiction
- Public Health Advocates
- Truth in Advertising
- Section E
- Marketing
- Industry Expenditures on Advertising
- Communicating Disease
- Advertising Strategies
- Grand Prix
- Section F
- Lobbying and Legislation
- A Long History of Lobbying
- Political Lobbying US
- The Latin Project Argentina
- The Czech Republic
- Preemption
- Industry Self-Regulation
- International Tobacco Marketing Standards
- Creating the Illusion of Support
- Front Groups
- Industry Front Groups and Allies
- International Tobacco Growers Association
- Legal and Economic Intimidation
- Intimidating Johns Hopkins
- Industry Harassment
-
Section E
Industry Tactics II Industry Advertising Promotion and Sponsorship
60
Marketing
ldquoWe refined the objective of a juvenile initiative program as follows Maintain and proactively protect our ability to advertise promote and market our products via a juvenile initiativeldquo
mdash Cathy Leiber PM International 1995
Notes Juvenile initiative = a series of programs and events designed to discourage juvenile smoking because smoking is an adult decision
61
Industry Expenditures on Advertising
0100020003000400050006000700080009000
10000
Am
ount
spe
nt $
mill
ion
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Changes in cigarette marketing expenditure in the USA 1970-99
Data source Mackay J amp M Eriksen 2002 The Tobacco Atlas World Health Organization
62
Communicating Disease
According to the trade magazine ldquoAdvertising Agerdquo the Marlboro man was the most powerful advertising image of the 20th century
Image source httpwwwcdcgovtobaccosgrsgr4kidsadbusthtm retrieved 22306
63
Advertising Strategies
Targeting womenTargeting youthSelling AmericaSponsorship of sporting events and concertsContests and give-awaysBrand stretching
64
Grand Prix
Image source httpwwwnasnasagovAboutEducationRacecardevelopment_emobightml retrieved 22306
Section F
Industry Tactics III Lobbying Legislation and Litigation
66
Lobbying and Legislation
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
67
A Long History of Lobbying
1890mdashTobacco appeared in the US Pharmacopeia(official US government listing of drugs)1905mdashDropped from list before the 1906 Food and Drug Act (legislation that created the Food and Drug Administration)2005mdashFDA cannot regulate nicotine in tobacco
68
Political Lobbying US
Four of the twelve most generous donors to the 2000 Bush Campaign (1 Phillip Morris RJR UST Brown and Williamson)$18 million to federal candidates between 1997 and 2003 minus 82 to Republican candidates and committees
US $43 million spent to counter McCain bill (highest amount ever spent on a sustained issue advocacy campaign in the US)
69
The Latin Project Argentina
Counter regulations aimed at creating smoke-free workplaces and public placesminus September 30 1991mdashNeri Bill approved by Senate
(advertising promotion and sampling ban limit public smoking)
minus Industry campaignmdashmedia debates briefing packages to Senators and the President paid chief scientific advisor to President
minus October 13 1991mdashPresident vetoes law
70
The Czech Republic
June 2001
Philip Morris presents members of the Health and Social Affairs Committee of the Czech Parliament a study concluding that smoking is good for the Czech governments finances because of the savings from early deaths caused by smoking
71
Preemption
ldquoWe could never win at the local level The reason is [that] all of the health advocates the ones that I unfortunately used to call lsquohealth nazisrsquotheyrsquore all local activists who run the little political organizations So the Tobacco Institute and the tobacco companiesrsquo first priority has always been to preempt the field preferably to put it all on the federal level but if they canrsquot do that at least on the state level because the health advocates canrsquot compete with me on the state levelrdquo
mdash Victor Crawford former Maryland state legislator
72
Industry Self-Regulation
British American Tobacco
11 September 2001
INTERNATIONAL TOBACCO PRODUCTS MARKETING STANDARDS
The parties subscribing to these Standards (the ldquoParticipantsrdquo) wish to record their belief that tobacco products should be marketed in a responsible manner and that reasonable measures should be taken to ensure that the promotion and distribution of tobacco products is
bull directed at adult smokers and not at youth and
bull consistent with the principle of informed adult choice
73
International Tobacco Marketing Standards
ldquoWe have analyzed the nine-page agreement and believe that the multinationalsrsquo strategy is proactive and is a way to improve their image rdquoldquoAlso by proactively setting new international tobacco marketing standards the multinationals could be trying to counter a number of proposals that the WHO has been working on to curb the amount of cigarettes that are consumed on an international levelrdquoldquo Interestingly in many countries the existing laws or industry codes are already more restrictive than the provisions of the international marketing standardsrdquo
Source International Tobacco Marketing Standards September 2001
74
Creating the Illusion of Support
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
75
Front Groups
Buying citizen involvement (letter writing phone banking campaigns) by supporting front groups
ldquoHandrdquo of the industry remains hidden
It has been a common practice of Big Tobacco to use third parties or to create front groups to be out in front fighting smokefreepolicies while the industry remains behind the scenes protecting its public image
-Americans for Nonsmokersrsquo Rightshttpwwwno-smokeorggetthefactsphpdp=d21|d23 accessed 22306
76
Industry Front Groups and Allies
Ive learned from experience that as soon as Im identified as a representative of the Tobacco Institute I lose all credibility They just sneer us awayso I try to work behind the scenes whenever I can
- Ron Saldana lobbyist for the Tobacco Institute 82486
Source httpwwwno-smokeorggetthefactsphpdp=d21|d23 accessed 22306
77
International Tobacco Growers Association
ITGAldquo[Establish] ITGA [International Tobacco Growers Association] [as a] front group for our third world lobby activities at WHOrdquo
Source Report of the WHO Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents
Source Report of the WHO Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents
78
Legal and Economic Intimidation
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
79
Intimidating Johns Hopkins
ldquoThe tobacco companies have commenced nothing short of a campaign of harassment against the academic institutions that discovered smoking is injurious to the public healthrdquominus Estelle A Fishbein general
council for Johns Hopkins University
ldquoTobacco Industry in Fight To Get
Universitiesrsquo DataLegal Moves Termed Fishing Expeditionrdquo
-The New York Times Jan 20 2002
80
Industry Harassment
PUBLIC HEALTH MATTERS
Public Health Under Attack The American Stop Smoking Intervention Study (ASSIST) and the
Tobacco Industry
- White J and LA Bero
- The Transnational Tobacco Industry
- Section A
- Describing a Disease
- The Agent
- The Host
- The Vector
- Section B
- Background
- Background
- What Is a ldquoTransnationalrdquo Company
- Major Transnational Tobacco Companies
- Cigarette Production
- Company Size and Wealth
- TNC Sales and Developing Countries
- China National Tobacco Corporation
- A Return to the Past
- Section C
- A Global Market
- Looking Abroad
- Going Abroad
- A Global Business
- Factors Fueling Global Expansion
- Trade Liberalization
- Impact of Trade Liberalization
- Tobacco Leaf Production
- Tobacco Leaf Trade
- Privatization
- Foreign InvestmentmdashUkraine
- Major Company Mergers
- Marlboro Market Share (2001)
- Marlbororsquos Global Penetration
- Section D
- Industry Strategies
- Modeling Industry Activities
- Undermining Science
- Sworn Public Statements
- Confidential Statements
- Buying Science and Intimidation
- The Attack on Meta-Analysis
- Junk Science
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
- Industry Tactics to Undermine IARC
- Philip Morris and SHS
- Japan Tobacco and SHS
- Public Relations
- Public Statements on Youth
- Private Statements on Youth
- Minimum Age 18
- Changing the Issues
- Philanthropy
- Corporate Social Responsibility
- BATS Social Reports
- Today on Addiction
- Today on Addiction
- Public Health Advocates
- Truth in Advertising
- Section E
- Marketing
- Industry Expenditures on Advertising
- Communicating Disease
- Advertising Strategies
- Grand Prix
- Section F
- Lobbying and Legislation
- A Long History of Lobbying
- Political Lobbying US
- The Latin Project Argentina
- The Czech Republic
- Preemption
- Industry Self-Regulation
- International Tobacco Marketing Standards
- Creating the Illusion of Support
- Front Groups
- Industry Front Groups and Allies
- International Tobacco Growers Association
- Legal and Economic Intimidation
- Intimidating Johns Hopkins
- Industry Harassment
-
60
Marketing
ldquoWe refined the objective of a juvenile initiative program as follows Maintain and proactively protect our ability to advertise promote and market our products via a juvenile initiativeldquo
mdash Cathy Leiber PM International 1995
Notes Juvenile initiative = a series of programs and events designed to discourage juvenile smoking because smoking is an adult decision
61
Industry Expenditures on Advertising
0100020003000400050006000700080009000
10000
Am
ount
spe
nt $
mill
ion
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Changes in cigarette marketing expenditure in the USA 1970-99
Data source Mackay J amp M Eriksen 2002 The Tobacco Atlas World Health Organization
62
Communicating Disease
According to the trade magazine ldquoAdvertising Agerdquo the Marlboro man was the most powerful advertising image of the 20th century
Image source httpwwwcdcgovtobaccosgrsgr4kidsadbusthtm retrieved 22306
63
Advertising Strategies
Targeting womenTargeting youthSelling AmericaSponsorship of sporting events and concertsContests and give-awaysBrand stretching
64
Grand Prix
Image source httpwwwnasnasagovAboutEducationRacecardevelopment_emobightml retrieved 22306
Section F
Industry Tactics III Lobbying Legislation and Litigation
66
Lobbying and Legislation
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
67
A Long History of Lobbying
1890mdashTobacco appeared in the US Pharmacopeia(official US government listing of drugs)1905mdashDropped from list before the 1906 Food and Drug Act (legislation that created the Food and Drug Administration)2005mdashFDA cannot regulate nicotine in tobacco
68
Political Lobbying US
Four of the twelve most generous donors to the 2000 Bush Campaign (1 Phillip Morris RJR UST Brown and Williamson)$18 million to federal candidates between 1997 and 2003 minus 82 to Republican candidates and committees
US $43 million spent to counter McCain bill (highest amount ever spent on a sustained issue advocacy campaign in the US)
69
The Latin Project Argentina
Counter regulations aimed at creating smoke-free workplaces and public placesminus September 30 1991mdashNeri Bill approved by Senate
(advertising promotion and sampling ban limit public smoking)
minus Industry campaignmdashmedia debates briefing packages to Senators and the President paid chief scientific advisor to President
minus October 13 1991mdashPresident vetoes law
70
The Czech Republic
June 2001
Philip Morris presents members of the Health and Social Affairs Committee of the Czech Parliament a study concluding that smoking is good for the Czech governments finances because of the savings from early deaths caused by smoking
71
Preemption
ldquoWe could never win at the local level The reason is [that] all of the health advocates the ones that I unfortunately used to call lsquohealth nazisrsquotheyrsquore all local activists who run the little political organizations So the Tobacco Institute and the tobacco companiesrsquo first priority has always been to preempt the field preferably to put it all on the federal level but if they canrsquot do that at least on the state level because the health advocates canrsquot compete with me on the state levelrdquo
mdash Victor Crawford former Maryland state legislator
72
Industry Self-Regulation
British American Tobacco
11 September 2001
INTERNATIONAL TOBACCO PRODUCTS MARKETING STANDARDS
The parties subscribing to these Standards (the ldquoParticipantsrdquo) wish to record their belief that tobacco products should be marketed in a responsible manner and that reasonable measures should be taken to ensure that the promotion and distribution of tobacco products is
bull directed at adult smokers and not at youth and
bull consistent with the principle of informed adult choice
73
International Tobacco Marketing Standards
ldquoWe have analyzed the nine-page agreement and believe that the multinationalsrsquo strategy is proactive and is a way to improve their image rdquoldquoAlso by proactively setting new international tobacco marketing standards the multinationals could be trying to counter a number of proposals that the WHO has been working on to curb the amount of cigarettes that are consumed on an international levelrdquoldquo Interestingly in many countries the existing laws or industry codes are already more restrictive than the provisions of the international marketing standardsrdquo
Source International Tobacco Marketing Standards September 2001
74
Creating the Illusion of Support
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
75
Front Groups
Buying citizen involvement (letter writing phone banking campaigns) by supporting front groups
ldquoHandrdquo of the industry remains hidden
It has been a common practice of Big Tobacco to use third parties or to create front groups to be out in front fighting smokefreepolicies while the industry remains behind the scenes protecting its public image
-Americans for Nonsmokersrsquo Rightshttpwwwno-smokeorggetthefactsphpdp=d21|d23 accessed 22306
76
Industry Front Groups and Allies
Ive learned from experience that as soon as Im identified as a representative of the Tobacco Institute I lose all credibility They just sneer us awayso I try to work behind the scenes whenever I can
- Ron Saldana lobbyist for the Tobacco Institute 82486
Source httpwwwno-smokeorggetthefactsphpdp=d21|d23 accessed 22306
77
International Tobacco Growers Association
ITGAldquo[Establish] ITGA [International Tobacco Growers Association] [as a] front group for our third world lobby activities at WHOrdquo
Source Report of the WHO Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents
Source Report of the WHO Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents
78
Legal and Economic Intimidation
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
79
Intimidating Johns Hopkins
ldquoThe tobacco companies have commenced nothing short of a campaign of harassment against the academic institutions that discovered smoking is injurious to the public healthrdquominus Estelle A Fishbein general
council for Johns Hopkins University
ldquoTobacco Industry in Fight To Get
Universitiesrsquo DataLegal Moves Termed Fishing Expeditionrdquo
-The New York Times Jan 20 2002
80
Industry Harassment
PUBLIC HEALTH MATTERS
Public Health Under Attack The American Stop Smoking Intervention Study (ASSIST) and the
Tobacco Industry
- White J and LA Bero
- The Transnational Tobacco Industry
- Section A
- Describing a Disease
- The Agent
- The Host
- The Vector
- Section B
- Background
- Background
- What Is a ldquoTransnationalrdquo Company
- Major Transnational Tobacco Companies
- Cigarette Production
- Company Size and Wealth
- TNC Sales and Developing Countries
- China National Tobacco Corporation
- A Return to the Past
- Section C
- A Global Market
- Looking Abroad
- Going Abroad
- A Global Business
- Factors Fueling Global Expansion
- Trade Liberalization
- Impact of Trade Liberalization
- Tobacco Leaf Production
- Tobacco Leaf Trade
- Privatization
- Foreign InvestmentmdashUkraine
- Major Company Mergers
- Marlboro Market Share (2001)
- Marlbororsquos Global Penetration
- Section D
- Industry Strategies
- Modeling Industry Activities
- Undermining Science
- Sworn Public Statements
- Confidential Statements
- Buying Science and Intimidation
- The Attack on Meta-Analysis
- Junk Science
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
- Industry Tactics to Undermine IARC
- Philip Morris and SHS
- Japan Tobacco and SHS
- Public Relations
- Public Statements on Youth
- Private Statements on Youth
- Minimum Age 18
- Changing the Issues
- Philanthropy
- Corporate Social Responsibility
- BATS Social Reports
- Today on Addiction
- Today on Addiction
- Public Health Advocates
- Truth in Advertising
- Section E
- Marketing
- Industry Expenditures on Advertising
- Communicating Disease
- Advertising Strategies
- Grand Prix
- Section F
- Lobbying and Legislation
- A Long History of Lobbying
- Political Lobbying US
- The Latin Project Argentina
- The Czech Republic
- Preemption
- Industry Self-Regulation
- International Tobacco Marketing Standards
- Creating the Illusion of Support
- Front Groups
- Industry Front Groups and Allies
- International Tobacco Growers Association
- Legal and Economic Intimidation
- Intimidating Johns Hopkins
- Industry Harassment
-
61
Industry Expenditures on Advertising
0100020003000400050006000700080009000
10000
Am
ount
spe
nt $
mill
ion
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Changes in cigarette marketing expenditure in the USA 1970-99
Data source Mackay J amp M Eriksen 2002 The Tobacco Atlas World Health Organization
62
Communicating Disease
According to the trade magazine ldquoAdvertising Agerdquo the Marlboro man was the most powerful advertising image of the 20th century
Image source httpwwwcdcgovtobaccosgrsgr4kidsadbusthtm retrieved 22306
63
Advertising Strategies
Targeting womenTargeting youthSelling AmericaSponsorship of sporting events and concertsContests and give-awaysBrand stretching
64
Grand Prix
Image source httpwwwnasnasagovAboutEducationRacecardevelopment_emobightml retrieved 22306
Section F
Industry Tactics III Lobbying Legislation and Litigation
66
Lobbying and Legislation
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
67
A Long History of Lobbying
1890mdashTobacco appeared in the US Pharmacopeia(official US government listing of drugs)1905mdashDropped from list before the 1906 Food and Drug Act (legislation that created the Food and Drug Administration)2005mdashFDA cannot regulate nicotine in tobacco
68
Political Lobbying US
Four of the twelve most generous donors to the 2000 Bush Campaign (1 Phillip Morris RJR UST Brown and Williamson)$18 million to federal candidates between 1997 and 2003 minus 82 to Republican candidates and committees
US $43 million spent to counter McCain bill (highest amount ever spent on a sustained issue advocacy campaign in the US)
69
The Latin Project Argentina
Counter regulations aimed at creating smoke-free workplaces and public placesminus September 30 1991mdashNeri Bill approved by Senate
(advertising promotion and sampling ban limit public smoking)
minus Industry campaignmdashmedia debates briefing packages to Senators and the President paid chief scientific advisor to President
minus October 13 1991mdashPresident vetoes law
70
The Czech Republic
June 2001
Philip Morris presents members of the Health and Social Affairs Committee of the Czech Parliament a study concluding that smoking is good for the Czech governments finances because of the savings from early deaths caused by smoking
71
Preemption
ldquoWe could never win at the local level The reason is [that] all of the health advocates the ones that I unfortunately used to call lsquohealth nazisrsquotheyrsquore all local activists who run the little political organizations So the Tobacco Institute and the tobacco companiesrsquo first priority has always been to preempt the field preferably to put it all on the federal level but if they canrsquot do that at least on the state level because the health advocates canrsquot compete with me on the state levelrdquo
mdash Victor Crawford former Maryland state legislator
72
Industry Self-Regulation
British American Tobacco
11 September 2001
INTERNATIONAL TOBACCO PRODUCTS MARKETING STANDARDS
The parties subscribing to these Standards (the ldquoParticipantsrdquo) wish to record their belief that tobacco products should be marketed in a responsible manner and that reasonable measures should be taken to ensure that the promotion and distribution of tobacco products is
bull directed at adult smokers and not at youth and
bull consistent with the principle of informed adult choice
73
International Tobacco Marketing Standards
ldquoWe have analyzed the nine-page agreement and believe that the multinationalsrsquo strategy is proactive and is a way to improve their image rdquoldquoAlso by proactively setting new international tobacco marketing standards the multinationals could be trying to counter a number of proposals that the WHO has been working on to curb the amount of cigarettes that are consumed on an international levelrdquoldquo Interestingly in many countries the existing laws or industry codes are already more restrictive than the provisions of the international marketing standardsrdquo
Source International Tobacco Marketing Standards September 2001
74
Creating the Illusion of Support
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
75
Front Groups
Buying citizen involvement (letter writing phone banking campaigns) by supporting front groups
ldquoHandrdquo of the industry remains hidden
It has been a common practice of Big Tobacco to use third parties or to create front groups to be out in front fighting smokefreepolicies while the industry remains behind the scenes protecting its public image
-Americans for Nonsmokersrsquo Rightshttpwwwno-smokeorggetthefactsphpdp=d21|d23 accessed 22306
76
Industry Front Groups and Allies
Ive learned from experience that as soon as Im identified as a representative of the Tobacco Institute I lose all credibility They just sneer us awayso I try to work behind the scenes whenever I can
- Ron Saldana lobbyist for the Tobacco Institute 82486
Source httpwwwno-smokeorggetthefactsphpdp=d21|d23 accessed 22306
77
International Tobacco Growers Association
ITGAldquo[Establish] ITGA [International Tobacco Growers Association] [as a] front group for our third world lobby activities at WHOrdquo
Source Report of the WHO Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents
Source Report of the WHO Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents
78
Legal and Economic Intimidation
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
79
Intimidating Johns Hopkins
ldquoThe tobacco companies have commenced nothing short of a campaign of harassment against the academic institutions that discovered smoking is injurious to the public healthrdquominus Estelle A Fishbein general
council for Johns Hopkins University
ldquoTobacco Industry in Fight To Get
Universitiesrsquo DataLegal Moves Termed Fishing Expeditionrdquo
-The New York Times Jan 20 2002
80
Industry Harassment
PUBLIC HEALTH MATTERS
Public Health Under Attack The American Stop Smoking Intervention Study (ASSIST) and the
Tobacco Industry
- White J and LA Bero
- The Transnational Tobacco Industry
- Section A
- Describing a Disease
- The Agent
- The Host
- The Vector
- Section B
- Background
- Background
- What Is a ldquoTransnationalrdquo Company
- Major Transnational Tobacco Companies
- Cigarette Production
- Company Size and Wealth
- TNC Sales and Developing Countries
- China National Tobacco Corporation
- A Return to the Past
- Section C
- A Global Market
- Looking Abroad
- Going Abroad
- A Global Business
- Factors Fueling Global Expansion
- Trade Liberalization
- Impact of Trade Liberalization
- Tobacco Leaf Production
- Tobacco Leaf Trade
- Privatization
- Foreign InvestmentmdashUkraine
- Major Company Mergers
- Marlboro Market Share (2001)
- Marlbororsquos Global Penetration
- Section D
- Industry Strategies
- Modeling Industry Activities
- Undermining Science
- Sworn Public Statements
- Confidential Statements
- Buying Science and Intimidation
- The Attack on Meta-Analysis
- Junk Science
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
- Industry Tactics to Undermine IARC
- Philip Morris and SHS
- Japan Tobacco and SHS
- Public Relations
- Public Statements on Youth
- Private Statements on Youth
- Minimum Age 18
- Changing the Issues
- Philanthropy
- Corporate Social Responsibility
- BATS Social Reports
- Today on Addiction
- Today on Addiction
- Public Health Advocates
- Truth in Advertising
- Section E
- Marketing
- Industry Expenditures on Advertising
- Communicating Disease
- Advertising Strategies
- Grand Prix
- Section F
- Lobbying and Legislation
- A Long History of Lobbying
- Political Lobbying US
- The Latin Project Argentina
- The Czech Republic
- Preemption
- Industry Self-Regulation
- International Tobacco Marketing Standards
- Creating the Illusion of Support
- Front Groups
- Industry Front Groups and Allies
- International Tobacco Growers Association
- Legal and Economic Intimidation
- Intimidating Johns Hopkins
- Industry Harassment
-
62
Communicating Disease
According to the trade magazine ldquoAdvertising Agerdquo the Marlboro man was the most powerful advertising image of the 20th century
Image source httpwwwcdcgovtobaccosgrsgr4kidsadbusthtm retrieved 22306
63
Advertising Strategies
Targeting womenTargeting youthSelling AmericaSponsorship of sporting events and concertsContests and give-awaysBrand stretching
64
Grand Prix
Image source httpwwwnasnasagovAboutEducationRacecardevelopment_emobightml retrieved 22306
Section F
Industry Tactics III Lobbying Legislation and Litigation
66
Lobbying and Legislation
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
67
A Long History of Lobbying
1890mdashTobacco appeared in the US Pharmacopeia(official US government listing of drugs)1905mdashDropped from list before the 1906 Food and Drug Act (legislation that created the Food and Drug Administration)2005mdashFDA cannot regulate nicotine in tobacco
68
Political Lobbying US
Four of the twelve most generous donors to the 2000 Bush Campaign (1 Phillip Morris RJR UST Brown and Williamson)$18 million to federal candidates between 1997 and 2003 minus 82 to Republican candidates and committees
US $43 million spent to counter McCain bill (highest amount ever spent on a sustained issue advocacy campaign in the US)
69
The Latin Project Argentina
Counter regulations aimed at creating smoke-free workplaces and public placesminus September 30 1991mdashNeri Bill approved by Senate
(advertising promotion and sampling ban limit public smoking)
minus Industry campaignmdashmedia debates briefing packages to Senators and the President paid chief scientific advisor to President
minus October 13 1991mdashPresident vetoes law
70
The Czech Republic
June 2001
Philip Morris presents members of the Health and Social Affairs Committee of the Czech Parliament a study concluding that smoking is good for the Czech governments finances because of the savings from early deaths caused by smoking
71
Preemption
ldquoWe could never win at the local level The reason is [that] all of the health advocates the ones that I unfortunately used to call lsquohealth nazisrsquotheyrsquore all local activists who run the little political organizations So the Tobacco Institute and the tobacco companiesrsquo first priority has always been to preempt the field preferably to put it all on the federal level but if they canrsquot do that at least on the state level because the health advocates canrsquot compete with me on the state levelrdquo
mdash Victor Crawford former Maryland state legislator
72
Industry Self-Regulation
British American Tobacco
11 September 2001
INTERNATIONAL TOBACCO PRODUCTS MARKETING STANDARDS
The parties subscribing to these Standards (the ldquoParticipantsrdquo) wish to record their belief that tobacco products should be marketed in a responsible manner and that reasonable measures should be taken to ensure that the promotion and distribution of tobacco products is
bull directed at adult smokers and not at youth and
bull consistent with the principle of informed adult choice
73
International Tobacco Marketing Standards
ldquoWe have analyzed the nine-page agreement and believe that the multinationalsrsquo strategy is proactive and is a way to improve their image rdquoldquoAlso by proactively setting new international tobacco marketing standards the multinationals could be trying to counter a number of proposals that the WHO has been working on to curb the amount of cigarettes that are consumed on an international levelrdquoldquo Interestingly in many countries the existing laws or industry codes are already more restrictive than the provisions of the international marketing standardsrdquo
Source International Tobacco Marketing Standards September 2001
74
Creating the Illusion of Support
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
75
Front Groups
Buying citizen involvement (letter writing phone banking campaigns) by supporting front groups
ldquoHandrdquo of the industry remains hidden
It has been a common practice of Big Tobacco to use third parties or to create front groups to be out in front fighting smokefreepolicies while the industry remains behind the scenes protecting its public image
-Americans for Nonsmokersrsquo Rightshttpwwwno-smokeorggetthefactsphpdp=d21|d23 accessed 22306
76
Industry Front Groups and Allies
Ive learned from experience that as soon as Im identified as a representative of the Tobacco Institute I lose all credibility They just sneer us awayso I try to work behind the scenes whenever I can
- Ron Saldana lobbyist for the Tobacco Institute 82486
Source httpwwwno-smokeorggetthefactsphpdp=d21|d23 accessed 22306
77
International Tobacco Growers Association
ITGAldquo[Establish] ITGA [International Tobacco Growers Association] [as a] front group for our third world lobby activities at WHOrdquo
Source Report of the WHO Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents
Source Report of the WHO Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents
78
Legal and Economic Intimidation
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
79
Intimidating Johns Hopkins
ldquoThe tobacco companies have commenced nothing short of a campaign of harassment against the academic institutions that discovered smoking is injurious to the public healthrdquominus Estelle A Fishbein general
council for Johns Hopkins University
ldquoTobacco Industry in Fight To Get
Universitiesrsquo DataLegal Moves Termed Fishing Expeditionrdquo
-The New York Times Jan 20 2002
80
Industry Harassment
PUBLIC HEALTH MATTERS
Public Health Under Attack The American Stop Smoking Intervention Study (ASSIST) and the
Tobacco Industry
- White J and LA Bero
- The Transnational Tobacco Industry
- Section A
- Describing a Disease
- The Agent
- The Host
- The Vector
- Section B
- Background
- Background
- What Is a ldquoTransnationalrdquo Company
- Major Transnational Tobacco Companies
- Cigarette Production
- Company Size and Wealth
- TNC Sales and Developing Countries
- China National Tobacco Corporation
- A Return to the Past
- Section C
- A Global Market
- Looking Abroad
- Going Abroad
- A Global Business
- Factors Fueling Global Expansion
- Trade Liberalization
- Impact of Trade Liberalization
- Tobacco Leaf Production
- Tobacco Leaf Trade
- Privatization
- Foreign InvestmentmdashUkraine
- Major Company Mergers
- Marlboro Market Share (2001)
- Marlbororsquos Global Penetration
- Section D
- Industry Strategies
- Modeling Industry Activities
- Undermining Science
- Sworn Public Statements
- Confidential Statements
- Buying Science and Intimidation
- The Attack on Meta-Analysis
- Junk Science
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
- Industry Tactics to Undermine IARC
- Philip Morris and SHS
- Japan Tobacco and SHS
- Public Relations
- Public Statements on Youth
- Private Statements on Youth
- Minimum Age 18
- Changing the Issues
- Philanthropy
- Corporate Social Responsibility
- BATS Social Reports
- Today on Addiction
- Today on Addiction
- Public Health Advocates
- Truth in Advertising
- Section E
- Marketing
- Industry Expenditures on Advertising
- Communicating Disease
- Advertising Strategies
- Grand Prix
- Section F
- Lobbying and Legislation
- A Long History of Lobbying
- Political Lobbying US
- The Latin Project Argentina
- The Czech Republic
- Preemption
- Industry Self-Regulation
- International Tobacco Marketing Standards
- Creating the Illusion of Support
- Front Groups
- Industry Front Groups and Allies
- International Tobacco Growers Association
- Legal and Economic Intimidation
- Intimidating Johns Hopkins
- Industry Harassment
-
63
Advertising Strategies
Targeting womenTargeting youthSelling AmericaSponsorship of sporting events and concertsContests and give-awaysBrand stretching
64
Grand Prix
Image source httpwwwnasnasagovAboutEducationRacecardevelopment_emobightml retrieved 22306
Section F
Industry Tactics III Lobbying Legislation and Litigation
66
Lobbying and Legislation
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
67
A Long History of Lobbying
1890mdashTobacco appeared in the US Pharmacopeia(official US government listing of drugs)1905mdashDropped from list before the 1906 Food and Drug Act (legislation that created the Food and Drug Administration)2005mdashFDA cannot regulate nicotine in tobacco
68
Political Lobbying US
Four of the twelve most generous donors to the 2000 Bush Campaign (1 Phillip Morris RJR UST Brown and Williamson)$18 million to federal candidates between 1997 and 2003 minus 82 to Republican candidates and committees
US $43 million spent to counter McCain bill (highest amount ever spent on a sustained issue advocacy campaign in the US)
69
The Latin Project Argentina
Counter regulations aimed at creating smoke-free workplaces and public placesminus September 30 1991mdashNeri Bill approved by Senate
(advertising promotion and sampling ban limit public smoking)
minus Industry campaignmdashmedia debates briefing packages to Senators and the President paid chief scientific advisor to President
minus October 13 1991mdashPresident vetoes law
70
The Czech Republic
June 2001
Philip Morris presents members of the Health and Social Affairs Committee of the Czech Parliament a study concluding that smoking is good for the Czech governments finances because of the savings from early deaths caused by smoking
71
Preemption
ldquoWe could never win at the local level The reason is [that] all of the health advocates the ones that I unfortunately used to call lsquohealth nazisrsquotheyrsquore all local activists who run the little political organizations So the Tobacco Institute and the tobacco companiesrsquo first priority has always been to preempt the field preferably to put it all on the federal level but if they canrsquot do that at least on the state level because the health advocates canrsquot compete with me on the state levelrdquo
mdash Victor Crawford former Maryland state legislator
72
Industry Self-Regulation
British American Tobacco
11 September 2001
INTERNATIONAL TOBACCO PRODUCTS MARKETING STANDARDS
The parties subscribing to these Standards (the ldquoParticipantsrdquo) wish to record their belief that tobacco products should be marketed in a responsible manner and that reasonable measures should be taken to ensure that the promotion and distribution of tobacco products is
bull directed at adult smokers and not at youth and
bull consistent with the principle of informed adult choice
73
International Tobacco Marketing Standards
ldquoWe have analyzed the nine-page agreement and believe that the multinationalsrsquo strategy is proactive and is a way to improve their image rdquoldquoAlso by proactively setting new international tobacco marketing standards the multinationals could be trying to counter a number of proposals that the WHO has been working on to curb the amount of cigarettes that are consumed on an international levelrdquoldquo Interestingly in many countries the existing laws or industry codes are already more restrictive than the provisions of the international marketing standardsrdquo
Source International Tobacco Marketing Standards September 2001
74
Creating the Illusion of Support
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
75
Front Groups
Buying citizen involvement (letter writing phone banking campaigns) by supporting front groups
ldquoHandrdquo of the industry remains hidden
It has been a common practice of Big Tobacco to use third parties or to create front groups to be out in front fighting smokefreepolicies while the industry remains behind the scenes protecting its public image
-Americans for Nonsmokersrsquo Rightshttpwwwno-smokeorggetthefactsphpdp=d21|d23 accessed 22306
76
Industry Front Groups and Allies
Ive learned from experience that as soon as Im identified as a representative of the Tobacco Institute I lose all credibility They just sneer us awayso I try to work behind the scenes whenever I can
- Ron Saldana lobbyist for the Tobacco Institute 82486
Source httpwwwno-smokeorggetthefactsphpdp=d21|d23 accessed 22306
77
International Tobacco Growers Association
ITGAldquo[Establish] ITGA [International Tobacco Growers Association] [as a] front group for our third world lobby activities at WHOrdquo
Source Report of the WHO Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents
Source Report of the WHO Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents
78
Legal and Economic Intimidation
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
79
Intimidating Johns Hopkins
ldquoThe tobacco companies have commenced nothing short of a campaign of harassment against the academic institutions that discovered smoking is injurious to the public healthrdquominus Estelle A Fishbein general
council for Johns Hopkins University
ldquoTobacco Industry in Fight To Get
Universitiesrsquo DataLegal Moves Termed Fishing Expeditionrdquo
-The New York Times Jan 20 2002
80
Industry Harassment
PUBLIC HEALTH MATTERS
Public Health Under Attack The American Stop Smoking Intervention Study (ASSIST) and the
Tobacco Industry
- White J and LA Bero
- The Transnational Tobacco Industry
- Section A
- Describing a Disease
- The Agent
- The Host
- The Vector
- Section B
- Background
- Background
- What Is a ldquoTransnationalrdquo Company
- Major Transnational Tobacco Companies
- Cigarette Production
- Company Size and Wealth
- TNC Sales and Developing Countries
- China National Tobacco Corporation
- A Return to the Past
- Section C
- A Global Market
- Looking Abroad
- Going Abroad
- A Global Business
- Factors Fueling Global Expansion
- Trade Liberalization
- Impact of Trade Liberalization
- Tobacco Leaf Production
- Tobacco Leaf Trade
- Privatization
- Foreign InvestmentmdashUkraine
- Major Company Mergers
- Marlboro Market Share (2001)
- Marlbororsquos Global Penetration
- Section D
- Industry Strategies
- Modeling Industry Activities
- Undermining Science
- Sworn Public Statements
- Confidential Statements
- Buying Science and Intimidation
- The Attack on Meta-Analysis
- Junk Science
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
- Industry Tactics to Undermine IARC
- Philip Morris and SHS
- Japan Tobacco and SHS
- Public Relations
- Public Statements on Youth
- Private Statements on Youth
- Minimum Age 18
- Changing the Issues
- Philanthropy
- Corporate Social Responsibility
- BATS Social Reports
- Today on Addiction
- Today on Addiction
- Public Health Advocates
- Truth in Advertising
- Section E
- Marketing
- Industry Expenditures on Advertising
- Communicating Disease
- Advertising Strategies
- Grand Prix
- Section F
- Lobbying and Legislation
- A Long History of Lobbying
- Political Lobbying US
- The Latin Project Argentina
- The Czech Republic
- Preemption
- Industry Self-Regulation
- International Tobacco Marketing Standards
- Creating the Illusion of Support
- Front Groups
- Industry Front Groups and Allies
- International Tobacco Growers Association
- Legal and Economic Intimidation
- Intimidating Johns Hopkins
- Industry Harassment
-
64
Grand Prix
Image source httpwwwnasnasagovAboutEducationRacecardevelopment_emobightml retrieved 22306
Section F
Industry Tactics III Lobbying Legislation and Litigation
66
Lobbying and Legislation
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
67
A Long History of Lobbying
1890mdashTobacco appeared in the US Pharmacopeia(official US government listing of drugs)1905mdashDropped from list before the 1906 Food and Drug Act (legislation that created the Food and Drug Administration)2005mdashFDA cannot regulate nicotine in tobacco
68
Political Lobbying US
Four of the twelve most generous donors to the 2000 Bush Campaign (1 Phillip Morris RJR UST Brown and Williamson)$18 million to federal candidates between 1997 and 2003 minus 82 to Republican candidates and committees
US $43 million spent to counter McCain bill (highest amount ever spent on a sustained issue advocacy campaign in the US)
69
The Latin Project Argentina
Counter regulations aimed at creating smoke-free workplaces and public placesminus September 30 1991mdashNeri Bill approved by Senate
(advertising promotion and sampling ban limit public smoking)
minus Industry campaignmdashmedia debates briefing packages to Senators and the President paid chief scientific advisor to President
minus October 13 1991mdashPresident vetoes law
70
The Czech Republic
June 2001
Philip Morris presents members of the Health and Social Affairs Committee of the Czech Parliament a study concluding that smoking is good for the Czech governments finances because of the savings from early deaths caused by smoking
71
Preemption
ldquoWe could never win at the local level The reason is [that] all of the health advocates the ones that I unfortunately used to call lsquohealth nazisrsquotheyrsquore all local activists who run the little political organizations So the Tobacco Institute and the tobacco companiesrsquo first priority has always been to preempt the field preferably to put it all on the federal level but if they canrsquot do that at least on the state level because the health advocates canrsquot compete with me on the state levelrdquo
mdash Victor Crawford former Maryland state legislator
72
Industry Self-Regulation
British American Tobacco
11 September 2001
INTERNATIONAL TOBACCO PRODUCTS MARKETING STANDARDS
The parties subscribing to these Standards (the ldquoParticipantsrdquo) wish to record their belief that tobacco products should be marketed in a responsible manner and that reasonable measures should be taken to ensure that the promotion and distribution of tobacco products is
bull directed at adult smokers and not at youth and
bull consistent with the principle of informed adult choice
73
International Tobacco Marketing Standards
ldquoWe have analyzed the nine-page agreement and believe that the multinationalsrsquo strategy is proactive and is a way to improve their image rdquoldquoAlso by proactively setting new international tobacco marketing standards the multinationals could be trying to counter a number of proposals that the WHO has been working on to curb the amount of cigarettes that are consumed on an international levelrdquoldquo Interestingly in many countries the existing laws or industry codes are already more restrictive than the provisions of the international marketing standardsrdquo
Source International Tobacco Marketing Standards September 2001
74
Creating the Illusion of Support
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
75
Front Groups
Buying citizen involvement (letter writing phone banking campaigns) by supporting front groups
ldquoHandrdquo of the industry remains hidden
It has been a common practice of Big Tobacco to use third parties or to create front groups to be out in front fighting smokefreepolicies while the industry remains behind the scenes protecting its public image
-Americans for Nonsmokersrsquo Rightshttpwwwno-smokeorggetthefactsphpdp=d21|d23 accessed 22306
76
Industry Front Groups and Allies
Ive learned from experience that as soon as Im identified as a representative of the Tobacco Institute I lose all credibility They just sneer us awayso I try to work behind the scenes whenever I can
- Ron Saldana lobbyist for the Tobacco Institute 82486
Source httpwwwno-smokeorggetthefactsphpdp=d21|d23 accessed 22306
77
International Tobacco Growers Association
ITGAldquo[Establish] ITGA [International Tobacco Growers Association] [as a] front group for our third world lobby activities at WHOrdquo
Source Report of the WHO Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents
Source Report of the WHO Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents
78
Legal and Economic Intimidation
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
79
Intimidating Johns Hopkins
ldquoThe tobacco companies have commenced nothing short of a campaign of harassment against the academic institutions that discovered smoking is injurious to the public healthrdquominus Estelle A Fishbein general
council for Johns Hopkins University
ldquoTobacco Industry in Fight To Get
Universitiesrsquo DataLegal Moves Termed Fishing Expeditionrdquo
-The New York Times Jan 20 2002
80
Industry Harassment
PUBLIC HEALTH MATTERS
Public Health Under Attack The American Stop Smoking Intervention Study (ASSIST) and the
Tobacco Industry
- White J and LA Bero
- The Transnational Tobacco Industry
- Section A
- Describing a Disease
- The Agent
- The Host
- The Vector
- Section B
- Background
- Background
- What Is a ldquoTransnationalrdquo Company
- Major Transnational Tobacco Companies
- Cigarette Production
- Company Size and Wealth
- TNC Sales and Developing Countries
- China National Tobacco Corporation
- A Return to the Past
- Section C
- A Global Market
- Looking Abroad
- Going Abroad
- A Global Business
- Factors Fueling Global Expansion
- Trade Liberalization
- Impact of Trade Liberalization
- Tobacco Leaf Production
- Tobacco Leaf Trade
- Privatization
- Foreign InvestmentmdashUkraine
- Major Company Mergers
- Marlboro Market Share (2001)
- Marlbororsquos Global Penetration
- Section D
- Industry Strategies
- Modeling Industry Activities
- Undermining Science
- Sworn Public Statements
- Confidential Statements
- Buying Science and Intimidation
- The Attack on Meta-Analysis
- Junk Science
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
- Industry Tactics to Undermine IARC
- Philip Morris and SHS
- Japan Tobacco and SHS
- Public Relations
- Public Statements on Youth
- Private Statements on Youth
- Minimum Age 18
- Changing the Issues
- Philanthropy
- Corporate Social Responsibility
- BATS Social Reports
- Today on Addiction
- Today on Addiction
- Public Health Advocates
- Truth in Advertising
- Section E
- Marketing
- Industry Expenditures on Advertising
- Communicating Disease
- Advertising Strategies
- Grand Prix
- Section F
- Lobbying and Legislation
- A Long History of Lobbying
- Political Lobbying US
- The Latin Project Argentina
- The Czech Republic
- Preemption
- Industry Self-Regulation
- International Tobacco Marketing Standards
- Creating the Illusion of Support
- Front Groups
- Industry Front Groups and Allies
- International Tobacco Growers Association
- Legal and Economic Intimidation
- Intimidating Johns Hopkins
- Industry Harassment
-
Section F
Industry Tactics III Lobbying Legislation and Litigation
66
Lobbying and Legislation
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
67
A Long History of Lobbying
1890mdashTobacco appeared in the US Pharmacopeia(official US government listing of drugs)1905mdashDropped from list before the 1906 Food and Drug Act (legislation that created the Food and Drug Administration)2005mdashFDA cannot regulate nicotine in tobacco
68
Political Lobbying US
Four of the twelve most generous donors to the 2000 Bush Campaign (1 Phillip Morris RJR UST Brown and Williamson)$18 million to federal candidates between 1997 and 2003 minus 82 to Republican candidates and committees
US $43 million spent to counter McCain bill (highest amount ever spent on a sustained issue advocacy campaign in the US)
69
The Latin Project Argentina
Counter regulations aimed at creating smoke-free workplaces and public placesminus September 30 1991mdashNeri Bill approved by Senate
(advertising promotion and sampling ban limit public smoking)
minus Industry campaignmdashmedia debates briefing packages to Senators and the President paid chief scientific advisor to President
minus October 13 1991mdashPresident vetoes law
70
The Czech Republic
June 2001
Philip Morris presents members of the Health and Social Affairs Committee of the Czech Parliament a study concluding that smoking is good for the Czech governments finances because of the savings from early deaths caused by smoking
71
Preemption
ldquoWe could never win at the local level The reason is [that] all of the health advocates the ones that I unfortunately used to call lsquohealth nazisrsquotheyrsquore all local activists who run the little political organizations So the Tobacco Institute and the tobacco companiesrsquo first priority has always been to preempt the field preferably to put it all on the federal level but if they canrsquot do that at least on the state level because the health advocates canrsquot compete with me on the state levelrdquo
mdash Victor Crawford former Maryland state legislator
72
Industry Self-Regulation
British American Tobacco
11 September 2001
INTERNATIONAL TOBACCO PRODUCTS MARKETING STANDARDS
The parties subscribing to these Standards (the ldquoParticipantsrdquo) wish to record their belief that tobacco products should be marketed in a responsible manner and that reasonable measures should be taken to ensure that the promotion and distribution of tobacco products is
bull directed at adult smokers and not at youth and
bull consistent with the principle of informed adult choice
73
International Tobacco Marketing Standards
ldquoWe have analyzed the nine-page agreement and believe that the multinationalsrsquo strategy is proactive and is a way to improve their image rdquoldquoAlso by proactively setting new international tobacco marketing standards the multinationals could be trying to counter a number of proposals that the WHO has been working on to curb the amount of cigarettes that are consumed on an international levelrdquoldquo Interestingly in many countries the existing laws or industry codes are already more restrictive than the provisions of the international marketing standardsrdquo
Source International Tobacco Marketing Standards September 2001
74
Creating the Illusion of Support
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
75
Front Groups
Buying citizen involvement (letter writing phone banking campaigns) by supporting front groups
ldquoHandrdquo of the industry remains hidden
It has been a common practice of Big Tobacco to use third parties or to create front groups to be out in front fighting smokefreepolicies while the industry remains behind the scenes protecting its public image
-Americans for Nonsmokersrsquo Rightshttpwwwno-smokeorggetthefactsphpdp=d21|d23 accessed 22306
76
Industry Front Groups and Allies
Ive learned from experience that as soon as Im identified as a representative of the Tobacco Institute I lose all credibility They just sneer us awayso I try to work behind the scenes whenever I can
- Ron Saldana lobbyist for the Tobacco Institute 82486
Source httpwwwno-smokeorggetthefactsphpdp=d21|d23 accessed 22306
77
International Tobacco Growers Association
ITGAldquo[Establish] ITGA [International Tobacco Growers Association] [as a] front group for our third world lobby activities at WHOrdquo
Source Report of the WHO Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents
Source Report of the WHO Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents
78
Legal and Economic Intimidation
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
79
Intimidating Johns Hopkins
ldquoThe tobacco companies have commenced nothing short of a campaign of harassment against the academic institutions that discovered smoking is injurious to the public healthrdquominus Estelle A Fishbein general
council for Johns Hopkins University
ldquoTobacco Industry in Fight To Get
Universitiesrsquo DataLegal Moves Termed Fishing Expeditionrdquo
-The New York Times Jan 20 2002
80
Industry Harassment
PUBLIC HEALTH MATTERS
Public Health Under Attack The American Stop Smoking Intervention Study (ASSIST) and the
Tobacco Industry
- White J and LA Bero
- The Transnational Tobacco Industry
- Section A
- Describing a Disease
- The Agent
- The Host
- The Vector
- Section B
- Background
- Background
- What Is a ldquoTransnationalrdquo Company
- Major Transnational Tobacco Companies
- Cigarette Production
- Company Size and Wealth
- TNC Sales and Developing Countries
- China National Tobacco Corporation
- A Return to the Past
- Section C
- A Global Market
- Looking Abroad
- Going Abroad
- A Global Business
- Factors Fueling Global Expansion
- Trade Liberalization
- Impact of Trade Liberalization
- Tobacco Leaf Production
- Tobacco Leaf Trade
- Privatization
- Foreign InvestmentmdashUkraine
- Major Company Mergers
- Marlboro Market Share (2001)
- Marlbororsquos Global Penetration
- Section D
- Industry Strategies
- Modeling Industry Activities
- Undermining Science
- Sworn Public Statements
- Confidential Statements
- Buying Science and Intimidation
- The Attack on Meta-Analysis
- Junk Science
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
- Industry Tactics to Undermine IARC
- Philip Morris and SHS
- Japan Tobacco and SHS
- Public Relations
- Public Statements on Youth
- Private Statements on Youth
- Minimum Age 18
- Changing the Issues
- Philanthropy
- Corporate Social Responsibility
- BATS Social Reports
- Today on Addiction
- Today on Addiction
- Public Health Advocates
- Truth in Advertising
- Section E
- Marketing
- Industry Expenditures on Advertising
- Communicating Disease
- Advertising Strategies
- Grand Prix
- Section F
- Lobbying and Legislation
- A Long History of Lobbying
- Political Lobbying US
- The Latin Project Argentina
- The Czech Republic
- Preemption
- Industry Self-Regulation
- International Tobacco Marketing Standards
- Creating the Illusion of Support
- Front Groups
- Industry Front Groups and Allies
- International Tobacco Growers Association
- Legal and Economic Intimidation
- Intimidating Johns Hopkins
- Industry Harassment
-
66
Lobbying and Legislation
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
67
A Long History of Lobbying
1890mdashTobacco appeared in the US Pharmacopeia(official US government listing of drugs)1905mdashDropped from list before the 1906 Food and Drug Act (legislation that created the Food and Drug Administration)2005mdashFDA cannot regulate nicotine in tobacco
68
Political Lobbying US
Four of the twelve most generous donors to the 2000 Bush Campaign (1 Phillip Morris RJR UST Brown and Williamson)$18 million to federal candidates between 1997 and 2003 minus 82 to Republican candidates and committees
US $43 million spent to counter McCain bill (highest amount ever spent on a sustained issue advocacy campaign in the US)
69
The Latin Project Argentina
Counter regulations aimed at creating smoke-free workplaces and public placesminus September 30 1991mdashNeri Bill approved by Senate
(advertising promotion and sampling ban limit public smoking)
minus Industry campaignmdashmedia debates briefing packages to Senators and the President paid chief scientific advisor to President
minus October 13 1991mdashPresident vetoes law
70
The Czech Republic
June 2001
Philip Morris presents members of the Health and Social Affairs Committee of the Czech Parliament a study concluding that smoking is good for the Czech governments finances because of the savings from early deaths caused by smoking
71
Preemption
ldquoWe could never win at the local level The reason is [that] all of the health advocates the ones that I unfortunately used to call lsquohealth nazisrsquotheyrsquore all local activists who run the little political organizations So the Tobacco Institute and the tobacco companiesrsquo first priority has always been to preempt the field preferably to put it all on the federal level but if they canrsquot do that at least on the state level because the health advocates canrsquot compete with me on the state levelrdquo
mdash Victor Crawford former Maryland state legislator
72
Industry Self-Regulation
British American Tobacco
11 September 2001
INTERNATIONAL TOBACCO PRODUCTS MARKETING STANDARDS
The parties subscribing to these Standards (the ldquoParticipantsrdquo) wish to record their belief that tobacco products should be marketed in a responsible manner and that reasonable measures should be taken to ensure that the promotion and distribution of tobacco products is
bull directed at adult smokers and not at youth and
bull consistent with the principle of informed adult choice
73
International Tobacco Marketing Standards
ldquoWe have analyzed the nine-page agreement and believe that the multinationalsrsquo strategy is proactive and is a way to improve their image rdquoldquoAlso by proactively setting new international tobacco marketing standards the multinationals could be trying to counter a number of proposals that the WHO has been working on to curb the amount of cigarettes that are consumed on an international levelrdquoldquo Interestingly in many countries the existing laws or industry codes are already more restrictive than the provisions of the international marketing standardsrdquo
Source International Tobacco Marketing Standards September 2001
74
Creating the Illusion of Support
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
75
Front Groups
Buying citizen involvement (letter writing phone banking campaigns) by supporting front groups
ldquoHandrdquo of the industry remains hidden
It has been a common practice of Big Tobacco to use third parties or to create front groups to be out in front fighting smokefreepolicies while the industry remains behind the scenes protecting its public image
-Americans for Nonsmokersrsquo Rightshttpwwwno-smokeorggetthefactsphpdp=d21|d23 accessed 22306
76
Industry Front Groups and Allies
Ive learned from experience that as soon as Im identified as a representative of the Tobacco Institute I lose all credibility They just sneer us awayso I try to work behind the scenes whenever I can
- Ron Saldana lobbyist for the Tobacco Institute 82486
Source httpwwwno-smokeorggetthefactsphpdp=d21|d23 accessed 22306
77
International Tobacco Growers Association
ITGAldquo[Establish] ITGA [International Tobacco Growers Association] [as a] front group for our third world lobby activities at WHOrdquo
Source Report of the WHO Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents
Source Report of the WHO Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents
78
Legal and Economic Intimidation
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
79
Intimidating Johns Hopkins
ldquoThe tobacco companies have commenced nothing short of a campaign of harassment against the academic institutions that discovered smoking is injurious to the public healthrdquominus Estelle A Fishbein general
council for Johns Hopkins University
ldquoTobacco Industry in Fight To Get
Universitiesrsquo DataLegal Moves Termed Fishing Expeditionrdquo
-The New York Times Jan 20 2002
80
Industry Harassment
PUBLIC HEALTH MATTERS
Public Health Under Attack The American Stop Smoking Intervention Study (ASSIST) and the
Tobacco Industry
- White J and LA Bero
- The Transnational Tobacco Industry
- Section A
- Describing a Disease
- The Agent
- The Host
- The Vector
- Section B
- Background
- Background
- What Is a ldquoTransnationalrdquo Company
- Major Transnational Tobacco Companies
- Cigarette Production
- Company Size and Wealth
- TNC Sales and Developing Countries
- China National Tobacco Corporation
- A Return to the Past
- Section C
- A Global Market
- Looking Abroad
- Going Abroad
- A Global Business
- Factors Fueling Global Expansion
- Trade Liberalization
- Impact of Trade Liberalization
- Tobacco Leaf Production
- Tobacco Leaf Trade
- Privatization
- Foreign InvestmentmdashUkraine
- Major Company Mergers
- Marlboro Market Share (2001)
- Marlbororsquos Global Penetration
- Section D
- Industry Strategies
- Modeling Industry Activities
- Undermining Science
- Sworn Public Statements
- Confidential Statements
- Buying Science and Intimidation
- The Attack on Meta-Analysis
- Junk Science
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
- Industry Tactics to Undermine IARC
- Philip Morris and SHS
- Japan Tobacco and SHS
- Public Relations
- Public Statements on Youth
- Private Statements on Youth
- Minimum Age 18
- Changing the Issues
- Philanthropy
- Corporate Social Responsibility
- BATS Social Reports
- Today on Addiction
- Today on Addiction
- Public Health Advocates
- Truth in Advertising
- Section E
- Marketing
- Industry Expenditures on Advertising
- Communicating Disease
- Advertising Strategies
- Grand Prix
- Section F
- Lobbying and Legislation
- A Long History of Lobbying
- Political Lobbying US
- The Latin Project Argentina
- The Czech Republic
- Preemption
- Industry Self-Regulation
- International Tobacco Marketing Standards
- Creating the Illusion of Support
- Front Groups
- Industry Front Groups and Allies
- International Tobacco Growers Association
- Legal and Economic Intimidation
- Intimidating Johns Hopkins
- Industry Harassment
-
67
A Long History of Lobbying
1890mdashTobacco appeared in the US Pharmacopeia(official US government listing of drugs)1905mdashDropped from list before the 1906 Food and Drug Act (legislation that created the Food and Drug Administration)2005mdashFDA cannot regulate nicotine in tobacco
68
Political Lobbying US
Four of the twelve most generous donors to the 2000 Bush Campaign (1 Phillip Morris RJR UST Brown and Williamson)$18 million to federal candidates between 1997 and 2003 minus 82 to Republican candidates and committees
US $43 million spent to counter McCain bill (highest amount ever spent on a sustained issue advocacy campaign in the US)
69
The Latin Project Argentina
Counter regulations aimed at creating smoke-free workplaces and public placesminus September 30 1991mdashNeri Bill approved by Senate
(advertising promotion and sampling ban limit public smoking)
minus Industry campaignmdashmedia debates briefing packages to Senators and the President paid chief scientific advisor to President
minus October 13 1991mdashPresident vetoes law
70
The Czech Republic
June 2001
Philip Morris presents members of the Health and Social Affairs Committee of the Czech Parliament a study concluding that smoking is good for the Czech governments finances because of the savings from early deaths caused by smoking
71
Preemption
ldquoWe could never win at the local level The reason is [that] all of the health advocates the ones that I unfortunately used to call lsquohealth nazisrsquotheyrsquore all local activists who run the little political organizations So the Tobacco Institute and the tobacco companiesrsquo first priority has always been to preempt the field preferably to put it all on the federal level but if they canrsquot do that at least on the state level because the health advocates canrsquot compete with me on the state levelrdquo
mdash Victor Crawford former Maryland state legislator
72
Industry Self-Regulation
British American Tobacco
11 September 2001
INTERNATIONAL TOBACCO PRODUCTS MARKETING STANDARDS
The parties subscribing to these Standards (the ldquoParticipantsrdquo) wish to record their belief that tobacco products should be marketed in a responsible manner and that reasonable measures should be taken to ensure that the promotion and distribution of tobacco products is
bull directed at adult smokers and not at youth and
bull consistent with the principle of informed adult choice
73
International Tobacco Marketing Standards
ldquoWe have analyzed the nine-page agreement and believe that the multinationalsrsquo strategy is proactive and is a way to improve their image rdquoldquoAlso by proactively setting new international tobacco marketing standards the multinationals could be trying to counter a number of proposals that the WHO has been working on to curb the amount of cigarettes that are consumed on an international levelrdquoldquo Interestingly in many countries the existing laws or industry codes are already more restrictive than the provisions of the international marketing standardsrdquo
Source International Tobacco Marketing Standards September 2001
74
Creating the Illusion of Support
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
75
Front Groups
Buying citizen involvement (letter writing phone banking campaigns) by supporting front groups
ldquoHandrdquo of the industry remains hidden
It has been a common practice of Big Tobacco to use third parties or to create front groups to be out in front fighting smokefreepolicies while the industry remains behind the scenes protecting its public image
-Americans for Nonsmokersrsquo Rightshttpwwwno-smokeorggetthefactsphpdp=d21|d23 accessed 22306
76
Industry Front Groups and Allies
Ive learned from experience that as soon as Im identified as a representative of the Tobacco Institute I lose all credibility They just sneer us awayso I try to work behind the scenes whenever I can
- Ron Saldana lobbyist for the Tobacco Institute 82486
Source httpwwwno-smokeorggetthefactsphpdp=d21|d23 accessed 22306
77
International Tobacco Growers Association
ITGAldquo[Establish] ITGA [International Tobacco Growers Association] [as a] front group for our third world lobby activities at WHOrdquo
Source Report of the WHO Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents
Source Report of the WHO Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents
78
Legal and Economic Intimidation
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
79
Intimidating Johns Hopkins
ldquoThe tobacco companies have commenced nothing short of a campaign of harassment against the academic institutions that discovered smoking is injurious to the public healthrdquominus Estelle A Fishbein general
council for Johns Hopkins University
ldquoTobacco Industry in Fight To Get
Universitiesrsquo DataLegal Moves Termed Fishing Expeditionrdquo
-The New York Times Jan 20 2002
80
Industry Harassment
PUBLIC HEALTH MATTERS
Public Health Under Attack The American Stop Smoking Intervention Study (ASSIST) and the
Tobacco Industry
- White J and LA Bero
- The Transnational Tobacco Industry
- Section A
- Describing a Disease
- The Agent
- The Host
- The Vector
- Section B
- Background
- Background
- What Is a ldquoTransnationalrdquo Company
- Major Transnational Tobacco Companies
- Cigarette Production
- Company Size and Wealth
- TNC Sales and Developing Countries
- China National Tobacco Corporation
- A Return to the Past
- Section C
- A Global Market
- Looking Abroad
- Going Abroad
- A Global Business
- Factors Fueling Global Expansion
- Trade Liberalization
- Impact of Trade Liberalization
- Tobacco Leaf Production
- Tobacco Leaf Trade
- Privatization
- Foreign InvestmentmdashUkraine
- Major Company Mergers
- Marlboro Market Share (2001)
- Marlbororsquos Global Penetration
- Section D
- Industry Strategies
- Modeling Industry Activities
- Undermining Science
- Sworn Public Statements
- Confidential Statements
- Buying Science and Intimidation
- The Attack on Meta-Analysis
- Junk Science
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
- Industry Tactics to Undermine IARC
- Philip Morris and SHS
- Japan Tobacco and SHS
- Public Relations
- Public Statements on Youth
- Private Statements on Youth
- Minimum Age 18
- Changing the Issues
- Philanthropy
- Corporate Social Responsibility
- BATS Social Reports
- Today on Addiction
- Today on Addiction
- Public Health Advocates
- Truth in Advertising
- Section E
- Marketing
- Industry Expenditures on Advertising
- Communicating Disease
- Advertising Strategies
- Grand Prix
- Section F
- Lobbying and Legislation
- A Long History of Lobbying
- Political Lobbying US
- The Latin Project Argentina
- The Czech Republic
- Preemption
- Industry Self-Regulation
- International Tobacco Marketing Standards
- Creating the Illusion of Support
- Front Groups
- Industry Front Groups and Allies
- International Tobacco Growers Association
- Legal and Economic Intimidation
- Intimidating Johns Hopkins
- Industry Harassment
-
68
Political Lobbying US
Four of the twelve most generous donors to the 2000 Bush Campaign (1 Phillip Morris RJR UST Brown and Williamson)$18 million to federal candidates between 1997 and 2003 minus 82 to Republican candidates and committees
US $43 million spent to counter McCain bill (highest amount ever spent on a sustained issue advocacy campaign in the US)
69
The Latin Project Argentina
Counter regulations aimed at creating smoke-free workplaces and public placesminus September 30 1991mdashNeri Bill approved by Senate
(advertising promotion and sampling ban limit public smoking)
minus Industry campaignmdashmedia debates briefing packages to Senators and the President paid chief scientific advisor to President
minus October 13 1991mdashPresident vetoes law
70
The Czech Republic
June 2001
Philip Morris presents members of the Health and Social Affairs Committee of the Czech Parliament a study concluding that smoking is good for the Czech governments finances because of the savings from early deaths caused by smoking
71
Preemption
ldquoWe could never win at the local level The reason is [that] all of the health advocates the ones that I unfortunately used to call lsquohealth nazisrsquotheyrsquore all local activists who run the little political organizations So the Tobacco Institute and the tobacco companiesrsquo first priority has always been to preempt the field preferably to put it all on the federal level but if they canrsquot do that at least on the state level because the health advocates canrsquot compete with me on the state levelrdquo
mdash Victor Crawford former Maryland state legislator
72
Industry Self-Regulation
British American Tobacco
11 September 2001
INTERNATIONAL TOBACCO PRODUCTS MARKETING STANDARDS
The parties subscribing to these Standards (the ldquoParticipantsrdquo) wish to record their belief that tobacco products should be marketed in a responsible manner and that reasonable measures should be taken to ensure that the promotion and distribution of tobacco products is
bull directed at adult smokers and not at youth and
bull consistent with the principle of informed adult choice
73
International Tobacco Marketing Standards
ldquoWe have analyzed the nine-page agreement and believe that the multinationalsrsquo strategy is proactive and is a way to improve their image rdquoldquoAlso by proactively setting new international tobacco marketing standards the multinationals could be trying to counter a number of proposals that the WHO has been working on to curb the amount of cigarettes that are consumed on an international levelrdquoldquo Interestingly in many countries the existing laws or industry codes are already more restrictive than the provisions of the international marketing standardsrdquo
Source International Tobacco Marketing Standards September 2001
74
Creating the Illusion of Support
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
75
Front Groups
Buying citizen involvement (letter writing phone banking campaigns) by supporting front groups
ldquoHandrdquo of the industry remains hidden
It has been a common practice of Big Tobacco to use third parties or to create front groups to be out in front fighting smokefreepolicies while the industry remains behind the scenes protecting its public image
-Americans for Nonsmokersrsquo Rightshttpwwwno-smokeorggetthefactsphpdp=d21|d23 accessed 22306
76
Industry Front Groups and Allies
Ive learned from experience that as soon as Im identified as a representative of the Tobacco Institute I lose all credibility They just sneer us awayso I try to work behind the scenes whenever I can
- Ron Saldana lobbyist for the Tobacco Institute 82486
Source httpwwwno-smokeorggetthefactsphpdp=d21|d23 accessed 22306
77
International Tobacco Growers Association
ITGAldquo[Establish] ITGA [International Tobacco Growers Association] [as a] front group for our third world lobby activities at WHOrdquo
Source Report of the WHO Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents
Source Report of the WHO Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents
78
Legal and Economic Intimidation
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
79
Intimidating Johns Hopkins
ldquoThe tobacco companies have commenced nothing short of a campaign of harassment against the academic institutions that discovered smoking is injurious to the public healthrdquominus Estelle A Fishbein general
council for Johns Hopkins University
ldquoTobacco Industry in Fight To Get
Universitiesrsquo DataLegal Moves Termed Fishing Expeditionrdquo
-The New York Times Jan 20 2002
80
Industry Harassment
PUBLIC HEALTH MATTERS
Public Health Under Attack The American Stop Smoking Intervention Study (ASSIST) and the
Tobacco Industry
- White J and LA Bero
- The Transnational Tobacco Industry
- Section A
- Describing a Disease
- The Agent
- The Host
- The Vector
- Section B
- Background
- Background
- What Is a ldquoTransnationalrdquo Company
- Major Transnational Tobacco Companies
- Cigarette Production
- Company Size and Wealth
- TNC Sales and Developing Countries
- China National Tobacco Corporation
- A Return to the Past
- Section C
- A Global Market
- Looking Abroad
- Going Abroad
- A Global Business
- Factors Fueling Global Expansion
- Trade Liberalization
- Impact of Trade Liberalization
- Tobacco Leaf Production
- Tobacco Leaf Trade
- Privatization
- Foreign InvestmentmdashUkraine
- Major Company Mergers
- Marlboro Market Share (2001)
- Marlbororsquos Global Penetration
- Section D
- Industry Strategies
- Modeling Industry Activities
- Undermining Science
- Sworn Public Statements
- Confidential Statements
- Buying Science and Intimidation
- The Attack on Meta-Analysis
- Junk Science
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
- Industry Tactics to Undermine IARC
- Philip Morris and SHS
- Japan Tobacco and SHS
- Public Relations
- Public Statements on Youth
- Private Statements on Youth
- Minimum Age 18
- Changing the Issues
- Philanthropy
- Corporate Social Responsibility
- BATS Social Reports
- Today on Addiction
- Today on Addiction
- Public Health Advocates
- Truth in Advertising
- Section E
- Marketing
- Industry Expenditures on Advertising
- Communicating Disease
- Advertising Strategies
- Grand Prix
- Section F
- Lobbying and Legislation
- A Long History of Lobbying
- Political Lobbying US
- The Latin Project Argentina
- The Czech Republic
- Preemption
- Industry Self-Regulation
- International Tobacco Marketing Standards
- Creating the Illusion of Support
- Front Groups
- Industry Front Groups and Allies
- International Tobacco Growers Association
- Legal and Economic Intimidation
- Intimidating Johns Hopkins
- Industry Harassment
-
69
The Latin Project Argentina
Counter regulations aimed at creating smoke-free workplaces and public placesminus September 30 1991mdashNeri Bill approved by Senate
(advertising promotion and sampling ban limit public smoking)
minus Industry campaignmdashmedia debates briefing packages to Senators and the President paid chief scientific advisor to President
minus October 13 1991mdashPresident vetoes law
70
The Czech Republic
June 2001
Philip Morris presents members of the Health and Social Affairs Committee of the Czech Parliament a study concluding that smoking is good for the Czech governments finances because of the savings from early deaths caused by smoking
71
Preemption
ldquoWe could never win at the local level The reason is [that] all of the health advocates the ones that I unfortunately used to call lsquohealth nazisrsquotheyrsquore all local activists who run the little political organizations So the Tobacco Institute and the tobacco companiesrsquo first priority has always been to preempt the field preferably to put it all on the federal level but if they canrsquot do that at least on the state level because the health advocates canrsquot compete with me on the state levelrdquo
mdash Victor Crawford former Maryland state legislator
72
Industry Self-Regulation
British American Tobacco
11 September 2001
INTERNATIONAL TOBACCO PRODUCTS MARKETING STANDARDS
The parties subscribing to these Standards (the ldquoParticipantsrdquo) wish to record their belief that tobacco products should be marketed in a responsible manner and that reasonable measures should be taken to ensure that the promotion and distribution of tobacco products is
bull directed at adult smokers and not at youth and
bull consistent with the principle of informed adult choice
73
International Tobacco Marketing Standards
ldquoWe have analyzed the nine-page agreement and believe that the multinationalsrsquo strategy is proactive and is a way to improve their image rdquoldquoAlso by proactively setting new international tobacco marketing standards the multinationals could be trying to counter a number of proposals that the WHO has been working on to curb the amount of cigarettes that are consumed on an international levelrdquoldquo Interestingly in many countries the existing laws or industry codes are already more restrictive than the provisions of the international marketing standardsrdquo
Source International Tobacco Marketing Standards September 2001
74
Creating the Illusion of Support
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
75
Front Groups
Buying citizen involvement (letter writing phone banking campaigns) by supporting front groups
ldquoHandrdquo of the industry remains hidden
It has been a common practice of Big Tobacco to use third parties or to create front groups to be out in front fighting smokefreepolicies while the industry remains behind the scenes protecting its public image
-Americans for Nonsmokersrsquo Rightshttpwwwno-smokeorggetthefactsphpdp=d21|d23 accessed 22306
76
Industry Front Groups and Allies
Ive learned from experience that as soon as Im identified as a representative of the Tobacco Institute I lose all credibility They just sneer us awayso I try to work behind the scenes whenever I can
- Ron Saldana lobbyist for the Tobacco Institute 82486
Source httpwwwno-smokeorggetthefactsphpdp=d21|d23 accessed 22306
77
International Tobacco Growers Association
ITGAldquo[Establish] ITGA [International Tobacco Growers Association] [as a] front group for our third world lobby activities at WHOrdquo
Source Report of the WHO Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents
Source Report of the WHO Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents
78
Legal and Economic Intimidation
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
79
Intimidating Johns Hopkins
ldquoThe tobacco companies have commenced nothing short of a campaign of harassment against the academic institutions that discovered smoking is injurious to the public healthrdquominus Estelle A Fishbein general
council for Johns Hopkins University
ldquoTobacco Industry in Fight To Get
Universitiesrsquo DataLegal Moves Termed Fishing Expeditionrdquo
-The New York Times Jan 20 2002
80
Industry Harassment
PUBLIC HEALTH MATTERS
Public Health Under Attack The American Stop Smoking Intervention Study (ASSIST) and the
Tobacco Industry
- White J and LA Bero
- The Transnational Tobacco Industry
- Section A
- Describing a Disease
- The Agent
- The Host
- The Vector
- Section B
- Background
- Background
- What Is a ldquoTransnationalrdquo Company
- Major Transnational Tobacco Companies
- Cigarette Production
- Company Size and Wealth
- TNC Sales and Developing Countries
- China National Tobacco Corporation
- A Return to the Past
- Section C
- A Global Market
- Looking Abroad
- Going Abroad
- A Global Business
- Factors Fueling Global Expansion
- Trade Liberalization
- Impact of Trade Liberalization
- Tobacco Leaf Production
- Tobacco Leaf Trade
- Privatization
- Foreign InvestmentmdashUkraine
- Major Company Mergers
- Marlboro Market Share (2001)
- Marlbororsquos Global Penetration
- Section D
- Industry Strategies
- Modeling Industry Activities
- Undermining Science
- Sworn Public Statements
- Confidential Statements
- Buying Science and Intimidation
- The Attack on Meta-Analysis
- Junk Science
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
- Industry Tactics to Undermine IARC
- Philip Morris and SHS
- Japan Tobacco and SHS
- Public Relations
- Public Statements on Youth
- Private Statements on Youth
- Minimum Age 18
- Changing the Issues
- Philanthropy
- Corporate Social Responsibility
- BATS Social Reports
- Today on Addiction
- Today on Addiction
- Public Health Advocates
- Truth in Advertising
- Section E
- Marketing
- Industry Expenditures on Advertising
- Communicating Disease
- Advertising Strategies
- Grand Prix
- Section F
- Lobbying and Legislation
- A Long History of Lobbying
- Political Lobbying US
- The Latin Project Argentina
- The Czech Republic
- Preemption
- Industry Self-Regulation
- International Tobacco Marketing Standards
- Creating the Illusion of Support
- Front Groups
- Industry Front Groups and Allies
- International Tobacco Growers Association
- Legal and Economic Intimidation
- Intimidating Johns Hopkins
- Industry Harassment
-
70
The Czech Republic
June 2001
Philip Morris presents members of the Health and Social Affairs Committee of the Czech Parliament a study concluding that smoking is good for the Czech governments finances because of the savings from early deaths caused by smoking
71
Preemption
ldquoWe could never win at the local level The reason is [that] all of the health advocates the ones that I unfortunately used to call lsquohealth nazisrsquotheyrsquore all local activists who run the little political organizations So the Tobacco Institute and the tobacco companiesrsquo first priority has always been to preempt the field preferably to put it all on the federal level but if they canrsquot do that at least on the state level because the health advocates canrsquot compete with me on the state levelrdquo
mdash Victor Crawford former Maryland state legislator
72
Industry Self-Regulation
British American Tobacco
11 September 2001
INTERNATIONAL TOBACCO PRODUCTS MARKETING STANDARDS
The parties subscribing to these Standards (the ldquoParticipantsrdquo) wish to record their belief that tobacco products should be marketed in a responsible manner and that reasonable measures should be taken to ensure that the promotion and distribution of tobacco products is
bull directed at adult smokers and not at youth and
bull consistent with the principle of informed adult choice
73
International Tobacco Marketing Standards
ldquoWe have analyzed the nine-page agreement and believe that the multinationalsrsquo strategy is proactive and is a way to improve their image rdquoldquoAlso by proactively setting new international tobacco marketing standards the multinationals could be trying to counter a number of proposals that the WHO has been working on to curb the amount of cigarettes that are consumed on an international levelrdquoldquo Interestingly in many countries the existing laws or industry codes are already more restrictive than the provisions of the international marketing standardsrdquo
Source International Tobacco Marketing Standards September 2001
74
Creating the Illusion of Support
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
75
Front Groups
Buying citizen involvement (letter writing phone banking campaigns) by supporting front groups
ldquoHandrdquo of the industry remains hidden
It has been a common practice of Big Tobacco to use third parties or to create front groups to be out in front fighting smokefreepolicies while the industry remains behind the scenes protecting its public image
-Americans for Nonsmokersrsquo Rightshttpwwwno-smokeorggetthefactsphpdp=d21|d23 accessed 22306
76
Industry Front Groups and Allies
Ive learned from experience that as soon as Im identified as a representative of the Tobacco Institute I lose all credibility They just sneer us awayso I try to work behind the scenes whenever I can
- Ron Saldana lobbyist for the Tobacco Institute 82486
Source httpwwwno-smokeorggetthefactsphpdp=d21|d23 accessed 22306
77
International Tobacco Growers Association
ITGAldquo[Establish] ITGA [International Tobacco Growers Association] [as a] front group for our third world lobby activities at WHOrdquo
Source Report of the WHO Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents
Source Report of the WHO Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents
78
Legal and Economic Intimidation
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
79
Intimidating Johns Hopkins
ldquoThe tobacco companies have commenced nothing short of a campaign of harassment against the academic institutions that discovered smoking is injurious to the public healthrdquominus Estelle A Fishbein general
council for Johns Hopkins University
ldquoTobacco Industry in Fight To Get
Universitiesrsquo DataLegal Moves Termed Fishing Expeditionrdquo
-The New York Times Jan 20 2002
80
Industry Harassment
PUBLIC HEALTH MATTERS
Public Health Under Attack The American Stop Smoking Intervention Study (ASSIST) and the
Tobacco Industry
- White J and LA Bero
- The Transnational Tobacco Industry
- Section A
- Describing a Disease
- The Agent
- The Host
- The Vector
- Section B
- Background
- Background
- What Is a ldquoTransnationalrdquo Company
- Major Transnational Tobacco Companies
- Cigarette Production
- Company Size and Wealth
- TNC Sales and Developing Countries
- China National Tobacco Corporation
- A Return to the Past
- Section C
- A Global Market
- Looking Abroad
- Going Abroad
- A Global Business
- Factors Fueling Global Expansion
- Trade Liberalization
- Impact of Trade Liberalization
- Tobacco Leaf Production
- Tobacco Leaf Trade
- Privatization
- Foreign InvestmentmdashUkraine
- Major Company Mergers
- Marlboro Market Share (2001)
- Marlbororsquos Global Penetration
- Section D
- Industry Strategies
- Modeling Industry Activities
- Undermining Science
- Sworn Public Statements
- Confidential Statements
- Buying Science and Intimidation
- The Attack on Meta-Analysis
- Junk Science
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
- Industry Tactics to Undermine IARC
- Philip Morris and SHS
- Japan Tobacco and SHS
- Public Relations
- Public Statements on Youth
- Private Statements on Youth
- Minimum Age 18
- Changing the Issues
- Philanthropy
- Corporate Social Responsibility
- BATS Social Reports
- Today on Addiction
- Today on Addiction
- Public Health Advocates
- Truth in Advertising
- Section E
- Marketing
- Industry Expenditures on Advertising
- Communicating Disease
- Advertising Strategies
- Grand Prix
- Section F
- Lobbying and Legislation
- A Long History of Lobbying
- Political Lobbying US
- The Latin Project Argentina
- The Czech Republic
- Preemption
- Industry Self-Regulation
- International Tobacco Marketing Standards
- Creating the Illusion of Support
- Front Groups
- Industry Front Groups and Allies
- International Tobacco Growers Association
- Legal and Economic Intimidation
- Intimidating Johns Hopkins
- Industry Harassment
-
71
Preemption
ldquoWe could never win at the local level The reason is [that] all of the health advocates the ones that I unfortunately used to call lsquohealth nazisrsquotheyrsquore all local activists who run the little political organizations So the Tobacco Institute and the tobacco companiesrsquo first priority has always been to preempt the field preferably to put it all on the federal level but if they canrsquot do that at least on the state level because the health advocates canrsquot compete with me on the state levelrdquo
mdash Victor Crawford former Maryland state legislator
72
Industry Self-Regulation
British American Tobacco
11 September 2001
INTERNATIONAL TOBACCO PRODUCTS MARKETING STANDARDS
The parties subscribing to these Standards (the ldquoParticipantsrdquo) wish to record their belief that tobacco products should be marketed in a responsible manner and that reasonable measures should be taken to ensure that the promotion and distribution of tobacco products is
bull directed at adult smokers and not at youth and
bull consistent with the principle of informed adult choice
73
International Tobacco Marketing Standards
ldquoWe have analyzed the nine-page agreement and believe that the multinationalsrsquo strategy is proactive and is a way to improve their image rdquoldquoAlso by proactively setting new international tobacco marketing standards the multinationals could be trying to counter a number of proposals that the WHO has been working on to curb the amount of cigarettes that are consumed on an international levelrdquoldquo Interestingly in many countries the existing laws or industry codes are already more restrictive than the provisions of the international marketing standardsrdquo
Source International Tobacco Marketing Standards September 2001
74
Creating the Illusion of Support
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
75
Front Groups
Buying citizen involvement (letter writing phone banking campaigns) by supporting front groups
ldquoHandrdquo of the industry remains hidden
It has been a common practice of Big Tobacco to use third parties or to create front groups to be out in front fighting smokefreepolicies while the industry remains behind the scenes protecting its public image
-Americans for Nonsmokersrsquo Rightshttpwwwno-smokeorggetthefactsphpdp=d21|d23 accessed 22306
76
Industry Front Groups and Allies
Ive learned from experience that as soon as Im identified as a representative of the Tobacco Institute I lose all credibility They just sneer us awayso I try to work behind the scenes whenever I can
- Ron Saldana lobbyist for the Tobacco Institute 82486
Source httpwwwno-smokeorggetthefactsphpdp=d21|d23 accessed 22306
77
International Tobacco Growers Association
ITGAldquo[Establish] ITGA [International Tobacco Growers Association] [as a] front group for our third world lobby activities at WHOrdquo
Source Report of the WHO Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents
Source Report of the WHO Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents
78
Legal and Economic Intimidation
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
79
Intimidating Johns Hopkins
ldquoThe tobacco companies have commenced nothing short of a campaign of harassment against the academic institutions that discovered smoking is injurious to the public healthrdquominus Estelle A Fishbein general
council for Johns Hopkins University
ldquoTobacco Industry in Fight To Get
Universitiesrsquo DataLegal Moves Termed Fishing Expeditionrdquo
-The New York Times Jan 20 2002
80
Industry Harassment
PUBLIC HEALTH MATTERS
Public Health Under Attack The American Stop Smoking Intervention Study (ASSIST) and the
Tobacco Industry
- White J and LA Bero
- The Transnational Tobacco Industry
- Section A
- Describing a Disease
- The Agent
- The Host
- The Vector
- Section B
- Background
- Background
- What Is a ldquoTransnationalrdquo Company
- Major Transnational Tobacco Companies
- Cigarette Production
- Company Size and Wealth
- TNC Sales and Developing Countries
- China National Tobacco Corporation
- A Return to the Past
- Section C
- A Global Market
- Looking Abroad
- Going Abroad
- A Global Business
- Factors Fueling Global Expansion
- Trade Liberalization
- Impact of Trade Liberalization
- Tobacco Leaf Production
- Tobacco Leaf Trade
- Privatization
- Foreign InvestmentmdashUkraine
- Major Company Mergers
- Marlboro Market Share (2001)
- Marlbororsquos Global Penetration
- Section D
- Industry Strategies
- Modeling Industry Activities
- Undermining Science
- Sworn Public Statements
- Confidential Statements
- Buying Science and Intimidation
- The Attack on Meta-Analysis
- Junk Science
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
- Industry Tactics to Undermine IARC
- Philip Morris and SHS
- Japan Tobacco and SHS
- Public Relations
- Public Statements on Youth
- Private Statements on Youth
- Minimum Age 18
- Changing the Issues
- Philanthropy
- Corporate Social Responsibility
- BATS Social Reports
- Today on Addiction
- Today on Addiction
- Public Health Advocates
- Truth in Advertising
- Section E
- Marketing
- Industry Expenditures on Advertising
- Communicating Disease
- Advertising Strategies
- Grand Prix
- Section F
- Lobbying and Legislation
- A Long History of Lobbying
- Political Lobbying US
- The Latin Project Argentina
- The Czech Republic
- Preemption
- Industry Self-Regulation
- International Tobacco Marketing Standards
- Creating the Illusion of Support
- Front Groups
- Industry Front Groups and Allies
- International Tobacco Growers Association
- Legal and Economic Intimidation
- Intimidating Johns Hopkins
- Industry Harassment
-
72
Industry Self-Regulation
British American Tobacco
11 September 2001
INTERNATIONAL TOBACCO PRODUCTS MARKETING STANDARDS
The parties subscribing to these Standards (the ldquoParticipantsrdquo) wish to record their belief that tobacco products should be marketed in a responsible manner and that reasonable measures should be taken to ensure that the promotion and distribution of tobacco products is
bull directed at adult smokers and not at youth and
bull consistent with the principle of informed adult choice
73
International Tobacco Marketing Standards
ldquoWe have analyzed the nine-page agreement and believe that the multinationalsrsquo strategy is proactive and is a way to improve their image rdquoldquoAlso by proactively setting new international tobacco marketing standards the multinationals could be trying to counter a number of proposals that the WHO has been working on to curb the amount of cigarettes that are consumed on an international levelrdquoldquo Interestingly in many countries the existing laws or industry codes are already more restrictive than the provisions of the international marketing standardsrdquo
Source International Tobacco Marketing Standards September 2001
74
Creating the Illusion of Support
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
75
Front Groups
Buying citizen involvement (letter writing phone banking campaigns) by supporting front groups
ldquoHandrdquo of the industry remains hidden
It has been a common practice of Big Tobacco to use third parties or to create front groups to be out in front fighting smokefreepolicies while the industry remains behind the scenes protecting its public image
-Americans for Nonsmokersrsquo Rightshttpwwwno-smokeorggetthefactsphpdp=d21|d23 accessed 22306
76
Industry Front Groups and Allies
Ive learned from experience that as soon as Im identified as a representative of the Tobacco Institute I lose all credibility They just sneer us awayso I try to work behind the scenes whenever I can
- Ron Saldana lobbyist for the Tobacco Institute 82486
Source httpwwwno-smokeorggetthefactsphpdp=d21|d23 accessed 22306
77
International Tobacco Growers Association
ITGAldquo[Establish] ITGA [International Tobacco Growers Association] [as a] front group for our third world lobby activities at WHOrdquo
Source Report of the WHO Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents
Source Report of the WHO Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents
78
Legal and Economic Intimidation
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
79
Intimidating Johns Hopkins
ldquoThe tobacco companies have commenced nothing short of a campaign of harassment against the academic institutions that discovered smoking is injurious to the public healthrdquominus Estelle A Fishbein general
council for Johns Hopkins University
ldquoTobacco Industry in Fight To Get
Universitiesrsquo DataLegal Moves Termed Fishing Expeditionrdquo
-The New York Times Jan 20 2002
80
Industry Harassment
PUBLIC HEALTH MATTERS
Public Health Under Attack The American Stop Smoking Intervention Study (ASSIST) and the
Tobacco Industry
- White J and LA Bero
- The Transnational Tobacco Industry
- Section A
- Describing a Disease
- The Agent
- The Host
- The Vector
- Section B
- Background
- Background
- What Is a ldquoTransnationalrdquo Company
- Major Transnational Tobacco Companies
- Cigarette Production
- Company Size and Wealth
- TNC Sales and Developing Countries
- China National Tobacco Corporation
- A Return to the Past
- Section C
- A Global Market
- Looking Abroad
- Going Abroad
- A Global Business
- Factors Fueling Global Expansion
- Trade Liberalization
- Impact of Trade Liberalization
- Tobacco Leaf Production
- Tobacco Leaf Trade
- Privatization
- Foreign InvestmentmdashUkraine
- Major Company Mergers
- Marlboro Market Share (2001)
- Marlbororsquos Global Penetration
- Section D
- Industry Strategies
- Modeling Industry Activities
- Undermining Science
- Sworn Public Statements
- Confidential Statements
- Buying Science and Intimidation
- The Attack on Meta-Analysis
- Junk Science
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
- Industry Tactics to Undermine IARC
- Philip Morris and SHS
- Japan Tobacco and SHS
- Public Relations
- Public Statements on Youth
- Private Statements on Youth
- Minimum Age 18
- Changing the Issues
- Philanthropy
- Corporate Social Responsibility
- BATS Social Reports
- Today on Addiction
- Today on Addiction
- Public Health Advocates
- Truth in Advertising
- Section E
- Marketing
- Industry Expenditures on Advertising
- Communicating Disease
- Advertising Strategies
- Grand Prix
- Section F
- Lobbying and Legislation
- A Long History of Lobbying
- Political Lobbying US
- The Latin Project Argentina
- The Czech Republic
- Preemption
- Industry Self-Regulation
- International Tobacco Marketing Standards
- Creating the Illusion of Support
- Front Groups
- Industry Front Groups and Allies
- International Tobacco Growers Association
- Legal and Economic Intimidation
- Intimidating Johns Hopkins
- Industry Harassment
-
73
International Tobacco Marketing Standards
ldquoWe have analyzed the nine-page agreement and believe that the multinationalsrsquo strategy is proactive and is a way to improve their image rdquoldquoAlso by proactively setting new international tobacco marketing standards the multinationals could be trying to counter a number of proposals that the WHO has been working on to curb the amount of cigarettes that are consumed on an international levelrdquoldquo Interestingly in many countries the existing laws or industry codes are already more restrictive than the provisions of the international marketing standardsrdquo
Source International Tobacco Marketing Standards September 2001
74
Creating the Illusion of Support
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
75
Front Groups
Buying citizen involvement (letter writing phone banking campaigns) by supporting front groups
ldquoHandrdquo of the industry remains hidden
It has been a common practice of Big Tobacco to use third parties or to create front groups to be out in front fighting smokefreepolicies while the industry remains behind the scenes protecting its public image
-Americans for Nonsmokersrsquo Rightshttpwwwno-smokeorggetthefactsphpdp=d21|d23 accessed 22306
76
Industry Front Groups and Allies
Ive learned from experience that as soon as Im identified as a representative of the Tobacco Institute I lose all credibility They just sneer us awayso I try to work behind the scenes whenever I can
- Ron Saldana lobbyist for the Tobacco Institute 82486
Source httpwwwno-smokeorggetthefactsphpdp=d21|d23 accessed 22306
77
International Tobacco Growers Association
ITGAldquo[Establish] ITGA [International Tobacco Growers Association] [as a] front group for our third world lobby activities at WHOrdquo
Source Report of the WHO Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents
Source Report of the WHO Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents
78
Legal and Economic Intimidation
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
79
Intimidating Johns Hopkins
ldquoThe tobacco companies have commenced nothing short of a campaign of harassment against the academic institutions that discovered smoking is injurious to the public healthrdquominus Estelle A Fishbein general
council for Johns Hopkins University
ldquoTobacco Industry in Fight To Get
Universitiesrsquo DataLegal Moves Termed Fishing Expeditionrdquo
-The New York Times Jan 20 2002
80
Industry Harassment
PUBLIC HEALTH MATTERS
Public Health Under Attack The American Stop Smoking Intervention Study (ASSIST) and the
Tobacco Industry
- White J and LA Bero
- The Transnational Tobacco Industry
- Section A
- Describing a Disease
- The Agent
- The Host
- The Vector
- Section B
- Background
- Background
- What Is a ldquoTransnationalrdquo Company
- Major Transnational Tobacco Companies
- Cigarette Production
- Company Size and Wealth
- TNC Sales and Developing Countries
- China National Tobacco Corporation
- A Return to the Past
- Section C
- A Global Market
- Looking Abroad
- Going Abroad
- A Global Business
- Factors Fueling Global Expansion
- Trade Liberalization
- Impact of Trade Liberalization
- Tobacco Leaf Production
- Tobacco Leaf Trade
- Privatization
- Foreign InvestmentmdashUkraine
- Major Company Mergers
- Marlboro Market Share (2001)
- Marlbororsquos Global Penetration
- Section D
- Industry Strategies
- Modeling Industry Activities
- Undermining Science
- Sworn Public Statements
- Confidential Statements
- Buying Science and Intimidation
- The Attack on Meta-Analysis
- Junk Science
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
- Industry Tactics to Undermine IARC
- Philip Morris and SHS
- Japan Tobacco and SHS
- Public Relations
- Public Statements on Youth
- Private Statements on Youth
- Minimum Age 18
- Changing the Issues
- Philanthropy
- Corporate Social Responsibility
- BATS Social Reports
- Today on Addiction
- Today on Addiction
- Public Health Advocates
- Truth in Advertising
- Section E
- Marketing
- Industry Expenditures on Advertising
- Communicating Disease
- Advertising Strategies
- Grand Prix
- Section F
- Lobbying and Legislation
- A Long History of Lobbying
- Political Lobbying US
- The Latin Project Argentina
- The Czech Republic
- Preemption
- Industry Self-Regulation
- International Tobacco Marketing Standards
- Creating the Illusion of Support
- Front Groups
- Industry Front Groups and Allies
- International Tobacco Growers Association
- Legal and Economic Intimidation
- Intimidating Johns Hopkins
- Industry Harassment
-
74
Creating the Illusion of Support
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
75
Front Groups
Buying citizen involvement (letter writing phone banking campaigns) by supporting front groups
ldquoHandrdquo of the industry remains hidden
It has been a common practice of Big Tobacco to use third parties or to create front groups to be out in front fighting smokefreepolicies while the industry remains behind the scenes protecting its public image
-Americans for Nonsmokersrsquo Rightshttpwwwno-smokeorggetthefactsphpdp=d21|d23 accessed 22306
76
Industry Front Groups and Allies
Ive learned from experience that as soon as Im identified as a representative of the Tobacco Institute I lose all credibility They just sneer us awayso I try to work behind the scenes whenever I can
- Ron Saldana lobbyist for the Tobacco Institute 82486
Source httpwwwno-smokeorggetthefactsphpdp=d21|d23 accessed 22306
77
International Tobacco Growers Association
ITGAldquo[Establish] ITGA [International Tobacco Growers Association] [as a] front group for our third world lobby activities at WHOrdquo
Source Report of the WHO Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents
Source Report of the WHO Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents
78
Legal and Economic Intimidation
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
79
Intimidating Johns Hopkins
ldquoThe tobacco companies have commenced nothing short of a campaign of harassment against the academic institutions that discovered smoking is injurious to the public healthrdquominus Estelle A Fishbein general
council for Johns Hopkins University
ldquoTobacco Industry in Fight To Get
Universitiesrsquo DataLegal Moves Termed Fishing Expeditionrdquo
-The New York Times Jan 20 2002
80
Industry Harassment
PUBLIC HEALTH MATTERS
Public Health Under Attack The American Stop Smoking Intervention Study (ASSIST) and the
Tobacco Industry
- White J and LA Bero
- The Transnational Tobacco Industry
- Section A
- Describing a Disease
- The Agent
- The Host
- The Vector
- Section B
- Background
- Background
- What Is a ldquoTransnationalrdquo Company
- Major Transnational Tobacco Companies
- Cigarette Production
- Company Size and Wealth
- TNC Sales and Developing Countries
- China National Tobacco Corporation
- A Return to the Past
- Section C
- A Global Market
- Looking Abroad
- Going Abroad
- A Global Business
- Factors Fueling Global Expansion
- Trade Liberalization
- Impact of Trade Liberalization
- Tobacco Leaf Production
- Tobacco Leaf Trade
- Privatization
- Foreign InvestmentmdashUkraine
- Major Company Mergers
- Marlboro Market Share (2001)
- Marlbororsquos Global Penetration
- Section D
- Industry Strategies
- Modeling Industry Activities
- Undermining Science
- Sworn Public Statements
- Confidential Statements
- Buying Science and Intimidation
- The Attack on Meta-Analysis
- Junk Science
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
- Industry Tactics to Undermine IARC
- Philip Morris and SHS
- Japan Tobacco and SHS
- Public Relations
- Public Statements on Youth
- Private Statements on Youth
- Minimum Age 18
- Changing the Issues
- Philanthropy
- Corporate Social Responsibility
- BATS Social Reports
- Today on Addiction
- Today on Addiction
- Public Health Advocates
- Truth in Advertising
- Section E
- Marketing
- Industry Expenditures on Advertising
- Communicating Disease
- Advertising Strategies
- Grand Prix
- Section F
- Lobbying and Legislation
- A Long History of Lobbying
- Political Lobbying US
- The Latin Project Argentina
- The Czech Republic
- Preemption
- Industry Self-Regulation
- International Tobacco Marketing Standards
- Creating the Illusion of Support
- Front Groups
- Industry Front Groups and Allies
- International Tobacco Growers Association
- Legal and Economic Intimidation
- Intimidating Johns Hopkins
- Industry Harassment
-
75
Front Groups
Buying citizen involvement (letter writing phone banking campaigns) by supporting front groups
ldquoHandrdquo of the industry remains hidden
It has been a common practice of Big Tobacco to use third parties or to create front groups to be out in front fighting smokefreepolicies while the industry remains behind the scenes protecting its public image
-Americans for Nonsmokersrsquo Rightshttpwwwno-smokeorggetthefactsphpdp=d21|d23 accessed 22306
76
Industry Front Groups and Allies
Ive learned from experience that as soon as Im identified as a representative of the Tobacco Institute I lose all credibility They just sneer us awayso I try to work behind the scenes whenever I can
- Ron Saldana lobbyist for the Tobacco Institute 82486
Source httpwwwno-smokeorggetthefactsphpdp=d21|d23 accessed 22306
77
International Tobacco Growers Association
ITGAldquo[Establish] ITGA [International Tobacco Growers Association] [as a] front group for our third world lobby activities at WHOrdquo
Source Report of the WHO Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents
Source Report of the WHO Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents
78
Legal and Economic Intimidation
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
79
Intimidating Johns Hopkins
ldquoThe tobacco companies have commenced nothing short of a campaign of harassment against the academic institutions that discovered smoking is injurious to the public healthrdquominus Estelle A Fishbein general
council for Johns Hopkins University
ldquoTobacco Industry in Fight To Get
Universitiesrsquo DataLegal Moves Termed Fishing Expeditionrdquo
-The New York Times Jan 20 2002
80
Industry Harassment
PUBLIC HEALTH MATTERS
Public Health Under Attack The American Stop Smoking Intervention Study (ASSIST) and the
Tobacco Industry
- White J and LA Bero
- The Transnational Tobacco Industry
- Section A
- Describing a Disease
- The Agent
- The Host
- The Vector
- Section B
- Background
- Background
- What Is a ldquoTransnationalrdquo Company
- Major Transnational Tobacco Companies
- Cigarette Production
- Company Size and Wealth
- TNC Sales and Developing Countries
- China National Tobacco Corporation
- A Return to the Past
- Section C
- A Global Market
- Looking Abroad
- Going Abroad
- A Global Business
- Factors Fueling Global Expansion
- Trade Liberalization
- Impact of Trade Liberalization
- Tobacco Leaf Production
- Tobacco Leaf Trade
- Privatization
- Foreign InvestmentmdashUkraine
- Major Company Mergers
- Marlboro Market Share (2001)
- Marlbororsquos Global Penetration
- Section D
- Industry Strategies
- Modeling Industry Activities
- Undermining Science
- Sworn Public Statements
- Confidential Statements
- Buying Science and Intimidation
- The Attack on Meta-Analysis
- Junk Science
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
- Industry Tactics to Undermine IARC
- Philip Morris and SHS
- Japan Tobacco and SHS
- Public Relations
- Public Statements on Youth
- Private Statements on Youth
- Minimum Age 18
- Changing the Issues
- Philanthropy
- Corporate Social Responsibility
- BATS Social Reports
- Today on Addiction
- Today on Addiction
- Public Health Advocates
- Truth in Advertising
- Section E
- Marketing
- Industry Expenditures on Advertising
- Communicating Disease
- Advertising Strategies
- Grand Prix
- Section F
- Lobbying and Legislation
- A Long History of Lobbying
- Political Lobbying US
- The Latin Project Argentina
- The Czech Republic
- Preemption
- Industry Self-Regulation
- International Tobacco Marketing Standards
- Creating the Illusion of Support
- Front Groups
- Industry Front Groups and Allies
- International Tobacco Growers Association
- Legal and Economic Intimidation
- Intimidating Johns Hopkins
- Industry Harassment
-
76
Industry Front Groups and Allies
Ive learned from experience that as soon as Im identified as a representative of the Tobacco Institute I lose all credibility They just sneer us awayso I try to work behind the scenes whenever I can
- Ron Saldana lobbyist for the Tobacco Institute 82486
Source httpwwwno-smokeorggetthefactsphpdp=d21|d23 accessed 22306
77
International Tobacco Growers Association
ITGAldquo[Establish] ITGA [International Tobacco Growers Association] [as a] front group for our third world lobby activities at WHOrdquo
Source Report of the WHO Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents
Source Report of the WHO Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents
78
Legal and Economic Intimidation
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
79
Intimidating Johns Hopkins
ldquoThe tobacco companies have commenced nothing short of a campaign of harassment against the academic institutions that discovered smoking is injurious to the public healthrdquominus Estelle A Fishbein general
council for Johns Hopkins University
ldquoTobacco Industry in Fight To Get
Universitiesrsquo DataLegal Moves Termed Fishing Expeditionrdquo
-The New York Times Jan 20 2002
80
Industry Harassment
PUBLIC HEALTH MATTERS
Public Health Under Attack The American Stop Smoking Intervention Study (ASSIST) and the
Tobacco Industry
- White J and LA Bero
- The Transnational Tobacco Industry
- Section A
- Describing a Disease
- The Agent
- The Host
- The Vector
- Section B
- Background
- Background
- What Is a ldquoTransnationalrdquo Company
- Major Transnational Tobacco Companies
- Cigarette Production
- Company Size and Wealth
- TNC Sales and Developing Countries
- China National Tobacco Corporation
- A Return to the Past
- Section C
- A Global Market
- Looking Abroad
- Going Abroad
- A Global Business
- Factors Fueling Global Expansion
- Trade Liberalization
- Impact of Trade Liberalization
- Tobacco Leaf Production
- Tobacco Leaf Trade
- Privatization
- Foreign InvestmentmdashUkraine
- Major Company Mergers
- Marlboro Market Share (2001)
- Marlbororsquos Global Penetration
- Section D
- Industry Strategies
- Modeling Industry Activities
- Undermining Science
- Sworn Public Statements
- Confidential Statements
- Buying Science and Intimidation
- The Attack on Meta-Analysis
- Junk Science
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
- Industry Tactics to Undermine IARC
- Philip Morris and SHS
- Japan Tobacco and SHS
- Public Relations
- Public Statements on Youth
- Private Statements on Youth
- Minimum Age 18
- Changing the Issues
- Philanthropy
- Corporate Social Responsibility
- BATS Social Reports
- Today on Addiction
- Today on Addiction
- Public Health Advocates
- Truth in Advertising
- Section E
- Marketing
- Industry Expenditures on Advertising
- Communicating Disease
- Advertising Strategies
- Grand Prix
- Section F
- Lobbying and Legislation
- A Long History of Lobbying
- Political Lobbying US
- The Latin Project Argentina
- The Czech Republic
- Preemption
- Industry Self-Regulation
- International Tobacco Marketing Standards
- Creating the Illusion of Support
- Front Groups
- Industry Front Groups and Allies
- International Tobacco Growers Association
- Legal and Economic Intimidation
- Intimidating Johns Hopkins
- Industry Harassment
-
77
International Tobacco Growers Association
ITGAldquo[Establish] ITGA [International Tobacco Growers Association] [as a] front group for our third world lobby activities at WHOrdquo
Source Report of the WHO Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents
Source Report of the WHO Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents
78
Legal and Economic Intimidation
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
79
Intimidating Johns Hopkins
ldquoThe tobacco companies have commenced nothing short of a campaign of harassment against the academic institutions that discovered smoking is injurious to the public healthrdquominus Estelle A Fishbein general
council for Johns Hopkins University
ldquoTobacco Industry in Fight To Get
Universitiesrsquo DataLegal Moves Termed Fishing Expeditionrdquo
-The New York Times Jan 20 2002
80
Industry Harassment
PUBLIC HEALTH MATTERS
Public Health Under Attack The American Stop Smoking Intervention Study (ASSIST) and the
Tobacco Industry
- White J and LA Bero
- The Transnational Tobacco Industry
- Section A
- Describing a Disease
- The Agent
- The Host
- The Vector
- Section B
- Background
- Background
- What Is a ldquoTransnationalrdquo Company
- Major Transnational Tobacco Companies
- Cigarette Production
- Company Size and Wealth
- TNC Sales and Developing Countries
- China National Tobacco Corporation
- A Return to the Past
- Section C
- A Global Market
- Looking Abroad
- Going Abroad
- A Global Business
- Factors Fueling Global Expansion
- Trade Liberalization
- Impact of Trade Liberalization
- Tobacco Leaf Production
- Tobacco Leaf Trade
- Privatization
- Foreign InvestmentmdashUkraine
- Major Company Mergers
- Marlboro Market Share (2001)
- Marlbororsquos Global Penetration
- Section D
- Industry Strategies
- Modeling Industry Activities
- Undermining Science
- Sworn Public Statements
- Confidential Statements
- Buying Science and Intimidation
- The Attack on Meta-Analysis
- Junk Science
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
- Industry Tactics to Undermine IARC
- Philip Morris and SHS
- Japan Tobacco and SHS
- Public Relations
- Public Statements on Youth
- Private Statements on Youth
- Minimum Age 18
- Changing the Issues
- Philanthropy
- Corporate Social Responsibility
- BATS Social Reports
- Today on Addiction
- Today on Addiction
- Public Health Advocates
- Truth in Advertising
- Section E
- Marketing
- Industry Expenditures on Advertising
- Communicating Disease
- Advertising Strategies
- Grand Prix
- Section F
- Lobbying and Legislation
- A Long History of Lobbying
- Political Lobbying US
- The Latin Project Argentina
- The Czech Republic
- Preemption
- Industry Self-Regulation
- International Tobacco Marketing Standards
- Creating the Illusion of Support
- Front Groups
- Industry Front Groups and Allies
- International Tobacco Growers Association
- Legal and Economic Intimidation
- Intimidating Johns Hopkins
- Industry Harassment
-
78
Legal and Economic Intimidation
Lobbying ampLegislative
Strategy
CreatingIllusion ofSupport
Harassment
Legal ampEconomic
Intimidation
Undermining Science
Media Manipulation
Public Relations
Usurpingthe Agenda
Messages
Action
Cov
ert P
ublic
Lobbying TacticsLobbying TacticsHarassmentHarassment
Science PRScience PRIssue FramingIssue Framing
Source Trochim WMK Stillman FA Clark PI Schmitt CL Development of a model of the tobacco industryrsquos interference with tobacco control programmes Tob Control 2003 12140-147
79
Intimidating Johns Hopkins
ldquoThe tobacco companies have commenced nothing short of a campaign of harassment against the academic institutions that discovered smoking is injurious to the public healthrdquominus Estelle A Fishbein general
council for Johns Hopkins University
ldquoTobacco Industry in Fight To Get
Universitiesrsquo DataLegal Moves Termed Fishing Expeditionrdquo
-The New York Times Jan 20 2002
80
Industry Harassment
PUBLIC HEALTH MATTERS
Public Health Under Attack The American Stop Smoking Intervention Study (ASSIST) and the
Tobacco Industry
- White J and LA Bero
- The Transnational Tobacco Industry
- Section A
- Describing a Disease
- The Agent
- The Host
- The Vector
- Section B
- Background
- Background
- What Is a ldquoTransnationalrdquo Company
- Major Transnational Tobacco Companies
- Cigarette Production
- Company Size and Wealth
- TNC Sales and Developing Countries
- China National Tobacco Corporation
- A Return to the Past
- Section C
- A Global Market
- Looking Abroad
- Going Abroad
- A Global Business
- Factors Fueling Global Expansion
- Trade Liberalization
- Impact of Trade Liberalization
- Tobacco Leaf Production
- Tobacco Leaf Trade
- Privatization
- Foreign InvestmentmdashUkraine
- Major Company Mergers
- Marlboro Market Share (2001)
- Marlbororsquos Global Penetration
- Section D
- Industry Strategies
- Modeling Industry Activities
- Undermining Science
- Sworn Public Statements
- Confidential Statements
- Buying Science and Intimidation
- The Attack on Meta-Analysis
- Junk Science
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
- Industry Tactics to Undermine IARC
- Philip Morris and SHS
- Japan Tobacco and SHS
- Public Relations
- Public Statements on Youth
- Private Statements on Youth
- Minimum Age 18
- Changing the Issues
- Philanthropy
- Corporate Social Responsibility
- BATS Social Reports
- Today on Addiction
- Today on Addiction
- Public Health Advocates
- Truth in Advertising
- Section E
- Marketing
- Industry Expenditures on Advertising
- Communicating Disease
- Advertising Strategies
- Grand Prix
- Section F
- Lobbying and Legislation
- A Long History of Lobbying
- Political Lobbying US
- The Latin Project Argentina
- The Czech Republic
- Preemption
- Industry Self-Regulation
- International Tobacco Marketing Standards
- Creating the Illusion of Support
- Front Groups
- Industry Front Groups and Allies
- International Tobacco Growers Association
- Legal and Economic Intimidation
- Intimidating Johns Hopkins
- Industry Harassment
-
79
Intimidating Johns Hopkins
ldquoThe tobacco companies have commenced nothing short of a campaign of harassment against the academic institutions that discovered smoking is injurious to the public healthrdquominus Estelle A Fishbein general
council for Johns Hopkins University
ldquoTobacco Industry in Fight To Get
Universitiesrsquo DataLegal Moves Termed Fishing Expeditionrdquo
-The New York Times Jan 20 2002
80
Industry Harassment
PUBLIC HEALTH MATTERS
Public Health Under Attack The American Stop Smoking Intervention Study (ASSIST) and the
Tobacco Industry
- White J and LA Bero
- The Transnational Tobacco Industry
- Section A
- Describing a Disease
- The Agent
- The Host
- The Vector
- Section B
- Background
- Background
- What Is a ldquoTransnationalrdquo Company
- Major Transnational Tobacco Companies
- Cigarette Production
- Company Size and Wealth
- TNC Sales and Developing Countries
- China National Tobacco Corporation
- A Return to the Past
- Section C
- A Global Market
- Looking Abroad
- Going Abroad
- A Global Business
- Factors Fueling Global Expansion
- Trade Liberalization
- Impact of Trade Liberalization
- Tobacco Leaf Production
- Tobacco Leaf Trade
- Privatization
- Foreign InvestmentmdashUkraine
- Major Company Mergers
- Marlboro Market Share (2001)
- Marlbororsquos Global Penetration
- Section D
- Industry Strategies
- Modeling Industry Activities
- Undermining Science
- Sworn Public Statements
- Confidential Statements
- Buying Science and Intimidation
- The Attack on Meta-Analysis
- Junk Science
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
- Industry Tactics to Undermine IARC
- Philip Morris and SHS
- Japan Tobacco and SHS
- Public Relations
- Public Statements on Youth
- Private Statements on Youth
- Minimum Age 18
- Changing the Issues
- Philanthropy
- Corporate Social Responsibility
- BATS Social Reports
- Today on Addiction
- Today on Addiction
- Public Health Advocates
- Truth in Advertising
- Section E
- Marketing
- Industry Expenditures on Advertising
- Communicating Disease
- Advertising Strategies
- Grand Prix
- Section F
- Lobbying and Legislation
- A Long History of Lobbying
- Political Lobbying US
- The Latin Project Argentina
- The Czech Republic
- Preemption
- Industry Self-Regulation
- International Tobacco Marketing Standards
- Creating the Illusion of Support
- Front Groups
- Industry Front Groups and Allies
- International Tobacco Growers Association
- Legal and Economic Intimidation
- Intimidating Johns Hopkins
- Industry Harassment
-
80
Industry Harassment
PUBLIC HEALTH MATTERS
Public Health Under Attack The American Stop Smoking Intervention Study (ASSIST) and the
Tobacco Industry
- White J and LA Bero
- The Transnational Tobacco Industry
- Section A
- Describing a Disease
- The Agent
- The Host
- The Vector
- Section B
- Background
- Background
- What Is a ldquoTransnationalrdquo Company
- Major Transnational Tobacco Companies
- Cigarette Production
- Company Size and Wealth
- TNC Sales and Developing Countries
- China National Tobacco Corporation
- A Return to the Past
- Section C
- A Global Market
- Looking Abroad
- Going Abroad
- A Global Business
- Factors Fueling Global Expansion
- Trade Liberalization
- Impact of Trade Liberalization
- Tobacco Leaf Production
- Tobacco Leaf Trade
- Privatization
- Foreign InvestmentmdashUkraine
- Major Company Mergers
- Marlboro Market Share (2001)
- Marlbororsquos Global Penetration
- Section D
- Industry Strategies
- Modeling Industry Activities
- Undermining Science
- Sworn Public Statements
- Confidential Statements
- Buying Science and Intimidation
- The Attack on Meta-Analysis
- Junk Science
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
- Industry Tactics to Undermine IARC
- Philip Morris and SHS
- Japan Tobacco and SHS
- Public Relations
- Public Statements on Youth
- Private Statements on Youth
- Minimum Age 18
- Changing the Issues
- Philanthropy
- Corporate Social Responsibility
- BATS Social Reports
- Today on Addiction
- Today on Addiction
- Public Health Advocates
- Truth in Advertising
- Section E
- Marketing
- Industry Expenditures on Advertising
- Communicating Disease
- Advertising Strategies
- Grand Prix
- Section F
- Lobbying and Legislation
- A Long History of Lobbying
- Political Lobbying US
- The Latin Project Argentina
- The Czech Republic
- Preemption
- Industry Self-Regulation
- International Tobacco Marketing Standards
- Creating the Illusion of Support
- Front Groups
- Industry Front Groups and Allies
- International Tobacco Growers Association
- Legal and Economic Intimidation
- Intimidating Johns Hopkins
- Industry Harassment
-
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