Lecture 3 Computer Organization and Hardware CSCS100 - Spring 2009 – Forman Christian College Asher Imtiaz *Several of these slides have been adapted and.
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Lecture 3Computer Organization and HardwareCSCS100 - Spring 2009 – Forman Christian CollegeAsher Imtiaz
*Several of these slides have been adapted and modified from LUMS CS101 course (Dr Sohaib Khan and Dr Arif Zaman), VU CS101 slides (Dr. Altaf A. Khan) and Peter Norton’s supplementary material.
Organization Image credit: VU CS101 (Dr Altaf Khan)
Essential Computer Hardware• Processing devices
• Processing: The procedure that converts raw data into useful information. To do this, the computer uses two important components: processor and memory.
• Processor: Brains of the computer• Carries out instructions from the program• Manipulate the data, transforms data into information• Central Processing Unit (CPU) term used to refer
to a computer’s processor.• In personal computers, processor consists of one or
more specialized chips, called microprocessors (tiny slivers of silicon or other material etched with many tiny electronic circuits).
• E.g. Pentium 4, Core2Duo.
Motherboard• Rigid, rectangular card containing the circuitry that
connects the processor to the other hardware. • PCB (Printed Circuit Board) made of Fiberglass sheet
with electrical pathways, called traces, etched into it• System Clock• Microprocessor• Read-Only Memory (ROM)• Random Access Memory (RAM)• Battery• Power Supply• Ports• Expansion Slots• Buses
• Address Bus• Data Bus
Motherboard
Clock• The computer’s internal clock
• Quartz crystal• Every tick causes a cycle• Speeds measured in Hertz (Hz)
• Modern machines use Giga Hertz (GHz)
Bus• Electronic pathway between components• Expansion bus connects to peripherals• Bus connects CPU and RAM, housed on the
motherboard.• Speed is tied to the clock• Data bus• Address bus
USB• Universal Serial Bus (USB)
• Connects external devices• Hot swappable• Allows up to 127 devices• Cameras, printers, and scanners
Essential Computer HardwareMemory devices
• Stores data or programs• Random Access Memory (RAM)
• Like an electronic scratch pad• Stores current data and programs while the CPU works on them• Set of chips, mounted on a circuit board • Volatile• More RAM results in a faster system• The term ‘memory’ is typically used to mean RAM.• 256MB – 4GB
• Read Only Memory (ROM)• Permanent storage of programs, not volatile• Holds the computer boot directions
• Cache Memory• Very fast memory• Holds common or recently used data• Speeds up computer processing• Most computers have several caches
Essential Computer Hardware• Input and output devices
• Allows the user to interact• Input devices accept data
• Main competitor to Intel• Originally produced budget products• Current products outperform Intel• Current processors
• Sempron• Athlon FX 64• Athlon XP• TurionTM
A Microprocessor System• Microprocessors are powerful pieces of
hardware, but not much useful on their own
• Just as the human brain needs hands, feet, eyes, ears, mouth to be useful; so does the microprocessor
• A microprocessor system is microprocessor plus all the components it requires to do a certain task
• A microcomputer is 1 example of a microprocessor system
Micro-controllers• Micro-controllers are another type of
microprocessor systems
• They are generally not that powerful, cost a few dollars a piece, and are found embedded in video games, VCRs, microwave ovens, printers, autos, etc.
• They are a complete computer on a chip containing direct input and output capability and memory along with the microprocessor on a single chip. Many times they contain other specialized application-specific components as well
More on Micro-controllers
• More than 90% of the microprocessors/micro-controllers manufactured are used in embedded computing applications
• In 2000 alone, 365 million microprocessors and 6.4 billion micro-controllers were manufactured
Building Blocks of a Microprocessor• Bus Interface Unit• Data and Instruction Cache• Instruction Decoder• Arithmetic Logic Unit• Floating Point Unit• Control Unit• Registers
Language of a Microprocessor Instruction Set• The set of machine instructions that a microprocessor
recognizes and can execute – the only language microprocessor knows
• An instruction set includes low-level, a single step-at-a-time instructions, such as add, subtract, multiply, and divide
• Each microprocessor family has its unique instruction set
• Bigger instruction-sets mean more complex chips (higher costs, reduced efficiency), but shorter programs