• Topics: • Before 1000 CE • Questions: • What conditions shaped human societies in the Western Hemisphere? (see today’s readings!) • Where and when did the first civilizations emerge? • How do they compare with the ancient empires of Eurasia? • What characterized Maya civilization? What led to its collapse? Lecture 25: Civilizations of the Western Hemisphere
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Lecture 25: Civilizations of the Western Hemisphere
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• Topics:
• Before 1000 CE
• Questions:
• What conditions shaped human societies in the Western Hemisphere? (see today’s readings!)
• Where and when did the first civilizations emerge?
• How do they compare with the ancient empires of Eurasia?
• What characterized Maya civilization? What led to its collapse?
Lecture 25:Civilizations of the Western Hemisphere
Humans and the Environment
12,000 BCE Humans cross landbridge to Western Hemisphere
8500 BCE Domestication of beans & peppers (& tubers) in Andes
7000 BCE Extinction of larger animal species
5500-2000 BCE Villages & regional centers in coastal Andes
4200 BCE Domestication of camelids in Andes
3000 BCE Domestication of cotton in Andes
2000-1500 BCE Agriculture in Mesoamerica
by 1600 BCE Villages, regional centers, pottery throughout Mesoamerica
Early Andean Civilizations
Ceramic from Moche (ca. 300-700 CE)
• Flexible exploitation of coast, river, & mountains
• Large-scale ceremonial architecture
• Along coast after 2800 BCE
• Lake Titicaca region after 1000 BCE
• Regional organization around Chavin, 500-200 BCE
• 200 BCE - 600 CE: Early civilizations
• 600-1250 CE: Huari Empire & Chimu Kingdom
No writing
Tiwanaku
• Large, planned capital (pop. 30,000-60,000)
• Monumental architecture
• Raised-field agriculture
• Camelid herding
• Distinctive, sophisticated pottery
No writing 100-1000 CE
Mesoamerica
The Olmec (1350-400 BCE)
600-250 BCEcomplex regional societies
emerge beyond Olmec heartland
250 BCE - 250 CEpopulation increase in Basin of Mexico,
Oaxaca Valley, and Maya Lowlands
“Preclassic” Maya civilization
• Large regional centers (four known, incl. La Venta)