Lecture 2 Time and Tense

8/3/2019 Lecture 2 Time and Tense

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Time and Tense II Time and Tense II

Present Perfect Simple and Present Perfect Continuous

Past Tense Simple and Past TenseContinuous

Past Perfect Simple and Past Perfect

ContinuousWays of Expressing Future



Present Perfect SimplePresent Perfect SimpleFORM:

Aff: Sj + HAVE/HAS + Vb – Past Participle

Neg: Sj + HAVE/HAS + NOT + Vb-PastParticiple

Interr: HAVE/HAS + Sj + Vb-Past ParticipleUSE:

to express a recently completed action

e.g. I have just received a call from Head

Office.to express a past action, whose effect can

be seen in the present

e.g. Don't sit there! I've painted the bench

and it's still wet.



to express an action that started in thepast, goes on in the present and can go on

in the future as well (+ FOR, SINCE)e.g. My grandfaher has worked in thisfactory for 40 years;I have known Susansince we were kids.

to make general statements about one'sexperience (things that were valid in thepast, are valid in the present and will

probably be valid in the future as well) +always, never, often, seldom, rarely,sometimes, most times, ever, etc..

e.g. I've always enjoyed a cup of Japanese

tea.



Present Perfect ContinuousPresent Perfect Continuous

FORM:Aff. Sj + HAVE + BEEN + Vb – ing

Neg. Sj + HAVE + NOT + BEEN + Vb – ing

Interr. HAVE + Sj + BEEN + Vb-ing?USE:

- to express an action that started in thepast and is still in progress at the moment

of speaking (focus on continuity) (+ FOR,SINCE)

e.g. He has been writing memos for 2hours now.



Present Perfect Simple vsPresent Perfect Simple vs

Present Perfect ContinuousPresent Perfect Continuous Translate:

Scriu scrisori de 3 ore si m-am plictisit.Studiez engleza de mai bine de 10 ani.

Prietena ei cea mai buna a obtinut o slujba

la Parlamentul European.Unchiul lui Petru lucreaza intelecomunicatii de 35 de ani.

Bunicul lui lucreaza in aceesi companie de

40 de ani: el a infiintat-o in 1971, si nu si-aluat niciodata concediu; a muncit zi sinoapte ca sa isi aduca si sa isi mentinafirma in top.



Present Perfect Simple – a longer interval

of timePresent Perfect Continuous – a shorterinterval of time

! the latter can be used with a long time-frame when the emphasis is on continuity



Past Tense SimplePast Tense SimpleFORM:

Aff: Sj + Vb-ed (regular verbs)/2nd form of irregular verbs

Neg: Sj + DID + NOT + Vb – inf

Interr: DID + Sj + Vb – inf USE:

to express an action that was completedin the past (+ last

year/season/month/quarter/week; in 1998,in the spring of 2003, a week/month/year..ago

e.g. We opened our new branch in theHague in 2005.



- to narrate a history

e.g. Gabriel Resources was set up in 1995,in Toronto, to mine gold in the Rosia

Montana region. It signed a contract withthe Romanian state, which entitles it toown 80 % of the tons of gold lying under amountain. A local NGO and various

international environmentalists opposedthis new mining project and sued GabrielResources.



to speak about dead persons

e.g. Senator Fulbright had a dream: to

provide opportunities for American andinternational students to travel and study,and thus act as cultural and scholarlyambassadors. He set up the Fulbright

scholarship scheme precisely for thispurpose.



Present Perfect Simple vs PastPresent Perfect Simple vs Past

Tense Tense Translate:

1. Michael Jackson a sprijinit multe opere decaritate.

2. Bil Gates s-a implicat in numeroase proiectede dezvoltare.

3. - Ai fost vreodata in Asia?

- Da, am fost.

- Une anume te-ai dus?

- La Beijing.

4. - Vara trecuta ai fost la munte sau la mare?



Past Tense – definite, specified timePresent Perfect – indefinite, non-specified time

Past Tense – in specific, WH- questions

Present Perfect – in general, yes/no questions



Past Tense ContinuousPast Tense Continuous

FORM:

Aff: Sj + WAS/WERE + Vb-ing

Neg.: Sj + WAS/WERE + NOT + Vb-ing

Interr.: WAS/WERE + Sj + Vb-ing...?

USE:

• to express an action that was in progress at

a certain moment in the paste.g. What were you doing when the fire alarmwent out?



• to express two parallel actions, in progress inthe past

e.g. He was washing up while she was studyingfor her final exam in Microeconomics.



Past Perfect SimplePast Perfect Simple

FORM:

Aff.: Sj + HAD + Vb-Past Participle

Neg.: Sj + HAD + NOT + Vb-Past Participle

Interr: HAD + Sj + Vb-Past ParticipleUse: to express an action that took place in thepast, before another past action

Translate:

Pina cind sa-mi dea el cartea de vizita, aflasemdeja numarul lui din cartea de telefoane.



By the time he gave me his business card, Ihad already found out his phone number

from the phone directory.



Past Perfect ContinuousPast Perfect Continuous

FORM:Aff: Sj + HAD + BEEN + VB-ing

Neg.: Sj + HAD + NOT + BEEN + Vb-ing

Interr.: HAD + Sj + BEEN + Vb-ing...?

USE:- it expresses an action that had been inprogress for some time before anther action or aspecific moment in the past.

Translate:

Noi citeam cu atentie raportul de 30 de minutecind ne-am dat seama ca e cel de trimestrultrecut, nu de pe trimestrul in curs.



We had been reading the report for 30 minuteswhen we realized that it was from last quarter,not from the current quarter.



Ways of Expressing the FutureWays of Expressing the Future

Future Tense Simple

Future Tense Continuous

Future Perfect“Be Going To” Future

“Be about to”, “be on the verge/point of”

Present Tenses“Be to” Infinitive

Time Clauses



Future Tense SimpleFuture Tense Simple

Form:

Affirm: Sj + SHALL/WILL + Vb-Inf

e.g. I'll see you tomorrow then!Neg: Sj + SHALL/WILL + NOT + Vb-Inf

e.g. I won't write any more messages if you don'tbother to respond.

Interr: Shall/Will + Sj + Vb-Inf?

e.g. Will you be in the office after 4?



USEUSE

- an immediate decision about what one is goingto do

e.g. I'm quite thirsty. I'll just go and buy somewater.

- a general prediction

e.g. When inflation rises, unemployment willalso rise.



Future Tense ContinuousFuture Tense Continuous

FORM:Affirm.: Sj + SHALL/WILL + BE + Vb-ing

e.g. I'll be reorganising my files in my officedesk at this time tomorrow.

Neg.: j + SHALL/WILL + NOT + Vb-ing

We won't be standing here waiting for him whenhe comes. We've had enough of waiting already.

Interr. : SHALL/WILL + Sj+BE+Vb-ingWill you be supporting me if I decide to apply fora scholarship in the US?



USE:

- an action that will be in progress at a definitemoment in the future



FUTURE PERFECTFUTURE PERFECT

FORM:

Affirm.: Sj + SHALL/WILL + HAVE + Vb – PastParticiple

Neg. Sj+SHALL/WILL+NOT+HAVE+Vb-Participle

Interr: SHALL/WILL + Sj+ HAVE+Vb-PastParticiple?



e.g. By the time we launch the product onthe Chinese market, we will have doneseveral market surveys and improvements on

the initial product prototype.I won't have finished the book before the

deadline because I have lent it to Paul and hehasn't returned it yet.

Will you have prepared everything for ourcolleague's party by the time he gets to theoffice?



““be going to” Futurebe going to” Future

- a personal intention

e.g. We are going to have a break in a few

minutes.

- a prediction based on obvious, witnessed facts

e.g. Look at all these clouds! It's going to rainsoon.

“ b b hB b t t ” “b th



““Be about to”, “be on the vergeBe about to”, “be on the vergeof,” “be on the point of”of,” “be on the point of”

- to express an immediate action, in the very

near future

e.g. Sorry, I can't answer you right now. I'mabout to leave.



Present Tense SimplePresent Tense Simple

- to express a future action that takes place

according to an official, unalterable schedulee.g. The bus leaves in 5 minutes.

The President visits Korea at the end of themonth.



Present Tense ContinuosPresent Tense Continuos

- to express a personal plan or arrangement,

that can be changed

e.g. I'm applying for 5 more jobs in advertising,so I need to redo my CV and prepare for

interviews.



BE TO InfinitiveBE TO Infinitive

- to express an official arrangement or order

e.g. You are to report to the police every weekwhile your case is being investigated.

Our company is to be given an award for goodpractices in Marketing.



Time Clauses Time Clauses

In Time Clauses Future is neverused in English

e.g. I’ll give him your regards when

we next meet, on Tuesdaymorning.

I’ll send you the report after I’ve

proofread it myself. Time clauses are introduced by:

when, after, as soon as, before,

while, by the time, whenever, etc

Lecture 2 Time and Tense

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