Lecture 2. Lecture 2. 语语语 语语语 语语语 语语语语语 语语语语语 语语语语 :、、 Phonetics 语语语 studies physical property of speech sounds in general How they are produced (articulatory phoneti cs) and perceived(acoustic phonetics) Phonology 语语语 studies the specific sounds a s employed in different language(systematic al use of sounds in language with linguisti c functions). How these sounds are arranged to form meani ng units and what function each sound perfo rms in the sound system of the language.
Lecture 2. 语音学. 语音学:语音性质、语音现象、语音规律 Phonetics 语音学 studies physical property of speech sound s in general How they are produced (articulatory phonetics) and perceived(acoustic phonetics) - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Lecture 2. Lecture 2. 语音学语音学
语音学:语音性质、语音现象、语音规律 Phonetics 语音学 studies physical property of speech sou
nds in general How they are produced (articulatory phonetics) and percei
ved(acoustic phonetics) Phonology 音位学 studies the specific sounds as employe
d in different language(systematical use of sounds in language with linguistic functions).
How these sounds are arranged to form meaning units and what function each sound performs in the sound system of the language.
Contrastive Phonetics: something in common for CS 1) to pronounce involve the same physical and
physiological property; 2) to make economy in communication, 弱化,同化,连
s: island, Islam, isinglass, About 1500, the Great Vowel Shift 长元音短原因变化, /e:/--/i:/--/ai/,/a:/--/ei/,/o:/--/u:/ 打破元音在词中不变的情况,引发 vowel alternations divine, divinity mad—made, strip---stripe, wis—wise, lov--love William, printing technology, 1476 oneley, onely, onley, only Samul John English Dictionary, 1755 meet---meat/meet, see---sea/see downhil---downhill,
希腊语 拉丁语 本族文 偌曼底one unus an eindyo dua twa zwen t/d/ztreis tres thrie dri t/th/dtettares quattuor feower fior f/qpente quinque fif funfhex sex siex sehs h/shepta septem seofon sibun h/sokto octo eahta ahtoennea novem nigon niundeka decem tien zehan c/t/d/z
Segmental phonemes ( vowel and consonants)English has about 47 phonemes 音位 , with 20 vowe
ls and 27 consonants. Chinese has 10 vowels and 22 consonants. Togethe
r 32 phonemes. 按声母(音节开头部分, 21 个) p,t, h, m,c, zh,
ch, sh, r, f, h, x, sh, s, 韵母(音节声母后部分, 39 个)单元音: a, o, e, e, i,u,u,复元音 :ai, ei, ao, ou, ai, ie, ua, uo, ue, iao, iou, uai,
an, en, in, ain, uan, uen, ang, eng, ing, ong, iang, uang, ueng, iong,
声韵母组合: jiao huai xue sheng bing bu rong yi,
Tone & intonation.Tone language 字 / 声调 vs. intonation langu
age 语调 . tone language yi 衣移椅义jia 家夹假价ma 妈麻马骂mai 买卖埋,jiao 交胶郊娇 tan zhi 毯子瘫子坛子探子shi ye 失业实业始业事业
It can not only distinguish meaning, but part of speech. ban 扳 / 板 , kong 空 / 控
ding 钉, shu 数, liang 量 , zhong 种, dan 担But English only has intonation, The difference is
tone to words, and intonation to sentences, the former is compulsory and can be functional, but the latter is optional and affect no meaning , only the emotion or attitude.
Good afternoonCertainlyHow do you doThank you Beautiful weather
1. fall in pitch, 2. rise in pitch, 3. slight rise in pitch, 4. fall in pitch followed be a rise, 5. rise in pitch followed by a fall. But some say there are 11 patterns That’s not the book he wants. (fact, information
seeking) She doesn't speak to anybody\(she speaks to no one) She doesn't speak to anybody/(She speaks only to some
people.) Question: Why do Chinese students can’t speak like native
speakers?
5extra high, 4 high, 3mid, 2 low, 1 extra low高升调、低升调、高降调、低降调、高降升调低降升调、高升降调、低升降调、高平调、低
1. the intonation is quite flat, .That thing is bad, this thing is good.那个东西 (rising tone) 坏 , 那个东西 (falling tone)
好 He likes singing, but you love playing.他爱 唱 (rising tone), 你爱 玩 (falling tone) 。 2.tend to read in high level tone.3. Tend to end a sentence with falling tone.Two syllable words tend to end with 上声、去声。
But English, not only has far more syllables, but words contains more than two syllables
a. mono-syllable: we, see, you,come,go b.di-syllable : country, affair, inside, bedtime.c.three-syllable: liberty, condition,
To reduce the ambiguity in communication created by homonyms, one way is to adopt 方块字。
补偿音节不足,用声调。 Chinese has tone( 声调 ) Chinese has about 1300 syllables, English has about 10000 syllables English has stress( 重音 ) 如 abstract 摘要 , abstract 提炼。
So few homonyms son-sun, sea-see, week-weak, bare-bear, rain-reign, faint-
音节构成:A Chinese syllable is composed of a vowel and one
or tow consonants. A consonant is followed by a vowel( p-o 坡 , b-o 玻 , m-o 磨 , f-o 佛 , d-e 得 , t-e 特 , l-e 勒 , g-e 格 ,k-e 克 , h-e 喝 , j-I 机 , q-I 其 , x-I西 ).it can have no C, but must have a V. 啊、鹅、袄、偶。
nu li ying zao gui fan de yu yan wen zi huan jing
Chinese syllable
1)At least has one vowel, and has four phones at most.
2) There is no consonant group such as /sk/,/fl/
3) Vowel is dominant: there is vowel group and most syllable end with a vowel
4) Chinese has about 1300 syllables
English syllable
1) At least one vowel and has 8 phones at most
2)The way to combine phones are quite free, and there are more types of syllables.
3) Consonant is dominant: a consonant can combine with other Cs to form consonant group.
23Cs can begin a syllable except /ng/: s- has 6types, -w 7types, -r 9types,.21 syllables with consonants as the end
greenhouse/green’house a ‘blackbird----- / a black ‘bird ‘glasscase (眼镜盒) --- glass’case 玻璃盒, ’English teacher( 英语教师 )----English "teacher( 英籍教师 ) short ‘hand(钟表的时针 )-----shorthand( 速记 ) tall ‘boy---tallboy( 高脚柜 ) four ‘ways----fourways( 交叉路口 ) ‘steel con’tainer (钢制容器) ------‘steel container (盛钢的容器)
‘plastic ‘bag(塑料袋 )----‘plastic factory (塑料制品厂) ‘metal ‘box----‘metal company (金属制造公司) ‘fish ‘pie----‘fish shop They are ‘cooking apples----someone are cooking apples They are cooking ‘apples---They are apples for cooking.
.
But stress in Chinese is not functional, nearly every word is stressed, because of the tone, weak form is impossible. according to the habit. 文化 , 爸爸 ,葡萄 , 聪明
助词 (了、的、吗),词尾(子、儿、们),方位词(中、里,上)
unstressed form in the second syllable, may be functional: 大意 (主要意思 )/ 大 . 意 (疏忽 ), 下场 (退场 )/下 .场 (结局 ),
支付),对头(正确) / 对头(仇人)管家(管理家务)管 . 家(仆人) But only 3.2% sylllables
To identify the stressed syllable. host-ess, dish-es, , match-es, read-ing, larg-er, use-ful, a-sle
ep ,en-slave, mis-lead, ill-natured In Chinese,most are S stress, W stress 3.2%in 1332 stresses. 子 ---旗子,桌子 头 ---苦头,甜头。们 ----我们,他们,的 ---新鲜的, 先进的,地 ---迅速地,努力地。
One character one stress, each read aloud and clearly with nearly equal time. One reason is tone, another is that nearly 14000 words in 20000 two-syllable words have the stress on the last syllable( 徐世荣, 1982) ,冯隆( 1985 ) the second syllable pronounced time118ms, while the first 104ms, 13% shorter. But most two-syllable English nouns and adj. with the first stressed syllable. Tajima(1997) ‘s experiment. Chinese students pronounce “market””briefest””mountain”, the first syllable lasts 13ms longer than the second, even equal, but the native speakers it is 90ms longer.one way is to pronounce vowels fully,
syllable-timed language and stress-timed language Foot-timing. One foot is composed of at least two stresses.
One is weak, another strong. It is called binary branching
foot foot S W W S Different types of footing. sw, sww, swww, wsww, swwpw Each foot has equal time to pronounce it whether the foot
has two or three or five syllables.That is, the stressed syllable pronounced aloud, and weak syllables quickly. That is the quality of vowels is affected by stress
/Not /everybody is in the /shop / /evribdizi,n/ ./She ‘said /‘nothing /when I ‘asked her/ if she is ‘going On ‘that oc’casion there was ‘noting to be ‘done. This is the ‘ house that ‘Jack ‘built The man’s here/The manager’s here Break, break, break,(3 syllables) On the cold grey stones, O sea(7syllables) I think he wants to go (6 syllables) I think it was an excellent affair. (10 syllables) Ted has been to the hotel recently. ( 10 syllables ) The ‘boy is ‘interested in en’larging his vo’cabulary.(16syllables) ’Great ‘progress is ‘made ‘daily. (7syllable) .