Lecture № 19. 1. Joining of the Middle and the Senior zhuzes to Russia. Construction of fortresses. 2. Policy of Ablai Khan.

Colonial policy of Russia in Kazakhstan. Statehood of Kazakhstan during epoch of Ablai.

Lecture № 19

Brief contents:

• 1. Joining of the Middle and the Senior zhuzes to Russia. Construction of fortresses .• 2. Policy of Ablai Khan.

1. Joining of the Middle and the Senior zhuzes to Russia. Construction of fortresses .

• After joining of Yongest zhuze to Russia , the rulers of the Middle and Oldest zhuzes also announced their desire of being “ under protection”.

• 1734 y.-Semeke khan (Middle zhuze) was joined to Russia

• 60-80-th yy. of XIX c.- joining to Russia of Senior zhuze.

• In 30-40-th years the Youngest and the Middle zhuze developed mainly on the lines of intensification of the individual contacts of the Russian frontier administration with the Kazak rulers and discovering with the help of the famous method of «Testing and mistakes» the most effective methods of influence on the traditional social-legal institutes of the nomads with the object of their further transformation and incorporation into the administrative-political structures of Russia.

• Nevertheless the juridical registration of the suzera inty Russia over the Kazak zhuzes gave the basis to the tsarist government to realize a number of measures for the strengthening of the positions of the Russian.

• Crown in the northern and eastern border lines of Kazakhstan, and to begin towns and new fortified lines, to create the conditions for trading with the neighboring Asian states and others.

• The Omsk town (1733y.) and then Orenburg (1743 y.) became the centers of the various contacts of Russia not only with the people of Kazakhstan but with the peoples of Central Asia too.

2. Policy of Ablai Khan. The time of ruling of

Ablai khan (1711-1771)- life’s time;

(1771-1781)-rulings time , who was raised to the throne on a white felt in the mausoleum of Hodja Akhmet Yassavi in Turkestan in 1771, is characterized by his maneuvering between Russia, China and the Central Asian khanates.

Turkestan is capital of Kazakh khanate and Keeper of the quietness's Kazakh khans

Ablai khan was a great diplomat, and a fearless military leader. He united all Kazakh tribes into a strong country in such a hard time to defend their motherland• In the first half of the 18-th century, Ablai Khan proved

to be a talented organizer and commander as he headed detachments of the Kazakh militia fighting the Dzungars. He participated in the most significant battles against the Dzungars from 1720s- to 1750-s, for which he was declared a "batyr" ("hero") by the people.

The time of ruling of Ablai khan is characterized by his maneuvering between Russia, China and the Central Asian khanates.

He also refused to take an oath and to take the gifts of tsar's government. Following Abulkhair khan, he aspired to hold the supremacy in Kazakhstan by dint of Russian influenced To do this he constantly had to maneuver between Russia, China and Central Asian khanates (Bukhara, Khiva, Kokand).

● In 1757 y. Ablai accepted citizenship of Cin’ Imperia (China)

● In 1771 y. Ablai accepted citizenship

of Russia Imperia

Such policy hade got name

“Policy of double citizenships”

• Ablai khan was kept in the memory of the nation as the symbol of independence and struggle for the sovereignty of Kazakhstan.

• However, inevitability of colonialism and loss of political independence by Kazakhs were predetermined. In the 60s of the XIX century the Russian empire swallowed up the Kazakh land.

Further establishment of Russian domination in Kazakhstan the XIX century was realized by different methods and means:

■ First of all, it was realized by military and political means

the construction of fortification and defensive positions

(New- Ishim defense line)

■ Secondly, diplomatically, tsar’s officials settled disagreement between sultans and the heads of the kins by means of negotiations.

■ Thirdly, by means of social economic methods trade was being developed.

Thank you of attention!!!