Lecture 18 Constructing a Coastal Data Model for Nearshore ...courses.washington.edu/geog462/lec/LEC18_462.pdf · Revitalizing Puget Sound Puget Sound is the 2nd largest estuary by

Lecture 18Constructing a Coastal Data Model for Nearshore Puget Sound: A GIS Data, Information, and Knowledge

Community Perspectivewith connections to

Geog 462 Final Projects

Learning Objectives

18.1 What’s the motivation for a coastal data model?

18.2 What was the information (knowledge) integration process?

18.3 What are the results?

18.4 What are the valuable conclusions and directions?

General Motivation… CZM and GIS

Coastal zone management (CZM) requires robust geospatial information to be effective Particularly for nearshore areas… land

development impacts surface water runoff in watersheds that drain into coastal waters

CZM is a multi-stakeholder process that can make use of geographic information systems (GIS) Using GIS can help develop a shared insight

about problems, challenges and solutions about how to manage coastal resources

Community Motivation…

Revitalizing Puget Sound

Puget Sound is the 2nd largest estuary by area and largest by volume in the U.S.

In 2007, WA State Governor Gregoire established the Puget Sound Partnership (PSP) as a state agency. www.psp.wa.gov

Through an Action Agenda that continues to change, PSP coordinates the efforts of citizens, governments, tribes, scientists, businesses and nonprofits to set priorities, implement a regional recovery plan and ensure accountability for results.

Overall revitalization activity is expected to last much beyond 2020, costing billions of dollars.

2018-2022 Action Agendahttps://www.psp.wa.gov/action_agenda_center.php

HEALTHY HUMAN POPULATIONS WITH A VIBRANT QUALITY OF LIFE. A healthy Puget Sound requires healthy people, healthy cities, healthy tribes, healthy farms, and healthy ports. Actions in the Action Agenda support healthy human communities in the Puget Sound region.

PROTECTED AND RESTORED HABITATS AND THRIVING SPECIES AND FOODWEBS. Over the past 150 years, Puget Sound has lost at least two-thirds of its old growth forest and 80 percent of its saltwater and freshwater marshes. Many fish habitats have been compromised due to land development. The Action Agenda includes projects to restore these vital habitats. .

HEALTHY WATER QUALITY AND ABUNDANT WATER. Pollution from pipes, paved surfaces, and farms make water unsafe for drinking or swimming, make shellfish and fish unsafe to eat, and harm orca whales and other wildlife in the water. When people use too much water, this can also harm Puget Sound habitats and species. The Action Agenda includes actions that will reduce harmful pollutants to protect water quality and quantity and all the life that depends on clean water

Focusing the Motivation…Linking Research, Teaching, Service Learning

Puget Sound CZM is the motivating substantive theme in Geography 462/562 Coastal GIS.

Geog 462/562 participation is viewed as a core activity within a “learning community”; a learning community is a collection of people interested in learning about coastal GIS topics

Learning about GIS data can enhance understanding of the complexities of the fish and plant life and how human activities influence nearshore habitat.

Learn about the “coastal GIS data community”.

Data community – collection of people and organizations who “share interests” in a data theme and negotiate meaning & value about the data theme when putting it to use in theory and practice

Puget Sound Nearshore basis for data community

…area of marine and estuarine shoreline extending approximately 2,500 miles from the Canadian border, throughout Puget Sound and out the Strait of Juan de Fuca to Neah Bay.

Nearshore – 2500 miles of shore

What is at issue with the PS Nearshore?

The integrity of the nearshore ecosystem is in jeopardy.

Nine of the ten species listed as endangered or threatened within the Puget Sound region inhabit the nearshore.

Pollution in parts of Puget Sound has caused lesions and tumors in flatfish that are eaten by eagles, seals, birds, and porpoises.

Urban and suburban developments along the Puget Sound coast have transformed the shoreline (areas), including (fresh and salt water) estuarine and nearshore habitats.

Changes in the physical processes include limiting food and nutrient sources for marine life, deteriorating beach sediment movement, and altering the flows of surface and groundwater. Let’s look at a depiction of that situation…

Data modeling assists learning about CZM and GIS

Conceptual, logical, physical data modeling is useful for learning about how to represent coastal features associated with water flow from watersheds into estuarine ecosystems –a core issue in previous described problems

Coastal data model can address many of Puget Sound Partnership concerns

Developing a data model…

Everyone has a mental model of the problem

Data models help scaffold our mental models

Fully articulated data model consists of three components (Codd 1980):

geospatial constructs for structuring data,

operations that can be performed on those structures to derive information from the data, and

rules for maintaining the integrity of data.

Developing a Coastal Data Model through information integration

Goal: Develop an overall “conceptual data schema” - a collection of feature classes and potential relationships that form the core of a PS nearshore database design

Information integration involves identifying, comparing, contrasting, synthesizing feature classes

Three steps in the method used… each used a different source of “community knowledge”

knowledge to perform integration analysis

Integration Analysis and Synthesis Using Three View-Steps

View-Step 1 - integrate watershed data (ArcHydro Data Model) and marine data (ArcMarine Data Model)

View-Step 2 - identify coastal feature classes described within a textbook reader about coastal zone management and add them to the feature class list for the coastal data model.

View-Step 3 - use recommendations from Puget Sound Nearshore Partnership report to further contextualize the coastal data model with regard to operations

Knowledge from a different “community of practice” associated with each view-step when synthesize composes a diversified coastal data (knowledge) model

View-Step 1 - Using ArcHydroand ArcMarine Data Models

ArcHydro Data Model describes geospatial and temporal data about surface water resource features in watersheds (Whiteaker, Schneider, Maidment 2001)

Addresses principal water resource features on a landscape

Describes how water moves from feature to feature through multiple connective networks and channels over time

ArcMarine Data Model provides integration of important features of the ocean-marine realm, both natural and human-made (Wright 2006)

Considers how marine and coastal data can be most effectively integrated within 4D space-time based on the multidimensional and dynamic nature of ocean data and processes

View-Step 1 Results – Data Models(See table 1 in reading)

Geospatial Data

Types

ArcHydro Data Model ArcMarine Data Model

Fixed point Drainage area centroids Marker, buoy, transponder

Instantaneous point Discharge measurement,

dissolved oxygen value

Raw bathymetry

Line Stream Sediment transport line

Polygon Catchment Habitat, marine boundaries

Time duration points Flow gauge Current meter

Time duration

intervals

Temperature at one point to

temperature at another point

Algae bloom trawl

Time duration areas Water surface elevation Oil spill

Feature classes Drainage, network, channel,

hydrology

Watershed, waterbody,

monitoring points, streams

View-Step 2 - Feature Classes from a Coastal Zone Management Book

Collection of feature classes and several attributes compiled from a text reader about coastal zone management

Another form of expert knowledge (Coastal Zone Management - Beatley, Brower, and Schwab 2002 published by Island Press)

Authors of a textbook are themselves experts in a topic, and that topic is peer reviewed by other experts familiar with the topic

View-Step 2 Results - CZM feature classes(see table 2 in reading)

• Barrier Islands• Estuaries• Coastal Marshes• Coral Reefs• Rocky Shores• Bluffs• Tides (dynamic, temporal)• Currents• Wind (Currents/Patterns)• Erosion and Accretion• Pollution and Toxic Contaminants• Wetlands (Protected/Unprotected)• Habitats – endangered species

• Land use and zoning of areas• Building code• Soil Composition/make-up• Catch Basins/ catchments• Watershed areas• Streams/Rivers/Water Flow• Ports – Freight and Passenger• Ferry Systems/Water Taxi• Continental Shelf/Slope• Water Depth/Slope• Land Cover – (e.g. Beach/Dunes)• Present Buildings/Structures• Infrastructure (on land, underneath)

View-Step 3Puget Sound Nearshore Partnership

On October 13th, 2006, the Puget Sound Partnership executive committee released recommendations for focusing efforts in the Puget Sound area

Recommendations are useful for… a) identifying fundamental themes for improving the health of

Puget Sound (for update see 2018-2020 Action Agenda Overview, Puget Sound Vital Signs)

b) identifying features that can corroborate the list identified from reviewing Beatley, Brower, and Schwab (2002) as well as those in the integration of the ArcHydro and ArcMarine Data Models, and

c) identifying primary and secondary processes that encourage various GIS data analyses in which we derive information as a basis for decision support to restore the Sound

View-Step 3 Results – Processes(see table 3 in reading;

possible Geog 462/562 final project topics)

Protect existing habitat and prevent further losses

Restore amount and quality of habitat; reduce fragmentation

Reduce toxics entering the Sound

Reduce pollution from human and animal wastes into the Sound

Promote and support new and existing treatment facilities

Improve water quality and habitat; managing stormwater runoff

Identify, prioritize, and implement retrofits where stormwater runoff is causing environmental harm; mitigation strategies

Provide water for people, fish and wildlife, and the environment

Protect ecosystem biodiversity and recover imperiled species

Implement existing recovery plans and create recovery programs for species at risk of extinction lacking current recovery plans

Overall Synthesis Results

Feature classes identified in steps 1, 2, and 3 are collected together in Table 4 in reading.

The feature classes are grouped into feature datasets

We identify the most likely geospatial data type to act as a database representation

Not all features would be used in all applications, so it is important to identify which feature classes and processes are to be manipulated by what data operations

PSNERP database can get you started with data

Coastal Data Model Features and Geospatial Data Construct Types

(abbreviated Table 4)Features/Process Geospatial Data Construct Types

Raster Point Line Polygon Network

Physical/Natural

Shoreline

Human

Infrastructure/Impact

Dynamic Natural

Phenomena

Water and Water Bodies

Underwater Topography

But, data and operations are needed to generate information

Coastal Data Model Operations lead to Applications - 1

Interaction of places & spaces, for example: dairy farms and urban sites, or tsunami impacts on soil types and composition related to land cover and erosion hazards

Operations: Overlays, buffering, and flow accumulation

Basic interaction operations can help examine the kinds of areas that could affect one another. Identifying areas that could potentially have adverse effects on one another is called vulnerability analysis. Critical resource areas (receptors) are vulnerable to pollution (stressors or hazards)

Coastal Data Model Operations lead to Applications - 2

Pollution runoff/stormwater runoff, for example: finding where it occurs by identifying critical areas of concern

Operations: Hydrology operations for flow, identification of spaces

Hydrologic tools (fill, flow direction, flow accumulation, basin tool, and watershed tool) enable examination of how and where water and other pollutants flow from one area to another. This is useful again in establishing where and how runoff occurs, and finding areas where new infrastructure for this type of runoff needs to be placed and where mitigation retrofits need to be applied to already present infrastructure. This is a principal goal for the Puget Sound Partnership as described in the action agenda.

Coastal Data Model Operations lead to Applications - 3

Tidal Currents and pollution interaction with tides, for example: sanitary sewer outfall points of ‘cleaned water’ moves with the tides in the water

Operations: Flow direction as movement on top of water

This application examines how water mixes and/or how pollution moves within currents and tides when entering bodies of water and can be performed with certain water flow/direction operations. One can digitize and create new datasets based on directionally of tides and currents. Understanding how water interacts with itself is important to understand how different substances of pollution would move within it and affect specific zones.

Coastal Data Model Operations lead to Applications - 4

Migratory animal movement from ecosystem to ecosystem, for example: Birds, Whales, Salmon, or Turtles

Operations: Network Analyst tools

Construction and mapping of networks can establish areas through which migratory animals pass. It can characterize the distances in which they travel and the times in which they arrive in those areas and the total time in takes them to move from area to area. This application might examine the overall ecosystem interaction of the animals.

Coastal Data Model Operations lead to Applications - 5

Transportation interaction with the coast, for example: Ferry systems and road systems for vehicles

Operations: Network Analyst tools, Flow direction and Accumulation

Characterizing vehicle transportation networks enable us to identify areas of concern where transportation systems pass through areas within watersheds. These are strongly linked to discovering the pollution that comes from these transportation systems. We can use traffic counts and vehicle miles traveled on particular road segments (or travel segments with say the Ferry system) to estimate how much pollution is coming from road segments and also where mitigation projects need to be developed.

Conclusions about Data Modeling

Data modeling enables and limits GIS applications for data communities of practice, that is, groups of people using GIS data in various ways.

Integrating perspectives from different communities of knowledge practice, e.g., per the three integration steps, results in a diversified database model.

Database models for your final projects should be informed by the goals of your application. What stakeholder group, technical specialists and scientists, and/or decision makers are interested in the project application that you develop? Link your project to a broader goal in society to foster value in information.

Prospects for Research, Education and Outreach Service in the Community

Educational activities involving multi-stakeholder participatory modeling is a social and community learning process…even in Geog 462 final projects

Geog 462 provides an opportunity for social learning about complex problems set within an engaging situation like “revitalizing Puget Sound”

Such engagement is a basis of enhancing participatory governance with the use of GIS in regional settings; there are many such regional settings around the world.