1 Lecture 15: Pregnancy Lecture 15: Pregnancy • Gestational Development Gestational Development • Early development and the Early development and the placenta placenta • Maternal/fetal conflict Maternal/fetal conflict • The Physiology of The Physiology of Pregnancy Pregnancy • Pica eating Pica eating • Pregnancy Sickness Pregnancy Sickness The Behavioral Biology of Women-2006
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Lecture 15: Pregnancy - people.fas.harvard.edupeople.fas.harvard.edu/~anth1380/Slides/Lecture 15.pdf6 Corpus Luteum •Produces increasing amounts of progesterone •Synthesizes estrogen
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Lecture 15: Pregnancy Lecture 15: Pregnancy
•• Gestational DevelopmentGestational Development
•• Early development and the Early development and the
placentaplacenta
•• Maternal/fetal conflictMaternal/fetal conflict
•• The Physiology of The Physiology of
PregnancyPregnancy
•• Pica eatingPica eating
•• Pregnancy SicknessPregnancy Sickness
The Behavioral Biology of Women-2006
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Exercise during Pregnancy Exercise during Pregnancy
•• First 14First 14--16 days = 16 days = formation of an embryoformation of an embryo
•• Histiotropic nutritionHistiotropic nutrition --relies on uterine secretions relies on uterine secretions for oxygen and metabolic for oxygen and metabolic substratessubstrates
EmbryogenesisEmbryogenesis
•• ConceptusConceptus
•• First 14First 14--16 days = 16 days = formation of an embryoformation of an embryo
•• Histiotropic nutrition Histiotropic nutrition --relies on uterine secretions relies on uterine secretions for oxygen and metabolic for oxygen and metabolic substratessubstrates
•• Differentiation into Differentiation into embryonic (inner cell embryonic (inner cell mass) and extramass) and extra--embryonic embryonic tissue (trophoblast)tissue (trophoblast)
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Implantation: Actions of BlastocyteImplantation: Actions of Blastocyte
•• (1) Blastocyte establishes physical and (1) Blastocyte establishes physical and
nutritional contact with maternal nutritional contact with maternal
endometriumendometrium
Blastocyte Embedded in Uterine Lining
Haemotrophic Nutrition =
Nutrition from the maternal
blood supply
Establishment of the PlacentaEstablishment of the Placenta
•• Digestion of Digestion of
maternal tissue to maternal tissue to
release metabolic release metabolic
substratessubstrates
•• Primary Primary
Decidualization Decidualization
ReactionReaction
Species Differences in PlacentasSpecies Differences in Placentas
Human (discoid)Mouse, rabbit, bat Cat, seal, elephant ,bear (zonary)
in blood clotting factorsin blood clotting factors
2020
Sources of Weight GainSources of Weight Gain Charlotte BronteCharlotte Bronte
Studies of
Pregnancy
Sickness(NVP,
Nausea and
Vomiting
during
Pregnancy)
Pregnancy Sickness and Pregnancy Sickness and
Hormonal LevelsHormonal Levels
•• Higher levels of Higher levels of
HCG associated HCG associated
with increased with increased
nausea, vomiting, nausea, vomiting,
food aversion and food aversion and
smell aversionsmell aversion
•• Higher levels of HCG Higher levels of HCG associated with associated with increased nausea, increased nausea, vomiting, food aversion vomiting, food aversion and smell aversionand smell aversion
•• HCG peaks at 8HCG peaks at 8--10 10 weeks weeks ——parallels parallels pregnancy sicknesspregnancy sickness
Pregnancy Sickness and Pregnancy Sickness and
Hormonal LevelsHormonal Levels
•• Higher levels of HCG Higher levels of HCG associated with increased associated with increased nausea, vomiting, food nausea, vomiting, food aversion and smell aversionaversion and smell aversion
•• HCG peaks at 8HCG peaks at 8--10 weeks 10 weeks ——parallels pregnancy sicknessparallels pregnancy sickness
•• Higher levels of HCG associated Higher levels of HCG associated with increased nausea, vomiting, with increased nausea, vomiting, food aversion and smell aversionfood aversion and smell aversion
•• HCG peaks at 8HCG peaks at 8--10 weeks 10 weeks ——parallels pregnancy sicknessparallels pregnancy sickness
•• Ratio not related to nausea or Ratio not related to nausea or vomitingvomiting
Pregnancy Sickness and Pregnancy Sickness and
Hormonal LevelsHormonal Levels
•• Higher levels of HCG associated Higher levels of HCG associated with increased nausea, vomiting, with increased nausea, vomiting, food aversion and smell aversionfood aversion and smell aversion
•• HCG peaks at 8HCG peaks at 8--10 weeks 10 weeks ——parallels pregnancy sicknessparallels pregnancy sickness
•• Food aversions, nausea Food aversions, nausea and vomiting of and vomiting of pregnancy sickness pregnancy sickness protect embryo against protect embryo against maternal ingestion of maternal ingestion of teratogens and teratogens and abortifacients that are abortifacients that are abundant in natural abundant in natural foods.foods.
Profet, 1990
Pregnancy Sickness HypothesisPregnancy Sickness Hypothesis•• Food aversions, nausea and Food aversions, nausea and
vomiting of pregnancy vomiting of pregnancy
sickness protect embryo sickness protect embryo
against maternal ingestion of against maternal ingestion of
teratogens and abortifacients teratogens and abortifacients
that are abundant in natural that are abundant in natural
foods.foods.
•• Lowering of the normal Lowering of the normal
human threshold of tolerance human threshold of tolerance
to toxins to compensate for to toxins to compensate for
extreme vulnerability of extreme vulnerability of
embryoembryo Profet, 1990
Pregnancy SicknessPregnancy Sickness
•• Foods that are safely Foods that are safely
ingested by adults ingested by adults
contain compounds contain compounds
that induce fetal that induce fetal
malformationsmalformations
Pregnancy SicknessPregnancy Sickness
•• Foods that are safely Foods that are safely
ingested by adults ingested by adults
contain compounds contain compounds
that induce fetal that induce fetal
malformationsmalformations
•• Women with Women with
pregnancy sickness pregnancy sickness
avoid foods that emit avoid foods that emit
cues associated with cues associated with
toxicitytoxicity
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Pregnancy SicknessPregnancy Sickness
•• Foods that are safely Foods that are safely
ingested by adults contain ingested by adults contain
compounds that induce compounds that induce
fetal malformationsfetal malformations
•• Women with pregnancy Women with pregnancy
sickness avoid foods that sickness avoid foods that
emit cues associated with emit cues associated with
toxicitytoxicity
•• Pregnancy sickness Pregnancy sickness
begins when the begins when the
embryo becomes embryo becomes
vulnerable to toxinsvulnerable to toxins
Pregnancy SicknessPregnancy Sickness
•• Foods that are safely ingested Foods that are safely ingested
by adults contain compounds by adults contain compounds
that induce fetal malformationsthat induce fetal malformations
•• Women with pregnancy Women with pregnancy
sickness avoid foods that emit sickness avoid foods that emit
cues associated with toxicitycues associated with toxicity
•• Pregnancy sickness begins when Pregnancy sickness begins when
the embryo becomes vulnerable the embryo becomes vulnerable
to toxinsto toxins
•• Olfactory system changes Olfactory system changes
during pregnancy in ways during pregnancy in ways
that promote selective that promote selective
avoidanceavoidance
Pregnancy SicknessPregnancy Sickness
•• Foods that are safely ingested by adults Foods that are safely ingested by adults
contain compounds that induce fetal contain compounds that induce fetal
malformationsmalformations
•• Women with pregnancy sickness avoid Women with pregnancy sickness avoid
foods that emit cues associated with foods that emit cues associated with
toxicitytoxicity
•• Pregnancy sickness begins when the Pregnancy sickness begins when the
embryo becomes vulnerable to toxinsembryo becomes vulnerable to toxins
•• Olfactory system changes during Olfactory system changes during
pregnancy in ways that promote pregnancy in ways that promote
selective avoidanceselective avoidance
•• Women with pregnancy sickness Women with pregnancy sickness
have better pregnancy outcomeshave better pregnancy outcomes
Pregnancy SicknessPregnancy Sickness
•• Foods that are safely ingested by adults Foods that are safely ingested by adults
contain compounds that induce fetal contain compounds that induce fetal
malformationsmalformations
•• Women with pregnancy sickness avoid foods Women with pregnancy sickness avoid foods
that emit cues associated with toxicitythat emit cues associated with toxicity
•• Pregnancy sickness begins when the embryo Pregnancy sickness begins when the embryo
becomes vulnerable to toxinsbecomes vulnerable to toxins
•• Olfactory system changes during pregnancy in Olfactory system changes during pregnancy in
ways that promote selective avoidanceways that promote selective avoidance
•• Women with pregnancy sickness have better Women with pregnancy sickness have better
pregnancy outcomespregnancy outcomes
•• Pregnancy sickness is crossPregnancy sickness is cross--culturalcultural
Test of Profet HypothesisTest of Profet Hypothesis
(Flaxman & Sherman, 2000)
Does morning sickness
protect the embryo by
causing pregnant women
to physically expel and
subsequently avoid foods
that contain teratogenic
and abortifacient
chemicals?
Test of Profet HypothesisTest of Profet Hypothesis• Symptoms peak when embryonic organogenesis is most susceptible to chemical disruption (weeks 6-18)
(Flaxman & Sherman, 2000)
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Test of Profet HypothesisTest of Profet Hypothesis• Symptoms peak when embryonic organogenesis is most susceptible to chemical disruption (weeks 6-18)
• Women who experience morning sickness are significantly less likely to miscarry than women who do not (9 of 9 studies)
(Flaxman & Sherman, 2000)
Test of Profet HypothesisTest of Profet Hypothesis• Symptoms peak when embryonic organogenesis is most susceptible to chemical disruption (weeks 6-18)
• Women who experience morning sickness are significantly less likely to miscarry that women who do not (9 of 9 studies)
• Women who vomit suffer fewer miscarriages than those who experience nausea alone
(Flaxman & Sherman, 2000)
Test of Profet HypothesisTest of Profet Hypothesis• Symptoms peak when embryonic organogenesis is most susceptible to chemical disruption (weeks 6-18)
• Women who experience morning sickness are significantly less likely to miscarry that women who do not (9 of 9 studies)
• Women who vomit suffer fewer miscarriages than those who experience nausea alone
• Many pregnant women have aversions to alcoholic and nonalcoholic (mostly caffeinated) beverages and strong-tasting vegetables, especially during the first trimester.
(Flaxman & Sherman, 2000)
Test of Profet HypothesisTest of Profet Hypothesis• Symptoms peak when embryonic organogenesis is most susceptible to chemical disruption (weeks 6-18)
• Women who experience morning sickness are significantly less likely to miscarry that women who do not (9 of 9 studies)
• Women who vomit suffer fewer miscarriages than those who experience nausea alone
• Many pregnant women have aversions to alcoholic and nonalcoholic (mostly caffeinated) beverages and strong-tasting vegetables, especially during the first trimester.
• However, greatest aversions are to meat, fish, poultry and eggs.