Lecture 15 NATURAL RESOURCE PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT Dr. Aneel SALMAN Department of Management Sciences COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad.

Lecture 15NATURAL RESOURCE PLANNING AND

MANAGEMENT

Dr. Aneel SALMANDepartment of Management Sciences

COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad

Recap Lecture 14

• How to support an enabling legal framework• Nominal and Functional law• How to support implementation of CBNRM?• How to support CBNRM through

decentralization?• CBNRM as deconcentration in combination

with delegation

Institutions Are… “tools that fallible humans use to change incentives to

enable fallible humans to overcome social dilemmas” (Elinor Ostrom 2005)

“the humanly devised constraints that structure political, economic and social interaction. They consist of both informal constraints (sanctions, taboos, customs, traditions, and codes of conduct), and formal rules (constitutions, laws, property rights)” (North 1991)

Formal Versus Informal Institutions

• Formal institutions are usually based on written rules/constraints, frameworks in which human interactions take place.

• Informal institutions exist in every society, class and community. These institutions are based on cultural norms, traditions, customs and taboos, usually based on unwritten, albeit strictly implemented codes of conduct.

Environmental Governance and Formal Institutions-Pakistan

• The State– National Legal Framework and International

Environmental Obligations– The Governance Nexus- Federal, Provincial and

Local

• The Judiciary• The Civil Society

Environmental Governance and Informal Institutions-Pakistan

• The Panchayat• Goth Kath (Village Assemblies)• Traditional Conservation Practices (Kareez)• Ismaili-Based Institutions

Environmental Governance and Informal Institutions-Pakistan

• Mosques and Madrassahs• Village Organizations (VOs) and Women

Organizations (WOs)• Informal Credit System• Mohallah/ Neighborhood Savings Committees

Keti Bunder-Study Area

Keti Bunder-Study Area• Three villages:– Bhoori– Tippun– Haji Musa Jat

Extensive secondary literature review done.Collection of primary data on environmental and climate

change impacts and adaptation using mix method participatory approaches to find linkages between state

and local institutional responses to environmental changes especially climate variability and human security.

Keti Bunder- Livelihood Patterns

• Poultry, beetle leaf (paan) farming and growing banana and coconut orchards inland. But due to the decline in fresh water and relentless sea water intrusion there has been a major change from agriculture and livestock to an almost total dependence on fishing (which is now also under threat).

• Given the skills, age and economic situation people may work as fishermen, boat owners, middlemen (beoparis), helpers (khalasis), or boat captain (nakho).

• For a few inland villages livestock is an option and they raise camels. There are some households which are involved in selling mangrove wood as a source of their livelihoods.

Environmental Security Threats: Changing Climate Conditions

• Physical and Environmental Impacts– Sea intrusion – Intensity of storms/cyclones – Changes in rainfall – Temperature– Mangrove cover – Fresh water flows; – Fisheries – Biodiversity

Human Security Threat: Migration• Keti Bunder has witnessed internal migration and

mobility within various villages due to sea intrusion and subsequent changing livelihood patterns.

• Temporary migrations in 1999 and 2007 due to cyclones.

• Villages Bhoori and Tippun have not seen any mass out-migration over the years, but this is no longer the case now due to changing climate.

Human Security Threat: Ethnic Conflicts

• Jaats switched from farming to fishing – use small mesh nylons nets (katra) and this is crashing adult fish populations.

• Memon and Syed caste are usually rich; they own local businesses and agriculture. They also lend money to poor fishermen and keep them in debt traps.

• The Jaats have also increased their camel population and grazing by these animals is damaging mangrove forests.

Human AND Environmental Security Threat: Lack of Implementation

• Formal Institutions– Parliament passed legislation for the protection of

mangrove ecosystems. BUT

Human AND Environmental Security Threat: Lack of Implementation

• Formal Institutions– State has also imposed a number of regulations

regarding the type of fishing vessels and fishing gears used by fisherfolk. BUT

Human AND Environmental Security Threat: A Corrupt State

• Formal Institutions – Sindh Assembly passed legislation for protection

of wildlife according to which illegal hunting of certain species can lead to imprisonment of up to 2 yrs and huge fine. BUT

Legal state permits granted to dignitaries (Arab sheikhs) to hunt the endangered Houbara.

Human AND Environmental Security Threat: A Corrupt State

• Formal Institutions – Pakistan’s oceanic waters divided into 3 distinct zones:

from 0-12 NM where small-scale fishing with motorboats, cotton nets is permissible; 12-35 NM where larger boats with finer nets permissible; 35-200 NM for large commercial dragnet trawlers with ‘mother’ and ‘offspring’ boats. BUT

– Fishing is banned during June-July, as this is the period when fish stock is re-generated (i.e. bred and hatched) in mangrove swamps on coastline. BUT

Strengthening Human Security and Environmental Governance

• Informal Institutions – Maintain band of natural saltwater tolerant

mangrove plantations between the mudflats and sea

Strengthening Human Security and Environmental Governance

• Informal Institutions– Tying ropes around huts.– Strong anchors for boats.– Mohallah savings by women. – Storage.– Communal pooling.– Local festivals, songs.– Risk communication: Mobile phones and radios.

Strengthening Human Security and Environmental Governance

– Role of non-government organizations–CBOs–Women Organizations–Village Communities–Community-led mangrove and vegetation

plantation–Role of maulvi–Skill diversification: »Farmer Field School »Women Vocational Center

Construction

Construction

Sources of Energy• Kerosene and diesel lamps

have been major source for lighting purposes in creeks.

• Bhoori and Tippun: wind turbines and solar panels installed for electricity.

• 10 acres of land being converted into biofuel nurseries by planting Jatropha and castor oil in KB.

Sources of Energy

Mangrove Plantations

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Recommendations• Third path for development, one that relies

on the ability of human institutions to solve basic needs. (Ostrom 1990, 2009)

• Understanding the functioning of local cultures and institutions. (Kapoor 2004)

• Learning to learn from below. (Spivak)

• +ive impact of institutions on NRM, CCA. (Agrawal et al. 2008; Agarwal, 2010; Ostrom, 2009).

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RecommendationsAdaptation, Institutions and Livelihoods (AIL) Framework

• Building local institutional partnerships & supporting local self-organization:– Defining their functions like information gathering,

dissemination; resource allocation, mobilization; capacity building; leadership; inter-communication set-up/networking with other institutions.

– NGOs can be incubators (with exit strategies) for local institutions.

Climate Change ImpactsSocial Economic Cultural

EnvironmentalInstitutions

shape Risks and Impacts

Social Ecological ContextHouseholds

Formal, civil, private institutions

mediate, shapestrengthen/research

External Interventions/International Institutions

Technology FundsExpertise

Local institutionsParticipation

EmpowermentCommunication

IntegrationCoordination

Capacity BuildingPractices

Sustainable Adaptation PracticesMobility

Communal PoolingStorage

DiversificationExchange

Recommendations

• Harmonizing state water and fishing policies. • Alternative energy, skill/employment

diversification.

THANK YOU