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Lecture 15 Cytokinins Regulators of cell division Discovery & Structure Biosynthesis & Metabolism Biological Roles of Cytokinins Mode of Action Outline
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Lecture 15 Cytokinins Regulators of cell division

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Lecture 15 Cytokinins Regulators of cell division. Outline. Discovery & Structure Biosynthesis & Metabolism Biological Roles of Cytokinins Mode of Action. Discovery. G. Haberlandt ( 德国植物学家, 1913) 将打碎的植物 韧皮 组织放在马铃薯块茎 的伤口上,发现伤口附近薄壁细胞分裂。. Conclusion: - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Page 1: Lecture 15 Cytokinins                            Regulators of cell division

Lecture 15 Cytokinins

Regulators of cell division

Discovery & Structure

Biosynthesis & Metabolism

Biological Roles of Cytokinins

Mode of Action

Outline

Page 2: Lecture 15 Cytokinins                            Regulators of cell division

Discovery

G. Haberlandt( 德国植物学家, 1913)

将打碎的植物韧皮组织放在马铃薯块茎 的伤口上,发现伤口附近薄壁细胞分裂。

Conclusion: Substance in the phloem could induce division of parenchyma cells( 薄壁细胞 ) of potato.

Page 3: Lecture 15 Cytokinins                            Regulators of cell division

Discovery

1954 年, F. Skoog ( USA )等 重复 Haberlandt 工作,结果相同。

验证:向培养基中加生长素结果:细胞体积变大,但不分裂。

结论:促进细胞分裂的物质不是生长素。

假设:某种物质 = 生长素?

Page 4: Lecture 15 Cytokinins                            Regulators of cell division

Discovery

F. Skoog 等重新假设

细胞分裂需要合成 DNA ,

那么,促进分裂的物质是 DNA

或与 DNA 代谢产物有关?

Page 5: Lecture 15 Cytokinins                            Regulators of cell division

Discovery

Fresh DNA Cell division

Aged herring sperm DNA Cell division

( 鲱鱼 ) Herring

C. Miller (Skoog’s graduate, 1955)

Page 6: Lecture 15 Cytokinins                            Regulators of cell division

Discovery

C. Miller (Skoog’s graduate, 1955)

高压灭菌 Cell DivisionFresh DNA

结论:促进细胞分裂的不是 DNA 本身,而是 DNA 的降解产物。

Page 7: Lecture 15 Cytokinins                            Regulators of cell division

Discovery

Kinetin from herring sperm DNA (1955)

1N

N

N

H

N

NHO

CH2

N6— 呋喃甲基腺嘌呤(化学名)

2 4

56

78

9

激动素( KT )

Page 8: Lecture 15 Cytokinins                            Regulators of cell division

Discovery

1964 年,首次从植物组织分离得到细胞分裂素——玉米素 Zeatin

广泛存在于植物和细菌

Page 9: Lecture 15 Cytokinins                            Regulators of cell division

Structure

Natural CKs in plant cell

共同结构

—— 嘌呤

Page 10: Lecture 15 Cytokinins                            Regulators of cell division

Structure

Synthesized CK—— 嘌呤类

66 - 苄氨基嘌呤

6 - BA

Page 11: Lecture 15 Cytokinins                            Regulators of cell division

Structure

Synthesized CK—— 苯脲类

CPPU: N- ( 2-chloro-4-pyridy)-N’-phenylurea

氯 吡啶 苯脲

应用 果实:葡萄、草莓、西瓜、猕猴桃等 块根 茎类

生物活性比腺嘌呤类的高

Page 12: Lecture 15 Cytokinins                            Regulators of cell division

膨大剂使用不当造成西瓜爆裂

CPPU 俗称: KT30 膨大剂 膨大素 大果灵

Page 13: Lecture 15 Cytokinins                            Regulators of cell division

Biosynthesis

从头合成:甲瓦龙酸→玉米素

Page 14: Lecture 15 Cytokinins                            Regulators of cell division

甲瓦龙酸→ GA12

Page 15: Lecture 15 Cytokinins                            Regulators of cell division

酵母丝氨酸 tRNA

异戊烯基腺苷

Biosynthesis

tRNA 降解

虽然 tRNA可降解释放 iP,

但这种方式似乎不能满足植物对 CK的需要。故此途径不是 CK合成的主要途径。 ——武维华(第一版)

Page 16: Lecture 15 Cytokinins                            Regulators of cell division

Biosynthesis

Sites

CK from root tip

are transported to shoots

via the xylem.

• Primarily in root tip

Page 17: Lecture 15 Cytokinins                            Regulators of cell division

CK produced in young leaves transports in phloem.

G. Haberlandt ( 德国, 1913)

F. Skoog (美国 ,1954 )等证实:韧皮细胞中有促进细胞分裂的物质

Biosynthesis

Sites

• in shoot meristem tissues

Page 18: Lecture 15 Cytokinins                            Regulators of cell division

冠瘿组织

Biosynthesis

CK is produced in crown gall.

Sites• in shoot meristem tissues

Page 19: Lecture 15 Cytokinins                            Regulators of cell division

Metabolism

CKs in plant cells

Active or Inactive?

Free CK

Bound CK

Active

Page 20: Lecture 15 Cytokinins                            Regulators of cell division

Metabolism

Free CK

•被高浓度自由态 CK所诱导•不可逆

细胞分裂素氧化酶

Page 21: Lecture 15 Cytokinins                            Regulators of cell division

Bound CKs

N3-G ,有活性

N7-G ,无活性

N9-G ,无活性

N9-Ala

• 嘌呤环上不可逆结合

羽扇豆酸 ( 无活性 )

Page 22: Lecture 15 Cytokinins                            Regulators of cell division

葡糖葡糖苷酶可催化其释放出自由态 CK

Bound CKs

• 侧链羟基与单糖结合

CK-O-glucoside ,无活性

CK-O-xyloside( 木糖基 ) ,无活性

因此, CK-O-glucoside可能是 CK 在植物细胞的储存形式。

Page 23: Lecture 15 Cytokinins                            Regulators of cell division

Metabolism

植物组织调节活性 CK 浓度途径的多样性

N3-G ,有活性

N7-G ,无活性

N9-G ,无活性

N9-Ala

•不可逆结合 • 侧链羟基与单糖结合

CK-O-G( 无 ) ≒CK +G

CK-O- 木糖 ( 无 )

Free CK: Active Bound CK

Page 24: Lecture 15 Cytokinins                            Regulators of cell division

Lecture 15 Cytokinins

Regulators of cell division

Discovery & Structure

Biosynthesis & Metabolism

Biological Roles of Cytokinins

Mode of Action

Outline

Page 25: Lecture 15 Cytokinins                            Regulators of cell division

Biological Roles of CK

- Regulation of Cell Division

- Deetiolation 去黄化 - Apical Dominance

- Leaf Senesence ( 衰老 )

- Development of fruit and seed

Page 26: Lecture 15 Cytokinins                            Regulators of cell division

•真核细胞周期 由周期素和依赖周期素的蛋白激酶共同调节。 Cyclin Cyclin-Dependent Protein Kinase

CDK-Cyclin

IAA 诱导基因表达

CK 诱导基因表达

Biological Roles of CK

Regulation of Cell Division in vivo

Page 27: Lecture 15 Cytokinins                            Regulators of cell division

GAs

调节细胞分裂的激素: IAA, GA, CK

IAA诱导 CDK表达CK诱导 Cyclin表达

•启动细胞从 G1 期进入 S 期

•缩短 G1 期,提前进入 S 期

Page 28: Lecture 15 Cytokinins                            Regulators of cell division

Biological Roles of CK

Regulation of Cell Division in vitro

Page 29: Lecture 15 Cytokinins                            Regulators of cell division

Biological Roles of CK

Deetiolation ( 去黄化 )

Etiolated seedling 黄化苗

•叶绿体未形成•子叶未打开•顶端弯钩

Page 30: Lecture 15 Cytokinins                            Regulators of cell division

• CK promotes Chloroplast development

From Chory et al. 1994

A. Etioplasts in dark

B. Thylakoid formation in dark-grown seedling treated with CK.

Page 31: Lecture 15 Cytokinins                            Regulators of cell division

T3 - Incubation for 3 days

•CK promotes cell expansion in cotyledons

光下还是黑暗 CK 都能促进子叶伸展

子叶

in water

子叶面积增大,干重不变

•不涉及质子外流•IAA 和 GA 无此作用

Page 32: Lecture 15 Cytokinins                            Regulators of cell division

促进细胞生长的激素

IAA 促进细胞壁伸展

促进新微纤丝沉积

In discussion

IAA 、 GA 、 CK

Page 33: Lecture 15 Cytokinins                            Regulators of cell division

Biological Roles of CK

Apical Dominance 顶端优势

CK 与 IAA 相互拮抗: - CK促进侧芽生长,抑制顶芽生长; - IAA促进顶芽生长,抑制侧芽生长。

IAA

CK高

地上部分 CK/IAA 的相对含量调控着顶端优势。

Page 34: Lecture 15 Cytokinins                            Regulators of cell division

Biological Roles of CK

Leaf Senescence ( 衰老 )

Ipt: CK 合成基因

CK 与 ABA和乙烯的拮抗作用调节叶片衰老

- CK 延缓衰老

- ABA 和乙烯促进衰老

Page 35: Lecture 15 Cytokinins                            Regulators of cell division

Cell division and growth

Accumulation of nutrients

Biological Roles of CK

Development of fruit and seed

氨基异丁酸

黄瓜幼苗黄瓜幼苗

Page 36: Lecture 15 Cytokinins                            Regulators of cell division

Lecture 15 Cytokinins

Regulators of cell division

Discovery & Structure

Biosynthesis & Metabolism

Biological Roles of CK

Mode of Action

Outline

Page 37: Lecture 15 Cytokinins                            Regulators of cell division

Mode of Action

Learn by yourself

Page 38: Lecture 15 Cytokinins                            Regulators of cell division

Pupils played on the lawn in their school.

Christchurch, New Zealand