Lecture 10 Soil vapor extraction, air sparging, and soil flushing
Lecture 10
Soil vapor extraction, air sparging,and soil flushing
Air stripper in Acton, MA. It is installed on an Acton public supply well affected by the W.R. Grace Superfund Site. Image courtesy of Peter Shanahan.
1,1-DCE Plume in Palo Alto, California
>10,000 ppb
>1000 ppb
>100 ppb
>10 ppb
CONCENTRATIONOF 1,1-DCE
Monitoring well
Capture Zone ModelLimit ofCaptureZone
WellWellW6
W3
Plume after Pump and Treat Starts
>1000 ppb
>100 ppb
>10 ppb
>1 ppb
CONCENTRATIONOF 1,1-DCE
Concentrations in Withdrawal Wells
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
12/15/1987 12/14/1988 12/15/1989 12/15/1990
Con
cent
ratio
n (u
g/L)
1,1-DCE in W31,1,1-TCA in W31,1-DCE in W61,1,1-TCA in W6
Concentrations in Withdrawal Wells
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
12/15/1987 12/14/1988 12/15/1989 12/15/1990
Con
cent
ratio
n (u
g/L)
1,1-DCE in W3 1,1,1-TCA in W31,1-DCE in W6 1,1,1-TCA in W6MCL for 1,1-DCE MCL for 1,1,1-TCA
6/1/93 1/1/94 6/1/94 1/1/95 6/1/95
0
4000
8000
12000
16000
20000
Con
cent
ratio
n of
TC
E (u
g/L)
6/1/93 1/1/94 6/1/94 1/1/95 6/1/95
0
400
800
1200
Con
cent
ratio
n of
TC
E (u
g/L)
LegendRecovery Well 1Recovery Well 2MCL for TCE - 5 ug/L
Concentrations in Pump and Treat Recovery Wellsat manufacturing facility, Hutchinson, Kansas
Historical Recognition of Limitations of Pump & Treat
1989 – Articles in Ground Water and ES&T question pump and treat remediation
1989 – EPA review finds only 1 out of 19 systems reached cleanup goals
1991 – EPA holds seminars on DNAPLs1992 – EPA issues “Estimating Potential for DNAPLs
at Superfund Sites”1993 – EPA issues “Technical Impracticability”
guidance1994 – National Research Council study finds 69 out
of 77 systems did not reach cleanup
Source: U.S. EPA, 2002. Groundwater Remedies Selected at Superfund Sites. Report No. EPA-542-R-01-022. Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. January 2002.
Source: U.S. EPA, 2002. Groundwater Remedies Selected at Superfund Sites. Report No. EPA-542-R-01-022. Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. January 2002.
Soil Vapor Extraction (SVE)
Adapted from: Hansen Web Design, February 23, 2003. Environews. U.S. Army at Badger Army Ammunition Plant. Baraboo, WI. http://www.badgeraap.org/environews/envmarapr99g.htm. Accessed February 27, 2003.
Air/Water Separator
VaporTreatment
Unit
Contaminated Soil
Vapor Flow Vapor Flow
Vapor Extraction Well
Valve
Vacuum Gauge
Vacuum Pump
SVE System
See image at the Web site of Wayne Perry, Inc., Soil Vapor Extraction Systems, http://www.wpinc.com/remedy/remedy30.html Accessed May 11, 2004.
Source: Wayne Perry, Inc., undated. Soil Vapor Extraction Systems. Wayne Perry, Inc., Buena Park, CA. http://www.wpinc.com/remedy/remedy30.html. Accessed November 17, 2002.
SVE Vapor Treatment
See image at the Web site of Environmental Support Technologies, Inc., Vapor Extraction Vent Testing and Treatment Systems, http://www.est-inc.com/vapext.htmAccessed May 11, 2004.
SVE Instrumentation and Controls
See image at the Web site of Applied Hydrology Associates, Inc., Soil Vapor Extraction, Air Sparging, and Bioventing. http://www.appliedhydrology.com/soil.htmAccessed May 11, 2004.
Paulsboro, NJ Oil Terminal
See image at the Web site of Environmental Satellite, Paulsboro, New Jersey. http://www.paulsboroterminal.com/agrave.asp?get=/Paulsboro_Pipeline/Fall_1999/gis_diagramAccessed May 11, 2004.
Paulsboro SVE System
See image at the Web site of Environmental Satellite, Paulsboro, New Jersey. http://www.paulsboroterminal.com/agrave.asp?get=/Paulsboro_Pipeline/Fall_2000/Treating_the_VaporsAccessed May 11, 2004.
BP Amoco, 2000. A Closer Look at Soil Vapor Extraction. Paulsboro Pipeline - Fall 2000. http://www.paulsboroterminal.com/agrave.asp?get=/Paulsboro_Pipeline/Fall_2000/Treating_the_Vapors
SVE System - Paulsboro
See image at the Web site of Environmental Satellite, Paulsboro, New Jersey. http://www.paulsboroterminal.com/agrave.asp?get=/Paulsboro_Pipeline/Fall_2000/The_SVE_System_at_the_Paulsboro_TerminalAccessed May 11, 2004.
BP Amoco, 2000. A Closer Look at Soil Vapor Extraction. Paulsboro Pipeline - Fall 2000. http://www.paulsboroterminal.com/agrave.asp?get=/Paulsboro_Pipeline/Fall_2000/The_SVE_System_at_the_Paulsboro_Terminal
Air Sparging & SVE
Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, undated. A Citizen’s Guide to Soil Vapor Extraction and Air Sparging. Technology Innovation Office, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Washington D.C. http://www.epa.gov/swertio1/download/citizens/citsve.pdf. Accessed May 12, 2004.
Air Sparging Concept
Vadose (Unsaturated) Zone
Air Sparging Concept
Air
Air Injection Well
Saturated Zone
Radius of Influence (ROI)
Adapted from: Sprague, Nicolle and Arnaud Delahay. Air Sparging. Groundwater Pollution Primer, CE 4594: Groundwater and Soil Pollution. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering. Virginia
Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, 1998. www.ce.vt.edu/.../tech/gwprimer/airsparg2/airsparg.html
Moderate Air Injection
See Figure 7 in: Ji, W., A. Dahmani, D. P. Ahlfeld, J. D. Lin and E. Hill, 1993. "Laboratory study of air sparging: air flow visualization." Ground Water Monitoring and Remediation, Vol. 13, No. 4, Pp. 115-126.
High Air Injection – Uniform Medium
See Figure 8 in: Ji, W., A. Dahmani, D. P. Ahlfeld, J. D. Lin and E. Hill, 1993. "Laboratory study of air sparging: air flow visualization." Ground Water Monitoring and Remediation, Vol. 13, No. 4, Pp. 115-126.
High Air Injection – Mixed Medium
See Figure 11 in: Ji, W., A. Dahmani, D. P. Ahlfeld, J. D. Lin and E. Hill, 1993. "Laboratory study of air sparging: air flow visualization." Ground Water Monitoring and Remediation, Vol. 13, No. 4, Pp. 115-126.
Stratified Medium Setup
See Figure 13 in: Ji, W., A. Dahmani, D. P. Ahlfeld, J. D. Lin and E. Hill, 1993. "Laboratory study of air sparging: air flow visualization." Ground Water Monitoring and Remediation, Vol. 13, No. 4, Pp. 115-126.
Moderate Air Injection – Stratified Medium
See Figure 16 in: Ji, W., A. Dahmani, D. P. Ahlfeld, J. D. Lin and E. Hill, 1993. "Laboratory study of air sparging: air flow visualization." Ground Water Monitoring and Remediation, Vol. 13, No. 4, Pp. 115-126.
Air Sparging Microview
Low pressure →discontinuous air passage
High pressure →continuous air passage
See Figure 7a in: Elder, C. R. and C. H. Benson, 1999. "Air Channel Formation, Size, Spacing, and Tortuosity During Air Sparging." Ground Water Monitoring and Remediation, Vol. 19, No. 3, Pp. 171.
See Figure 7b in: Elder, C. R. and C. H. Benson, 1999. "Air Channel Formation, Size, Spacing, and Tortuosity During Air Sparging." Ground Water Monitoring and Remediation, Vol. 19, No. 3, Pp. 171.
Air Sparging – Bubble Movement
See Figure 5 in: Roosevelt, S. E. and M. Y. Corapcioglu, 1998. "Air bubble migration in a granular porous medium: Experimental studies." Water Resources Research, Vol. 34, No. 5, Pp. 1131-1142.
Air Sparging Conceptual Models
See Figure 12 in: Clayton, W. S., 1998. "A Field and Laboratory Investigation of Air Fingering During Air Sparging." Ground Water Monitoring and Remediation, Vol. 18, No. 3, Pp. 134-145.
Woburn Wells G&H
Superfund Site, Massachusetts
Source: Environmental Protection Agency, Region 1, Waste Site Cleanup & Reuse in New England, http://www.epa.gov/ne/superfund/sites/wellsgh/42364_TOC_Text.pdf. Accessed May 11, 2004.
Bedrock or Compacted Till
TopsoilCollected Vapors
Sparging Air Backfilled Trench
Air SpargingWell
Groundwater Extraction Well
Groundwater Capture Zone
Aerated Zone
Treatment System
750 50 100 150
50
25
0
0 0
20
40
60
80
100
7-1-94 21-1-94 4-2-94 18-2-94
Date
Vacuum Step Test
Pid Concentrations-Vapor Probes Inside Pilot Cell (Screened 0'-2')
Comprehensive SamplingDeep Sparging
Pid
Con
cent
ratio
n (to
tal V
OC
s ppm
-v)
Air
Flow
Rat
e (c
fm)
4-3-94 18-3-94 1-4-94 15-4-94
10
20
30
40
Shallow Sparging Test
Recovery Period
PID mean Sparging flow rate Vacuum flow rate
20-10-930
0
500
1000
1500
50
100
150
200
250
300
17-1-94 21-1-94 07-2-94
TCE
(ug/
L)TC
E (u
g/L)
15-2-94 21-2-94 09-3-94
20-10-93 17-1-94 21-1-94 07-2-94 15-2-94 21-2-94 09-3-94
NP-1D, Groundwater-TCE
NP-2S, Groundwater-TCE
Baseline
Shallow Sparging Test
Comprehensive Sampling
Recovery Period
Date
Date