Lecture 10 Intro to Digital Mapping Systems.ppt

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EPS 101/271 Lecture 10: Introduction to Digital Mapping Systems

What are Digital Mapping Systems ?

What are their educational and professional advantages ?

How mapping software works: the visual user interface of GeoMapper/PenMap

Digital base maps

GPS devices (theory)

Classroom overview of GeoMapper use in the fieldLectureDemonstrationStudent use

An exciting advance with many rewards, requirespaying attention, following directions, personal responsibility, and respect forequipment – eg. UCSB

What is Digital Mapping ?Mapping using digital electronics and information

technology (IT) tools: (pen tablet portable PC’s and digital base maps)

How different is it from Geographic Information Systems (GIS) ?

GIS have 2 sources of information:- primary (newly-created data) made by

digital or conventional mapping methods- secondary (digitizing old -existing data)

until now GIS has largely dealt with secondary data

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Purposes of Digital Mapping:

Is the front end or data capture part of GIS systems-creating primary information

Mapping- implementing the science of geology

Increase overall productivity of mappers by improving:

Accuracy in positioning (location)S d f iSpeed of mapping Assisted standardizationIntegration of a variety of digital base mapsImproved 3-D visualization & interpretationOne-step “paperless” map production

Educational Goals:Provide an enabling technology to advance the

learning process of mapping and synthesis

Reduce uncertainties and hesitancy to commitid b f diffi l i iideas to a map because of difficulties in positioning

Improve mapping skills so that confidence builds as successful experiences reinforces skills

Encourage insightful use of available IT data, notentertain students with mere gadgets

Better preparation for professional careers

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Educational strategy:Initiate teaching mapping using traditional paper and

pencil methods

Simple, fast, inexpensive- shows what is out there

Digital instrumentation can interfere withlearning basic geological skills and concepts

Transition to digital mapping tools

Use project oriented discovery learning- not show andtell

Components

Color pen table PC computer: Fujitsu Stylisitc 5000 Pen Tablet PC, 1.2GHz/10.4”reflective screen, 512 MB Memory40 GB hard drive

Mapping program (GeoMapper of UC Berkeley and PenMap of StrataSoftware, Bradford, England)

Digital mediaBase maps: topographic, color orthophotos, epicenters

EPS 118- plus gravity, magnetics, glacial geology, epicenters

Real-time GPS for each student team integrated with mapping program and digital maps (not hand-held GPS)

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Turn sounds off to extend battery life

Turn brightness to zero when outdoors- extendbattery life and use only solar power

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Frequency: L1, 1575.42MHz

US GlobalSat BC 337 GPShttp://www.usglobalsat.com/p-140-bc-337.aspxGPS

US Globalsat BC-337 GPS receiver with compact flash20 channel AT-65 external antenna

GPS accuracy depends on:

Type of GPS unitThe number of satellites visible to the receiverStrength of satellite signals (S/N)Geometric position of satellite in the sky (constellation)Differential corrections- require an unobstructed view of the

southern sky- suggestion: put your external GPSantenna on your shoulderFace north when taking GPS readings- this automatically gives you the best chance of receivingthe DGPS signals.

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Satellite Geometry given as:HDOP = Horizontal dilution of precission

Good GPS fix butNot differentiallycorrected

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HGOP =1 is ideal

Have to position yourself so that thep yGPS receiver is in direct lineWith a satellite sending down theDifferential corrections- next time

Orbits: ISS- International Space StationGPS- Global Positioning SystemsGeosynchronous satellites

Earth

Geosynchronous satellites

Revolutions around Earth each day(35,790 km)

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Orbitshttp://asd-www.larc.nasa.gov/SCOOL/orbits.html

http://www.lyngsat.com/tracker/g15.html

http://www.lyngsat.com/tracker/anikf1r.htm

What is our lat and long?

To find elev and azimuthOf Geostationary satellite:

p y g

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WAAS Differential Correction:http://www.usglobalsat.com/t-what_is_waas.aspx

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Consequence: Software has to integrate and manage these tools and support science as we practice it as a creative process without interfering with workflow

The product a geological map and data base is aThe product, a geological map and data base, is a complex scientific record created incrementally & interactively

Mapping is not:

A sequence of discrete point measurements

Mapping is a continuum of activities requiring oneMapping is a continuum of activities requiring oneto keep oriented, located, and continually awareof their stratigraphic, lithologic and structuralenvironment.

A digital mapping system must support this continuumand implement the routine that mappers deem convenient and essential to natural workflow

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The visual user interface constitutes the entirety of thelink between the geologist and the digital tools

The link must be familiar, logical, scientifically functional,comprehensive and easy to personalize for each newcomprehensive and easy to personalize for each newarea

Two main alternative digital mapping systems:

Full PC pen tablets running Windowsgetting faster, smaller and less expensivebest for “data fusion”

Palm units running Windows CE (data collectors)

GeoMapper by Brimhall, Vanegas and Lerch (UCB)

Built around the workflow activities of the scientist in thefield using the visual user interface as sole control.

i l i f h i ifi f i liVisual user interface has scientific functionality providing:

Definition of mapping project areas with legends

Point and Click- no programming required of userPoint and Click- no programming required of user

Logical and self explanatory workflow mapping system without menus nor gaps that stop users

None of the file transfer of palm CE units

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GeoMapper Project Manager lets the userdefine the local stratigraphic column

GeoMapper Legend Maker

Takes < 1 hour using only point and click A hard copy of the legend can be printedRemoves s serious barrier to independent

digital mapping

Selectable pre-programmed lithology patterns (Compton, 1985)

User-selected color infill patterns

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Button Tool bars

Tool bars are arrays of buttons which can be touched bythe pen stylus to bring up groups of buttons organized in a logical fashion but providing fl ibili iflexibility in sequence

Saves screen space for the map and improves speedLithology

structurestructure

Formations

Mineralization, alteration and sampling sites

Caution: Undo, erase, redraw, zoom, lost

Go ahead: Open map, legend, map, sample, export

GeoMapper Color-coded frequency of use hierarchy stop light & left to right

Go ahead

Stop- pay attention: Save, Exit

Caution: Undo, erase, redraw, zoom, lost

Base maps, ortho-photos, GPS, laserCopyright UC Regents 1999

Mapping workflow continuum

Tool bars

Samples

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Lithology

Button Tool bars bring up groups of buttons organized in a logical fashion but providing flexibility in sequence

Formations

Structure

Alteration

Mineralization

Mapping on a Vector Topographic Map

Outcrop lithology mappingOutcrop lithology mappingpreserves the prime data Colored formation showregional distribution

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GPS- A Legacy of the Cold war

Satellite navigation system using triangulation from 27 satellites orbiting 11,000 miles above the earth

Funded and controlled by the Department of Defense (DOD)

Coded satellite signals that can be processed in a ground receiver to compute position, velocity and time

Distance = Velocity * Time

Velocity = speed of light (3x10exp 10 cm/sec)

Method of Ranging

Velocity = speed of light (3x10exp 10 cm/sec)

Time is the unknown

Travel times are used to compute distance and are very short 0.06 secs

Synchronized to Universal Coordinated Time (UTC): Greenwich Mean y ( )Time plus a few seconds (suburb of London on the Thames River , Long. = 0 arbitrarily

Accurate atomic clocks on each satellite

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16 2 1 1/30

MoonISSGPS

Geosynchronous

Mean diameter of Earth 12,756 km

GPS satellites 20,000 km orbit circle Earth 2 times per day

International Space Station in Low Earth Orbit 361-437 km above Earth (15-16 Earth orbits per day)

G h E th bit 35 786 k (5 5 E th di t )

revolutions around the Earth per day

Geosynchronous Earth orbit 35,786 km (5.5 Earth diameters)

Mean diameter of Moon 3,476 km (30 days to make one Earth revolution)

Mean distance Earth to Moon 384,400 km (30 times Earth's diameter)

Operational Modes

Now with noise turned off, autonomous GPS accuracy is about +/-5-10 m (15-30 feet)

Atmospheric conditions in ionosphere and multi-pathing cause anotherAtmospheric conditions in ionosphere and multi-pathing cause another error by bouncing off other objects before arriving at the receiver

Differential Corrections

Software algorithms called Virtual Base Stations (VBS)g ( )

Calculate differential corrections that a base station would generate if it were at the receiver location

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Mathematical requirements

x, y, z, time are 4 unknowns

Need 4 independent equationsNeed 4 independent equations

At least 4 satellites are needed to get a 3 dimensional location ofx, y and z

The more satellites the better

Our GPS units required at least 4 satellites with a signal to noise ratio about 32

Satellites Visible

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• No base map. PenMap automatically uses Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) in meter units. No map prep required

• Raster (scanned) bit map image (*BMP) file of a topographic map, ortho-rectified air photo,

lli i Q li ff h i

Types of base (back) maps

satellite image. Quality suffers when map is enlarged

• Vector map of topography made from scanned map or stereo air photos in 2- D or 3-D Digital Elevation model (DEM)

• Both raster and vector simultaneously•Digital raster graphics (DRG) y– eg. An ortho-photo and a topographic map in digital (vector)

form, or a geophysical map

g g p ( )

•ESRI Shapefile

all 4 types at once or any combination

Topography, orthophoto, geophysics, magnetics, gravity), geography ...

Mapping on a Vector Topo Map

Outcrops

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Advantages of Ortho-Images• Since they are ortho-rectified …

• They serve as accurate background mapsThey serve as accurate background maps which preserve position, distance, areas, and angles

• Impossible with unprocessed images

• Made from air photos or satellite images

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Maintenance and security

Battery charging overnight in assigned lockersSecurity: Responsibility by each user

To start GeoMapperDouble click

Do not click carelesslyas the computerswill freeze

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Open a Map

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Rename map as B8flflfl.pts where f is your first initialand l is the first letter of last name of one student,Then same for second student-or third then SAVE AS

Zoom

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Lithology toolbar

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Structure toolbar

Formations toolbar

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OptionsBase

Turn off maps

Remember to “complete” so data goes into GIS data base

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Strike and Dip

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Clear dataKey in azimuthusing right hand rule

Enter data for dip

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Necessities:

Please pay attention: Why we have quizzes- to learn enough so you cansucceed in the next phase of the class

Focus and awareness are critically important now using computers

No room for carelessness or forgetfulness

No use of the computers except for this class as directedNo email, no other software added to them

C i ti ith t i it lCommunication with a computer is vital“Whatever” thinking does not bode well for good communicationA computer will do only what you explicitly tell it to do.

It is “just” …. Does not work- you have to know.

Expectation that you have a working knowledge of traditionalmapping and are ready to learn to use new equipment

Also ready to accept some serious responsibility: safety of the digitalmapping tools assigned to you.

The proof of who is ready and who is not is in actions- not words

So be careful- you have the financial responsibility to pay for all repairs and replacement costs.

Demonstration of GeoMapper in real time

Assignment of equipment

Hands-on instruction for rest of afternoon

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Do not hit UNDO after making an erasing a symbol

Do not hit the right click button when doing erase all

Using pen stylus:Using pen stylus:Watch for hard drive indicator or hour glassDo not use pen while either showsBe deliberate- more clicks is not better than 1 clickDo not go too fast- 1 per secondThe computer can only do one thing at a time

To use the digital mapping systems, students must accept the responsibility of taking care of them, and also acceptthe financial responsibility of paying the costs of repairing them or the replacement costs.

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Plus 8.5 % tax

4 types of simultaneous base maps:Vector (digital topography)Digital Raster Graphics (DRG)Bit Mapped Image (BMP)Shapefiles (ESRI)

Integrated field work with available geo-spatialinformation: ortho-imagesand geophysics

Poleta Folds White Mts. CAWhite Mts. CA

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Tactile realityVery differentfrom visualreality

Paths

Cross walks

DoorsBrailleBuilding

McCone HallEPS Department

at s gLabelson roof tops

2 meter steps

6 feet by 3 feet

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Reflectorless visible and IRlaser mapping

Co-axial laserand fiber opticIR gun

Helicopter

Portable0.35-2.5 mIR spectrometer

Mapping systems using Visible and Infrared spectrometer

Penn Mine CA

Pulsed laserRange: 200 m

Mapping system assembled fromseparate commercial components

Penn Mine, CA

Collaborators:Montero, Brimhall, and Alpers and Swayze (USGS Water Resorouces)Paper in binder

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Quiz 4 results

Comments

Question 3:Paleo-environments

LacustrineSub-aerialFluvialMarine

Question 4 (full response)Marine regressionCause by global coolingIce volume decreasedStrike slip faults with releasing bendsP ll t b iPull-apart basinsEast Pacific Rise over-ridden by North AmericaAnoxic Claremont basin

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Classroom overview of use of GeoMapper

Step by step

ContactsFaultsStrike and DipOutcrop lithologyFormation area color infills

Demonstration first, then

Do examples together: