Lecture 1 Posted

7/25/2019 Lecture 1 Posted

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Learning objectivesby the end of todays class, students should be able to

1) recall general course policies (or look them up onBlackboard)

2) put important dates/times in calendar3) explain the cell theory

4) compare and contrast eukaryotesandprokaryotes5) compare and contrast archea, bacteria, and

dierent types o! animal cells") describe dierent types o! microscopy and

their pros/cons#) $e able to identi!y the type o! microscopy used%) &nderstand the dierence bet'een

magni(cationand resolution) describe the !unctions o! dierent eukaryotic

cell components


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Team Biol!"pring#$%aculty&'r aren *hit+orth

'r -hyllis .obinson

/raduate "tudent Teaching 0ssistants&1uan 2alde3 hoa Tran

-eer 'iscussion Leaders&0licia, 0rissa, 0ustin, 0viva, 4hiamaka, 4lark, 5rin, /abriela,6enry, Lavanya, 7aniraj, 7ashhood, 7ekha 8isha, 9b inna,"imin, "hah3eb, "yrena

Tutoring coordinated by 'r "ue /dovins and L.4


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B:9L ! 0dministrative:ssues-lease refer to the Biol! Blackboard site foro;cial, current informationincluding course policies and the e=>#?

"yllabus @ui3 due 0"0-


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"no+ 'ays vs 4ell Biology

Lecture materials have already been posted online under 4ourse'ocuments 7ust pass "yllabus @ui3 to see 4ourse 'ocuments 7ust complete these lecture videos prior to attending +eek =

discussion section (Tuesday =>=>#? through 7onday =>A>#?)


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507 schedule

*ates +lace/ime -ectures

:& Tuesday, %eb #?, 5ng !=C>##&!aD#=&E$p#D?

::& Thursday, 7ar #!, 5ng !=C>##&!aD#=&E$pCD#=

:::& Tuesday, 0pr #=, 5ng !=C>##&!aD#=&E$p#D#A

:2& Tuesday, 7ay #!, 5ng !=C>##&!aD#=&E$p#FD=$

.omprehensie 0inal xam&

&*6 7ay 12, ng 82#9 18938a:12938p


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eti@uette and academicconduct please be on time, attentive, and respectful of

your classmates and instructors cell phonesshould be silenced, and computers should beused for courseDrelated +ork

GBy enrolling in this course, each student assumes theresponsibilities of an active participant in H7B4s scholarlycommunity in +hich everyones academic +ork andbehavior are held to the highest standards of honesty

4heating, fabrication, plagiarism, and helping others tocommit these acts are all forms of academic dishonesty,and they are +rongI %or a full discussion of academicintegrity, please see your student handbook


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B:9L ! Learning /oals

bout cell biology9 #) to kno+ the structure andfunction of cellular components and organellesJ =) tounderstand ho+ molecular mechanisms enable cellularfunctionsJ ) to relate genetic inputs to cellular functionand genetic changes to potential pathologiesJ E) tounderstand the e


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"uccessful B:9L ! students

1) read (in a timely manner),2) pay attention and put a+ay distractions ,3) participate in class,4) 'rite/take notes/dra',

5) practice asking


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4ell Bio "tudy Themes

"tructure>%unction L9T" of proteins and their binding partners

There +ill be @uite a bit of vocabulary to keep straight

6o+ changes in conformation alter function

*hat causes these changes in conformationK *hy is this importantK

-redict +hat the impact +ould be if this proteins function+ere lost

6o+ does a cell biologist test thisK

Location +ithin cell *here does this process occur or this protein locali3eK

6o+ do proteins get thereK

6o+ do they remain thereK

6o+ does a cell biologist test thisK


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a look into a cell

http://www.xvivo.net/animation/the-inner-life-of-the-cell/

y the end of !, you should be able to e


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*hat is considered a cellK

The 4ell Theory

#) 0ll organisms are composed ofone (or more) cells

=) The cell is the structural unit of life

) 4ells can arise only by divisionfrom preD e


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-roperties of cells&6igh 4omple< and 9rgani3ed

4omple


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-ossess /enetic -rogramand 7eans to Hse it

4apable of -roducing7ore of Themselves

-roperties of cells&

4apable of "elf .egulation


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-roperties of cells&0c@uire and Htili3e 5nergy

4arry 9ut a 2ariety of 4hemical.


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-roperties of cells&5ngage in 7echanical 0ctivities


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-roperties of cells&4ells 5volve

0ll living organisms evolved from asingle, common ancestral cell ( billyrs ago)


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you +ere a ce , + a+ould your biggest

challenges beK group (D$ students) discussion M thinkdeeply about your ans+ers


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cells are diverse

and specialized for certain lifestyles/jobs

mammalian

nerve cell Paramecium

(protozoa)

Chlamydomonas

(algae) Saccharomyces

cerevisiea(fungi)

Heliobacter

pylori

(bacteria)


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t+o diNerent classes of cells& prokaryotic vs eukaryotic

share& 0LL 45LL" 0.5 497-L5 08' *5LLD9.'5.5' molecular structure of plasma membranes,

'80 molecular mechanisms for transcription,translation, metabolic and energy path+ays,breaking do+n proteins

diNer by (some e


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an aside& viruses are notcells

re@uire 45LL" toreplicate, assemble

made up of capsid

(of proteins)surrounding nucleicacids, may have amembrane (stolen)

can cause celldeath ormisregulation

:mage from /raham 4olm


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prokaryotes

image from Ladyofhats

bacteria and archaea a oneDcelled organism

no nucleus ororganelles

do have circular '80

(nucleoid),

plasma membrane, ribosomes, cytoplasm cell +all

can be diNerent

shapes reproduce by Pssion some carry out

photosynthesis,nitrogen P


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prokaryotes& bacteria and archaea

structure similar tobacteria, but by '80(#?"r.80) se@uencethey are related toeukaryotes

e


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eukaryotesplant cell

animal cell

Ladyofhats ima

protists, fungi, plants, andanimals can be one cell or many cells bigger than prokaryotes membraneDbound nucleus

+ith pores and linearchromosomes plasma membrane (plus cell

+all in plants) many organelles

comple< cytoskeleton +ide variety of shapes andsi3es

some se


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organism organ tissue cells organelles

molecules

multicellular

organisms


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multicellular organisms are made upof many diNerent cell types


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ho+ are diNerent cells madediNerentK

genetic programsstart as fertili3ed egg, divide and diNerentiate M

become particular cell types that e


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7odel 9rganisms (2arious 5ukaryotes)5 coli (prokaryote) "accharomyces c (fungi>yeast, euk) 0rabidopsis t (plant, euk)

elegans (nematode>+orm, euk) 7 muscullus (mouse, euk)'rosophila m (fruitQy, euk)


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+hat +e kno+ about cells depends on ho+ +e study them

microscopy and its manyvariants

biochemistry

genetics

cell culture GmodelI organisms

scanning electron micrograph of human cel

t

ransmi

ss

7ycoplasma mycoides 142:Dsyn#!4ompound microscopy (left)

andscanning electron


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7ajor Types of 7icroscopy

Light 7icroscopy Bright %ield 7icroscopy

%luorescence 7icroscopy

4onfocal 7icroscopy

5lectron 7icroscopy "canning 57

Transmission 57


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7ajor Types of 7icroscopy

;rradiationource

7axesolution

-ie s0ixedcellsA

xamples o!echni


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magniPcation versusresolution

.esolution is a distance (+ithunits)

D:f t+o objects in yourspecimen are farther apartthan the resolution distance,then they can be vie+ed ast+o, distinct objectsD:f t+o objects in your

specimen are closer togetherthan the resolution distance,


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+hat you see depends on ho+ you look

Light 7icroscopy

live or P


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+ays to look at a cell#) Light microscopy

phaseDcontrast

diNerentialinterferencecontrast(':4>8omarski)

bright Peld

Bright %ield microscopy ma< resolution& != microns(m)R=!!nm

This resolution depends upon the +avelengths of

visible light used in light microscopy& SE!!DC!!nm

+ y &


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+ y =) Quorescent lightmicroscopy

6eLa cells M.edD5.marker(genetic),greenDa livemitochondrialstain,blueDM '80

dye (:mage frominvitrogencom)

6eLa

4an be used +ith live or P


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4an observe Quorophores (even inlive cells)

%luorophores absorb light and releaseenergy as longer +avelengths in visiblespectrum R Quorescence

uses H2 light and Plters to separatediNerent +avelengths of light fromQuorescent molecules

+ y &


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uses H2 light andPlters to separatediNerent+avelengths of

light fromQuorescentmolecules


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Quorescent proteins revolutioni3ed cell biology

Creen 0luorescent +rotein D=C0+) derived from a jellyPsh gene and

optimi3ed for e


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+ays to look at a cell) 4onfocal 7icroscopy

uses lasers as illumination

can visuali3e only one focalplane at at timeR opticalsections

:deal for specimens that arelarger>thicker

multiple focal planes thatgive rise to interference from

points above> belo+ focalplane

+ays to look at a cell&


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+ays to look at a cell) 4onfocal 7icroscopy


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=#& scanning electron microscopy("57) reveals specimen topography

specimens are dehydrated (critical point drying) then metal coated

a beam of electrons are scanned across the sample, +hich theybounce oNJ they are collected diNerentially by a detector

http&>>medkuleuvenbe>cmeDmg>services>57V%acility>:mage/alleryVenhtm

Better resolution +ith57 methods thanLight 7icroscopy

7a< .esolution S$nm

= =& transmission electron


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T57 image

uses electronsJ ma< resolution inpracticeJ !#nm D =nm

cells must be Pdi d t


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advantages>disadvantagesof 57

fantastic magniPcationand resolution

lots of processing can alter samples


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eukaryotic cells are organi3ed by


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eukaryotic cells are organi3ed byorganelles, +hich have diNerent

essential functions


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cells are organi3ed M and -045'

(so be careful ho+ you think about schematics)

Mycoplasma mycoidesbacterial cell:llustration by 'avid "/oodsell,

outsideD

carbohydrate chainsattached to plasma membran

long strands of '80

pyruvate dehydrogenaseglycolytic en3ymes

ribosomes

'80 binding proteins

nucleus D the


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nucleus thecellEs F

# .hromatin& /eneticmaterial plus associatedproteins (lectures E,$)

= Gucleolus: site of

ribosomal .80 synthesis andsubunit assembly

Gucleoplasm& nonDnucleolar regions of nucleus

E Guclear matrix&"upportive structure

b h ld thi t th


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membranes hold things together

(and keep things apart)

(more in lectures CD#! on)

separates incompatiblereactions, facilitates others

"electively allo+s moleculesin>out of cells and organellesby diNusion or channels

-hospholipid bilayer, associated

proteins,cholesterol

endomembrane system (lectures #? #A)


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endomembrane system (lectures #?D#A)

"eries of interconnected, closed,

membraneDboundvesicles that tra;c cellular contents

8uclear 5nvelope (= layer)

.ough 5ndoplasmic

.eticulum(.5.)M proteinmanufacturing (ribosomes)

smooth 5. ("5.) Mmakes phospholipids,fatty acids

5 d l i ti l (5.) d / l i t


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5ndoplasmic reticulum (5.) and /olgi apparatus

/olgi apparatus D protein processor


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/olgi apparatus protein processor,sorter

# 2esicles from r5. travel toand fuse +ith cis /olgi

= -roteins tra;c throughJmodiPed

0t trans end, vesicle buds oN

"ignal se@uences target vesicles>proteins todiNerent locales

(plasma membrane, lysosomes, etc)

mitochondrion M the po+er


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mitochondrion the po+erhouse

"ite ofintracellularenergygeneration via

0T- productionduring aerobicrespiration

6as its o+n genome

5n3ymes in matri< and on cristae convert glucoseto 49=W 6=9 releasing 0T-(energy)

hl l li h bl


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chloroplasts convert light to usableenergy

cytosol M not just a s+imming


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cytosol not just a s+immingpool

=!D!X of cellular proteins are incytosol M

plus fat, carbohydrates Dmuchinteraction

"ite of much cellular metabolism,ribosomes

the .ytoskeleton (lectures

#D#$) is made up of proteinsthat give cells structure andprovide high+ays to movecomponents

H *aid ? Coodsell 1?


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Lecture 1 Posted

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