Lecture 1 Making A New World To 1558

Mrs. Dani Vaughn-TuckerHistory 103: American History to 1865Spring 2009 Term A

Migration Theory Historians and anthropologists believe

humans lived in North America starting around 35,000 B.C.

Believed to have migrated across the Bering Land Bridge

Migration took place over many years People migrated southward and eastward

probably in search of food

Influences on the different Native American culturesRegional diversity between the different groupsAbility to create food surpluses

Capital of one of the larger states near Mexico

Served as a major trade center, specializing in obsidian

Major religious center, where the Sun Pyramid was located

Migrated from the north and became a dominant force in the 1400s

Capital city was Tenochtitlan

Worshipped more than 200 different deities

Created elaborate drainage systems

Land area characterized by a dry environment still farming became important

Chaco Canyon was the center

Specialized in turquoise Believed to have

declined due to drought

Full-time farmers who lived in very large communities

Largest community was Cahokia

Famous for their large platform mounds surrounded by religious temples

Believe decline was due to climate change and an overtaxed environment

Confederacy of five Indian tribes Mohawks Oneida Onondagas Cayugas Seneca• According to legend they were united by a

Mohawk sachem named Hiawatha

Political Structure Made decisions in

council meetingsLifestyle Lived in “longhouses” Owned property

communally Labor was divided

according to gender

Held positions of power Descent was matrilineal Women could easily divorce their husbands Had significant influence over the decision

making process of the council

Northern Region Exclusively hunters and gatherers Mobile tribe life Seafood made up a large portion of their diet Lived in smaller communitiesSouthern Region Farmers Much more stable life Lived in larger communities

“Three Sisters of Agriculture” Maize Beans Squash

Lived exclusively as hunters and gatherers Incredibly wealthy

Timber• Lived exclusively as hunters and gatherers• Lived in longhouses in fixed locations• Seafood was the foundation of their diet• Stratified society

Reasons for European exploration Economics Religion Adventure Forced immigration (slavery)

Primary goal was to find a shorter route to the East

Explorers Christopher Columbus Bartolomeu Dias

(Portuguese explorer) Amerigo Vespuci

Primary goal was to find gold and other treasures

Explorer Herman CortesReasons for Conquer of the Aztecs Cortes and his men were believed to be gods Disease Differing views on warfare

1565 St. Augustine First permanent European Settlement in the

U.S.1598 Juan de Ornate led a powerful takeover in the

upper Rio Grande Valley Roughly 800 people were killed1680 Pueblo Revolt Led by Pope

Jacques Cartier Explored the east coast

of Canada in the 1530s Travels formed the basis

for French claim in North America

Samuel de Champlain Founded Quebec in 1608 Established an important

trading post Considered to be the

“father” of New France

John Cabot – late 15th century Sir Walter Raleigh

Roanoke Named Virginia after Queen Elizabeth, the Virgin

Queen

Roanoke 1585 Primary purpose was to serve as a base for

pirate ships Relations with the Indians (Croatoans) were

strained Settlement disappeared with only the word

“Croatoan” carved into a tree

Jamestown 1607 First successful English settlement Organized by the Virginia Company of London Relied on the Powhatan Indians for food Issues facing the colonists:

Swampy lands Settlers did not want to work• Relied on the Powhatan Indians for food• Became successful due to John Rolfe and his

tobacco plant

Describes the interaction between Europeans and Native AmericansPlantsAnimalsDisease

The migration of Native Americans across the Bering Land Bridge

The diversity of lifestyles as they settled into different regions of what is now the U.S.

The exploration of the New World by Spain, England and France and their efforts to establish colonies

The results, both positive and negative, of interactions between Europeans and Native Americans and the results of this interactions