Lecture 1 Environmental Sustainability

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ENGG1006:ENGG1006:ENGG1006:

Engineering for Sustainable Development

Engineering for Engineering for Sustainable DevelopmentSustainable Development

Course Coordinator

Dr. Scott T. SMITH(Week 5, 6, 7, 9, 12)

ENGG1006: Engineering for Sustainable DevelopmentENGG1006: Engineering for Sustainable Development

Professor S.C. WONG(Week 8)

Dr. Kaimin SHIH(Week 1, 2, 3, 4)

Dr. Sam C M Hui (Week 10, 11)

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ENGG1006 Week 1-4

Instructor

Dr. Kaimin ShihE-mail: [email protected]

(Head)Teaching Assistant Teaching Assistant

Ms. Yuanyuan TangE-mail: [email protected]

Mr. Fei WangE-mail: [email protected]

ENGG1006 Course (Totally 100 Points)

Final Exam(50 points)

In-CourseAssessment

(50 points)

Week 1-4:20 Points

WrittenFinal Exam

(Materials of Week1-4 will take 40% in final exam)

Week 1-4:10 Points

4 points for2 in-course quizzes

6 points for2 homeworks

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Environmental Sustainability Environmental Sustainability

Atmosphere & Air PollutionAtmosphere & Air Pollution

Sustainable Water EnvironmentSustainable Water Environment

Resource and Waste ManagementResource and Waste Management

Quiz 1

Quiz 2

HW 1

HW 2

WEEK 1

WEEK 2

WEEK 3

WEEK 4

ENGG1006 Week 1-4 Course Activities

ENGG1006Syllabus

Instructor:Dr. Kaimin Shih

ENGG1006 - Engineering for Sustainable Development

ENVIRONMENTAL ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITYSUSTAINABILITY

Office: Rm. 5-26, Haking Wong Building • Phone: 2859-1973 • E-mail: [email protected]

Dr. Kaimin Shih

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING THE UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG

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PROGRESS & OUTCOMESPROGRESS & OUTCOMES

(Water supply Hong Kong 1840)

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” SustainableSustainable” is with:- the capacitycapacity to endureendure- the potential potential for longlong--term maintenanceterm maintenance- the responsible useresponsible use of resourcesresources

”DevelopmentDevelopment” is:- Biota: increase in numbersnumbers- Person: increase the standard of livingstandard of living- Nation: Improves the economic, political, and social wellwell--being of its peoplebeing of its people

Sustainable Development is: A Sustainable Development is: A pattern ofpattern ofresource useresource use that aims to meet human needs that aims to meet human needs without compromisingwithout compromising the ability of future the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. generations to meet their own needs.

What is What is ““Sustainability DevelopmentSustainability Development”” ??

Engineering?Engineering?Engineering?

Applying mathematics and science to develop something of value from our natural resources

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Engineering for Sustainable Development ?Engineering for Sustainable Development ?

Engineering is for “Development”

DevelopmentDevelopment SustainabilitySustainability

Sustainable goals cannot be achieved without development

Ex. Circumventing environmental restrictions.

Development goals cannot be maintained without sound sustainability management.

Ex. Environmental catastrophes undermining economic life.

Develop it sustainably ?

Respond with that timeless creed “Yes, we can”.

Sustainable DevelopmentSustainable Development

Econ

omic

Gro

wth

Envi

ronm

enta

lPr

otec

tion

Soci

al P

rogr

ess

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SustainableSustainable

Viable

Bearable Equitable

Example:Example: Decision of a Logging CompanyDecision of a Logging Company

Social

Against the public (-) or providing jobs (+)?

Environmental

Eco-disaster (-) or renewal energy (+)?

Economic

For furniture (+) or paper (-)?

Fair to obtain work permission

Company reputation

Efficient use of resource

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The United Nations World Commission on Environment and Development(The Brundtland Commission)

Crystallized and popularized sustainable development concept”Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs”Two key concepts: the concept of “needs” and the idea of “limitations”

Dr. Gro Harlem Brundtland (Chairman)Norwegian politician, diplomat, and physician

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An Inconvenient Truth (2006)

An American documentary film about global warming presented by former U.S. Vice President Al Gore. An Inconvenient Truth focuses on Al Gore and his travels

in support of his efforts to educate the public about the severity of the climate crisis. The film closely

follows the keynote presentation that he presented throughout the world.

The documentary won Academy Awards for Best Documentary Feature and for Best Original Song. An Inconvenient Truth is the fourth-highest-grossing documentary film to date in the

United States.

Al Gore(Former U.S. Vice President)

[2:30]

Environmental Sustainability & Functioning

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Abiotic environment:

Environmental is of ?Environmental is of ?

Land = lithosphere

Interacting on …

Water = hydrosphere Air = atmosphere

Biotic environment: Living organismsor

“Inhabitants”

““Environmental SustainabilityEnvironmental Sustainability”” is the is the abilityability to to maintain the qualities & resourcesmaintain the qualities & resources in the in the environmentenvironment..

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The functioning of environments is through the exchange of:

MassEnergy

Energy Source and Flow

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What is…

Energy?

The capacity for doing work, where work can be described by the product of force and the displacement

of an object caused by that force. Units can be “Joules”.

Power?

The rate of doing work. It has the energy per unit of time.

Units can be “Joules/sec = Watt”

The oldest runner in the 2004 London Marathon, 93-year-old Fauja Singh. (42 km in 6 hours 2 minutes)

James Prescott Joule (1811-1889), an English physicist, studied the nature of heat, and discovered its relationship to mechanical work. One joule (J) is the work done by a force of one newton traveling through a distance of one meter.

* One calorie (cal.) = 4.184 J = Energy needed to increase the temperature of 1 g of water by 1oC (starting from chemical energy concept.).

James Watt (1736-1819), a Scottish inventor and mechanical engineer whose improvements to the steam engine were fundamental to the changes brought by the Industrial Revolution. The “Watt” is named after James Watt for his contributions.

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How much can you get with your hands?

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“Specific Heat” = The amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of a unit mass of a substance by 1 degree C.

The specific heat of water (at 15oC) is 1 kcal/kgoC(The energy needed to raise 1oC of 1 kg of water is 1 kcal)

Note the very unusual properties of water responsible for the major role in keeping moderate temperature variation of ocean.

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Heat used for changing phases: Enthalpy of fusion (latent heat of fusion)

0oC ice → 0oC water needs to adsorb 333 kJ/kgEnthalpy of vaporization (latent heat of vaporization)

100oC water → 100oC vapor needs to adsorb 2257 kJ/kg

”Sensible heating” refers the substance changes temperature as heat is added (object raising its temperature).

(for1 g of H2O)

• About half radiation reflected directly or indirectly in the atmosphere back into space.

• Most absorbed energy by surface returnsto space. The energy that we are trying to harvest is only a very little portion in the budget.

• Heat from mantle (although small, less than 1% received from the sun) needs to be released.

Solar Constant(Insolation)

Earth's radiation budget

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Radiation power reaching the upper limits of our atmosphere:

1340.5 watts/m2

Earth's radiation budget

Return back to space without absorbed by earth surface:

704 watts/m2 (53%)

Absorbed by earth surface:

636 watts/m2 (47%)

Latent heat and sensibleheat back to

atmosphere/space:

395 watts/m2 (29%)

Used for work powering up our living environment:

636 watts/m2 (18%)

Solar energy reaching the surface

Solar photovoltaic power plant in Serpa (Portugal)

Pantheon (Rome) 16th century engraving

Stirling heat engine & parabolic dish reflector

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Hong Kong - An Intensively Built Environment

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Environmentally Friendly Environmentally Friendly Insulation Building MaterialsInsulation Building Materials

Conduction, Convection & Radiation

Heat Transfer through A Simple Wall Conventionally to combine the effects of all processes into a simple characteristic equation:

q = A (T1 - T2) / R

q = heat transfer rate (W)A = wall area (m2)T1, T2= temperatures on the walls (oC )R = overall thermal resistance (m2-oC/W )

In buying insulation materials, the higher R value the better (but may be thicker).

Outdoor AirMove up and

sink down due to temperature

change

Indoor AirForced to

move due to circulation

devices

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Conduction is through one molecule vibrates the next in the lattice, and can be calculated through T1 and T2 (temperatures on wall surfaces) in the previous case.

Usually it is higher with solids, especially metals (higher thermal conductivity).

Poor thermal conductors can be thermal insulation materials.

Improving the energy efficiency of buildings can save money and reduce emission of pollutants associated with energy consumption.

Energy efficiency projects may even earn gas emission (SO2, CO2,…) credits through environmental policy systems.

Conductivity of Materials

Mass Flow and Balance

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Mass Balance/Metabolism of SystemMass Balance/Metabolism of System

s ± Δs

A C

B

D

Systems boundary

Santorio Santorio (1561-1636), an Italian physician and professor

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(Source:http://www.fao.org/statistics/chartroom/cal_total.asp)

(Source: http://www.fao.org/statistics/chartroom/chart.asp?image=img/charts/73.gif)

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Food-related flows of N and P through agriculture, industrial processing/distribution, and consumption.Brunner and Rechberger, 2004, p. 218

3.7/18 = 0.2118 - 3.7 =14.3

0.4/5 = 0.085 - 0.4 = 4.6

Mass Flow of Food Chain SystemMass Flow of Food Chain System

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Mass Flow of DDT (Mass Flow of DDT (pesticidepesticide) ) in in aan n EEstuarystuary Food Web SystemFood Web System

Source: Science 25 August 2006: Vol. 313. no. 5790, pp. 1068 – 1072)

Mass Flow of Hydrological (Water) SystemMass Flow of Hydrological (Water) System

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Troubled Waters (2006)

[2:23]

Troubled Waters explores the critical issues of water

shortage from the prospective of people in

Bolivia, Malawi, the Middle East, and the United

States who struggle daily to find access to clean,

safe water.

Engineering for “Quantity” Development…(Water Resource and Supply)

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Engineering for “Quality” Development…(Water Quality and Treatment)

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Historical Events of Air Pollution

Coal burning was noticed or banned in major cities dated back to Middle Ages

In 1952, a week of intense fog and smoke in London resulted over 4000 deathsdirectly attributed to this pollution.

A 4-day period in Donora (PA) in 1948(population 14,000 at the time) caused 20 deaths and ~6000 illnesses.

Great Smog of 1952: A cold fog descended upon London, and Londoners began to burn more coals, resulting air pollutants trapped by the temperature inversion layer.

Donora Smog of 1948: An air inversion event with sulfur dioxide emissions from local steel and metal works plants.

Industrial Smog (or Sulfurous Smog)

Almost entirely by combustion of fossil fuels, especially coals, and releasing SO2 .

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Cold

Inversions and air pollution

Pollutants

Hot

Hot

Pollutants

Cold

(Temperature Inversion)(Normal Temperature)

* At night time – “Radiation Inversion”

Ozone Depletion

(CFCl3)(CF2Cl2)

The largest Antarctic ozone hole ever recorded (September 2006)

100%UV

Ozone (O3)

O3 + UV → O2 + O

7-1%UV

Ozone (O3)

O3 + UV → O2 + O

100%UV

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• Chlorofluorocarbon (CFCs, Freons)Depletion of ozone and our protection from UV radiation:

CFCs → Releasing ”Cl”Cl + O3 → ClO + O2

Example of Energy & Mass Interaction: Global Warming

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WHY CO2 May Cause Global Warming ?

A portion of the electronmagnetic spectrum. The wave lengths of greatest interest for this text are in the range of about 0.1 μm to 100 μm.

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The radiation intensity depends on its temperature and wavelength described by Planck’s Law:

E (λ,T) = C1 / [λ5 (eC2/λT – 1)]

E = theoretical* radiation intensity (W/m2 - μm)per surface area and subject to a wavelength

T = absolute temperature (K)λ = wavelength (μm)C1 = 3.74 × 108 W-μm4/m2

C2 = 1.44 × 104 μm-K

The spectral radiation intensity with various

temperatures.E

* Blackbody radiation

Solar radiation intensity just outside the atmosphere (extraterrestrial) shows the characteristics of a theoretical radiation at 5800K (effective surface temperature of sun, although its core is 15 million K):

* Solar Constant (all energy under the curve) is ~1372 W/m2

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Loss of Surface Radiation Energy

• The CO2, although with a minor concentration, absorbs light strongly with wavelength between 12 - 16.3 μm.

CO2

Simplified Equation for Planck’s Law

E (λ,T) = C1 / [λ5 (eC2/λT – 1)]

Wien’s Displacement Rule (to find wavelength at which maximum power is radiated):

λmax (in μm) = 2898 / T ( T is in K)

Wien’s Displacement Rule & Greenhouse effect: For sun radiation (5800K), λmax = 0.48μmFor earth radiation (288K= 15oC), λmax = 10.1μm

Earthradiateslonger

wavelengthenergy

Sun input

shorter wavelength

energy T ↑Greenhouse

Effect !!

CO2 and other greenhouse gases (tends to adsorb more of longer wavelengths)

Greenhouse Effect

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Kaimin Shih (PhD, Stanford University)

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING THE UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG

ENGG 1006: Engineering for Sustainable Development

Office: Rm. 5-26, Haking Wong Building • Phone: 2859-1973 • E-mail: [email protected]

Dr. Shih’s Regular Office Hours

QUESTIONS, learning HELP, or more DISCUSSION ?

(1) In personSeptember 7, 14, 21, 28 (Mondays) 5-7pm at Haking Wong Building Room 5-26

(2) Via phone or e-mail Call 2859-1973 or e-mail for appointment