Lecture 1 Cognition

Spring 2015305:03 CognitionDr. Julien Musolino

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Announcements_____________________________ Assignment # 1 due by Feb. 10 @ 10:00pm Reading: The last wall to fall Attendance monitoring begins next week

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Course Information _____________________________

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Where we are_____________________________

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The mind-body problemOutline_____________________________ Dualism Materialism Idealism Different views on the problem

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Mind/body problem_____________________________

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Illustration_____________________________

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Mind/body problemThe two deepest questions about the mind are: What makes intelligence possible? What makes consciousness possible?

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* 2007 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Microsoft, Windows, Windows Vista and other product names are or may be registered trademarks and/or trademarks in the U.S. and/or other countries.The information herein is for informational purposes only and represents the current view of Microsoft Corporation as of the date of this presentation. Because Microsoft must respond to changing market conditions, it should not be interpreted to be a commitment on the part of Microsoft, and Microsoft cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information provided after the date of this presentation. MICROSOFT MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR STATUTORY, AS TO THE INFORMATION IN THIS PRESENTATION.*

Mind/body problemPhysical causesMental causes

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Mind/body problemPredicting the behavior of billiard balls

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Mind/body problemPredicting the behavior of people

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Mind/body problemNew Mexico, September 06, 2012 middle of the desert

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Mind/body problemHow can we predict that Jesse and Walt will be in New Mexico, at that particular spot in the desert, at 2:00pm on September 06, 2012?

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Mind/body problemPhysical causesMental causes

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Consciousness_____________________________

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Two separate realms?Physical realmMental realm

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Illustration_____________________________

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DualismBodyMind

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DualismDualism is the concept that our mind is more than just our brain. This concept entails that our mind has a non-material, spiritual dimension that includes consciousness and possibly an eternal attribute. One way to understand this concept is to consider our self as a container including our physical body and physical brain along with a separate non-physical mind, spirit, or soul. [From All About Philosophy]

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Dualism

Substance Dualism (Cartesian Dualism) Property dualism Predicate dualism

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Anubis: God of the dead

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The Egyptian soul_____________________________ A multifaceted soul: The ib, or heart: weighed by Anubis to determine its fate in the afterlife The sheut, a persons shadow: contained aspects of the person to whom it belonged The ka, a kind of vital essence: believed to leave the body at the moment of death The ba, someones personality: believed to survive death The ren, someones name: believed to continue living as long as it was spoken

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Plato on the soul_____________________________420-ish BC-348-ish BC One of the early dualists soul and body are different substances that can exist independently of each other The soul is a life soul The soul originates in the world of the dead, passes through the world of the living, and returns to the world of the dead

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Plato on the soul_____________________________RationalAppetitiveSpirited420-ish BC-348-ish BC

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Aristotles De AnimaOn the soulAristotle 384BC 322BC

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Aristotles soulsNutritive SoulSensitive SoulRational Soul

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Medieval Cosmology

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Dantes Divine ComedyDante Alighieri (1265-1321)

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Medieval WorldviewBodySoulBodySoulEarthHeavens

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Birth of the modern soul_____________________________Ren Descartes1596-1650 Early scientific revolution Rejection of the Aristotelian approach The mechanical philosophy No more forms, essences, or other occult forces at least for the physical world

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Birth of the modern soul_____________________________Ren Descartes1596-1650

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The body as a machine_____________________________

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Birth of the modern soul_____________________________Ren Descartes1596-1650I desire that you consider that all the functions that I have attributed to this machine, such as the digestion of food, the beating of the heart and the arteries, the nourishment and growth of the bodily parts, respiration, waking and sleeping; the reception of light, sounds odours, smells, heat the impression of the ideas of them in the organ of common sense and the imagination, the retention or imprint of these ideas in the memory I desire, I say, that you should consider that these functions follow in this machine simply from the disposition of the organs as wholly naturally as the movements of a clock or other automaton follow from the disposition of its counterweights and wheels

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Birth of the modern soul_____________________________Ren Descartes1596-1650To explain these functions, then, it is not necessary to conceive of anyvegetative or sensitive soul, or any other principle of movement or life,other than its blood and its spirits which are agitated by the heat of the firethat burns continuously in its heart, and which is of the same nature as thosefires that occur in inanimate bodies.

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Limits of the mechanical philosophy_____________________________Ren Descartes1596-1650

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Two substances_____________________________Ren Descartes1596-1650Res ExtensaRes Cogitans

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The pineal gland_____________________________Ren Descartes1596-1650The pineal gland

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The evil demon_____________________________Ren Descartes1596-1650

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Cartesian theatre

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Cat burning

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Cat burning Cat burning was a form of zoosadistic entertainment in 17th century Paris, France. In this form of entertainment, people would gather dozens of cats in a net and hoist them high into the air from a special bundle onto a bonfire. According to Norman Davies[1], the assembled people "shrieked with laughter as the animals, howling with pain, were singed, roasted, and finally carbonized."[2]-- Wikipedia

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A universal idea?Most people, at most times, in most places, at most ages have believed that human beings have some kind of soul (Intro, p.1)

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Dualism today

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Dualism in religion

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Pope John Paul IIToday some new findings lead us toward the recognition of evolution as more than a hypothesis. In fact it is remarkable that this theory has had progressively greater influence on the spirit of researchers, following a series of discoveries in different scholarly disciplines. The convergence in the results of these independent studieswhich was neither planned nor soughtconstitutes in itself a significant argument in favor of the theory.Message delivered to the Pontifical Academy of Sciences 22 October 1996

Pope John Paul IIPius XII underlined the essential point: if the origin of the human body comes through living matter which existed previously, the spiritual soul is created directly by GodAs a result, the theories of evolution which regard the spirit either as emerging from the forces of living matter, or as a simple epiphenomenon of that matter, are incompatible with the truth about man.Message delivered to the Pontifical Academy of Sciences 22 October 1996

2009 Harris Poll (2,303 American adults) ____________________________God82%Miracles76%Heaven75%Angels72%Survival of the soul after death71%The devil60%Darwins theory of evolution45%

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Historical trends_____________________________

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Dualism in the US_____________________________ Barna Research Group (2003) 81% of Americans believe in an afterlife and 76% believe in Heaven Gallup polls taken between 1997 and 2004 reveal that belief Heaven among Americans ranges between 72% and 83% 2008 Pew report found that 74% of Americans believe in an afterlife According to a 2009 Harris poll, 71% of Americans believe in the survival of the soul after death in 2013, this number went down to 64%

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Popular illustration

Dualism today_____________________________

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The afterlife Eben Alexander

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Dualism today

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Dualism today Paul BloomDualism as the default, intuitive position

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The problem of interaction

MentalPhysical

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The problem of interactionElizabeth of Bohemia (1618-1680)Corresponded with Descartes for seven years until his death in 1650

*How does mind/soul interact with body?


The problem of interaction

*If the mind is like the ghost = soul how does it interact with things.


The interaction problem Jaegwon Kim

*Dualism is incoherent by the author. No evidence to support it. Miind has range of implications.


The interaction problem Q: How can we decide that it is G1 that killed A (and not B) and that it is G2 that killed B (and not A)?ABG1G2

*Kim asks us to suppose there r two guns. G1 n G2, 1 bullet shot from each to corresponding guy. How can we decide which gun killed which guy?


The interaction problem A1: Find a continuous causal path between G1 and A and between G2 and BA2: Find a paring relationship, R, such that R holds of G1 and A and G2 and B, but not of G1 and B and G2 and A.A2: R could be something like properly oriented, at the appropriate distance. A2: R is defined in terms of the space. Q: How can we decide that it is G1 that killed A (and not B) and that it is G2 that killed B (and not A)?

*Film the cameraPair a gun with indivual explicitely.


The interaction problem Q: How can we decide that Immaterial Mind 1 made C move (and not D) and that it is Immaterial Mind 2 that made D move (and not C)?CD

*Immaterial = donot reflect light


The interaction problem A1: Find a continuous causal path between G1 and A and between G2 and BA2: Find a paring relationship, R, such that R holds of G1 and A and G2 and B, but not of G1 and B and G2 and A.A2: IM 1 is closer to C than D or more properly positioned? A2: IM 1 somehow perceives C but not D Q: How can we decide that IM 1 made C move (and not D) and that it is IM 2 that made D move (and not C)?

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The interaction problem Framework of spaceMaterial domainImmaterial domain???

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The ghost in the machineGilbert Ryle (1900-1976)

*A ghost in us responsible for our body to run


Ryles analogyLibraryPhysics departmentStudent unionGym

*Foreign person in US to see around. At end asks where is university?


Category errorUniversityMind

*University = a general summation of the things above combined, it does exists indepently of things that make it up.


The interaction problem

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Dualism todayJoshua Greene HarvardMost people are dualists (Bloom, 2004). Intuitively, we think of ourselves not as physical devices, but as immaterial minds or souls housed in physical bodies. Most experimental psychologists and neuroscientists disagree, at least officially. The modern science of mind proceeds on the assumption that the mind is simply what the brain does From Social Neuroscience and the Souls last stand

*The terminator is a machine. He can talk, reason, think. It even looks like he is conscious. It is something to be like the terminator. What about us? Are we robots? Meat robots? A Robot has a physical body.*

Idealism

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What is real?

*Idealism = real is what we perceive in mind. It could not be actual.


IdealismGeorge Berkeley (1685-1753)Suppose there is no material world out there just the world of mental events Esse est percipi

*If something not perceived, it does nt exist. Most scientists assume that there is world out there.


IdealismGeorge Berkeley (1685-1753) So its literally all in our minds How about our minds themselves? They only exist in the imagination of God!

*If we deny reality. If there is only brain, where is mind?


The world

MentalPhysical

*Moanism = only mental stuff, no physical stuff.


IdealismSamuel Johnson (1685-1753)I refute him thus!

*Electrical Stimulus of Brain = Argue that statement


IdealismKarl Popper (1902-1994)Denying realism amounts to megalomania (the most widespread occupational disease of the professional philosopher)

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Idealism todayGeorge Berkeley (1685-1753) Subjective Largely abandoned todayMakes for great sci-fi material but Nonsensical implications Unfalsifiable

*Most scientists are realists, a world exists outside of just our minds. (Brian FUCK TOPIC)


Idealism todayNick Bostrom, Oxford UniversityThe simulation argument

*Says, today we can create computer program We could be the guys in video game, but we would think, that was reality. WE could create millions of worlds like that, and we would be one of those.


Idealism today

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Materialism

*The terminator is a machine. He can talk, reason, think. It even looks like he is conscious. It is something to be like the terminator. What about us? Are we robots? Meat robots? A Robot has a physical body. Machines are diposable to us. *

Thinking Meat?_____________________________Terry Bisson

**Two ET talk. We are living machines of meat, that can think, do shit, etc. How can matter display intelligence? (Materialism will answer)

Materialism

*Physical basis of life. Crick (DNA). Sense of self, etc arrives from ourself


_____________________________Francis CrickMaterialismYou, your joys and your sorrows, your memories and your ambitions, your sense of personal identity and free will, are in fact no more than the behaviour of a vast assembly of nerve cells and their associated molecules

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MaterialismJoshua Greene HarvardMost people are dualists (Bloom, 2004). Intuitively, we think of ourselves not as physical devises, but as immaterial minds or souls housed in physical bodies. Most experimental psychologists and neuroscientists disagree, at least officially. The modern science of mind proceeds on the assumption that the mind is simply what the brain does. We dont talk much about this, however. We scientists take the minds physical basis for granted. Among the general public, its a touchy subject. From Social Neuroscience and the Souls last stand


MaterialismMaterialism is a set of related theories which hold that all entities and processes are composed of or are reducible to matter, material forces or physical processes. In general, the metaphysical theory of materialism entails the denial of the reality of spiritual beings, consciousness and mental or psychic states or processes, as ontologically distinct from, or independent of material changes or processes. Since it denies the existence of spiritual beings or forces, materialism typically is allied with atheism or agnosticism. [From: Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy, ed. Edward Craig. 1998 Routledge, New York]

*Not popular in USA.

MaterialismThe mind is what the brain does

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Early materialismDemocritus (460-370 BC)

*Materialism very old like Dualism. Democritus came up with atoms thoughts and everything is moving atoms. Fire Atoms and they were restless and roam around and like soul. Diff docs have different emphasis so this was not imp.


Lhomme machineJulien de la Mettrie (1709-1751)

*Early Materialist of 18th Century. Man is machine (No soul). Both books aimed at priets. Book = Humans are mechanical robots and no one liked that. He left france and went to Netherlands. He wrote about Sex and pissed Dutch. Died in Prussia. Decartis and Mettrie came to the ideas (about dualism, etc) they had from extreme heat. Mettrie = fever and heat. Concluded that mind is nothing but body. He was right, like the previous ones. He was into Dualism


Materialism todayTo defeat scientific materialism and its destructive moral, cultural, and political legacies.To replace materialistic explanations with the theistic understanding that nature and human beings are created by God.

*Not Population = Materialism. WEDGE DOC = 1999 published by discovery institute (Makes sure we get to hear about creation, there is no innovation = afraid of scientific materialism).


Scientific consensusEveryone knows about the rocky relationship between science and theology brought about by the revolutionary proposals of Copernicus and Darwin. Fewer people know about an equally revolutionary scientific innovation that is currently under way among neurobiologists. This revolution in brain research has completely rewritten our understanding of who we are Back cover, What about the soul? Neuroscience and Christian Anthropology

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A critique of materialism_____________________________Noam ChomskyIntuitive, and coherent notion of body = everything is undertable through physical

*Chomsky = Political Activist. Physics of Decart was that objects are material things in very intuitive way (What we intuitive thought was physical). Contaact Mechanics removed earlier thoughts. World was a thought work, domino effect.

A critique of materialism_____________________________That gravity should be innate, inherent, and essential to matter, so that one body may act upon another, at a distance through vacuum, without the mediation of anything else is to me so great an absurdity, that I believe no man who has in philosophical matters a competent faculty of thinking, can ever fall into it.Isaac Newton (1642-1727)

*Reintroduced acalled forces. Earth effects moon, moon effects earth and it affects intuitively (Changed everything). It was adopted because he had equations, make predictions, etc (Apply math. Put man on moon). Our intuitions of how world works, kiss them bye because new things came about. His physics better than descartis.

A critique of materialism_____________________________Noam ChomskyWhat is the concept of body that finally emerged? The answer is that there is no clear and definite concept of body. If the best theory of the material world that we can construct includes a variety of forces, particles that have no mass, and other entities that would have been offensive to the scientific common sense of the Cartesians, then so be it: We conclude that these are properties of the physical world, the world of body. The conclusions are tentative, as befits empirical hypotheses, but are not subject to criticism because they transcend some a priori conception of body. There is no longer any definite conception of body. Rather, the material world is whatever we discover it to be, with whatever properties it must be assumed to have for the purposes of explanatory theory.

*We have no idea that is likely or unlikely.

An asymmetry_____________________________Conceptions of matter change, but they are defined positively

*Contact Mechanics Newton Quantum Physics.

An asymmetry_____________________________Defined positivelyDefined negativelyNon physical so we cant understand it.

*Materialism defined positively in science because we get equations, etc, because we dont put it on god, etc. Dualism = mind is non physical or non material.

Summary/analogy_____________________________

*Dualism vs Materialism = Detachment. Materialism = both mind and body goes. Dualism = if Mind is detachable, it can go to other one.

Materialism_____________________________Portable CD player

*Put in CD, push play and song plays. Where does music come from? Everything physical. Comes from operation of the cd player. Music doesnt exist independently from CD Player. CD player destroy = no music. No body = no mind.

Dualism_____________________________Portable radio setRadio signal

*Radio tuned to stations, etc. If someone ask where music comes from. Radio = physical device. Radio Signal = received by radio. Both are indepent of each other. IF radio smashed, signal would exist, and someone with another radio or other device can connect to it. Body = Radio, Mind = Signal

Idealism_____________________________Radio signal

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Interesting books

*The terminator is a machine. He can talk, reason, think. It even looks like he is conscious. It is something to be like the terminator. What about us? Are we robots? Meat robots? A Robot has a physical body. *

Interesting books


Interesting books


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* 2007 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Microsoft, Windows, Windows Vista and other product names are or may be registered trademarks and/or trademarks in the U.S. and/or other countries.The information herein is for informational purposes only and represents the current view of Microsoft Corporation as of the date of this presentation. Because Microsoft must respond to changing market conditions, it should not be interpreted to be a commitment on the part of Microsoft, and Microsoft cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information provided after the date of this presentation. MICROSOFT MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR STATUTORY, AS TO THE INFORMATION IN THIS PRESENTATION.**






* 2007 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Microsoft, Windows, Windows Vista and other product names are or may be registered trademarks and/or trademarks in the U.S. and/or other countries.The information herein is for informational purposes only and represents the current view of Microsoft Corporation as of the date of this presentation. Because Microsoft must respond to changing market conditions, it should not be interpreted to be a commitment on the part of Microsoft, and Microsoft cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information provided after the date of this presentation. MICROSOFT MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR STATUTORY, AS TO THE INFORMATION IN THIS PRESENTATION.***

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* 2007 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Microsoft, Windows, Windows Vista and other product names are or may be registered trademarks and/or trademarks in the U.S. and/or other countries.The information herein is for informational purposes only and represents the current view of Microsoft Corporation as of the date of this presentation. Because Microsoft must respond to changing market conditions, it should not be interpreted to be a commitment on the part of Microsoft, and Microsoft cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information provided after the date of this presentation. MICROSOFT MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR STATUTORY, AS TO THE INFORMATION IN THIS PRESENTATION.**How does mind/soul interact with body?

* 2007 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Microsoft, Windows, Windows Vista and other product names are or may be registered trademarks and/or trademarks in the U.S. and/or other countries.The information herein is for informational purposes only and represents the current view of Microsoft Corporation as of the date of this presentation. Because Microsoft must respond to changing market conditions, it should not be interpreted to be a commitment on the part of Microsoft, and Microsoft cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information provided after the date of this presentation. MICROSOFT MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR STATUTORY, AS TO THE INFORMATION IN THIS PRESENTATION.**If the mind is like the ghost = soul how does it interact with things.

* 2007 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Microsoft, Windows, Windows Vista and other product names are or may be registered trademarks and/or trademarks in the U.S. and/or other countries.The information herein is for informational purposes only and represents the current view of Microsoft Corporation as of the date of this presentation. Because Microsoft must respond to changing market conditions, it should not be interpreted to be a commitment on the part of Microsoft, and Microsoft cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information provided after the date of this presentation. MICROSOFT MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR STATUTORY, AS TO THE INFORMATION IN THIS PRESENTATION.**Dualism is incoherent by the author. No evidence to support it. Miind has range of implications.

* 2007 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Microsoft, Windows, Windows Vista and other product names are or may be registered trademarks and/or trademarks in the U.S. and/or other countries.The information herein is for informational purposes only and represents the current view of Microsoft Corporation as of the date of this presentation. Because Microsoft must respond to changing market conditions, it should not be interpreted to be a commitment on the part of Microsoft, and Microsoft cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information provided after the date of this presentation. MICROSOFT MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR STATUTORY, AS TO THE INFORMATION IN THIS PRESENTATION.**Kim asks us to suppose there r two guns. G1 n G2, 1 bullet shot from each to corresponding guy. How can we decide which gun killed which guy?

* 2007 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Microsoft, Windows, Windows Vista and other product names are or may be registered trademarks and/or trademarks in the U.S. and/or other countries.The information herein is for informational purposes only and represents the current view of Microsoft Corporation as of the date of this presentation. Because Microsoft must respond to changing market conditions, it should not be interpreted to be a commitment on the part of Microsoft, and Microsoft cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information provided after the date of this presentation. MICROSOFT MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR STATUTORY, AS TO THE INFORMATION IN THIS PRESENTATION.**Film the cameraPair a gun with indivual explicitely.

* 2007 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Microsoft, Windows, Windows Vista and other product names are or may be registered trademarks and/or trademarks in the U.S. and/or other countries.The information herein is for informational purposes only and represents the current view of Microsoft Corporation as of the date of this presentation. Because Microsoft must respond to changing market conditions, it should not be interpreted to be a commitment on the part of Microsoft, and Microsoft cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information provided after the date of this presentation. MICROSOFT MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR STATUTORY, AS TO THE INFORMATION IN THIS PRESENTATION.**Immaterial = donot reflect light



* 2007 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Microsoft, Windows, Windows Vista and other product names are or may be registered trademarks and/or trademarks in the U.S. and/or other countries.The information herein is for informational purposes only and represents the current view of Microsoft Corporation as of the date of this presentation. Because Microsoft must respond to changing market conditions, it should not be interpreted to be a commitment on the part of Microsoft, and Microsoft cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information provided after the date of this presentation. MICROSOFT MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR STATUTORY, AS TO THE INFORMATION IN THIS PRESENTATION.**A ghost in us responsible for our body to run

* 2007 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Microsoft, Windows, Windows Vista and other product names are or may be registered trademarks and/or trademarks in the U.S. and/or other countries.The information herein is for informational purposes only and represents the current view of Microsoft Corporation as of the date of this presentation. Because Microsoft must respond to changing market conditions, it should not be interpreted to be a commitment on the part of Microsoft, and Microsoft cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information provided after the date of this presentation. MICROSOFT MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR STATUTORY, AS TO THE INFORMATION IN THIS PRESENTATION.**Foreign person in US to see around. At end asks where is university?

* 2007 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Microsoft, Win

Lecture 1 Cognition

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course information

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informational purposes

mindbody problempredicting

market conditions

behavior of people

intelligence possible