Lec3_ARM_Lit_Review.pptx

7/27/2019 Lec3_ARM_Lit_Review.pptx

1/21

Ahmed ArifSZABIST,

Islamabad


2/21

Introduction Literature Review

Literature Review Process Purpose of Literature Review Critical Perspective Structure of Literature Plagiarism


3/21

Literature review can be referred to criticalreview of previous researchers related to your

topic of research. The literature review is all about knowing the

findings and views of previous researchers. Literature review helps to understand the

phenomenon in a broader context and helpsthe researcher to be specific.


4/21

Two main reasons of a literature review.

Firstly, it is conducted at the time of formulating

problem that helps to refine the research idea. Second is critical review of literature that is the

major part of a research paper.

This provides you good knowledge of your research area

The significance of research is evaluated on the basis ofliterature review.


5/21

Literature review is usually an early activity inresearch.

It should not be confined to the early stagesof research only.

Literature review is indeed a continuousprocess throughout the research study.


6/21


7/21

It provides the foundation on which yourresearch is built.

It highlight the previous and ongoing trends

in the subject under discussion in yourresearch.

For a research with deductive approach, you

need to review literature to find the theory. For inductive process, you explore the data

and develop theories that will be related to

literature.


8/21

Purpose of literature review is not to write asummary of your research.

It is meant to review the most significant and

relevant researches to your topic. You are required to relate the research

theories and finding with the previous

researches.


9/21

A few key purposes are highlighted: to help you to refine further your research question(s) and

objectives; to highlight research possibilities that have been overlooked

implicitly in research to date; to discover explicit recommendations for further research.

These can provide you with a superb justification for yourown research question(s) and objectives;

to help you to avoid simply repeating work that has beendone already;

to sample current opinions in newspapers, professional andtrade journals, thereby gaining insights into the aspects ofyour research question(s) and objectives that are considerednewsworthy;

to discover and provide an insight into research approaches,

strategies and techniques that may be appropriate to yourown research question(s) and objectives.


10/21

You should develop following skills: Previewing: which is looking around the text before you

start reading in order to establish precisely its purpose andhow it may inform your literature search;

Annotating:that is conducting a dialogue with yourself,the author, and the issues and ideas at stake.

Summarizing: The best way to determine that youvereally got the point is to be able to state it in your ownwords. Outlining the argument of a text is a version of

annotating, and can be done quite informally in themargins of the text. Comparing and Contrasting: Ask yourself how your

thinking been altered by this reading or how has it affectedyour response to the issues and themes your research?


11/21

You should ask following questions from yourself and try to findout the answers:

Why am I reading this? (The authors argue that this is where thereview question in particularly valuable. It acts as a focusing deviceand ensures that you stick to the purpose of the reading and notget sidetracked too much by the authors agenda.)

What is the author trying to do in writing this? (The answer to thismay assist you in deciding how valuable the writing may be foryour purposes.)

What is the writer saying that is relevant to what I want to findout?

How convincing is what the author is saying? (In particular, is theargument based on a conclusion which is justified by theevidence?)

What use can I make of the reading?


12/21

In considering the content of your criticalreview, you will therefore need:

to include the key academic theories withinyour chosen area of research; to demonstrate that your knowledge of your

chosen area is up to date; through clear referencing, enable those

reading your project report to find theoriginal publications which you cite.


13/21

Have you ensured that the literature coveredrelates clearly to your research question andobjectives?

Have you covered the most relevant andsignificant theories of recognized experts in thearea?

Have you covered the most relevant andsignificant literature or at least a representativesample?

Have you included up-to-date literature? Have you referenced all the literature used in the

format prescribed in the assessment criteria?


14/21

Have you assessed the strengths andweaknesses of the previous research

reviewed? Have you been objective in your discussion

and assessment of other peoples research? Have you included references to research

that is counter to your own opinion? Have you distinguished clearly between facts

and opinions?


15/21

Have you been objective in your discussionand assessment of other peoples research?

Have you included references to researchthat is counter to your own opinion? Have you distinguished clearly between facts

and opinions? Have you made reasonedjudgments about the value and relevance ofothers research to your own?

Have you justified clearly your own ideas?


16/21

Have you highlighted those areas where new research(yours!) is needed to provide fresh insights and takenthese into account in your arguments? In particular:

where there are inconsistencies in current knowledge andunderstanding?

where there are omissions or bias in published research?

where research findings need to be tested further?

where evidence is lacking, inconclusive, contradictory orlimited? Have you justified your arguments by referencing

correctly published research?


17/21

Follow a funnel approach in literature review.1) start at a more general level before narrowing down to

your specific research question(s) and objectives;2) provide a brief overview of key ideas and themes;3) summarize, compare and contrast the research of the

key writers;4) narrow down to highlight previous research work most

relevant to your own research;

5) provide a detailed account of the findings of thisresearch and show how they are related;6) highlight those aspects where your own research will

provide fresh insights;7) lead the reader into subsequent sections of your project

report, which explore these issues.


18/21

Primary Literature

Reports Thesis

ConferenceProceedings

Company Reports

Unpublished

Manuscripts Some Govt.

Publications

Secondary

Literature Journals

Books

Newspapers

Tertiary Literatures

Indexes Abstracts

Catalogues

Encyclopedia

Dictionaries

Bibliographies Citation Indexes


19/21

How recent is the item? Is the item likely to have been superseded? Are the research questions or objectives sufficiently close

to your own to make it relevant to your own research (in

other words, does the item meet your relevance criteriafor inclusion)? Is the context sufficiently different to make it marginal to

your research question(s) and objectives (in other words, isthe item excluded by your relevance criteria)?

Have you seen references to this item (or its author) inother items that were useful? Does the item support or contradict your arguments? For

either it will probably be worth reading!


20/21

Does the item appear to be biased? For example, doesit use an illogical argument, emotionally toned wordsor appear to choose only those cases that support the

point being made? Even if it is, it may still be relevantto your critical review! What are the methodological omissions within the

work (e.g. sample selection, data collection, dataanalysis)? Even if there are many it still may be ofrelevance!

Is the precision sufficient? Even if it is imprecise it maybe the only item you can find and so still of relevance!

Does the item provide guidance for future research?


21/21

Four common form of Plagiarism are:1. Stealing material from another source and passing it off as

your own, for example: buying a paper from a research service, essay bank or term-paper mill

(either specially written for the individual or pre-written);

copying a whole paper from a source text without properacknowledgement;

submitting another students work with or without that studentsknowledge (e.g. by copying a computer disk);

2. submitting a paper written by someone else (e.g. a peer orrelative) and passing it off as your own;

3. copying sections of material from one or more source texts,supplying proper documentation (including the full reference)but leaving out quotation marks, thus giving the impressionthat the material has been paraphrased rather than directlyquoted;

4. paraphrasing material from one or more source texts withoutsupplying appropriate documentation.

Lec3_ARM_Lit_Review.pptx

Documents