-
Dr Tobias Bischof-Niemz
Chief Engineer
Least Cost Electricity Mix for South Africa
Optimisation of the South African power sector until 2050
CSIR Energy Centre
Working Document, Status: 16 January 2017
Jarrad Wright +27 79 527 6002 [email protected]
Dr Tobias Bischof-Niemz +27 83 403 1108
[email protected]
Robbie van Heerden +27 82 803 0961 [email protected]
Crescent Mushwana +27 82 310 2142 [email protected]
-
2
Agenda
Expertise of Commentators
Comments on IRP Assumptions
Wind Resource Data
IRP Results and Least-cost Scenario
Proposal / Next Steps
-
3
Commentators have significant expertise to give feedback on IRP
& its
implementation, from planning, system operation and grid
perspective
Dr Tobias Bischof-Niemz
• Head of CSIR’s Energy Centre
• Member of Ministerial Advisory Council on Energy (MACE)
• Member of IRP2010/IRP2013 teams at Eskom, energy planning in
Europe for large utilities
Robbie van Heerden
• Senior Specialist: Energy Systems at the CSIR’s Energy
Centre
• Former General Manager and long-time head of System Operations
at Eskom
Crescent Mushwana
• Research Group Leader: Energy Systems at the CSIR’s Energy
Centre
• Former Chief Engineer at Eskom strategic transmission grid
planning
Jarrad Wright
• Principal Engineer: Energy Planning at the CSIR’s Energy
Centre
• Energy Commissioner in the National Planning Commission
• Former Africa manager of PLEXOS (software package used for the
IRP)
-
4
Same software package as per the IRP was used to determine
the
least-cost expansion path of the South African power system to
2050
The Integrated Resource Plan (IRP) is the expansion plan for the
South African power system until 2050
The IRP 2016 has a significant self-imposed limitation: The
amount of wind and solar PV capacity that the
model is allowed to build per year is limited, which is not
technically/economically justified in the plan
The CSIR has therefore conducted a study to re-optimise the
South African power mix until 2050
• First and most important deviation from IRP2016: no new-build
limits on renewables (wind/solar PV)
• Additional deviation: relative costing for solar PV and wind
aligned with latest relative IPP tariff results
Two scenarios from the draft IRP 2016 are compared with the
re-optimisation
• “Draft IRP 2016 Base Case” – new coal, new nuclear
• “Draft IRP 2016 Carbon Budget” – significant new nuclear
• “CSIR Re-Optimised” – least-cost without constraints
An hourly capacity expansion and dispatch model (incl. unit
commitment) using PLEXOS
was run for all scenarios to test for technical adequacy � same
software platform as IRP
Sources: CSIR analysis
-
5
Hourly or sub-hourly chronological model of the
operation of the power system after capacity expansion
Key technical limitations of power generators covered
• Maximum ramp rates (% of installed capacity/h)
• Minimum operating levels (% of installed capacity)
• Minimum up & down times (h btw start/stop)
• Start-up and shut-down profiles
Technical aspect not covered: system inertia
CSIR uses an industry standard software package for capacity
expansion planning of power system – same package as used by
DoE
Costs covered in the model include
• All capacity-related costs of all power generators
‒ CAPEX of new power plants (R per kW
installed)
‒ Fixed Operation and Maintenance (FOM)
cost (R per kW installed per year)
• All energy-related costs of all power generators
‒ Variable Operation and Maintenance (VOM)
cost (R per kWh generated)
‒ Fuel cost (R per GJ, with efficiency of power
plant converts R per kWh generated)
• Efficiency (heat rate) losses due to more flexible
operation
• Reserves provision (included in capacity costs)
Costs not covered in the model currently used are any
grid-related costs (note: grid costs ~10-15% of power
generation costs) and costs related to mimicking inertia
Commercial software used by DoE & CSIR … Commercial software
used by DoE & CSIR … … covers all key cost drivers of a power
system… covers all key cost drivers of a power system
-
6
Agenda
Expertise of Commentators
Comments on IRP Assumptions
Wind Resource Data
IRP Results and Least-cost Scenario
Proposal / Next Steps
-
7
BW4:
0.87-0.95BW4:
0.69-0.80
Actual tariffs for new solar PV and wind are 40% cheaper than
new
baseload coal, whereas IRP 2016 assumes similar LCOE for all
three
Sources: South African Department of Energy IPP Office’s
publications on results of IPP Bid Windows; IRP 2016 Draft; StatsSA
on CPI; CSIR analysis
1.03
0.620.62
Wind IPP
(Bid Window
4 Expedited)
Solar PV IPP
(Bid Window
4 Expedited)
-40%-40%
Baseload Coal IPP
(Bid Window 1)
Actual average
new-build tariffs
in R/kWh
(Apr-2016-Rand)
Actual tariffs from RE IPP and
Coal IPP Procurement Programme
Actual tariffs from RE IPP and
Coal IPP Procurement Programme IRP 2016 cost input
assumptionsIRP 2016 cost input assumptions
0.860.810.93
Solar PV
1.131.05
Wind
0.98
-7%+8%
Baseload Coal
IRP 2016 model
input assumptions
in R/kWh
(Apr-2016-Rand)
-
8
Actual tariffs for new solar PV and wind are 40% cheaper than
new
baseload coal, whereas IRP 2016 assumes similar LCOE for all
three
Sources: South African Department of Energy IPP Office’s
publications on results of IPP Bid Windows; IPP Office on Bid
Window 4 expedited; StatsSA on CPI; CSIR analysis
1.03
0.620.62
2.02
Wind IPP
(Bid Window
4 Expedited)
Solar PV IPP
(Bid Window
4 Expedited)
-40%
CSP IPP
(Bid Window
4 Expedited)
Baseload
Coal IPP
(Bid
Window 1)
+95%
-40%
Actual average
new-build tariffs
in R/kWh
(Apr-2016-Rand)
Actual tariffs from RE IPP and
Coal IPP Procurement Programme
Actual tariffs from RE IPP and
Coal IPP Procurement Programme IRP 2016 cost input
assumptionsIRP 2016 cost input assumptions
0.860.810.93
2.34
Solar PV Wind Baseload
Coal
CSP
-7%+8%
+171%
IRP 2016 model
input assumptions
in R/kWh
(Jan-2015-Rand)
-
9
Actual coal tariff of Bid Window 1 is significantly above IRP
2010
assumptions and almost exactly on the Coal PF assumption of IRP
2016
1.03
0.00
0.25
0.50
0.75
1.00
1.25
2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 2026 2028 2030
Tariff in R/kWh
(Apr-2016-Rand)
Assumptions: IRP2016 - Coal PF
Actuals: Coal IPPPP (BW1)
Assumptions: IRP2016 - Coal FBC
Assumptions: IRP2010 - Coal FBC
Assumptions: IRP2010 - Coal PF
Assumptions: CPI used for normalisation to Apr-2016-Rand; LCOE
calculated for IRP 2010 and 2013 with 8% discount rate (real), 30
yrs lifetime, cost and load factor assumptions as per relevant
IRP document; LCOE for IRP 2016 straight from IRP document; “IRP
Tariff” then calculated assuming 90% of total tariff to be LCOE EPC
costs, i.e. divide the LCOE by 0.9 to derive at the “IRP
Tariff”
Sources: IRP 2010; IRP 2013; IRP 2016 draft as of November 2016;
https://www.ipp-projects.co.za/Home/GetPressRelease?fileid=228bdd35-e18e-e611-9455-
2c59e59ac9cd&fileName=PressRelease-Coal-based-Independent-Power-Producer-programme-announcement-10Oct2016.pdf;
CSIR analysis
-
10
Nuclear cost assumptions increased slightly from IRP 2010 to IRP
2016
0.00
0.25
0.50
0.75
1.00
1.25
1.50
2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 2026 2028 2030
Tariff in R/kWh
(Apr-2016-Rand)Assumptions: IRP2010
Assumptions: IRP2016
Assumptions: CPI used for normalisation to Apr-2016-Rand; LCOE
calculated for IRP 2010 and 2013 with 8% discount rate (real), 60
yrs lifetime, cost and load factor assumptions as per relevant
IRP document; LCOE for IRP 2016 straight from IRP document; “IRP
Tariff” then calculated assuming 90% of total tariff to be LCOE EPC
costs, i.e. divide the LCOE by 0.9 to derive at the “IRP
Tariff”
Sources: IRP 2010; IRP 2013; IRP 2016 draft as of November 2016;
https://www.ipp-projects.co.za/Home/GetPressRelease?fileid=228bdd35-e18e-e611-9455-
2c59e59ac9cd&fileName=PressRelease-Coal-based-Independent-Power-Producer-programme-announcement-10Oct2016.pdf;
CSIR analysis
-
11
Actual solar PV tariffs quickly approached IRP 2010 assumptions
in first
four bid windows and are now well below cost assumption
funnel
0.62
0.91
3.65
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 2026 2028 2030
Tariff in R/kWh
(Apr-2016-Rand)
1.17
2.18
Actuals: REIPPPP (BW1-4 Expedited)
Assumptions: IRP2016 - low
Assumptions: IRP2016 - high
Assumptions: IRP2010 - low
Assumptions: IRP2010 - high
Assumptions: CPI used for normalisation to Apr-2016-Rand; LCOE
calculated for IRP 2010 and 2013 with 8% discount rate (real), 25
yrs lifetime, cost and load factor assumptions as per relevant
IRP document; LCOE for IRP 2016 straight from IRP document; “IRP
Tariff” then calculated assuming 90% of total tariff to be LCOE EPC
costs, i.e. divide the LCOE by 0.9 to derive at the “IRP
Tariff”
Sources: IRP 2010; IRP 2013; IRP 2016 draft as of November 2016;
http://www.energy.gov.za/files/renewable-energy-status-report/Market-Overview-and-Current-Levels-of-Renewable-Energy-
Deployment-NERSA.pdf; CSIR analysis
-
12
Actual wind tariffs in bid window four were below the level that
was
assumed for 2030 in IRP 2010, BW 4 Expedited is significantly
below
0.62
1.19
1.51
0.00
0.25
0.50
0.75
1.00
1.25
1.50
1.75
2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 2026 2028 2030
0.75
0.87
Tariff in R/kWh
(Apr-2016-Rand)
Actuals: REIPPPP (BW1-4 Expedited)
Assumptions: IRP2016
Assumptions: IRP2010
Assumptions: CPI used for normalisation to Apr-2016-Rand; LCOE
calculated for IRP 2010 and 2013 with 8% discount rate (real), 20
yrs lifetime, cost and load factor assumptions as per relevant
IRP document; LCOE for IRP 2016 straight from IRP document; “IRP
Tariff” then calculated assuming 90% of total tariff to be LCOE EPC
costs, i.e. divide the LCOE by 0.9 to derive at the “IRP
Tariff”
Sources: IRP 2010; IRP 2013; IRP 2016 draft as of November 2016;
http://www.energy.gov.za/files/renewable-energy-status-report/Market-Overview-and-Current-Levels-of-Renewable-Energy-
Deployment-NERSA.pdf; CSIR analysis
-
13
Actual CSP tariffs are declining from bid window 1 to 4
Expedited, and
are now close to the upper boundary of IRP 2013 cost
assumptions
2.903.11
3.323.55
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 2026 2028 2030
2.02
Tariff in R/kWh
(Apr-2016-Rand)
Actuals: REIPPPP (BW1-4 Expedited)
Assumptions: IRP2016 - low
Assumptions: IRP2016 - high
Assumptions: IRP2010 - low
Assumptions: IRP2010 - high
Assumptions: CPI used for normalisation to Apr-2016-Rand; LCOE
calculated for IRP 2010 and 2013 with 8% discount rate (real), 30
yrs lifetime, cost and load factor assumptions as per relevant
IRP document; LCOE for IRP 2016 straight from IRP document; “IRP
Tariff” then calculated assuming 90% of total tariff to be LCOE EPC
costs, i.e. divide the LCOE by 0.9 to derive at the “IRP
Tariff”
Sources: IRP 2010; IRP 2013; IRP 2016 draft as of November 2016;
http://www.energy.gov.za/files/renewable-energy-status-report/Market-Overview-and-Current-Levels-of-Renewable-Energy-
Deployment-NERSA.pdf; CSIR analysis
Weighted average tariff for Bid
Window 3, 3.5 and 4 Expedited
calculated on the assumption of
a 64%/36% split between base
and peak tariff energy
-
14
IRP 2016 Solar PV cost assumptions relative to baseload coal
much
higher than in IRP 2010 – despite actual PV/coal ratio is much
lower
2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 2026 2028 2030
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
Solar PV relative to
baseload coal cost
+22%
+43%+79%
Actuals: REIPPPP relative to Coal IPPPP
Assumptions: IRP2016
Assumptions: IRP2010
Assumptions: CPI used for normalisation to Apr-2016-Rand; LCOE
calculated for IRP 2010 and 2013 with 8% discount rate (real), 25
yrs lifetime, cost and load factor assumptions as per relevant
IRP document; LCOE for IRP 2016 straight from IRP document
Sources: IRP 2010; IRP 2013; IRP 2016 draft as of November 2016;
http://www.energy.gov.za/files/renewable-energy-status-
report/Market-Overview-and-Current-Levels-of-Renewable-Energy-Deployment-NERSA.pdf;
CSIR analysis
BW1 � BW 4 (Expedited)
Baseload
Coal
= 100
-
15
IRP 2016 wind cost assumptions relative to baseload coal lower
than in
IRP 2010 – but actual ratios from IPP Programmes being even
lower
0
50
100
150
2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 2026 2028 2030
Wind relative to
baseload coal cost
+40%+40%
+55%
Assumptions: IRP2016
Actuals: REIPPPP relative to Coal IPPPP
Assumptions: IRP2010
Assumptions: CPI used for normalisation to Apr-2016-Rand; LCOE
calculated for IRP 2010 and 2013 with 8% discount rate (real), 20
yrs lifetime, cost and load factor assumptions as per relevant
IRP document; LCOE for IRP 2016 straight from IRP document
Sources: IRP 2010; IRP 2013; IRP 2016 draft as of November 2016;
http://www.energy.gov.za/files/renewable-energy-status-
report/Market-Overview-and-Current-Levels-of-Renewable-Energy-Deployment-NERSA.pdf;
CSIR analysis
BW1 � BW 4 (Expedited)
Baseload
Coal
= 100
-
16
IRP 2016 CSP cost assumptions relative to baseload coal higher
than in
IRP 2010 – actual ratios from IPP Programmes lie between
IRP2010/16
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 2026 2028 2030
+8%
+38%
CSP relative to
baseload coal cost
Actuals: REIPPPP relative to Coal IPPPP
Assumptions: IRP2016
Assumptions: IRP2010
Assumptions: CPI used for normalisation to Apr-2016-Rand; LCOE
calculated for IRP 2010 and 2013 with 8% discount rate (real), 25
yrs lifetime, cost and load factor assumptions as per relevant
IRP document; LCOE for IRP 2016 straight from IRP document
Sources: IRP 2010; IRP 2013; IRP 2016 draft as of November 2016;
http://www.energy.gov.za/files/renewable-energy-status-
report/Market-Overview-and-Current-Levels-of-Renewable-Energy-Deployment-NERSA.pdf;
CSIR analysis
BW1 � BW 4 (Expedited)
Baseload
Coal
= 100
-
17
IRP 2016 Solar PV cost assumptions relative to nuclear much
higher
than in IRP 2010
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 2026 2028 2030
Solar PV relative to
nuclear cost Assumptions: IRP2010
Assumptions: IRP2016
Assumptions: CPI used for normalisation to Apr-2016-Rand; LCOE
calculated for IRP 2010 and 2013 with 8% discount rate (real), 25
yrs lifetime, cost and load factor assumptions as per relevant
IRP document; LCOE for IRP 2016 straight from IRP document
Sources: IRP 2010; IRP 2013; IRP 2016 draft as of November 2016;
http://www.energy.gov.za/files/renewable-energy-status-
report/Market-Overview-and-Current-Levels-of-Renewable-Energy-Deployment-NERSA.pdf;
CSIR analysis
Nuclear
= 100
-
18
IRP 2016 wind cost assumptions relative to nuclear kept
constant
compared to IRP 2010
0
20
40
60
80
100
2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 2026 2028 2030
Wind relative to
nuclear cost
Assumptions: IRP2016
Assumptions: IRP2010
Assumptions: CPI used for normalisation to Apr-2016-Rand; LCOE
calculated for IRP 2010 and 2013 with 8% discount rate (real), 20
yrs lifetime, cost and load factor assumptions as per relevant
IRP document; LCOE for IRP 2016 straight from IRP document
Sources: IRP 2010; IRP 2013; IRP 2016 draft as of November 2016;
http://www.energy.gov.za/files/renewable-energy-status-
report/Market-Overview-and-Current-Levels-of-Renewable-Energy-Deployment-NERSA.pdf;
CSIR analysis
Nuclear
= 100
-
19
IRP 2016 CSP cost assumptions relative to nuclear significantly
higher
than in IRP 2010
0
100
200
300
2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 2026 2028 2030
Wind relative to
nuclear cost
Assumptions: IRP2010
Assumptions: IRP2016
Assumptions: CPI used for normalisation to Apr-2016-Rand; LCOE
calculated for IRP 2010 and 2013 with 8% discount rate (real), 20
yrs lifetime, cost and load factor assumptions as per relevant
IRP document; LCOE for IRP 2016 straight from IRP document
Sources: IRP 2010; IRP 2013; IRP 2016 draft as of November 2016;
http://www.energy.gov.za/files/renewable-energy-status-
report/Market-Overview-and-Current-Levels-of-Renewable-Energy-Deployment-NERSA.pdf;
CSIR analysis
Nuclear
= 100
-
20
Logic to derive “IRP Tariff” curves
Calculate the IRP LCOE path for each technology based on
• Cost development path for CAPEX in R/kW and for O&M in
R/kW/yr as per IRP 2010 / IRP 2013
• Discount rate of 8%
• Lifetime of 25/20/30 years for PV/wind/CSP
• Load factors as per the profiles used in IRP 2010 / IRP
2013
• For IRP 2016, use straight the reported LCOE (i.e. without own
LCOE calculation)
Adjust all resulting IRP LCOE numbers to Apr 2016 via CPI
table
• http://www.statssa.gov.za/keyindicators/CPI/CPIHistory.pdf
Translate all Apr-2016-based IRP LCOE numbers into an “IRP
Tariff”
• The IRP-assumed costs (CAPEX and O&M) reflect only the
costs within the battery limit of the EPC contract. Owner’s
development costs (ODCs) and grid connection costs are not
considered
• Assume that for an IPP the pure EPC CAPEX plus O&M stands
for 90% of the total costs that lead to the tariff
• Therefore, divide “IRP LCOE” numbers by 90% to derive at the
“IRP Tariff”
• This tariff is logically comparable to the tariffs that IPPs
bid for in the REIPPPP
Sources: CSIR analysis
-
21
IRP 2016: Annual new-build limits for solar PV and wind are
constant in
absolute terms but decrease relative to the size of the power
system
The imposed new-build limits for solar PV and wind mean that the
IRP model is not allowed in any given
year to add more Solar PV and Wind capacity to the system than
these limits
No such limits are applied for any other technology. No
technical justification is provided for these limits.
No explanation is given why these limits are constant over a
30-year period while the power system grows.
Year System Peak
Load in MW
New-build limit
Solar PV in MW/yr
Relative new-build
limit Solar PV
New-build imit
Wind in MW/yr
Relative new-build
limit Wind
2020 44 916 1 000 2.2% 1 600 3.6%
2025 51 015 1 000 2.0% 1 600 3.1%
2030 57 274 1 000 1.7% 1 600 2.8%
2035 64 169 1 000 1.6% 1 600 2.5%
2040 70 777 1 000 1.4% 1 600 2.3%
2045 78 263 1 000 1.3% 1 600 2.0%
2050 85 804 1 000 1.2% 1 600 1.9%
Note: Relative new-build limit = New-build limit / system peak
load
Sources: IRP 2016 Draft; CSIR analysis
-
22
Today: Both leading and follower countries install much more
new
solar PV capacity per year than what South Africa’s limit is in
2030
2%
3%
4%
10%9%9%
5%
2%
4%
2%
4%
1% 1%
1%
3%
7%
4%
1%
0%
6%
3%
3%
3%
2%
1%
0%0%
7%
6%
4%
1%1%
1%0%0%
2%
2%2%
1%0%
0%0%0%
1%
1%1%
0%0%0%0% 0%
2%
2007
3%
0%
2014
0%
3%
0%
2008
0%
1%
0%
2013
2%
0%
2012
2%
1%
2011
1%
17%
3%
2010
0%
1%
2009
2050 (1.2%)
2030 (1.7%)
2015
India
South Africa
China
Japan
Australia
UK
Italy
Spain
GermanyAnnual new solar PV capacity
relative to system peak load
RSA’s IRP relative
new-build limit
decreases
over time
Leader
Follower
Follower
2nd wave
Sources: SolarPowerEurope; CIGRE; websites of System Operators;
IRP 2016 Draft; CSIR analysis
RSA new-build limits
in 2030 and 2050
-
23
Today: Both leading and follower countries install much more
new
wind capacity per year than what South Africa’s limit is in
2050
7%
6%
4%
3%
2%
2%
2%2%2%
3%
3%3%
6%
3%4%
5%5%
7%
3%
4%
6%
5%
5%
4%
4%
3%
3%
4%
3%
2%
2%
1%
2%2%
2%
5%
4%
2%2%
1%1%0%
0%0%
0%
1%
1%
2050 (1.9%)
2030 (2.8%)
2015
2%
0%
2014
1%
0%
2013
1%
0%
2012
2%
2%
2007
1%1%
8%
2006
0%
2011
2%
2010
2%
20092008
1%
South Africa
Brazil
India
China
Ireland
Spain
Germany
Annual new wind capacity
relative to system peak load
RSA’s IRP relative
new-build limit
decreases
over time
Leader
RSA new-build limits
in 2030 and 2050
Sources: GWEC; CIGRE; websites of System Operators; IRP 2016
Draft; CSIR analysis
Follower
-
24
Today: Solar PV penetration in leading countries 2.5 times RSA’s
plan
for 2050 – follower countries already today almost at RSA’s 2050
level
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050
Tota
l so
lar
PV
ca
pa
city
rela
tive
to
sys
tem
pe
ak
lo
ad
Year
Spain
UK
Italy
Japan
Germany
Australia
China
South Africa
India
South Africa IRP 2016 Base Case
Sources: SolarPowerEurope; CIGRE; websites of System Operators;
IRP 2016 Draft; CSIR analysis
Leader
Follower
Follower
2nd wave
-
25
Today: Wind penetration in leading countries almost twice RSA’s
plan
for 2050 – follower countries already today at 60% of RSA’s 2050
level
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050
Tota
l w
ind
ca
pa
city
rela
tive
to
sys
tem
pe
ak
lo
ad
Year
Spain
Germany
Ireland
Brazil
India
China
South Africa IRP 2016 Base Case
South Africa
Sources: GWEC; CIGRE; websites of System Operators; IRP 2016
Draft; CSIR analysis
Leader
Follower
-
26
Agenda
Expertise of Commentators
Comments on IRP Assumptions
Wind Resource Data
IRP Results and Least-cost Scenario
Proposal / Next Steps
-
27
The CSIR conducted a Wind and Solar PV Resource Aggregation
Study
CSIR, SANEDI, Eskom and Fraunhofer IWES conducted a joint study
to holistically quantify
• the wind-power potential in South Africa and
• the portfolio effects of widespread spatial wind and solar
power aggregation in South Africa
Wind Atlas South Africa (WASA) data was used to simulate wind
power across South Africa
Solar Radiation Data (SoDa) was used to simulate solar PV power
across South Africa
Output: Simulated time-synchronous solar PV and wind power
production time-series
• 5 km x 5 km spatial resolution
• Almost 50,000 pixels covering entire South Africa
• 15-minute temporal resolution
• 5 years temporal coverage (2009-2013)
Sources: www.csir.co.za/Energy_Centre/wind_solarpv.html
-
28
A single wind farm changes its power output quicklySimulated
wind-speed profile and wind power output for 14 January 2012
-
29
Aggregating 100 wind farms: 15-min gradients almost
zeroSimulated wind-speed profile and wind power output for 14
January 2012
-
30
Turbine type no. 1 2 3 4 5
Nominal power [MW] 3 2.2 2.4 2.4 2.4
Selection criterion
Blade diameter [m] 90 95 117 117 117
Hub height [m] 80 80 100 120 140
Space requirement 0.1km²/MW
� max. 250 MW per pixel
Five different generic wind turbine types defined for simulation
of
wind power output per 5x5 km pixel in South Africa (~50 000
pixels)
High-wind-speed turbine Low-wind-speed turbine
-
31
On almost 70% of suitable land area in South Africa a 35%
capacity
factor or higher can be achieved (>50% for turbines 1-3)Share
of South African land mass less exclusion zones with capacity
factors to be reached accordingly
� Installing turbine type 4 and 5 will cause higher costs but
also
increase capacity factors and electricity yield whilst consuming
the same area
0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.50
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Load factor
Perc
enta
ge o
f S
outh
Afr
ican land m
ass
less
excl
usio
n z
ones
Turbine types 1-5
Turbine types 1-3
0.050
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
Ele
ctr
icity g
enera
ted p
er
year
[1000 T
Wh]
0.050
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
Inst
allable
capacity
[GW
]
-
32
Agenda
Expertise of Commentators
Comments on IRP Assumptions
Wind Resource Data
IRP Results and Least-cost Scenario
Proposal / Next Steps
-
33
Demand grows, existing fleet phases out – gap needs to be
filledForecasted supply and demand balance for the South African
electricity system from 2016 to 2040
350
450
200
250
300
400
500
550
0
50
100
150
428
254
522
2040
439
2030
Electricity
in TWh/yr
344
2016
84
2020 2050
Other
Coal
Peaking
Gas (CCGT)
Hydro+PS
Nuclear
CSP
Solar PV
Wind
Supply gap
Decommissioning of
Eskom’s coal fleet
Notes: MTSAO demand forecasts are extrapolated from 2025 to 2040
using CAGR; IRP 2016 under development is using High Growth Low
Intensity (CSIR) demand forecast as base case.
1. Peak demand = 53.2 GW 2. Peak demand = 68.7 GW Sources: DoE
(IRP 2010); DoE (IRP 2013); Eskom MTSAO 2016-2021; StatsSA; World
Bank; CSIR analysis
All power plants considered for
“existing fleet” that are either:
1) Existing in 2016
2) Under construction
3) Procured (preferred bidder)
-
34
Actual tariffs: new renewables projects much cheaper than first
onesFirst four Bid Windows’ results of Department of Energy’s RE
IPP Procurement Programme (REIPPPP)
2.02
2.903.11
3.32
0.62
1.17
2.18
3.65
0.62
0.87
1.19
1.51
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
0.69-0.79
0.87-0.95
Bid Window 3
(19 Aug 2013)
Bid Window 2
(5 Mar 2012)
Bid Window 1
(4 Nov 2011)
Bid Window 4
Expedited
(11 Nov 2015)
Bid Window 4 + additional
(18 Aug 2014)
Average tariff
in R/kWh
(Apr-2016-R)
3.55
Bid sub-
mission
dates
∑ = 2.8 GW
∑ = 4.0 GW
649 MW
559 MW
787 MW
627 MW
417 MW
435 MW
415 + 398 MW
676 + 686 MW
150 MW
50 MW
200 MW
Wind
PV
CSP∑ = 1.2 GW
Notes: For CSP Bid Window 3, 3.5 and 4 Expedited, the weighted
average of base and peak tariff is indicated, assuming 64%/36%
split between base and peak tariff; BW = Bid Window; Sources:
Department of Energy’s publications on results of first four
bidding windows
http://www.energy.gov.za/files/renewable-energy-status-report/Market-Overview-and-Current-Levels-of-
Renewable-Energy-Deployment-NERSA.pdf; IPP Office on BW4
Expedited; StatsSA on CPI; CSIR analysis
200 MW(BW 3.5)
520 MW
650 MW
450 MW
-
35
2.40
R/kWh
(Apr-2016-R)
3.10
1.24
1.51
1.171.05-1.161.03
Bid Window 1
Bid Window 1
Mid-merit Coal Gas (OCGT)Gas (CCGT) Diesel
(OCGT)NuclearBaseload
Coal (Eskom)
Baseload
Coal (IPP)
WindSolar PV
Key input cost assumptions for new supply technologies
Actual new-build
tariffs
Assumptions based
new-build cost
50%92% 50% 10%Typical capacity factor2 � 10%
Lifetime cost
per energy unit1
1 Lifetime cost per energy unit is only presented for brevity.
The model inherently includes the specific cost structures of each
technology i.e. capex, Fixed O&M, variable O&M, fuel costs
etc.2 Changing full-load hours for conventional new-build options
drastically changes the fixed cost components per kWh (lower
full-load hours � higher capital costs and fixed O&M costs per
kWh); Assumptions: Average efficiency for CCGT = 55%, OCGT = 35%;
nuclear = 33%; IRP costs from Jan-2012 escalated to May-2016 with
CPI; assumed EPC CAPEX inflated by 10% to convert EPC/LCOE into
tariff; Sources: IRP 2013 Update; Doe IPP Office; StatsSA for CPI;
Eskom financial reports for coal/diesel fuel cost; EE Publishers
for Medupi/Kusile; Rosatom for nuclear capex; CSIR analysis
0.62 0.62
82%
High-priced gas
at 150 R/GJ
-
36
CSIR study cost input assumptions for solar PV:
Future cost assumptions for solar PV aligned with IRP 2010
0.62
3.65
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 2026 2028 2030 2032 2034
2036 2038 2040
Tariff in R/kWh
(Apr-2016-Rand)
Year
1.17
0.91
0.49 0.49
2.18
Assumptions for this study
Assumptions: IRP2010 - low
Assumptions: IRP2010 - high
Actuals: REIPPPP (BW1-4Exp)
Notes: REIPPPP = Renewable Energy Independant Power Producer
Programme; BW = Bid Window; bid submissions for the different BWs:
BW1 = Nov 2011; BW2 = Mar 2012; BW 3 = Aug 2013; BW 4 = Aug 2014;
BW 4 (Expedited) = Nov 2015 Sources: StatsSA for CPI; IRP 2010;
South African Department of Energy (DoE); DoE IPP Office; CSIR
analysis
∑ = 2.8 GW
BW1 � BW 4 (Expedited)
-
37
CSIR study cost input assumptions for wind:
Future cost assumptions for wind aligned with results of Bid
Window 4
0.62 0.62
0.62
0.690.87
1.19
1.52
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 2026 2028 2030 2032 2034
2036 2038 2040
Year
Tariff in R/kWh
(Apr-2016-Rand)
Assumptions for this study
Assumptions: IRP2010
Actuals: REIPPPP (BW1-4Exp)∑ = 4.0 GW
Notes: REIPPPP = Renewable Energy Independant Power Producer
Programme; BW = Bid Window; bid submissions for the different BWs:
BW1 = Nov 2011; BW2 = Mar 2012; BW 3 = Aug 2013; BW 4 = Aug 2014;
BW 4 (Expedited) = Nov 2015 Sources: StatsSA for CPI; IRP 2010;
South African Department of Energy (DoE); DoE IPP Office; CSIR
analysis
BW1 � BW 4 (Expedited)
-
38
CSIR study cost input assumptions for CSP:
Today’s latest tariff as starting point, same cost decline as
per IRP 2010
1.20 1.20
2.903.11
3.55
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 2026 2028 2030 2032 2034
2036 2038 2040
Tariff in R/kWh
(Apr-2016-Rand)
2.02
3.32
Year
Actuals: REIPPPP (BW1-4Exp)
Assumptions: IRP2010 - low
Assumptions: IRP2010 - high
Assumptions for this study
For bid window 3, 3.5 and 4 Exp,
weighted average tariff of base
and peak tariff calculated on the
assumption of 64%/36%
base/peak tariff utilisation ratio
Notes: REIPPPP = Renewable Energy Independant Power Producer
Programme; BW = Bid Window; bid submissions for the different BWs:
BW1 = Nov 2011; BW2 = Mar 2012; BW 3 = Aug 2013; BW 4 = Aug 2014;
BW 4 (Expedited) = Nov 2015 Sources: StatsSA for CPI; IRP 2010;
South African Department of Energy (DoE); DoE IPP Office; CSIR
analysis
BW1 � BW 4 (Expedited)
-
39
200
250
275275
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050
CO2 Emissions Cap
(electricity sector)
[Mt/yr]
CO2 emissions constrained by RSA’s Peak-Plateau-Decline
objectivePPD that constrains CO2 emission from electricity
sector
PPD = Peak Plateau DeclineSources: DoE (IRP 2010-2030 Update);
StatsSA; CSIR analysis
-
40
Least-cost “CSIR Re-Optimised” case is largely based on wind and
PV
Draft IRP 2016 Base CaseDraft IRP 2016 Base Case CSIR
Re-OptimisedCSIR Re-OptimisedDraft IRP 2016 Carbon BudgetDraft IRP
2016 Carbon Budget
50
150
250
0
300
200
500
350
400
450
550
100
33
(6%)
165
(32%)
2040
39
(7%)
28
(5%)
93
(18%)
523
15
Total electricity
produced in TWh/yr
431
229
35
159
(30%)
34
33
66
20502030
344
235
1323
22
13
2016
248
207
17
36
Wind
Peaking
Gas (CCGT)
Hydro+PS
Nuclear
CoalCSP
Solar PV
300
450
500
550
50
0
100
400
250
200
150
350345
161
433
2030
103
44
(8%)
85
2040
33
134
109
(21%)
17
39
29
Total electricity
produced in TWh/yr
2050
15
35
(7%)
206
(39%)
63
(12%)
525
207
23
248
2016
23
63
57
63
(12%)350
200
0
50
250
400
550
500
450
100
150
300
15
83
433
2040
130
(25%)
22
87
189
9
16
282
(54%)
44
(8%)
2050
49
2215
527
15
Total electricity
produced in TWh/yr
20
(4%)
36
(7%)
346
2030
17
207
248
2016
35
212
Sources: CSIR analysis
As per Draft IRP 2016
More stringent
carbon limitsNo RE limits
-
41
In the CSIR Re-Optimised case, 100 GW of wind & 60 GW of PV
by 2050
Draft IRP 2016 Base CaseDraft IRP 2016 Base Case CSIR
Re-OptimisedCSIR Re-OptimisedDraft IRP 2016 Carbon BudgetDraft IRP
2016 Carbon Budget
250
200
150
100
50
0
2050
135
25
208
22
13
30
16
2040
111
33
58
17
12
21
12
2030
85
39
2 6
811
7
2016
51
37
5 3
Total installed
net capacity in GW
Coal
Nuclear
Hydro+PS
Gas (CCGT)
Peaking
Wind
CSP
Solar PV
250
0
200
150
100
50
Total installed
net capacity in GW
2050
149
10
26
8
33
10
36
25
2040
129
19
178
198
34
22
2030
98
34
78
10
20
13
2016
51
37
5 3
100
0
50
250
150
200
60
52
2030
100
31
34
2050
510
18
237
2016
Total installed
net capacity in GW
7
2040
178
1925
73
537
2
19
22
93
51
5
37
16
3
Sources: CSIR analysis
As per Draft IRP 2016
More stringent
carbon limitsNo RE limits
Plus 25 GW demand
response from warm
water provision
-
42
Draft determining the value of CSP for different capacity
factors:
Tipping point cost for CSP depends on annual average CF
-
0.200
0.400
0.600
0.800
1.000
1.200
1.400
1.600
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
LCO
E (
R/k
Wh
)
Capacity factor
Va
lue
of
CS
P i
n R
/kW
h
Annual capacity factor of CSP
If the cost of CSP (LCOE) as a
function of annual capacity factor lie
above the value (black line) CSP has
at that capacity factor for the power
system, the model will not build it
If the cost of CSP (LCOE) as a
function of annual capacity factor lie
below the value (black line) CSP has
at that capacity factor for the power
system, the model will build it
-
43
CSP sensitivity: CSP < 1.4 R/kWh and at 20% CF is cost
competitiveComparison of energy supply for Re-Optimised base
scenario and Re-Optimised with low CSP cost
Sources: CSIR analysis
CSIR Re-Optimised (base)CSIR Re-Optimised (base) Re-Optimised,
CSP SensitivityRe-Optimised, CSP Sensitivity
150
450
550
500
400
350
300
250
200
100
50
0
527
2050
Total electricity
produced in TWh/yr
346
83
130
(25%)
2040
433
15
212
282
(54%)
44
(8%)
20
(4%)
49
35
2016
248
207
1517
16
9
1522
36
(7%)
22
2030
87
189
450
300
400
100
150
200
50
0
250
550
500
350
1517
000
00 0
2016
248
207
260
(49%)
14
(3%)
Total electricity
produced in TWh/yr
40
(8%)
2040
20
(4%)
00
2030
527
2050
36
(7%)
143
(27%)
WIP
-
44
CSP sensitivity: CSP < 1.4 R/kWh and at 20% CF is cost
competitiveComparison of energy supply for Re-Optimised base
scenario and Re-Optimised with low CSP cost
Sources: CSIR analysis
CSIR Re-Optimised (base)CSIR Re-Optimised (base) Re-Optimised,
CSP SensitivityRe-Optimised, CSP Sensitivity
WIP
100
150
0
250
200
50
237
2050
Total installed
net capacity in GW
510
18
37
93
73
2040
178
192
315
2030
34
2
52
60
100
5
37
51
2016
19
16
22
7
3
5
150
200
50
0
250
10085
80
2040
0
0 00
0
8
2016
5
2050
51
0 00
0
0
0
2030
Total installed
net capacity in GW
3
242
105
16
37
37
-
45
CSP sensitivity: CSP < 0.9 R/kWh and at 60% CF is cost
competitiveComparison of energy supply for Re-Optimised base
scenario and Re-Optimised with low CSP cost
Sources: CSIR analysis
CSIR Re-Optimised (base)CSIR Re-Optimised (base) Re-Optimised,
CSP SensitivityRe-Optimised, CSP Sensitivity
450
550
500
400
150
350
300
250
200
100
50
0
16
9
189
1517
Total electricity
produced in TWh/yr
20
(4%)
87
2030
346
212
1522
49
35
2016
44
(8%)
207
282
(54%)
130
(25%)
2040
433
248
83
1522
2050
527
36
(7%)0
350
300
250
200
500
150
100
50
550
450
400
2050
527
34
(6%)
19
(4%)
00
Total electricity
produced in TWh/yr
2040
00
34
(6%)
248
207
1517
2016
228
(43%)
137
(26%)
60
(11%)
00
2030
00
WIP
-
46
CSP sensitivity: CSP < 0.9 R/kWh and at 60% CF is cost
competitiveComparison of energy supply for Re-Optimised base
scenario and Re-Optimised with low CSP cost
Sources: CSIR analysis
CSIR Re-Optimised (base)CSIR Re-Optimised (base) Re-Optimised,
CSP SensitivityRe-Optimised, CSP Sensitivity
WIP
100
150
0
250
200
50
237
2050
Total installed
net capacity in GW
510
18
37
93
73
2040
178
192
315
2030
34
2
52
60
100
5
37
51
2016
19
16
22
7
3
5
150
200
50
0
250
10074
77
2040
0
0 00
0
11
2016
5
2050
51
0 00
0
0
0
2030
Total installed
net capacity in GW
3
232
105
13
42
37
-
47
CSP sensitivity: CSP cost below 1.4 R/kWh makes it a gas fuel
saver
Two pre-conditions for CSP to be a cost-efficient contributor in
the energy mix in 2050
• 1) CSP cost below 1.4 R/kWh @ 20% CF � today RSA: 2.0 R/kWh @
50-60% CF, or
• 2) CSP cost below 0.9 R/kWh @ 60% CF � today RSA: 2.0 R/kWh @
50-60% CF
• CSP fully dispatchable within a certain daily energy budget
(i.e. CSP energy budget can be distributed by
the System Operator as required into the 24 hours of the day,
within the maximum of installed capacity)
If these two conditions are met, then CSP can play the role of a
gas fuel saver and displaces wind in 2050
527
34 0
34
228
60
137
CSP
Sensitivity
(20% CF)
527
36
0
Electricity supplied
in 2050 in TWh/yr
CSP
Sensitivity
(60% CF)
40
260
14
143
CSIR Re-
Optimised
527
36
044
282
0130
Installed net capacity
in 2050 in GW
CSP
Sensitivity
(60% CF)
232
10
80
CSIR Re-
Optimised
237
10
1837
93
0
73
1342
74
11
77
CSP
Sensitivity
(20% CF)
242
10
1637
85
8
Coal
Nuclear
Hydro+PS
Gas (CCGT)
Peaking
Other
Wind
CSP
Solar PV
-
48
80
20
40
0
60
100
Demand and
Supply in GW
Draft CSP Sensitivity for CSP 20% Capacity Factor:
Typical hourly dispatch profile of different generators in
2050
Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday
Sources: CSIR analysis
Example Week under CSIR Re-Optimised 2050
Demand + PS (charging) + DR
Demand
Demand +PS (charging)
DR
OCGT
Hydro, PS
CCGT
Other (RE)
Other (incl. cogeneration)
Coal
Nuclear
Solar PV
CSP
Wind
-
49
20
80
0
100
40
60
Demand and
Supply in GW
Draft CSP Sensitivity for CSP 60% Capacity Factor:
Typical hourly dispatch profile of different generators in
2050
Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday
Sources: CSIR analysis
Example Week under CSIR Re-Optimised 2050
Demand +PS (charging)
Demand + PS (charging) + DR
DemandDR
Other (RE)OCGT
CCGT
Other (incl. cogeneration)Hydro, PSCSP
Wind
Solar PV
Nuclear
Coal
-
50
40
20
0
80
60
100
Demand and
Supply in GW
Draft CSP Sensitivity for CSP 90% Capacity Factor:
Typical hourly dispatch profile of different generators in
2050
Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday
Sources: CSIR analysis
Example Week under CSIR Re-Optimised 2050
Demand + PS (charging) + DR
Demand +PS (charging)
Demand
Nuclear
Wind
Solar PV
CCGT
Other (RE)
Coal
Other (incl. cogeneration)
Hydro, PS
OCGT
DR
CSP
-
51
CSIR Re-Optimised case without renewables limits is R90
billion/yr
cheaper than both IRP 2016 Base Case & IRP 2016 Carbon
Budget case
Draft IRP 2016 Base CaseDraft IRP 2016 Base Case CSIR
Re-OptimisedCSIR Re-OptimisedDraft IRP 2016 Carbon BudgetDraft IRP
2016 Carbon Budget
R580 billion/yr R490 billion/yr
100 Mt/yr 70 Mt/yr
16 bn l/yr 11 bn l/yr
R580 billion/yr
200 Mt/yr
40 bn l/yr
27% 33% 80%
Sources: CSIR analysis
-
52
Agenda
Expertise of Commentators
Comments on IRP Assumptions
Wind Resource Data
IRP Results and Least-cost Scenario
Proposal / Next Steps
-
53
Recommendation:
The IRP Base Case should be least-cost, free of any artificial
constraints
Solar PV, wind and flexibility is the cheapest new-build mix for
the South African power system and it is
the cost-optimal expansion to aim for a >70% renewable energy
share by 2050
This “CSIR Re-Optimised” mix is R90 billion per year cheaper by
2050 than current Draft IRP Base Case
Also, CSIR Re-Optimised mix reduces CO2 emissions by 65% (-130
Mt/yr) compared to Draft IRP Base Case
Avoiding CO2 emissions and least-cost is not a trade-off anymore
– South Africa can de-carbonise its
electricity sector at negative carbon-avoidance cost
Recommendation: The IRP Base Case should be least-cost, free of
any artificial constraints
• New-build limits for renewables should be lifted, relative
costs of wind/PV updated, and the unconstrained re-run should form
the Base Case of the IRP 2016
• Any cost increase due to deviations from the least-cost Base
Case should be reported on
Note: Wind and solar PV would have to be 60% more expensive than
assumed before the IRP Base Case and the CSIR Re-Optimised case
break evenSources: CSIR analysis
-
54
Thank youRe a leboga
SiyathokozaEnkosi
Siyabonga
Re a leboha
Ro livhuha
Ha Khensa
Dankie
Note: „Thank you“ in all official languages of the Republic of
South Africa
-
55
BACKUP
-
56
REBID 1-4 amounts to only 6.8 GW of Wind and PV, the grid has
more
than enough capacity (≈85 GW) by year 2022
GCCA – Generation Connection Capacity Assessment
Sources:
- Transmission development plan 2016-2025:
http://www.eskom.co.za/Whatweredoing/TransmissionDevelopmentPlan/Pages/Transmission_Development_Plans.aspx
- GCCA 2022:
http://www.eskom.co.za/Whatweredoing/GCCAReport/Pages/Default.aspx
- CSIR analyses
-
1 000
2 000
3 000
4 000
5 000
6 000
7 000
27 Supply areas' generation integration capacity ≈ 85 000 MW by
year 2022
based on GCCA 2022 - using the grid designed for according to
the 2014 TDP
grid models
MW
SUPPLY AREA
Additional studies (stability etc.) to quantity how much of the
85 GW can be comprised of
wind and PV (with flexible generators) are warranted for
managing the rollout plan
-
57
Lack of location-based incentives for IPPs leads to interest
in
substations that are already constrained (e.g. RE Bid 4
Expedited)
Proactive planning (location-based
IPP programme) can derisk
projects and lead to early grid
connection and higher allocations
For Bid Window 4 Expedited, only 1170 MW was allocated for wind
(650
MW) and PV (520 MW); more could have been allocated
Sources:
- Eskom Transmission Grid Planning - Expedited Bid Window
Programme Access Risk Assessment
- CSIR analysis
Low risk:
Capacity available
Medium risk:
Minimal grid
infrastructure
required
High risk:
Extensive grid
infrastructure
required at Tx level
-
58
Grid assessment/information to accompany the formal submission
–
all to be based publicly available information and data sets
• Grid capacity available at all busbars (66/88/132/275/400 kV)
in
transmission substations after RE Bid Windows 1-4
• Wind and solar PV correlation/aggregation impact on grid
capacity
assessment
• Location of wind and PV plants for the least-cost optimised
electricity
generation mix by 2050
• The estimated grid cost for the integration of new generation
capacity for
each scenario studies
• High-level assessment of the variable RE penetration levels
for South
Africa that will necessitate detailed stability and other
studies associated
with a South African system with low inertia
Actual experience from power systems globally indicate that >
50% instantaneous
penetration of variable RE is possible before stability issues
are a cause for concern