Learning Target: I can describe the United States actions leading up to WWI Learning Target: I can describe the United States actions in and after WWI.

LECTURE: “THE WAR TO END ALL WARS”

Learning Target: I can describe the United States’ actions leading up to

WWI

Learning Target: I can describe the United States’ actions in and after WWI

I-Pre-World War I Europe

A-Treaties of Mutual Protection1-Triple Alliance

A) Austria-HungaryB) GermanyC) Italy

I-Pre-World War I Europe2-Triple Entente

A) FranceB) Great BritainC) Russia

3-Great Britain and Belgium4-Russia and Serbia

I-Pre-World War I EuropeB-Nationalism began becoming popular in Europe

1-Serbians, Poles, Czechs, Slavs and many other nationalistic groups wanted their own

Countries2-Many of the existing countries did

not want to give up land for someone to start a new country

II-The Fighting Begins

A-The first blow of the war is when a Serbian-Nationalist (Gavrillo Princip) assassinates Austro-Hungarian Archduke Franz Ferdinand on June 28, 1914

1-Killed in a town called SarajevoA) Sarajevo hosted 1984 Winter

OlympicsB) Today, decimated because of a

war in the 1990’s (Olympic Stadium is a cemetery today!)

II-The Fighting Begins

Archduke Franz Ferdinand

Today, The Olympic Stadium is a cemetery

II-The Fighting BeginsB-Austria-Hungary had to do something to “punish” Serbia for killing a member of its royal family1-Solution: Declare war on SerbiaC-“Dominoes” began falling as other nations followed the mutual defense pacts1-Germany declares war on Serbia2-Russia declares war on Austria-Hungary and Germany3-Germany declares war on France and Great Britain

III-In High GearA-Two Sides1-Central PowersA) Austria-HungaryB) BulgariaC) GermanyD) Ottoman Empire (Turkey)2-AlliesA) AlbaniaB) BelgiumC) FranceD) Great BritainE) GreeceF) ItalyG) Japan H) MontenegroI) RomaniaJ) SerbiaK) Russia (1914-1917)L) United States (1917-1918)

III-In High GearB-At the beginning of the war, the U.S. was neutral

1-They wanted to trade with countries in the war

A) 90% if the trade was with Great Britain and France

B) 10% of the trade was with Germany

III-In High GearC-New Inventions: U-Boat (German submarines)

1-Germans would sneak attack ships2-Among ships attacked were civilian

cruise ships believed to be carrying weapons to

England

III-In High Gear3-May 7, 1915: German U-boats sank British liner “Lusitania” killing 128 American who were on the shipA) Many say this was what brought the U.S. into the war1) THIS IS FALSE!!!! The U.S. does not enter the war for two years!B) Germany apologized to America and stopped the sneak attacks on American ships

III-In High GearD-Election of 1916

1-Woodrow Wilson promises to stay out of the war

2-Wilson is easily re-electedE-January 17, 1917: Germany begins attacking all ships on Atlantic Ocean with U-boats, including American ships

III-In High GearF-Germany becomes fearful that America will enter the war against them1-Zimmerman Note: Telegram from Germany to Mexico suggesting that Mexico join the Central PowersA) If Mexico joins, they should attack the U.S.B) If Mexico joins, Germany will help Mexico get back California and other lands lost by Mexico to the U.S.C) Mexico refusesD) U.S. intercepted the telegram and knew of Germany’s request.

III-In High GearG-April 6, 1917: U.S. declares war on Germany 

IV-Over ThereA-Americans glamorized the war

1-Songs such as “Over There” is composed by George M. Cohenhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B6hRDS3LvQQ

IV-Over ThereB-Americans are the turning force in the war

1-Germany was winning before

the U.S. enters2-Gen. John

“Black Jack” Pershing leads the American army

IV-Over ThereA) Called the American

Expeditionary ForceB) Americans pushed aside by

the British because the British believe the Americans did not know what they were doing

C) Pershing went along with this for a while, but finally told the British to get out of our way while we fight.

IV-Over ThereC-All of American society becomes involved in the war

1-Women took over men’s jobs in factories

2-Farmers grew food for the soldiers

3-Industry: no lock-outs or strikes4-People bought war bonds5-Men volunteered for the military

IV-Over ThereD-Soldiers

1-Draft: Men 21 and olderA) 10 million signed up via draft

or volunteeredB) by Nov. 1918, 5 million soldiers

IV-Over There2-Army discriminationA) African American signed up as enthusiastically as other Americans1) 371,000 in uniform2) only a few thousand saw combat3) served in segregated unitsB) Those who served in Europe saw a different world1) Europeans treated all soldiers the same2) no segregation in European restaurants, etc.C) Many Native American men also fought for the U.S.1) Served in “All-Indian” unites segregated from the rest of the army

IV-Over ThereE-Russia withdraws from the war, Nov. 1917

1-Why?: Revolution taking placeF-Nov. 11, 1918: Treaty of Versailles ends WWI

V-Peace?A-Woodrow Wilson represents the U.S. at the Peace Conference1-Suggests his “14 Points”A) Open agreements of peace/no reparationsB) Absolute freedom of the seasC) Removal of trade barriersD) Reduction of armsE) Adjustment of colonial claimsF) Removal of foreign Troops from Russia*G) Removal of foreign troops from Belgium(*=accepted; #=accepted but in compromised form; others were rejected

V-Peace?1-Suggests his “14 Points”*H) German evacuation of France and the return of Alsace-Lorraine to France#I) Re-adjust Italy’s boarder#J) Self-determination of nationalities in Austria- Hungary#K) Removal of foreign troops from Serbia, Romania & Montenegro#L) Self-determination of nationalities in Ottoman Empire (Turkey)#M) Establishment of Poland#N) Establishment of League of Nations(*=accepted; #=accepted but in compromised form; others were rejected

V-Peace?B-Results of World War I

1-Accepting the provisions listed above from Wilson’s 14 Points

2-Germany can have no military3-Break up of Austria-Hungary4-Formation of League of Nations

A) U.S. NEVER joins5-Germany pays reparations

V-Peace?6-Formation of many new nations in EuropeA) PolandB) CzechoslovakiaC) YugoslaviaD) HungaryE) AustriaF) LithuaniaG) LatviaH) EstoniaI) FinlandJ) Iraq (British Mandate)K) Syria (French Mandate)L) Palestine (British Mandate)M) Trans-Jordan (British Mandate)

V-Peace?7-U.S. becomes the most powerful nation in the world

C-U.S. never ratifies Treaty of Versailles, which ends the war1-Why?A) Republicans are angry Wilson (a Democrat) did not take any Republican Senators to peace conferenceB) Republicans controlled the SenateC) Senate must approve all treaties before they can go into effect1) Need 2/3 of senators to approve treaty (65 senators)

V-Peace?Map of Europe Before WWI

V-Peace? Map of Europe after WWI

V-Peace?2-Wilson goes on a cross-country trip

to convince Americans to call their senators and

urge them to vote for the treatyA) While on the trip, Wilson

suffers a stroke3-Senate never ratifies the treaty

A) Thus technically, World War I never ends for the U.S.