Learning Review Flashcards for Terms on the Test.

Learning Review

Flashcards for Terms on the Test

Definition

• The type of learning that occurs when a person observes and imitates others is called…

Answer

• Observational Learning

Definition

• A response that is natural, automatic, or not learned, is called a(n)…

Answer

• Unconditioned Response

Definition

• A(n) ___________ reinforcer increases the frequency of the behavior it follows when it is added to the environment.

Answer

• Positive Reinforcer

Definition

• The method of __________ involves exposing a person to a harmless stimulus until he or she is no longer afraid of it.

Answer

• Flooding

Definition

• On a ___________ schedule, reinforcements are provided only after a certain number of correct responses have been made.

Answer

• Fixed Ratio

Definition

• A type of stimulus that was formerly neutral and takes on new meaning by being associated with something else is called a(n)

Answer

• Conditioned Stimulus

Definition

• This kind of reinforcement occurs when a behavior is reinforced every time it occurs.

Answer

• Continuous Reinforcement

Definition

• ___________ is the method of teaching complex behaviors by breaking them down into manageable parts.

Answer

• Shaping

Definition

• A(n) ___________ reinforcer is learned and becomes effective by first being paired with such reinforcers as food and shelter.

Answer

• Primary Reinforcer

Definition

• Reinforcements are applied with a set amount of time between them on a________ schedule.

Answer

• Fixed Interval

Definition

• __________ is the learning that occurs while a neutral stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus and it is repeated over and over. The initial learning of new response.

Answer

• Acquisition

Definition

• Form of classical conditioning in which a food comes to be avoided

Answer

• Taste Aversion

Definition

• This type of stimulus elicits a response not normally associated with it after being paired with an unconditional stimulus.

Answer

• Conditioned Stimulus

Definition

• Form of learning by successive approximations. Used to teach animals tricks.

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• Shaping

Definition

• Act of responding in the same way to stimuli that seem similar. For example, a dog salivates to a bell and to a buzzer with a similar tone.

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• Generalization

Definition

• Elicits no response before conditioning

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• Neutral Stimulus

Definition

• Method of overcoming fears by pairing a pleasing stimulus with a feared one.

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• Counter conditioning

Definition

• A(n) ___________ reinforcer is desired because the animal learns to value it, like praise.

Answer

• Secondary Reinforcer

Definition

• Method of overcoming fear that involves relaxation and gradual exposure to the feared stimulus

Answer

• Systematic Desensitization

Definition

• Revival of an extinguished response when the unconditioned stimulus suddenly reappears.

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• Spontaneous Recovery

Definition

• Form of learning based on the consequences of actions

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• Operant Conditioning

Definition

• Act of responding differently to stimuli that are not similar. For example, a dog salivates to a bell but not a knock on the wooden door.

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• Descrimination

Definition

• When a conditioned response stops occurring because the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented

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• Extinction

Definition

• Reinforcement that encourages a behavior by meeting an organism's basic biological needs like food, water, or sex drive.

Answer

• Primary Reinforcer

Definition

• A natural stimulus that causes an automatic response

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• Unconditioned Stimulus

Definition

• This person studied cats and came up with the “Law of Effect” that states that animals will repeat behaviors that are rewarded.

Answer

• Thorndike

Definition

• This person conditioned Little Albert to be scared of white fury objects.

Answer

• John Watson

Definition

• This person is the father of operant conditioning and believed that all animals learn through reinforcement and punishment.

Answer

• B.F. Skinner

Definition

• This person’s experiment with rats showed that animals do think during classical conditioning because they need to predict the UCS is coming after the NS.

Answer

• Robert Rescorla

Definition

• This person studied taste aversion in rats using flavored water with a drug that would make the rats sick.

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• John Garcia

Definition

• This person’s rat maze experiment where rats formed a cognitive map of the maze showed that animals learn without reinforcement demonstrating the concept of latent learning.

Answer

• E.C. Tolman

Definition

• This person studied how children learned through observation in his famous Bobo Doll Experiment

Answer

• Albert Bandura

Definition

• His experiment with dogs proved that animals can learn reflexive behaviors to unnatural stimuli.

Answer

• Ivan Pavlov