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LEARNINGSTARTSWITHVIEWINGTHEWORLDDIFFERENTLY.
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KnowledgeflowbringsyoualearningeBookofLearningPHPandMySQL.ThiseBookisforallinformationtechnology,computerscienceandwebdevelopmentstudentsandprofessionalsacrosstheworld.
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LEARNINGPHPANDMYSQL1.IntroductionofPHP
2.FeaturesofPHP
3.VariablesandArrays
4.Operators
5.Functions
6.IntroductionofSQL
7.OperatorsandConditionsofSQL
8.Queries,Sub-queriesand3VL
9.DataControlandDrawbacks
10.PHPwithMySQL
11.CreateandInsertinMySQLusingPHP
12.UpdateandRetrieveinMySQLusingPHP
13.DeleteinMySQLusingPHP
14.MoreeBooksandApps
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DisclaimerThiseBookcontentsisforinformationalandstudypurposesonly.TheKnowledgeflowmakesnoclaims,promises,orguaranteesabouttheaccuracy,completeness,oradequacyofthecontentsofthiseBookandnolegalliabilityorotherresponsibilityisacceptedbyKnowledgeflowforanyerrors,omissions,orstatementsonthiseBook.
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IntroductionPHPisoriginallyapersonalizedhomepagei.e.Nowusedasaserversidescriptinglanguage.Itisusedandexecutedonserver.Itwasintroducemainlyforwebdesigningpurpose.PHPwasactuallycreatedRasmusLerdorfin1994.Atpresentitishypertextpreprocessor.Itisusedforserversidewebdevelopment.Itcanbeusedasacommandlinescripter.ItcanbeusedasaGUIfortheclient.IthelpedmanysoftwareframeworkstoprovideRADi.e.rapidapplicationdevelopment.Itprovidesdynamiccontentstoclient.
LogoofPHP
HistoryofPHP
PHPdevelopmentwasstartedbyRasmusLerdorfin1994.HestartedkeepinghispersonalhomepagetowriteaseriesofCGIi.e.commongatewayinterfaceinC.In1997theparserwasrewrittenbyZeevSuraskiandAndyGutmanswhichleadtotheexistenceofbasicPHP.Therehadbeenonlytwostablereleaseswithallsecurityandbugfixes.PHPhasamascotwhichisblueelephantwhichwasdesignedbyVincentPointer.
FutureofPHP
Theversion5.0and5.5whichwerereleasedarerespectivelysupportedtilldateJune2016andAugust2017.Version7.0willbereleasedinmidOctoberof2015andwillbesupportedtill2018.Version7.0isreleasedwiththefeatureofuniformvariablesyntax,bitwiseshiftconsistencyacrossplatformandreturntypedeclaration.Version7.0willcomplementitsalreadyexistingparametertypedeclaration.Version7.0willalsorectifyallthealreadyexistinglongtimeflawsofPHP.
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LicensingofPHP
PHPisafreesoftwarereleasedfreeofcostsoftware.Itslicensestatesthat-productderivedfromPHPmaynotbecalledPHP,normayPHPnameshouldbeappearedwithoutpriorwrittenpermissionfromgroup@php.net.YoumayindicatethatyoursoftwarehadbeenworkingwithPHPbysayingFOOinsteadofPHP.ShouldnotstateitasPHPFOOorphpfoo.
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FeaturesofPHPTheyareasfollows.
Serverside-PHPwontexecutewithinthelocalmachineswebbrowser,insteaditwillbeexecutedinthewebserver.Crossplatformed-ThisfeatureallowsthePHPscripttorunandexecutedonanyoperatingsystemandwebserver.HTMLembeddedlanguage-ThismeansthecommandsandstatementofPHPisalreadyembeddedintheHTMLdocument.
WorkingofPHP
PHPsupportsmanydatabasesanditisopensourcesoftwarewhichisfreetodownloadanduse.
UsesofPHP
PHPcanbeusedforcreationofdynamicwebsite.Forbuildingtemplatethatwouldmakethesitemaintenanceeasy.Forcreationofgraphicsonthefly.Formaintainingthedifferentiationofthetypeofcontenttobeservedonthebasisoftheusersbrowser,IPaddress,dateandtimeandvariousotherdetails.Forconductingasurveyonline.Toconnectdatabaseswiththeweb.Fore.g.oracleandMySQL.Helpsinprovidingalinkofcommunicationwithexternalweb.
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ItperformsreadandprocessXML.
SimplescriptinginPHP
ThePHPstatementisfollow-
Thiswoulddisplaythemessagehellointhewindowbrowser.
ThePHPprintfunctiondisplaysthevaluewiththeparenthesisasoutputinnewwindow.
ImportantthingsaboutPHPscripts-
PHPiscasesensitive.PHPstatementsarestatedbetween.Italwaysendswithsemi-colon.Commentscanbeaddedusing//inthebeginningoftheline.PHPfileshouldnothave.htmlextension.Fileshouldhave.PHPextension.Ifthefiledonthave.PHPextensionnorhas.htmlextensionthefilewontfound,parsedandexecuted.
AdvantageofPHPwithhighsecurityi.e.safemode-
Theownershipshouldbesameforthescriptbeingexecutedandfilefromwhichitisreadorwritten.
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ThedirectoryshouldbeownedbytheownerofthePHPscript.PHPcannotexecuteexternalprogramswhicharenotfromthesystem.
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VariablesVariablesareusedtostorevalueslikestringsnumbersetc.Whenavariableisdeclared,itcanbeusedagainandagaininyourscript.SymbolusedtorepresentPHPvariablesis$.
Syntax
$var_name=value;
ThereisnoneedtospecifyinPHPthatthevariableusebelongtowhichdatatype.PHPconvertsthevariableintocorrectdatatype.Avariablenamecanalsocontainalphanumericalcharactersbutitshouldnotcontainspace.
Example
Predefinedvariables
TheworkenvironmentthatisbeenusedbyyouisbeenaccessedbythePHPscript.Suchvariablesarestoredinaspecialhashdatalike$_ENVand$_SERVER.Thesevariablescanbeusedonlyonetwoincountatatime.
Example
Example2
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print(yourinternetaddressis$_SERVER[REMOTE_ADDR]);
?>
Variablefromexternalsource
Htmlforms(GETandPOST)
InformationfromtheformwhensubmittedtoPHPisautomaticallymadeavailabletotheparticularscript.
Example
Name-
Email-
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ArraysArrayisanorderedmapactuallyinPHP.Thistypeofoptimizationissothatitcanhaveseveraldifferentuses.Arraysvaluecanbearrays,treesandevenmultidimensionalarrays.
Example
Array(
Key=>value,
Keya=>value2,
Keyb=>value3,
.
)
Arraycanalsobemadeusingakey/valuepaircombination.Thesearealsoconsideredasassociativearraysandhashes.Aneasywaytocompresshashworkistothinkitasatable.
Example
Country(Key) City(Value)
Cambodia PhnomPenh
Lebanon Beirut
Cuba Habana
Indonesia Jakarta
Finland Helsinki
Table
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Finland=>Helsinki);
Print($capital[Cambodia]);
?>
Predefinedconstantofarray
CASE_LOWERCASE_UPPERSORT_ASCSORT_DESCCOUNT_NORMALCOUNT_RECURSIVEEXTR_SKIPEXTR_OVERWRITEEXTR_IF_EXISTS.
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OperatorsArithmeticoperators
Example Name Result
-$a Negation Oppositeof$a
$a+$b Addition Sumof$aand$b
$a-$b Subtraction Differenceof$aand$b
$a*$b Multiplication Productof$aand$b
$a/$b Division Quotientof$aand$b
$a%$b Modulus Remainderof$aand$b
Thedivisionoperatorwouldreturnfloatvalueunlessthetwooperandsareintegers.
Example
Assignmentoperator
TherearetwotypesofassignmentoperatorswhicharecommonlyusedinPHP.Thesearerepresentedas=and=>.
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Example
Bitwiseoperator
Itallowsevaluationandmanipulationofaspecificbit.
Example Name Result
$a&$b And Aresetinboth$aand$b
$a|$b Or Aresetineither$aor$b
$a^$b Xor Notinboth
~$a Not Aresetin$aarenotset
$a $b Shiftleft Shiftsbitsof$a$btoleft
$a $b Shiftright Shiftbitsof$a$btoright
Comparisonoperator
Itallowsthecomparisontobedonebytheuse.
Example Name Result
$a==$b Equal Trueif$a=$b
$a===$b identical Trueif$a=$b
$a!=$b Notequal Trueif$a$b
$a$b Notequal Trueif$a$b
$a!==$b Notidentical Trueif$a$b
$a
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$b
$a>$b Greaterthan Trueif$agreaterthan$b
Errorcontroloperator
Itisrepresentedby@.Usingthisitwillignoreanyerrorthatisbeenintendedbytheexpression.
Example
Executionoperator
Supportsexecutionoperator:backticks().Useofbacktickisidenticaltotheshell_exec().
Example
Incrementdecrementoperator
Theyarepreandpostincrementdecrementoperatorincstyle.
Example Name Effect
++$a Pre-increment Increasesbyone
$a++ Post-increment Returns,thenincreases
$a Pre-decrement Decreasesthenreturns
$a Post-decrement Returnsthendecreases
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Logicaloperator
Theuseoftwodifferentvariablesistogetdifferentprecedenceasresult.
Example Name Result
$aand$b And Trueifbotharetrue
$aor$b Or Trueifeitheristrue
$axor$b Xor Trueifeitheristrue
!$a Not Trueif$aisnottrue
$a&&$b And Trueifbotharetrue
$a||$b Or Trueifeitheristrue
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FunctionsFunctionsaregroupsofPHPstatementsgroupedtogetherthatareorcanbeusedoverandoveragain.Ithasmorethan1000builtinanduserdefinedfunction.Functiondontexecuteimmediately.Functionsonlyexecutewhenucallthem.Statementmaycontainmultiplefunctions.
User-definedfunction
Itcanbedefinedasshownintheexample.
Example
Functionargument
Throughaargumentlisttheinformationcanbepassedtothefunction.Thisisacommadelimitedlistofexpression.
Example
Returningvalues
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Valuesarereturnedusingtheoptionalreturnstatement.Anytypecanbereturned,includingarraysandobjects.
Example
Internal(built-in)function
Thesearealreadysetinthelibrary.TherealsofunctionthatrequirescertainspecifiedPHPextensioncompiled.
Example
Tocreateimagefunctionweuseimagecreatetruecolor().
Anonymousfunction
Thisfunctionisalsoknownasclosure,thishasnospecificname.
Example
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SQLSQLstandsforstandardquerylanguagewhichisusedtoaccessdatabases.ItalsousedtomanipulatedatabaseanditisanANSIstandard. MySQListhewidelyusedopensourceRelationaldatabasemanagementsystem.MySQLisgenerallyRDBMSbeingusedfordevelopingweb-basedsoftwareapplicationsandyoucanaddSQLqueriestotheMySQLdatabasetoinsert,retrieve,updateordeletedata.
LogoofMySQL
History
Itwasdevelopedin1970atIBMwithDonaldD.ChamberlinandRaymondF.Boyce.ItwasfirstnamedasSEQUEL.ThiswassoldtoUSNAVY,C.I.AandU.S.Governmentagenciesafteritspotentialwasrecognized.
UsesofSQL
Usedtoexecutequeryagainstdatabase.Toretrieveadatafromdatabase.Toinsertrecord.Toupdaterecord.Todeleterecord.Tocreateanewdatabase.Tocreatenewtablesindatabase.Tocreatevariousstorageproceduresindatabase.Tocreatevariouskindofviewsinadatabase.Tocreatepermissionsforthefunctioningofvariousproceduresontablesandviews.
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HowtouseSQLinwebsite
OneoftheRDMSPROGRAM.UseofPHPorASP.UseofSQLforthedatatoberetrieved.UseHTML/CSS.
MostimportantSQLcommand
SelectToextractanyneededordesiredrecordordatafromdatabase.UpdateToupdateormodifyanydatainthedatabase.DeleteTodeleteorremoveanydatafromdatabase.InsertintoToaddorinsertintodatabase.CreatedatabaseTocreateorstartanewdatabase.AlterdatabaseTomodifyoreditdatabase.DroptableToremoveordeleteatableindatabase.CreatesindexTocreateanewindex.Dropindex-Toremoveordeleteanindex.
SyntaxofSQL
SELECT*FROMCustomers;
SQLisnotcasesensitive.ThismeansbothselectandSELECThavethesamemeaning.
VariouslanguageelementsofSQLlanguages
ClausesExpressionPredicateQueryStatementInsignificantwhitespace
LanguageelementsofSQL
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OperatorsinSQLSQLoperatorsareasfollows.
Operator Description Example
= Equalto John=author
Notequalto Deptheight
> Greaterthan 100>6
< Lessthan 6
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ConditionsSQLexpression-
Case-Itisoneofthesearchingtechniquesoffindingthematchingcase.ItwasusedinSQL-92.
Example
CASEWHENN>0
THENPOSITIVEVALUE
WHEN
-
THENthreeORANGE
WHEN4
THENfourORANGES
ELSE
CANNOTCOUNTTHATVALUE.
Else-Whenthewhenconditionisnotsatisfiedtheprocessleadstoanotheroption,thatisdefinedaselsestatement.
Example
WHEN5
THENFIVEORANGES
ELSE
CANNOTCOUNTTHATVALUE.
End-Itisusedtoterminatetheprogramwhichleadsthesystemtostoptheexecution.
Example
CASEx
WHEN1
THENCOUNT1
WHEN2
THENCOUNT2
ELSEERROR
END
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QueriesQueryisthemostcommonlyusedandoneofthekeyoperationsinSQL.ItisdeclaredusingSELECTstatement.Itprovidesuserwithvariousmethodstodescribeandshowhis/herdesireddata.An*isusedtoshowthatthequeryshouldreturnallcolumnsoftheparticularthatisqueried.ItisarequestinformationmethodusedintheSQLthereforeitisakeyfactorandmostlythebackboneoftheSQL.
MySQLquerywindow
VariousclausesandkeywordsusedinSQLareasfollows.
FROMclause-Thisshowsfromwhereorwhichtabletoretrievedatafrom.Whereclause-Thisincludesapredicateforcomparisonthishelpsinrestrictingoftherowthatisbeenreturnedbythequery.Groupbyclause-Usedtoprojectrowsthatareidenticalorhavecommonvalue.Havingclause-ItisusedinfiltrationofrowwhereitcanbecombinedwithGroupbyclause.Orderbyclause-Itsortsorarrangesthedatainaformitsneededtobearranged.
Example
SELECTBooktitleASTIM,
COUNT(*)ASAuthors
FROMBook
-
JOINBook_TIM
ONBook.isbn=Book_author.isbn
GROUPBYBook.title
Output
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Sub-QueriesThesearenestedqueries.Aquerythatisinanotherqueryandthisisembeddedwithinthewhereclause.Sub-Queriesareusuallyusedtoreturndatawhichwillbefurtherusedinthemainquery.
RulesofSub-queries
Ithastobeenclosedwithinparenthesis.ItcanhaveonlyonecolumninSELECTclause.ItisnotallowedtouseODERBYquerywhereasinsteadofthatGROUPBYisused.Itcannothaveimmediateenclosureinasetfunction.
Useofsub-queries
Itisusedtojoinonetablewithothertablesoperation.Thisalsoprovidesfasterremedies.Thisprovidesahierarchicalexecution.Subquerycanusevaluesfromqueryoutside,thesearecorrelatedsubquery.
Sub-Query
Example
SELECTisbn,
Name,
Price,
FROMBook
WHEREpricequery($sql)===TRUE)
{echoDatabasecreatedsuccessfully;}
else
{echoErrorcreatingdatabase:.$conn->error;}
$conn->close();
?>
PDO
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catch(PDOException$e)
{
echo$sql..$e->getMessage();
}
$conn=null;
?>
Syntaxrules
QueryhastobequotedinPHP.Numericvaluemustbeavoided.NULLvalueshouldnotbequoted,itshouldbeavoided.
Highefficientstatements
Preparationstatement-IsanSQLstatementusetocreateandsendatemplatetotheparticulardatabase.Executestatement-Isusedtobindalltheretrievedvaluesandtoexecutethem.
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CreatingMySQLdatabaseusingPHPAdminshouldbeprivilegetocreatedatabase.PHPusesmysql_queryforcreationoftheSQLdatabase.Thishastwoparameterfunctioningwhichistruewhencreationissuccessfulandfalsewhenafailureoccurs.
Syntax
Boolmysql_query(sql,connection);
Example
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InsertofdatainMySQLdatabaseusingPHPTheinsertstatementcarriesoutthefunctionusingPHPbyusingquerystatementmysql_queryfortheSQLINSERTstatement.
Example
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UpdateinMySQLDatabaseusingPHPForupdatinginMySQLthereisaneedofthecommandtobecarriedoutthatisSQLUPDATEstatementthroughPHPfunctionmysql_query.
Example
UpdateaRecordinMySQLDatabase
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$retval=mysql_query($sql,$conn);
if(!$retval)
{
die(Couldnotupdatedata:.mysql_error());
}
echoUpdateddatasuccessfully\n;
mysql_close($conn);
}
else
{
?>
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TheupdatingperformedusingPHPinMySQLprovidesmoreefficiencyandexception.
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RetrievalinMySQLDatabaseusingPHPRetrievalinSQListermedasfetchthereforetoperformretrievalinSQLusingPHPacodeisbeeninusewhichisasfollow
Syntax
Mysql_fetch_arrays()
Example
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EMPSALARY:{$row[emp_salary]}.
;
}
echoFetcheddatasuccessfully\n;
mysql_close($conn);
?>
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DeletingofMySQLDatabaseusingPHPThedatabaseonceisnotneededandtheuserdontwanttohaveitanymoreorwanttofreespacethentheusercanpassastatementthatwouldstatetodeletethedatabasethroughthemysql_queryfordeletionofdata.ThetermusedinSQLfordeleteisdrop.
Example
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DeletingofdatafromMySQLusingPHPWhenintendedortheuserwantstodeleteanydatafromtheMySQLdatabaseusingPHPtheusercanpassastatementstatingthatthroughmysql_query.
Example
DeletefromMySQLDatabase
-
{Die(couldnotdeletedata:.mysql_error());
}
EchoDeletionsuccessful\n;
mysql_close($conn);
}
else
{
?>
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YoucantakebackupoftheSQLdatabaseusingfollowingmethods.
UsingcommandofSQLthroughPHP.UsingmysqldumpwiththehelpofPHP.ByusingaphpMyAdminuserinterface.
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