Learning Objectives • Describe how speakers control frequency and amplitude of vocal fold vibration • Describe psychophysical attributes of pitch, loudness and quality in physiological and acoustic terms • Define terms such as speaking fundamental frequency, speaking fundamental frequency variability, harmonics (or signal) to noise ratio, jitter, shimmer, cepstrum, quefrency, and rahmonic amplitude
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Learning Objectives Describe how speakers control frequency and amplitude of vocal fold vibration Describe psychophysical attributes of pitch, loudness.
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Learning Objectives
• Describe how speakers control frequency and amplitude of vocal fold vibration
• Describe psychophysical attributes of pitch, loudness and quality in physiological and acoustic terms
• Define terms such as speaking fundamental frequency, speaking fundamental frequency variability, harmonics (or signal) to noise ratio, jitter, shimmer, cepstrum, quefrency, and rahmonic amplitude
What is the difference between pitch and frequency?
• Supralaryngeal adjustments– Optimizing sound radiation from vocal tract
Sound Pressure Level (SPL)
Average SPL• Correlate of loudness• conversation:
• ~ 65-80 dBSPL
SPL Variability SPL to mark stress• Contributes to prosody• Measure
– Standard deviation for neutral reading material:
• ~ 10 dBSPL
Estimating the limits of sound pressure generation
Dynamic Range
• Amplitude analogue to maximum phonational frequency range
• ~50 – 115 dB SPL
Learning Objectives
• Describe psychophysical attributes of pitch, loudness and quality in physiological and acoustic terms
• Define terms such as speaking fundamental frequency, speaking fundamental frequency variability, harmonics (or signal) to noise ratio, jitter, shimmer, cepstrum, quefrency, and rahmonic amplitude
Vocal Quality
• no clear acoustic correlates like pitch and loudness
• However, terms have invaded our vocabulary that suggest distinct categories of voice quality
Common Terms• Breathy• Tense/strained• Rough• Hoarse
Are there features in the acoustic signal that correlate with these
quality descriptors?
BreathinessPerceptual Description• Audible air escape in the voice
Physiologic Factors• Diminished or absent closed phase• Increased airflow
Potential Acoustic Consequences• Change in harmonic (periodic) energy
– Sharper harmonic roll off• Change in aperiodic energy
– Increased level of aperiodic energy (i.e. noise), particularly in the high frequencies
harmonics (signal)-to-noise-ratio (SNR/HNR)
• harmonic/noise amplitude HNR
– Relatively more signal– Indicative of a normality
HNR– Relatively more noise– Indicative of disorder
• Normative values depend on method of calculation
• “normal” HNR ~ 15
Harmonic peak
Noise ‘floor’
Noise ‘floor’
Frequency
Am
plitude
Harmonic peak
From Hillenbrand et al. (1996)
First harmonic amplitude
Prominent Cepstral Peak
Spectral Tilt: Voice Source
Spectral Tilt: Radiated Sound
Peak/average amplitude ratio
From Hillenbrand et al. (1996)
WMU Graduate Students
Tense/Pressed/Effortful/Strained Voice
Perceptual Description• Sense of effort in production