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1. Palladium
You probably havent heard of it before
2. Palladium is a chemical element with the chemical symbol Pd
and an atomic number of 46. It is a rare and lustrous silvery-white
metal and was discovered by William Hyde Wollaston in
1803.
3. The largest PGM deposits are found primarily in:
Russia (43%) where almost of all the countrys palladium is produced
by Norilsk Nickel as a by-product from nickel mining;
4. South Africa (41%) the worlds largest producing region for
platinum, where palladium is produced as a by-product;
5. And north America (11%) where North American Palladium is
one of only two primary palladium producers.
6.
7. Price of PalladiumPalladium is mainly an industrial metal
although it is considered as a precious metal. Palladium prices are
mostly responsive to economic supply and demand factors as other
non-precious metals.
8. Uses of Palladium
9. Palladium alloy for use in jewellery. White gold is an alloy
of gold decolourised by the addition of palladium
10. Auto-exhaust catalyst
11. finely divided palladium is a good catalyst for
hydrogenation and dehydrogenation reactions
12. used to make electrical contacts
13. denture
14. used in fine instruments such as watches and some surgical
instruments
15. Extraction of PalladiumThe extraction is complex and only
worthwhile since palladium is the basis of important catalysts in
industry.
16. Step 1Preliminary treatment of the ore or base metal by
product with aqua regia (a mixture of hydrochloric acid, HCl, and
nitric acid, HNO3This gives a solution containing complexes of gold
and platinum as well as H2PdCl4Pd+HCL+HNO3=H2PdCl4
17. Step 2The gold is removed from this solution as a
precipitate by treatment with iron chloride (FeCl2).
18. Step 3The platinum is precipitated out as (NH4)2PtCl6 on
treatment with NH4Cl, leaving H2PdCl4 in solution
19. Step 4The palladium is precipitated out by treatment with
ammonium hydroxide, NH4OH, and HCl as the complex PdCl2(NH3)2. This
yields palladium metal by burning. This is the extraction of
Palladium.
20. Additionally, Palladium is also produced in nuclear fission
reactors and can be extracted from spent nuclear fuel (see
synthesis of precious metals) though the quantity produced is
insignificant.
21. Impact of PalladiumHealth effects of palladium Palladium is
regarded as of low toxicity, being poorly adsorbed by the body when
ingested.
22. Environmental effects of palladiumPalladium is present at
low levels in some soils, and the leaves of trees have been found
to containg 0.4 ppm.
23. And Palladium is also beneficialfor environment when its
used in auto-exhaust catalyst, it related to reduced vehicle
exhaust to reducing environmental pollution .
24. All in all, along with the social development, Palladium is
having a lot of applications and becoming increasingly important in
our life.