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Introduction
The study of the animal behaviour is calledEthology which originates from two Greek wordsEthos meaning Characters or Habit orcustom and logos meaning study.
Ethology literally means Character Study.
Animal behaviour is the study of motor activitiesof an organism interacting with the environment.
Behaviour includes all those processes by which
an animal senses the external world and theinternal states of its bodies and responds tochanges which it perceives.
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Forms Of An Animal Behaviour
Innate / InherentBehavior
Irritability
Tropism
Reflexes
Instinct
Taxis
Motivation
Learned
Flexible Restricted
Habituation Imprinting
Classical
Conditioning
Reasoning
and Insight
Trial and Error
Discrimination
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Definition
Learning is a process which manifests itself inan individual's behavior as a result ofexperience.
Learning involves a change in behavior, oftenlong lasting. It is not passed on to the nextgeneration.
Learning is a relatively permanent modification
of behavior due to motivation. It is assosiatedwith reward and punishment. However, in theabsence of reward or punishment it can goextinct.
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Types Of Learning
Learning has been classified differently
by various scientists. Thorpes (1963)
classification is most widely used :1. Flexible
2. Restricted
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1. Flexible Learning
1. Habituation: It is the simplest kind of learning.
It is the gradual fading of a response when astimulus that proves to be safe, neutral orirrelevant is given repeatedly.
It is an important for adjusting an animals
behavior to its environment. By habituation animals learn to conserveenergy and time by not responding to anirrelevant stimulus.
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2. Classical Conditioning
It is also called as Conditioned Reflex or
Pavlovian Conditioning.
The term conditioned reflex is given by
I.P.Pavlov and Sherrington.
A Simple reflex And a Conditioned reflex are two
different reflexes.
Simple reflex are also known as inborn orunconditioned reflexes, whereas, the
Conditioned reflexes are acquired reflexes.
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According to Pavlov, in order to survive
every animal needed two kinds of reflexes
one fixed one that are inherited called
unconditioned, like the knee jerk, closing
of eyes and the second is acquired, that
are learnt, called conditioned, are flexible
and steer animals through their changingenvironments by means of signs, sounds,
smells.
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3. Trial and error learning
(operant conditioning) Trial and Error has basic instincts andmotivation at the base.
The animal associates reward orpunishment with its own action rather thanoutside stimulus.
When animals are motivated by thirst,
hunger, sex or fear they showrestlessness and exploratory or appetitivebehavior.
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4. Latent (Exploratory) Learning
Many animals explore their surroundings andstore useful information for future use.
A rat placed in a maze will explore. Later, when
hungry and placed in the maze, it was found thatthe rat discovered the reward in fewer trials, thanrats that had had no previous experience of themaze. The rat used its previous experience
when it was motivated to eat. Exploratory behaviour is characteristic of moreintelligent animals and is invaluable to survival ina complex environment.
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5. Discrimination
This learning is the advanced step in any
type of learning.
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2. Restricted Learning
1. Imprinting It is a learning process that occurs at a remarkably
early age.
Konard Lorenz (1935) was the first one to notice thistype of learning.
A behaviour characteristic of vertebrate young. Duringa critical time, often the first few hours afterhatching/birth, offspring learn to recognise their
parent/s and follow them. Konrad Lorenz showed that newly hatched goslings
followed the first moving object they saw... be it agoose or a human.
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2.Reasoning and Insight
Intelligence can, in part, be assessed by the
complexity of a problem solved and the speed at
which it is done.
In humans, a sudden brainwave can overcomean apparently insoluble problem. Insight is often
described as the ability to reason, to draw
together past experiences and apply them to
new situations. Insight learning has been
credited to humans and to chimps.
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