Leadership Values & Ethics.pptx

LEADERSHIP VALUES AND ETHICS

PRESENTED BY:Karan NayyarRoll No. 6422MBA - II

INTRODUCTION

• Moral issues greet us each morning in the newspaper, confront us in the memos on our desks, nag us from our children's soccer fields, and bid us good night on the evening news.

• We are bombarded daily with questions about the justice of our foreign policy, the morality of medical technologies that can prolong our lives, the rights of the homeless, the fairness of our children's teachers to the diverse students in their classrooms.

• Dealing with these moral issues is often perplexing. How, exactly, should we think through an ethical issue? What questions should we ask? What factors should we consider?

• The first step in analyzing moral issues is obvious but not always easy: Get the facts.

• But having the facts is not enough. In addition to getting the facts, resolving an ethical issue also requires an appeal to values.

THE UTILITARIAN APPROACH• To analyze an issue using the utilitarian approach,

• We first identify the various courses of action available to us.

• Second, we ask who will be affected by each action and what benefits or harms will be derived from each.

• And third, we choose the action that will produce the greatest benefits and the least harm.

THE RIGHTS APPROACH• People are not objects to be manipulated; it is a violation of human

dignity to use people in ways they do not freely choose.

• These other rights can be thought of as different aspects of the basic right to be treated as we choose.– The right to the truth: We have a right to be told the truth and to be

informed about matters that significantly affect our choices. – The right of privacy: We have the right to do, believe, and say whatever

we choose in our personal lives so long as we do not violate the rights of others.

– The right not to be injured: We have the right not to be harmed or injured unless we freely and knowingly do something to deserve punishment or we freely and knowingly choose to risk such injuries.

– The right to what is agreed: We have a right to what has been promised by those with whom we have freely entered into a contract or agreement.

THE FAIRNESS OR JUSTICE APPROACH• The basic moral question in this approach is: How fair is an action? Does it

treat everyone in the same way, or does it show favoritism and discrimination?

• Favoritism gives benefits to some people without a justifiable reason for singling them out; discrimination imposes burdens on people who are no different from those on whom burdens are not imposed. Both favoritism and discrimination are unjust and wrong.

THE COMMON-GOOD APPROACH• This approach to ethics assumes a society comprising individuals whose own good

is inextricably linked to the good of the community.

• In this approach, we focus on ensuring that the social policies, social systems, institutions, and environments on which we depend are beneficial to all. Examples of goods common to all include affordable health care, effective public safety, peace among nations, a just legal system, and an unpolluted environment.

• While respecting and valuing the freedom of individuals to pursue their own goals, the common-good approach challenges us also to recognize and further those goals we share in common.

THE VIRTUE APPROACH• The virtue approach to ethics assumes that there are

certain ideals toward which we should strive, which provide for the full development of our humanity.

• Virtues are attitudes or character traits that enable us to be and to act in ways that develop our highest potential.

• Virtues are like habits; that is, once acquired, they become characteristic of a person.

ETHICAL PROBLEM SOLVING• These five approaches suggest that once we have ascertained the facts,

we should ask ourselves five questions when trying to resolve a moral issue:

– What benefits and what harms will each course of action produce, and which alternative will lead to the best overall consequences?

– What moral rights do the affected parties have, and which course of action best respects those rights?

– Which course of action treats everyone the same, except where there is a morally justifiable reason not to, and does not show favoritism or discrimination?

– Which course of action advances the common good? – Which course of action develops moral virtues? The method is merely meant to help identify most of the important ethical considerations.

PROFESSIONAL INTEGRITY: THINKING ETHICALLY

• The hole in the ethical atmosphere generated by corporate irresponsibility, spotlighted by Enron-like debacles, has left many pondering the cure for what appears to be the slow decline towards an ethically blind professional culture.

• Professional Integrity is a philosophically practical

examination of the meta-ethical realm of professional responsibility

• Refl ections on practical ethical issues, shared “moral experiences,” and personal remembrances of professionals bypass the philosophical limitations of approaching ethics solely from the theoretical perspective.

• In the ongoing struggle for ethical harmony, there are those

emerging professionals who sometimes become lost in the battle as they pinball the halls of codes, struggling to make it to the top.

• Society and its leaders expect members in their service to provide for needs throughout the complex stages of life: provision that takes a keen sense of responsibility, self-awareness, and emotional intelligence.

• Th inking ethically is presented as an instinct capable of being honed to the level of automatic proaction. Professionals are encouraged to reexamine their responsibility to humanity.

INTEGRATING CRITICAL THINKING AND ETHICS• If we bring ethics into the curriculum — and we should — we

must ensure that we do so morally.• Any particular moral judgment arises from someone

conceptualizing the facts of a situation from some moral perspective or standpoint.

• In any case, for any particular instance of moral judgment or reasoning, employees should learn the art of distinguishing principles from perspectives and facts.

• Since moral judgment and reasoning presupposes and is subject to the same intellectual principles and standards that educated people use in all domains of learning, one can integrate consideration of moral issues into diverse subject areas, certainly into literature, science, history, civics, and society.

ETHICS, CIVICS, AND THE STUDY OF SOCIETY• No perspective, not even one called “moderate”, should

be presented as the correct one. • By the same token, we should be careful not to lead the

students to believe that all perspectives are equally justified or that important insights are equally found in all points of view.

• We should continually encourage and stimulate our students to think and never do their thinking for them. We should, above all, be teachers and not preachers.

THE NEED FOR LEADERSHIP• Is moral leadership possible? It is not clear what is meant here by “moral

leadership.” One interpretation of “moral leadership” is to denote persons, generally well known ,

• It is commonly recognized that a person may be a good administrator, but no leader.

• Similarly, a person may be an authority, or in authority — i.e. the ranking official — but still be no leader.

• Leaders attempt to act through organizations, that is, they avail themselves of organizational resources to support their action.

• Thus, we look to “moral leadership” — meaning “moral, heroic leadership” — to support the hope that those organizations we wish to maintain will generate more good than evil.

THE PROBLEM WITH MORALITY• It commonly happens — especially in education — that

directives are issued or objectives proposed in circumstances where those called to implement them believe they lack sufficient resources to carry out their task.

• The most interesting moral dilemmas are those where good competes with good.

MORALITY AND SOCIAL CONTROL• There is a common confusion that morality is a form of social

control. • Clearly, there are forms of social control that do not involve

morality (e.g., any particular set of moral precepts or intentions).

• But morality involves more than just social control, and people may be said to have moral commitments.

MORAL LEADERSHIP• It is generally acknowledged that there is a need for the

corporate sector to employ ethical practice, to exercise greater transparency of governance and for businesses to be socially responsible and good corporate citizens.

POWER OF CONTROVERSY• The moral values of the Right, while dominant, have not yet

erased or silenced the morality of those of us who despair at the Right’s dominance.

MORAL DEBATE• Moving beyond business to the broader political and

community context, it is clear the concepts of values, morals and ethics are deeply mired in hypocrisy and controversy; indeed, to raise these issues puts us on very shaky ground.

USING THE ETHICAL FRAMEWORK TO WORK WITH MORAL DILEMMAS

• Having briefly offered the ethical framework of critique, justice and caring, it is patently clear that the framework offers no easy solutions to the moral dilemmas faced by decision-makers.

The framework thus, not only embeds the concepts of shared, devolved and collaborative decision-making, but creates the basis for the meaningful enactment of moral leadership.

ENTREPRENEURS AND MORAL LEADERSHIP

• The essentials of a good entrepreneur are; - • Vision • Self motivation• Imaginative power• Foresightedness• Leadership• Sense of practicality• Commitment towards work• Consistency• Good communication skills• Integrity towards the profession

• As one heads towards an elevated position the lack of self control of the person is revealed in some way or the other, one of the most common forms being immorality.

• As the entrepreneur is now regarded as a leader his title is altered a bit and he becomes an immoral leader.

• The lack of ethical leadership is now prevalent at all altitudes of the social order.

Morality has its relevance • The basic principles of honesty, truthfulness, and integrity

take you ahead of others in a long rung when you are in a market place.

• The most important factor that goes along with morality is that it serves as an internal check system, which promotes rationality in thinking and taking decisions.

• For the retention of these positions the entrepreneurial leader must comply with the following points, – Purpose of the existence of the business– Complete and comprehensive knowledge of the same– Excellence and perfection in the work– Trust in subordinates and colleagues.

• As know we are well aware of what are moral and immoral activities in a business we shall pay good heed to our workings in the organization which shall be kept free from all sorts of immorality.

CASE STUDYETHICAL FRAMEWORKS OF DECISION MAKING: A CASE STUDY ON MARKETING OF PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS.

• Ethics is the central part of success of any business of repute.

• The main guiding frameworks of every decision are consequence based thinking, duty based thinking, and virtue based thinking. Decisions are generally influenced by individual factors, organisational setting, and available opportunities.

• Pharmaceutical companies have a duty to uphold an ethical relationship within the marketplace. There is a duty of care to the health and safety of all. Issues are raised that as pharmaceutical companies have a large investment to protect and stakeholders to please, how we ensure that an ethical standard is upheld.

Pharmaceutical Industry and Marketing Practices in India.

• The pharmaceutical industry in India is accelerating product development and breaking new highs in medicine research worldwide.

• By 2015, moreover, according to a FICCI-Ernst & Young study, the increasing population of higher-income group in the country will open a potential market for multinational companies selling costly drugs which are estimated of US$ 8 billion.

Application of Ethics in Marketing of Pharmaceutical Products.

• When one talks of ethics, the pharmaceutical industry in India often proffers Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) as an example of their good behavior.

• The controlling authorities do not have adequate staff to monitor the practices followed by the licensed manufacturers and see that they conform to GMP norms. Taking advantage of the situation manufacturers, both small and big, frequently flout norms.

Conclusion• When anyone (man or organization) steps in to the world

of business, he or she wants to prove him/ her and be successful. This can be achieved either by abandoning or holding on to principles of ethics.

• Effective organizations are made up of managers who are action- oriented people, who resolve conflicts, are tolerant of ambiguity, stress and change and have a strong sense of purpose for themselves and their organizations.

CONCLUSION

• In the end, we must deliberate on moral issues for ourselves, keeping a careful eye on both the facts and on the ethical considerations involved.

• The lack of moral leadership is demonstrated in the continuous uncovering of unethical behavior at all levels of society in all parts of the world.

• No sphere of human endeavor, from the family to the highest corridors of power, remains unaffected.

• To know what is moral and ethical is not enough. To become a moral person, the individual must put this knowledge into action. Thus, the capabilities that empower the individual to know and to act morally are of primary importance in developing moral leadership.

THANKYOU