Leadership Theories نظريات القيادة. Theories of Leadership Leadership Theories may depend on: نظريات القيادة تعتمد على Type of staff نوع الموظفين.

Leadership TheoriesLeadership Theories القيادة القيادة نظريات نظريات

Theories of Leadership

Leadership Theories may depend on: على تعتمد القيادة نظريات

Type of staff الموظفين نوع History of the business أو المؤسسة تاريخ الشركة

Culture of the business المؤسسة ثقافة Quality of the relationships العالقات نوعية Nature of the changes needed التغييرات طبيعة المطلوبة

Accepted rules within the institution القواعدالمؤسسة داخل المقبولة

1- Traits Theory السمات نظرية• It aims to identify traits of an effective leader

إلى السمات تهدف الفعال تحديد القائد بها يتمتع التي• Is there a group of characteristics that determine a good leader? تحدد التي الخصائص من مجموعة هناك هل

الجيد؟ القائد Personality? الشخصية Dominance and personal presence? والحضور الهيمنة الشخصي

Charisma?الكاريزما Self-confidence? بالنفس الثقة Achievement?االنجاز Ability to formulate a clear vision?

علىصياغة واضحة القدرة رؤية

It has been unsuccessful in identifying a universal set of traits that all leaders possess.

تنجح من تحديد في لم شاملة مجموعة.يملكها السمات القادة جميع

•It concluded that certain traits are important to effective leadership; supervisory ability (getting work done through others) being the most important.

السمات ت خلص بعض أن هامة تعتبر إلىفعالة؛ اإلشرافية مثل لقيادة )القدرة انجاز

خالل من السمة والتي اآلخرين( العمل تعتبر . أهمية األكثر

Self Confidence الثقةبالنفس

Initiative المبادرة روح Analytical Ability

التحليلية القدرة Assertiveness الحزم Emotional Stability

العاطفي االستقرار Ambition الطموح

Enthusiasm الحماسة Sense of humor روح الدعابة

Warmth الدفء High tolerance for

frustration مستوىمع للتسامح مرتفع االحباط

2- Behavioral Leadership Theory القيادة نظرية السلوكية

It aims to identify types of behaviors associated with effective leadership على التعرف الى أنواع تهدف

ال الفعالة سلوكياتمن القيادة المرتبطة

It focuses on the leader’s behaviors rather than his traits منسماته أكثر القائد علىسلوكيات تركز

2- Behavioral Leadership Theory القيادة نظرية السلوكية

It focuses on the relationship between leaders and followers. واألتباع القادة بين العالقة على تركز

Mutual trust, respect, warmth, concern for others, allowing subordinates to participate in decisions.

واالهتمام والدفء واالحترام المتبادلة الثقةللمشاركة للمرؤوسين يسمح مما باآلخرين،

القرارات اتخاذ .في

Organizing, planning, defining and monitoring group activities, clarifying and facilitating achieving goals.

و ال أنشطة التنظيم ورصد وتحديد تخطيطوتسهيل وتوضيح األهدافانجاز المجموعة،

3- Contingency Leadership Theories القيادة نظرية الموقفية

• Leadership style is contingent upon the situationيتوقفعلى القيادة موقفالأسلوب

• A single leadership style is not applicable to all situations. المواقف كل على ينطبق ال القيادة من واحد نمط

• Every leader is to carefully analyze the situation before adopting a style that best suits the requirements of the situation. الموقف كل يحلل أن يجب قبل قائد بعناية

أسلوب متطلبات القيادة اعتماد يناسب الذي.الموقف

• Leadership is seen as being more flexible – different leadership styles used at different times depending on the circumstances.

على للقيادة مرونة أنها يcنظر أساليب هناك – أكثرالمختلفة تبعا تcقيادة مختلفة أوقات في ستخدم

.للظروف

This theory suggests that the leader provides the necessary support and guidance to his followers and help them achieve organizational goals.

أن إلى تشير النظرية والتوجيه القائد هذه الالزم الدعم ألتباعه يوفرتحقيق على ال أ ومساعدتهم : .منظمةهداف خالل من وذلك

1)- Clearly identifying the outcomes staff are trying to get from their jobs. النتائج بوضوح الحصول يحدد الموظفون يحاول التي

عملهم خالل من .عليها

2(- Rewarding workers for high-performance and goal achievement أجل العاملين يكافئ األهداف تحقيق من وتحقيق مرتفع أداء

3(- Clarifying the paths to achieving goals, removing obstacles to performance, and expressing confidence in worker’s ability.

التي مسارات التوضيح العقبات وإزالة األهداف، لتحقيقو .التعبير تعترضاألداء، العمال قدرة في الثقة عن

4- Path-Goal Theory الهدف نحو المسار نظرية

Robert House suggested 4 types of leadership by this model: هناك أن اقترح هاوس القادة 4روبرت من أنواع

النموذج هذا :حسب1. Directive: Leader clarifies the what and how of subordinates’ tasks.

ل : توجيهي القائد وكيفية المهامماهية لمرؤوسينيوضح.أدائها

2. Supportive: leader focuses on subordinate needs, well-being, and promotion of a friendly work climate.

المرؤوس، القائد يركز داعم: احتياجات على ، العمل.الوديفي مناخالوتعزيز ورفاهيتهم

3. Participative: employees participate in decisions. Leader focuses on consulting with subordinates and taking their suggestions into account before making decisions.

في : تشاركي الموظفون . يشترك القرارات ركزياتخاذو القائد المرؤوسين، مع التشاور مقترحاتهم يعلى أخذ

. القرارات اتخاذ قبل االعتبار بعين

4- Path-Goal Theory الهدف نحو المسار نظرية

4. Achievement-oriented: leader puts difficult but achievable goals. Leader emphasizes excellence in performance and shows confidence in people’s ability to achieve high standards of performance.

االنجاز نحو يمكن : متوجه ولكن صعبة أهدافا يحددعلى يؤكد. اتحقيقه وإظهار القائد األداء في التميز

عالية مستويات تحقيق على الناس قدرة في الثقة. األداء من

4- Path-Goal Theory الهدف نحو المسار نظرية

5- Leadership Substitutes Theory القيادة بدائل نظرية

It makes a leader’s influence either unnecessary or redundant in that the substitute replace a leader’s influence

تأثير ت الحاجة القائد جعل عن زائد أو له لزوم ال أن حيث إماي نفوذ البديل محل القائد. حل

The characteristics of the task, subordinates, or the organization replace the need for a leader.

محل أو مهمةالخصائص تحل المؤسسة أو المرؤوسينوجود إلى :الحاجة القائد

1- Subordinates المرؤوسين Ability, knowledge, experience, training, independence,

professional orientation2- Task المهمة

Clarity and routine, feedback, intrinsic satisfaction3- Organization المؤسسة

Detailed rules and procedures provided by the organization.المؤسسة توفرها تفصيلية واجراءات قواعد

Activities 6

1. TRUE / FALSE: Indicate whether these sentences are true )T( or false )F(:  

1. ( ) In a Traits Theory, the leadership style depends on the situation.

2. ( )Researchers were successful in finding a universal set of traits that all leaders

have.

3. ( )Providing support and guidance to employees is an important principle of the

Path-Goal Theory.

4. ( )Studying the behaviour of leaders is the main subject of behavioral leadership

theories.

5. ( )In a contingency leadership theory, the leader's personality is most important

in the leadership style that can be used.

6. ( )The task, the organization and the employees can all replace leaders‘

influence.

7. ( )Initiative, analytical and supervisory abilities are general traits effective

leaders

should have.

8. ( ) A directive leader focuses on keeping a friendly work climate and making

employees feel supported.

2(- Provide a term for the following definitions:

1. ………………….……………………..: Employees participate in decisions. Leader

focuses on consulting with subordinates and taking their suggestions into account before

making decisions.

2. ………………………………………..: It aims to identify types of behaviors

associated with effective leadership

3. ……………….……………………….. :The characteristics of the task, subordinates,

or the organization replace the need for a leader.

4. …………………..……………………..: The leader provides the necessary support

and guidance to his followers and help them achieve organizational goals.

3(- Complete the sentences below with a word from the list:

unnecessary – reward – vision – participate – rules

1. A successful leader should ………………………………….. his employees for

high-performance and goal achievement.

2. Employees need to ………………………………….. in the decision-making

processes and give suggestions on how best work can be done.

3. A leader's role might be made ………………………………….. when there are

detailed rules and procedures.

4. The style of leadership may sometimes depend on what

………………………………….. and values are accepted by the organization.

5. An effective leader should provide a clear ………………………………….. for

his workers.

4(- Translate the following:

القائد .1 في توفرها على الجميع يتفق السمات من واحدة مجموعة توجد ال

.الناجح

…………………………………..…………………………………..

…………………………………..…………………………………..……….................

…………………………..

في .2 الثقة اظهاره خالل األهدافمن تحقيق نحو موظفيه الجيد القائد يوجه

الحتياجاتهم واستجابته .قدراتهم

…………………………………..…………………………………..

…………………………………..…………………….........……………..

…………………………………............

6=Iran Anger at Google over Persian Gulf

Iran has expressed its (1) ____________ and dissatisfaction with Google after the name 'Persian Gulf' disappeared from Google Maps. Iran is threatening to sue Google and take other measures that will (2) ____________ in “serious damages” if the search (3) ____________ giant does not reinstate the name on its maps. Google’s action means the (4) ____________ of water between Iran and several Arab states is now (5) nameless. Iran's Foreign Minister, Ramin Mehmanparast, said: “We have put it on our (6) ___________to make an official complaint.” He said it was “Google's shameless act to drop the name ‘Persian (7) ______________’”. He added that: “Omitting the name 'Persian Gulf' is akin to (8) ____________ with the feelings and realities of the Iranian people.”

The name of the waterway has caused (9) _____________ between Iran and its Arab neighbours for decades. The Arab (10) ____________ of Saudi Arabia, UAE, Bahrain, Oman, Qatar and Kuwait also have coastlines that (11) _____________ the gulf. Iran says the gulf has been known as the ‘Persian Gulf’ for centuries. A 2004 website aimed at Internet surfers (12) ______________ for ‘Arabian Gulf’ says: “The gulf you are looking for is unavailable. No body of water by that name has ever (13) ______________. The correct name is Persian Gulf, which always has been, and will always remain Persian.” In 2010, Iran said it would (14) _______________ airlines using the term ‘Arabian Gulf’ from its airspace. Google (16) _______________ Iran’s claims, saying it had never named the waterway.

Questions 61. Answer the following:

1.Why is Iran very angry with Google?

2.What is Iran threatening to do against Google?

3.What is Google playing with according to Iran's Foreign Minister?

4.What is the cause of friction between Iran and its Arab neighbours?

5.What did a 2004 website tell internet surfers?

6.Does Iran have the right to ban airlines from using the term ‘Arabian

Gulf’ above its airspace?

7.What is the reaction of Google to Iran's claims?

2. TRUE / FALSE: Indicate whether these sentences are true (T) or false (F):  

( ) Iran is threatening to take legal action against Google over its maps.  

( ). The water between Iran and Arab nations is nameless on Google Maps.

( ). Iran has already made an official complaint against Google.  

( ). Iran said Google has not hurt the feelings of Iranians.  

( ). The waterway's name causes division between Iranians and Arabs.  

( ). Iran said it has been the ‘Persian Gulf’ for hundreds of years.  

( ). No Internet search will provide information on the term ‘Arabian Gulf’.

( ). Iran allows international planes to use the term ‘Arabian Gulf’ over Iran.

3. PHRASE MATCH: Match the following phrases from the article (sometimes more than one combination is possible):

 1.Iran has expressed its anger ____ a. take other measures2.Iran is threatening to sue Google and ____ b. airlines3.body ____ c. on our agenda4.We have put it ____ d. friction5.drop the ____ e. of water6.caused ____ f. the gulf7.coastlines that border ____ g. and dissatisfaction8.Internet ____ h. Iran’s claims9.Iran said it would ban ____ i. name ‘Persian Gulf’

10.Google rejected ____ j. surfers

4. SYNONYM MATCH: Match the following synonyms from the article:1. expressed _____ a. put back2 anger _____ b. block3. sue _____ c. leaving out4. reinstate _____ d. communicated5. omitting _____ e. accurate6. friction _____ f. stay7. states _____ g. fury8. correct _____ h. nations9. remain _____ i. take legal action

10. ban _____ j. conflict

5. Put the following words in a sentence:

1. threaten: _______________________________________

2. complaint: _____________________________________

Best Wishes

2015