Leadership, Social Facilitation and Inhibition… Mr P. Leighton Group Dynamics of Performance Sports Psychology.

Leadership, Social Leadership, Social Facilitation and Inhibition…Facilitation and Inhibition…

Mr P. LeightonMr P. Leighton

Group Dynamics of PerformanceGroup Dynamics of Performance

Sports Psychology.Sports Psychology.

Today’s Session…Today’s Session…

Look over Chellandurai’s work into Look over Chellandurai’s work into leadership to start…leadership to start…

Discuss the theories associated with Discuss the theories associated with Social Facilitation and Social Inhibition- Social Facilitation and Social Inhibition- basically what makes us do what we do in basically what makes us do what we do in sport!sport!

Look over the key words from this area of Look over the key words from this area of study: Mastermind task…study: Mastermind task…

Do we understand this?Do we understand this? Chellandurai recognised that 3 behaviour types Chellandurai recognised that 3 behaviour types

can impact upon the leader…can impact upon the leader…

Actual BehaviourWhat the leader chooses to do asThe best course of action in the

Situation. Influenced by?

Required BehaviourWhat ought to be done by the Leader in certain situations:

Dictated by?

Preferred BehaviourWhat the athletes want the leader

To do. This is determined by?

The Leadership Scale for Sports…The Leadership Scale for Sports…

Category of LeadershipCategory of Leadership ExplanationExplanation

Training and Instruction Training and Instruction

BehaviourBehaviour

Improving the performance of athletes Improving the performance of athletes through hard training and conditioning. through hard training and conditioning. Instruction is given on tactics and Instruction is given on tactics and techniques… Example?techniques… Example?

Democratic BehaviourDemocratic Behaviour Leader allows group members to Leader allows group members to make decisions regarding strategies, make decisions regarding strategies, practices and group goals.practices and group goals.

Autocratic BehaviourAutocratic Behaviour Task Centred: decisions are made by Task Centred: decisions are made by the leader without consultation of the the leader without consultation of the group… Example?group… Example?

Social Support Social Support BehaviourBehaviour

Concerned with the welfare of the Concerned with the welfare of the members. This is characterised by members. This is characterised by warm group/leader relations.warm group/leader relations.

Rewarding BehaviourRewarding Behaviour Positive feedback rewards group and Positive feedback rewards group and individual performance, reinforcement individual performance, reinforcement of group cohesion.of group cohesion.

Young People in Sport…Young People in Sport…

Which leadership style/s do you think Which leadership style/s do you think would satisfy youth in sport?would satisfy youth in sport?

Conversely, which leadership style/s do Conversely, which leadership style/s do you think would satisfy those training for…you think would satisfy those training for… The Olympics (2012)The Olympics (2012) A Sunday league gameA Sunday league game A Premier League ClashA Premier League Clash

Social Facilitation and Inhibition…Social Facilitation and Inhibition… Example… Juggling/ Plate Spinning!Example… Juggling/ Plate Spinning! It is well documented that the presence of It is well documented that the presence of

other CO-ACTORS or SPECTATORS can other CO-ACTORS or SPECTATORS can influence the performance of an individual.influence the performance of an individual.

Think about a time when you have been Think about a time when you have been playing well/poorly and the presence of playing well/poorly and the presence of someone on the sideline/more people someone on the sideline/more people watching or a harder/easier opponent has watching or a harder/easier opponent has changed the way you play.changed the way you play.

Arousal…Arousal… An increase in arousal can have positive An increase in arousal can have positive

or negative influences on performance.or negative influences on performance. When arousal is positive, performance is When arousal is positive, performance is

enhanced and SOCIAL FACILITATION is enhanced and SOCIAL FACILITATION is said to have taken place.said to have taken place.

When it is negative, SOCIAL INHIBITION When it is negative, SOCIAL INHIBITION is present.is present.

The two theories that explain this are…The two theories that explain this are… Drive Theory of Social Facilitation. Drive Theory of Social Facilitation.

(Zajonc, 1965)(Zajonc, 1965) Evaluation Apprehension Theory. Evaluation Apprehension Theory.

(Cottrell, 1968)(Cottrell, 1968)

Zajonc’s Model Zajonc’s Model of Drive Theory of Drive Theory

and Social and Social Facilitation…Facilitation…

Present Others

Passive OthersInteractive Others

Audience possibly Passive, silentBut interested

Co-actors, Non-threatening

Fellow performerse.g. Training partner.

Co-active competitorse.g. Opponents

Emotive Supporters

The Model Explained…The Model Explained… Zajonc theorised that “passive others” are Zajonc theorised that “passive others” are

enough to increase our arousal levels. enough to increase our arousal levels. Drive Theory indicates that there is a Drive Theory indicates that there is a relationship between arousal and relationship between arousal and performance…performance…

•Zajonc proposed the presence of others in itself is arousing. Arousal enhances the production of our dominant responses as opposed to the subordinate responses.

•Actions that have already been learnt are termed “Learned responses” and are seen as Dominant responses- Fight or Flight?

Arousal: Beginners Vs. Elite…Arousal: Beginners Vs. Elite…

High levels of arousal should benefit those High levels of arousal should benefit those at the autonomous stages of learning… at the autonomous stages of learning… why? why?

A: Dominant response should be towards A: Dominant response should be towards the correct response.the correct response.

Novices (associative or cognitive) showing Novices (associative or cognitive) showing a high level of arousal would have an a high level of arousal would have an inhibited performance due to their inhibited performance due to their dominant behaviour being incorrect. dominant behaviour being incorrect.

Continued…Continued… Martens (1969) confirmed Zajonc’s research Martens (1969) confirmed Zajonc’s research

stating that the presence of an audience in stating that the presence of an audience in beginners increases arousal and impairs beginners increases arousal and impairs learning of complex skills.learning of complex skills.

Landers and McCullage (1976) challenged Landers and McCullage (1976) challenged Zajonc’s assumptions.Zajonc’s assumptions.

They stated that co-actors being present aids They stated that co-actors being present aids the learning of “Sports Skills” but co-actors need the learning of “Sports Skills” but co-actors need to be of “Slightly superior ability”.to be of “Slightly superior ability”.

Q: What can we assume then?Q: What can we assume then? A: Presence of co-actors enhances learning of A: Presence of co-actors enhances learning of

motor skills while the attention of an audience motor skills while the attention of an audience will inhibit learning.will inhibit learning.

Evaluation Apprehension…Evaluation Apprehension…

Cottrell (1968) stated that others being there did Cottrell (1968) stated that others being there did not sufficiently arouse someone to allow social not sufficiently arouse someone to allow social facilitation or inhibition.facilitation or inhibition.

He stated that arousal did only occur when the He stated that arousal did only occur when the performer believed that the audience were performer believed that the audience were assessing or judging them.assessing or judging them.

Evaluation Apprehension, however, does not Evaluation Apprehension, however, does not take into account the need for evaluation in take into account the need for evaluation in some performers to stimulate arousal.some performers to stimulate arousal.

The Home Advantage Effect…The Home Advantage Effect…

Large supportive Large supportive home crowds are home crowds are believed to provide believed to provide the home team with the home team with an advantage i.e. “the an advantage i.e. “the 1212thth Man”. Man”.

It appears to be It appears to be stronger, according to stronger, according to Nevill and Cann Nevill and Cann (1998) when the (1998) when the crowd is bigger.crowd is bigger.

Proximity Effect…Proximity Effect… Schwartz (1975) proposed Schwartz (1975) proposed

that the location of the that the location of the audience in relationship to audience in relationship to the performance was an the performance was an important factor in social important factor in social facilitation.facilitation.

This is best seen in This is best seen in Basketball or Ice Hockey.Basketball or Ice Hockey.

Schwartz stated that Schwartz stated that outcome is not dictated by outcome is not dictated by the difficulty of the skill or the difficulty of the skill or the audience but the level the audience but the level of performer, personality of performer, personality and level of experience that and level of experience that are key.are key.

Distraction-Conflict Theory…Distraction-Conflict Theory… Baron (1986) proposed that the limitations of the Baron (1986) proposed that the limitations of the

performers attention span can explain the effects performers attention span can explain the effects on performance.on performance.

Information processing models indicate that Information processing models indicate that attention can only be given to a set number of attention can only be given to a set number of environmental cues.environmental cues.

Spectators require as much attention (to block Spectators require as much attention (to block out) as the actual sporting situation.out) as the actual sporting situation.

Simple tasks requiring little attention are Simple tasks requiring little attention are performed best in front of an audience while performed best in front of an audience while under similar conditions actions would be under similar conditions actions would be impaired.impaired.

Strategies to combat the effects of Strategies to combat the effects of Social Inhibition in practical activities…Social Inhibition in practical activities… Selective attention would narrow the Selective attention would narrow the

focus of the performer to relevant focus of the performer to relevant cues.cues.

Mental rehearsal and imagery could Mental rehearsal and imagery could enhance concentration, help block enhance concentration, help block out the audience which can be the out the audience which can be the source of inhibition i.e: source of inhibition i.e: BBC SPORT Football My Club PortBBC SPORT Football My Club Portsmouth James is boosted by smouth James is boosted by psychologist.mhtpsychologist.mht

Positive self-talk to block out Positive self-talk to block out negativity.negativity.

Practice in front of an audience to get Practice in front of an audience to get used to the effects supporters may used to the effects supporters may have.have.

Rest on pg 241-242.Rest on pg 241-242.

Mastermind…Mastermind…

Look through your notes for the next 5 mins.Look through your notes for the next 5 mins. You are each going to prepare 5 questions for You are each going to prepare 5 questions for

each other on the topics covered so far in the each other on the topics covered so far in the style of mastermind i.e. short answers!style of mastermind i.e. short answers!

Winner gets a prize!Winner gets a prize!