Leadership MODIFIED

To be a leader you have got to lead human To be a leader you have got to lead human beings with affection. beings with affection.

J. R. D. TataJ. R. D. Tata

To be a leader, one has to make difference To be a leader, one has to make difference and facilitate positive changes.and facilitate positive changes.

Du BrinDu Brin

The key is to select good people, be The key is to select good people, be accessible to them when they need you but accessible to them when they need you but leave them free to operate.leave them free to operate.

Russi ModiRussi Modi

Few questions about Few questions about leadership.leadership.

What makes a leader?What makes a leader?

Who can be a leader?Who can be a leader?

What does a leader do?What does a leader do?

Why do followers follow?Why do followers follow?

What do followers want What do followers want from leader?from leader?

LeadershipLeadership is the process of influencing the is the process of influencing the

activities of an individual or a group, its efforts activities of an individual or a group, its efforts

towards goal achievement in a given situation.towards goal achievement in a given situation.

LeadershipLeadership may be considered as the act of may be considered as the act of

influencing the activities of an organised group in influencing the activities of an organised group in

its efforts towards goal setting and goal its efforts towards goal setting and goal

achievement. (Stogdill 1950)achievement. (Stogdill 1950)

LeadershipLeadership is the behaviour of an individual when is the behaviour of an individual when

he is directing the activities of a group towards a he is directing the activities of a group towards a

shared goal. (Hemphill & Coons 1957)shared goal. (Hemphill & Coons 1957)

WHAT IS LEADERSHIP- WHAT IS LEADERSHIP- Some Definitions.Some Definitions.

LeadershipLeadership is the process of influence between a is the process of influence between a leader and those who are followers. (Hollandar leader and those who are followers. (Hollandar 1978)1978)

LeadershipLeadership is the ability to inspire confidence & is the ability to inspire confidence & support among the people who are needed to support among the people who are needed to achieve organisational goals. (W. Chan Kim, achieve organisational goals. (W. Chan Kim, 1992)1992)

LeadershipLeadership is the art of influencing the people by is the art of influencing the people by persuasion or example to follow a line of action. persuasion or example to follow a line of action.

LeadershipLeadership is an act that causes others to act or is an act that causes others to act or respond in a shared direction. respond in a shared direction.

WHAT IS LEADERSHIP- WHAT IS LEADERSHIP- Some Definitions.Some Definitions.

LeadershipLeadership is an attribute of a particular is an attribute of a particular

position (e.g. a teacher, supervisor, position (e.g. a teacher, supervisor,

manager)manager)

LeadershipLeadership is also the characteristics of is also the characteristics of

a particular person (like effective a particular person (like effective

communicator)communicator)

LeadershipLeadership is a category of behaviour is a category of behaviour

(e. g. a cricket team needs leadership to (e. g. a cricket team needs leadership to

win a match)win a match)

Why Leadership Why Leadership is Important?is Important?

For crisis situationsFor crisis situations

For organizational performanceFor organizational performance

For employee job satisfactionFor employee job satisfaction

For successful managementFor successful management

LeaderLeader

FollowerFollower

Successful completion of a task Successful completion of a task or accomplishment of a goalor accomplishment of a goal

Influences Influences

Key Elements of Key Elements of LeadershipLeadership

LeadershipLeadership

InfluenceInfluence

Organizational Organizational ObjectivesObjectives

PeoplePeopleChangeChange

Leaders-Leaders-FollowersFollowers

LeadershipLeadership is the influencing is the influencing process of leaders and followers process of leaders and followers

to achieve organizational to achieve organizational objectives through change.objectives through change.

Leadership= f (leader, follower, Leadership= f (leader, follower, situation)situation)

May be designated, elected or may emerge. May be designated, elected or may emerge.

(an emergent leader is one who becomes a (an emergent leader is one who becomes a

leader in a non-leader situation)leader in a non-leader situation)

Is different from followers.Is different from followers.

As a manager or facilitator of learning teacher As a manager or facilitator of learning teacher

has to act as an has to act as an academic leaderacademic leader in the in the

class. He is different from other leaders class. He is different from other leaders

outside the educational environment. outside the educational environment.

Leader Leader

The key function of the leader is to create a The key function of the leader is to create a

vision (mission or agenda) for the organization.vision (mission or agenda) for the organization.

The leader specifies the far-reaching goal as The leader specifies the far-reaching goal as

well as the strategy for goal attainment.well as the strategy for goal attainment.

Teacher as a leaderTeacher as a leader decides the goal & decides the goal &

objectives of learning and strategies to achieve objectives of learning and strategies to achieve

these objectives. As a manager of learning he/ these objectives. As a manager of learning he/

she plans, organizes & controls the teaching she plans, organizes & controls the teaching

learning activity. learning activity.

Leader Leader

The organised group which actually performs The organised group which actually performs

the tasks, or physically works towards the goal. the tasks, or physically works towards the goal.

Sometimes referred to as subordinates.Sometimes referred to as subordinates.

Students are followers of a teacherStudents are followers of a teacher. All act to . All act to

achieve the goal of learning according to the achieve the goal of learning according to the

curriculum. There should be a partnership curriculum. There should be a partnership

between teacher & students in deciding the between teacher & students in deciding the

goals & objectives of learning & both should goals & objectives of learning & both should

strive to achieve these objectives.strive to achieve these objectives.

Followers Followers

May be goal-oriented group activities. May be goal-oriented group activities.

(Classroom learning, Laboratory/ Workshop (Classroom learning, Laboratory/ Workshop

practicals, Field visits, Project work etc.)practicals, Field visits, Project work etc.)

Successful accomplishment of Goal or Successful accomplishment of Goal or

completion of task provides links with concepts completion of task provides links with concepts

like productivity, effectiveness, learning.like productivity, effectiveness, learning.

Goals, tasks must be relevant to curriculum and Goals, tasks must be relevant to curriculum and

organisations, & there should be a general organisations, & there should be a general

acceptance of relevance. acceptance of relevance.

Goal/ TaskGoal/ Task

InfluenceInfluence Influencing is the process of Influencing is the process of

communicating ideas, gaining communicating ideas, gaining

acceptance and motivating acceptance and motivating

followers to support and implement followers to support and implement

the ideas through changethe ideas through change

Is the essence of leadershipIs the essence of leadership

Influence Influence

Changing goal preferences of followers.Changing goal preferences of followers.

A motivation process wherein follower needs A motivation process wherein follower needs are integrated into curriculum needs to the are integrated into curriculum needs to the extent possible.extent possible.

Leads to ‘altered moods evoking expectations’, Leads to ‘altered moods evoking expectations’, & in general changes follower thinking in a & in general changes follower thinking in a positive direction.positive direction.

Sharing a work culture, transmitting values & Sharing a work culture, transmitting values & norms to followers, creating binding & bonding norms to followers, creating binding & bonding between them. between them.

Influencing- Nature of actions Influencing- Nature of actions

Centralizing decisions at the leader’s levelCentralizing decisions at the leader’s level

Encouraging followers to participate in decision Encouraging followers to participate in decision making process.making process.

Teacher may influence students by working Teacher may influence students by working with them as an equal.with them as an equal.

He may also stand apart & only guide them He may also stand apart & only guide them when they appear to stray or isolated.when they appear to stray or isolated.

Being friendly & preaching/ advocating. Being friendly & preaching/ advocating.

WHAT IS LEADERSHIP STYLE?WHAT IS LEADERSHIP STYLE?

A leadership A leadership style is a relatively style is a relatively

consistent pattern of behaviour that consistent pattern of behaviour that

characterizes a leader. Leadership characterizes a leader. Leadership

style is perceived by others, as they style is perceived by others, as they

respond to the leader influence. This respond to the leader influence. This

makes leadership style predictable as makes leadership style predictable as

a habit of action.a habit of action.

LEADERSHIP STYLE IS A FUNCTION OFLEADERSHIP STYLE IS A FUNCTION OF follower characteristicsfollower characteristics leader characteristics andleader characteristics and situational variables.situational variables.

Appropriate leadership hence Appropriate leadership hence depends on how one perceives depends on how one perceives the situation around him.the situation around him.

The leadership continuum: Classical Leadership stylesThe leadership continuum: Classical Leadership styles

The boss-Centered versus Employee The boss-Centered versus Employee Centered Leadership continuum.Centered Leadership continuum.

The Autocratic-Participative-Free-Rein ContinuumThe Autocratic-Participative-Free-Rein Continuum

Amount of authority held by the leaderAmount of authority held by the leader

Amount of authority held by Group Amount of authority held by Group membersmembers

Autocratic StyleAutocratic Style Participative StyleParticipative Style Free-Rein StyleFree-Rein Style

Consultative Consultative Consensus Consensus Democratic Democratic

Continuum of Leader Continuum of Leader BehaviourBehaviour

(Robert Tannenbaum & W. H. Schmidt)(Robert Tannenbaum & W. H. Schmidt)

USE OF AUTHORITY USE OF AUTHORITY BY THE LEADERBY THE LEADER

AREA OF FREEDOM AREA OF FREEDOM FOR SUBORDINATESFOR SUBORDINATES

Task OrientedTask Oriented Relationship OrientedRelationship Oriented(Autocratic)(Autocratic) (Democratic) (Democratic)

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Leader permits Leader permits subordinates to subordinates to function within function within

limits defined by limits defined by superior.superior.

Leader presents Leader presents problem, gets problem, gets suggestions & suggestions &

makes decision.makes decision.

Leader presents Leader presents idea & invites idea & invites

questionsquestions

Leader makes Leader makes decision & decision &

announces it.announces it.

Leader Leader “Sells” “Sells”

decision.decision.

Leader presents Leader presents tentative decision tentative decision subject to changesubject to change

Leader defines Leader defines limits, asks group limits, asks group to make decision.to make decision.

Autocratic Leadership StyleAutocratic Leadership Style

Autocratic leadersAutocratic leaders retain most of the authority for themselves. retain most of the authority for themselves. They make decisions confidently and assume that group members They make decisions confidently and assume that group members will comply; they usually are not concerned with group members’ will comply; they usually are not concerned with group members’ attitudes towards the decision. Autocratic leaders are considered attitudes towards the decision. Autocratic leaders are considered task-oriented because they place heavy emphasis on getting task task-oriented because they place heavy emphasis on getting task accomplished. accomplished.

Participative Leadership StyleParticipative Leadership Style

Participative leadersParticipative leaders share decision making with group members. share decision making with group members.

Consultative leadersConsultative leaders confer with group members before making a confer with group members before making a decision. However, they retain the final authority to make decisions.decision. However, they retain the final authority to make decisions.

Consensus leadersConsensus leaders strive for consensus: they encourage group strive for consensus: they encourage group discussion about an issue & then make a decision that reflects discussion about an issue & then make a decision that reflects general agreement & will be supported by group members.general agreement & will be supported by group members.

Democratic leadersDemocratic leaders confer final authority on the group. They confer final authority on the group. They function as collector of group opinion & take a vote before making a function as collector of group opinion & take a vote before making a decision. decision.

The Hersey-Blanchard Situational Leadership ModelThe Hersey-Blanchard Situational Leadership Model

Leadership style in the model suggested by Paul Leadership style in the model suggested by Paul Hersey & Kenneth H. Blanchard is classified Hersey & Kenneth H. Blanchard is classified according to the relative amount of task and according to the relative amount of task and relationship behaviour the leader engages in. relationship behaviour the leader engages in.

Task behaviourTask behaviour is the extent to which the leader is the extent to which the leader spells out the duties and responsibilities of an spells out the duties and responsibilities of an individual or group. It includes giving directions individual or group. It includes giving directions and setting goals.and setting goals.

Relationship behaviourRelationship behaviour is the extent to which the is the extent to which the leader engages in two-way or multiway leader engages in two-way or multiway communication. It includes activities such as communication. It includes activities such as listening, encouraging & coaching. listening, encouraging & coaching.

LEADER BEHAVIOURLEADER BEHAVIOURR

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TASK BEHAVIOUR (Guidance)TASK BEHAVIOUR (Guidance)(Low)(Low) (High)(High)

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44Turn over Turn over

responsibility for responsibility for decisions & decisions &

implementation implementation

LRLRLTLT

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decisions & decisions & provide provide

opportunity for opportunity for clarificationclarification

HTHTHRHR

SELLING

SELLING11Provide specific Provide specific instructions & instructions & closely supervise closely supervise performanceperformance

HTHTLRLR

TELLING

TELLING

Situational Leadership ModelSituational Leadership Model

S1S1TellingTellingGuidingGuidingDirectingDirecting

EstablishingEstablishing

S2S2SellingSelling

ExplainingExplainingClarifyingClarifying

PersuadingPersuading

S3S3ParticipatingParticipatingEncouragingEncouragingCollaboratingCollaboratingCommittingCommitting

S4S4DelegatingDelegatingObservingObservingMonitoringMonitoringFulfillingFulfilling

44Turn over responsibility Turn over responsibility

for decisions & for decisions & implementation implementation

LRLRLTLT

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DELEGATING

33Share ideas & Share ideas & facilitate in facilitate in decision making.decision making. HRHR

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22Explain decisions & Explain decisions & provide opportunity provide opportunity

for clarificationfor clarificationHTHTHRHR

SELLING

SELLING

11Provide specific Provide specific instructions & closely instructions & closely supervise performancesupervise performance

HTHTLRLRTELLING

TELLING

FOLLOWER READINESSFOLLOWER READINESS

Able & Willing Able & Willing or Confidentor Confident

Able but Able but Unwilling or Unwilling or

InsecureInsecure

Unable but Unable but Willing or Willing or ConfidentConfident

Unable & Unable & Unwilling or Unwilling or

InsecureInsecure

HighHigh Moderate Moderate Low Low

R1R1R2R2R3R3R4R4

Follower DirectedFollower Directed Leader DirectedLeader Directed

Paradigm Has Shifted From Paradigm Has Shifted From Management to Leadership!Management to Leadership!

PowerPoint ContributorPowerPoint Contributor

Prof.(Mrs.)M.SaxenaProf.(Mrs.)M.SaxenaProfessor and HeadProfessor and Head

Education Management CentreEducation Management Centre

Dr.R.B.ShivagundeDr.R.B.ShivagundeProfessor of Education managementProfessor of Education management

Education Management CentreEducation Management Centre

Prof. S. S. KedarProf. S. S. Kedar