Leadership

LEADERSHIPADVANCED LEADERSHIP THEORY AND PRACTICE:

CREATING TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERDS

Maribel C. TuberaDBA Student - UEGS

Leadership

The process of influencing others toward achieving group goals.

The art of leadership concerns the skill of understanding leadership situations and influencing others to accomplish group goals.

LeadershipBOTH A SCIENCE AND AN ART

It emphasizes the subject of leadership as a field of scholarly inquiry, as well as certain aspects of the practice of leadership.

BOTH RATIONAL AND EMOTIONALLeadership involves the two sides of human experience.It involves touching others’ feelings.Leaders need to consider both the rational and emotional consequences of their actions.

LeadershipLEADERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT

Distinction between managers and leaders

LEADERS MANAGERS

-Thought to do the right things - Thought to do things right

- Innovate - Administers

- Develop - Maintain

- Inspire - Control

- long-term view - short-term view

- Ask what and why - Ask how and when

- Originate - Initiate

- Challenge the status quo - Accept the status quo

Leadership and management complement each other, and both are vital to organizational success

LeadershipLEADERSHIP AND FOLLOWERSHIP

Leadership cannot be separated from followership.

There is no simple line dividing them; they merge.

LEADERSHIP ON STAGE LARGE AND SMALL

Great leaders sometimes seem larger than life.

Myths that hinder Leadership Development

Good leadership is all common sense

Leaders are born, not made

The only school you learn leadership is the school of hard knocks

A Few Women Leaders throughout History

Cleopatra, Queen of Egypt(69 B.C. -30 B.C.)

Cleopatra came to power in Egypt at the age of 17. Shereigned from 51-30 B.C. As a Ptolemy, Cleopatra wasMacedonian, but even though her ancestry wasMacedonian, she was still an Egyptian queen andworshipped as a god.

Joan of Arcs Jehanne d'Arc (1412-1431)

"One life is all we have and we live it as webelieve in living it. But to sacrifice what you areand to live without belief, that is a fate moreterrible than dying." - Joan of Arc

• Under Charles de Ponthieu the French were without directionand without a real leader.

• When Joan of Arc came to the court she overwhelmed Charleswith her passion and conviction.

• It is quite remarkable that this 17 year old peasant girl was, as aconsequence, given control over an army and allowed to leadthem into battle. Within a year Joan of Arc had led the Frencharmy to victories at Orleans, Patay and Troyes.

Queen Isabella of Spain(1451-1504)

• In 1492, Isabella was convinced by Christopher Columbus tosponsor his voyage of discovery.

• The lasting effects of this were many: by the traditions of thetime, when Columbus discovered lands in the New World, theywere given to Castile.

• Isabella took a special interest in the Native Americans of thenew lands; when some were brought back to Spain as slavesshe insisted they be returned and freed, and her will expressedher wish that the "Indians" be treated with justice andfairness.

Queen Elizabeth I, England(1533-1603)

• Elizabeth I was queen regnant of England and Ireland from 17November 1558 until her death. Sometimes called "The VirginQueen", "Gloriana" or "Good Queen Bess", Elizabeth was thefifth and last monarch of the Tudor dynasty.

Establishes England as a dominant sea powerand defeats the Spanish Armada

Anne Hutchinson (1591-1643)Anne Hutchinson, born Anne Marbury, was aPuritan spiritual adviser, mother of 15, andimportant participant in the AntinomianControversy that shook the infant MassachusettsBay Colony from 1636 to 1638.

•Anne Hutchinson is a woman to be admired by any of us whobelieve in the rights of the individual to freedom of thought,freedom of speech, and freedom to worship.

•It may be difficult for us to imagine exactly how it must havebeen like living under Puritan rule in the newly establishedAmerican colonies, especially if you were a woman, as at thispoint in our history, women weren't even allowed to think for

themselves.

Catherine the Great of Russia(1729-1796)

“All or nothing. If I commit myself to you,

you must commit yourself to me!“

“I praise loudly. I blame softly.”

Yekaterina Alexeevna or Catherine II, also knownas Catherine the Great, was the most renownedand the longest-ruling female leader of Russia,reigning from 9 July [O.S. 28 June] 1762 until herdeath on 17 November 1796 at the age of sixty-seven.

Sacajawea(1788-1812)

Sacagawea, also Sakakawea or Sacajawea, was aLemhi Shoshone woman, who accompanied theLewis and Clark Expedition, acting as an interpreterand guide, in their exploration of the WesternUnited States.

Mary Lyons(1797-1849)

Mary Lyon opened Mount Holyoke Seminary for Women ineighteen thirty-seven. It was in the town of South Hadley,Massachusetts. She had raised more than twelve thousanddollars. It was enough to build a five-story building.

Her efforts led to the spread of higher education for women inthe United States. Historians say she was the strongest influenceon the education of American young people during the middle ofthe nineteenth century. Her influence lasted as the manystudents from Mary Lyon's schools went out to teach others.

She opened the first independent school for the higher education of women.

Dorothea Lynde Dix(1802-1887)

By 1880, Dix had had a direct hand in founding 32 of 123 mental hospitalsin the country—an increase of 110 since the fateful year of 1843.

She also was a staunch critic of cruel and neglectful practices towardthe mentally ill, such as caging, incarceration without clothing, andpainful physical restraint.

Dorothea Dix was not only a voice for the mad, but also one who helpedto heal many of the wounds of the War Between the States. Her tirelesswork to help the helpless reminded all who came in contact with herthat we do have a responsibility to those who cannot speak forthemselves.

A "voice for the mad," Dorothea Dix did more than anyone else of her generation to improve the lives of mentally ill people in America.

Harriet Tubman(Araminta Ross 1820-1913)

Tubman made 19 trips to Maryland and helped 300 people tofreedom. During these dangerous journeys she helped rescuemembers of her own family, including her 70-year-old parents.At one point, rewards for Tubman's capture totaled $40,000.Yet, she was never captured and never failed to deliver her"passengers" to safety.

As Tubman herself said, "On my Underground Railroad I[never] run my train off [the] track [and] I never [lost] apassenger."

she became so well known for leading slaves to freedom that Tubman became known as the "Moses of Her People."

Florence Nightingale(1820-1910)

Florence Nightingale, OM, RRC was a celebrated British socialreformer and statistician, and the founder of modern nursing.She came to prominence while serving as a nurse during theCrimean War, where she tended to wounded soldiers.

Nightingale held strong opinions on women’s rights. In her book Suggestions for Thought to Searchers after Religious Truths (1859) she argued strongly for the removal of restrictions that prevented women having careers.

Famous for her work in the military hospitals of the Crimea, Nightingale for women. established nursing as a respectable profession

Susan B. Anthony (1820-1906)

"I do not demand equal pay for any womensave those who do equal work in value.Scorn to be coddled by your employers;make them understand that you are in theirservice as workers, not as women.” – SusanB. Anthony

Anthony never gave up on her fight for women's suffrage. In 1905, she met with Pres. Theodore Roosevelt in Washington, D.C. to lobby for an amendment to give women the right to vote. she died the following year at the age of 86.

According to her obituary in The New York Times, shortly before her death, Anthony told friend Anna Shaw, "To think I have had more than 60 years of hard struggle for a little liberty, and then to die without it seems so cruel.”

Carry A. Nation(1846-1911)

• American temperance advocate famous for usinghatchet to demolish barrooms.

• Carrie Amelia Moore Nation was an Americanwoman who was a radical member of thetemperance movement, which opposed alcoholbefore the advent of Prohibition. She is particularlynoteworthy for promoting her viewpoint throughvandalism.

Nation established "The Prohibition Federation," for which her The Hatchet was theofficial publication. She wrote into its preamble that "We exclude from ourorganization any person who will not vote for the total annihilation of intoxicatingliquors for any purpose. We co-operate with the Prohibition Party, but go a stepfurther, making it a crime to manufacture or sell intoxicating liquors for anypurpose."32 That is, she opposed the use of alcohol for religious or medicinal purposes.It failed -- Nation was apparently more skillful at destroying than at creating.

Mary Pickford(1882-1979)

Throughout the 1910s and 1920s, Pickford was believed tobe the most famous woman in the world, or, as a silent-filmjournalist described her, "the best known woman who hasever lived, the woman who was known to more peopleand loved by more people than any other woman that hasbeen in all history."

a Canadian motion picture actress, co-founder of the film studio United Artists and one of the original 36 founders of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Though Canadian-born, she was a powerful symbol of Americana, kissing the American flag for cameras and auctioning one of her world-famous curls for $15,000.

Pickford's most profound influence (beyond her acting) was to help reshape the film industry itself. When she entered features, Hollywood believed that the movies' future lay in reproducing Broadway plays for a mass audience. Pickford, who entered feature film with two Broadway credits but a far greater following among fans of nickelodeon flickers, became the world's most popular actress in a matter of months.

In response to her popularity, Hollywood rethought its vision of features as "canned theatre," and focused instead on actors and material that were uniquely suited to film, not stage performances.

Margaret Chase Smith (1897-1995)

Every human being is entitled to courtesy and consideration. Constructive criticism is not only to be expected but sought. – Margaret Chase Smith

Margaret Madeline Chase Smith was an American politician. A member of the Republican Party, she served as a U.S Representative and a U.S. Senator from Maine.

“Those of us who shout the loudest about Americanism in makingcharacter assassinations are all too frequently those who, by our ownwords and acts, ignore some of the basic principles of Americanism—The right to criticize; The right to hold unpopular beliefs; The right toprotest; The right of independent thought. The exercise of these rightsshould not cost one single American citizen his reputation or his right toa livelihood nor should he be in danger of losing his reputation orlivelihood merely because he happens to know some one who holdsunpopular beliefs.”

Betty Friedan (1921-2006)

was considered by many to be the “mother” ofthe second wave of modern feminism. Herstruggles against the "Feminine Mystique" andin favor of gender equality led to afundamental transformation, not only in theway American society views women, but in theway American women view themselves.

she published The Feminine Mystique, which explores theidea of women finding fulfillment beyond traditional roles.Friedan co-founded the National Organization for Women in1966, and served as its first president. She published TheSecond Stage in 1982and The Fountain of Age in 1993.

Golda Meir (1898-1978)

•Golda Meir was an Israeli teacher, kibbutznik and politician whobecame the fourth Prime Minister of Israel. Meir was electedPrime Minister of Israel on March 17, 1969, after serving asMinister of Labour and Foreign Minister.

Golda Mabovitch (born as), Golda Meyerson, "Iron Lady of Israel"

Mother Teresa(1910-1997)

Mother Teresa was the founder of the Order of the Missionaries of Charity, a Roman Catholic congregation of women dedicated to helping the poor.

The Blessed Teresa of Calcutta,M.C., commonly known asMother Teresa, was an Albanianborn, Indian Roman CatholicReligious Sister.

Margaret Thatcher(1925-2013)

The first female prime minister of Britain, Margaret Thatcher was a controversial figurehead of conservative ideology during her time in office.

"In politics, if you want anything said, ask a man. If you want anything done, ask a woman."

– Margaret Thatcher

Margaret Hilda Thatcher, BaronessThatcher, LG OM PC FRS was a Britishpolitician who was the Prime Minister ofthe United Kingdom from 1979 to 1990and the Leader of the Conservative Partyfrom 1975 to 1990.

Jeane Kirkpatrick(1926-2006)

The first female prime minister of Britain, Margaret Thatcher was a controversial figurehead of conservative ideology during her time in office.

"In politics, if you want anything said, ask a man. If you want anything done, ask a woman."

– Margaret Thatcher

Jeane Kirkpatrick was a professor anddiplomat who was a close adviser toPresident Ronald Reagan and the firstwoman to be U.S. ambassador to the U.N.

Sandra Day O’Connor (1930)

Former Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States

Sandra Day O'Connor is a retired United States SupremeCourt justice. She served as an Associate Justice from herappointment in 1981 by Ronald Reagan until herretirement from the Court in 2006. She was the firstwoman to be appointed to the Supreme Court and servedfor 24 years.

"THE PURPOSE OF STRICT SCRUTINY IS TO 'SMOKE

OUT' ILLEGITIMATE USES OF RACE BY ASSURING

THAT THE LEGISLATIVE BODY IS PURSUING A GOAL

IMPORTANT ENOUGH TO WARRANT USE OF A

HIGHLY SUSPECT TOOL."—SANDRA DAY O'CONNOR

Benazir Bhutto(1953-2007)

Benazir Bhutto was a politician and stateswoman who served as the 11th Prime Minister of Pakistan in two non-consecutive terms from November 1988 until October 1990, and 1993 until her final dismissal on November 1996.

Her name means "one without equal."

Hilary Clinton(1947)

When Hillary Clinton was elected to the U.S. Senate in 2001, she became the only American first lady to hold national office. She became the 67th U.S. secretary of state in 2009, serving until 2013.

"Don't confuse having a career with having a life. They are not the same thing.”– Hillary Clinton

Hillary Diane Rodham Clinton was the67th United States Secretary of Statefrom 2009 to 2013, serving underPresident Barack Obama. She waspreviously a U.S. Senator from New York.

Christine Todd Whitman(1946)

Governor Whitman also serves on the Board of Directors ofS.C. Johnson and Son, Inc., Texas Instruments Inc., andUnited Technologies Corporation. She holds an AdvancedProfessional Director Certification from the AmericanCollege of Corporate Directors, and she serves as an advisorto the Aspen Rodel Fellowship program. She is a member ofthe Advisory Board of the Corporate Eco Forum, a boardmember for the 2014 NY/NJ Super Bowl Host Committee,and a member of the board of trustees of Greener NewJersey Productions.

Christine "Christie" Todd Whitman is anAmerican Republican politician and author whoserved as the 50th Governor of New Jerseyfrom 1994 to 2001, and was the Administratorof the Environmental Protection Agency.

FOLLOWER

LEADER

SITUATION

• personality• position• expertise• etc.

• values• norms• cohesiveness• etc.

• task• stress• environment• etc.

LEADER – includes unique personal history,interests, character traits and motivation; it isforever moving outside the constraints of structure.

FOLLOWER – are critical part of the leadershipequation but their role has not always beenappreciated.

SITUATION – the 3rd critical part of leadershipequation; the most ambiguous aspect of theleadership framework since it can refer to anythingfrom the specific task where a group is engaged.

Madeleine Albright

"I was taught to strive not because there were anyguarantees of success but because the act of striving is initself the only way to keep faith with life."

"Whatever job you are asked to do, at whatever level, do itwell because your reputation is your resume." MadeleineK. Albright '59

Madeleine Albright

The first female Secretary of State and became the highest ranking woman in thehistory of the U.S. government in 1997.

1993 to 1997- served as the U.S. Permanent Representative to the United Nationsand was a member of the President’s Cabinet.

1989 to 1992- served as President of the Center for National Policy.

She chairs both the National Democratic Institute for International Affairs and thePew Global Attitudes Project and serves as president of the Truman ScholarshipFoundation.

Dr. Albright serves on the Boards of the Council on Foreign Relations, the AspenInstitute and the Center for a New American Security.

In 2009, Dr. Albright was asked by NATO Secretary General Anders FoghRasmussen to Chair a Group of Experts focused on developing NATO’s NewStrategic Concept.

Konosuke Matsushita

Matsushita was the son of a landowner who lost all his money,forcing Konosuke to go out to work in Osaka well before hewas 16.

He started as an electrician at Osaka Electrical Light Company

He invented a new sort of light socket and, at the age of 23, setup a company with his brother-in-law, Toshio Iue, tomanufacture it.

He produced his electrical goods under the brand nameNational, but later he introduced the name Panasonic, for whichthe company is best-known today.

He ruled his companies with a considerable degree ofpaternalism and offered his workers employment for life.

10 lessons from Konosuke Matsushita’s leadership :

1. Love your job if you wish to do it well

2. Do what commons sense dictates

3. Follow the laws of nature

4. A leader should have vision

5. Dreams should be shared

6. Management is perpetual creation

7. Don’t assume that something is “impossible”

8. Transparent management fosters growth

9. Employ “Dam Management” to ensure steady growth

10. Bad times have their bright side

ACTION-OBSERVATION-REFLECTION (A-O-R) model

leadership development is enhanced when the experience involves three different processes: action, observation, and reflection.

ActionWhat did you do?

ExperienceExperience

Experience

ObservationWhat happened?• Results• Impact on others

ReflectionHow do you look at it now?How do you feel about it now?

The Key Role of Perception in the Spiral of Experience

Perception and Observation – both deal with withattending to events around us; takes place spontaneouslyand effortlessly, so this is regard as passive processes.

Perception and Reflection – Perceptual sets influence whatwe attend to or do not attend to, what we observe or donot observe; perception also influences the next stage ofthe spiral of experience the reflection since it deals withhow we interpret our observations.

Perception and Action – perception also affect our action,just having expectations (positive or negative) aboutothers may affect our action and in turn, our action canaffect the way others behave.

Single and Double-Loop Learning

Single-Loop learning – a kind of learning between theindividual and the environment in which learnersseek relatively little feedback that may significantlyconfront their fundamental ideas or actions;individual learn only about subjects within the“comfort zone” of their belief system.

Double-Loop learning – involves a willingness to confront one’s own views and an invitation to others to do so ,too; can be thought of as learning how to learn.

Developmental Factors of Managerial Growth

Character of Successful Leaders Character of Derailed Leaders

1. ability to develop or adapt 1. inability to develop or adapt

2. ability to establish collaborative relations

2. poor working relations

3. ability to build and lead a team 3. Inability to build and lead a team

4. non-authoritarian 4. authoritarian

5. consistent exceptional performance

5. poor performance

6. ambitious 6. too ambitious

Leadership Development Through Education and Training

Formal education and training program can help onebecome a better leader.

Not all programs are appropriate for all leaders.

Common Measures of Successful and Unsuccessful Leadership

1. Superior’s effectiveness and performance rating.

2. Subordinates’ ratings of satisfaction, organizationalclimate, morale motivation, and leadershipeffectiveness.

3. Unit performance indices.

Power and Influence

Power – the capacity to produce effects on others on the potential to influence others.

the capacity to cause change.

Influence – the change in a targets agent’s attitudes, values, beliefs, or behaviors as the result of influence tactics.

the degree of actual change in a target person’s attitudes manifested by followers as the result of a leader’s influence tactics.

Influence tactics – refer to the person’s actual behavior designed to change another person’s attitudes, values, beliefs, or behavior.

Sources of Leader Power

leaders have it

followers give it to them

Gestures of Power and Dominance

1. Staring – it is disrespectful for a person of lowerstatus to stare at a superior.

2. Pointing – it seems to be acceptable for high-statusfigures or those attempting to assert dominance.

3. Touching – it’s acceptable for bosses or teachers toput a hand on an employee’s or student’s shoulderbut not vice versa.

4. Interrupting – higher-power or –status personsinterrupt; lower-power or –status persons areinterrupted.

FOLLOWER

LEADER

SITUATION

• expert

• referent • coercive

• reward

• legitimate

Taxonomy of Social Power(5 Sources/Bases of Power)

1. Expert power – power of knowledge (through relativeexpertise).

2. Referent power – due to the strength of the relationshipbetween the leader and the followers; when people admirea leader and see her as a role model, she has referentpower.

3. Legitimate power – one’s formal or official authority.

4. Reward power – involves the potential to influence othersdue to one’s control over desired resources.

5. Coercive power – the opposite of reward power; potentialto influence others through the administration of negativesanctions or the removal of positive events.

END