LEAD PAKISTAN MEETING ON WATER WATER MANAGEMENT CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES KHALID MOHTADULLAH 18 December 2014Islamabad.

LEAD PAKISTAN

MEETING ON WATER

WATER MANAGEMENT

CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES

KHALID MOHTADULLAH

18 December 2014 Islamabad

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IRRIGATED AREAS

3.8 MA44.4 MATOTAL

0.8 MA2.2 MABalochistan

0.5 MA2.3 MANWFP

1.5 MA33.4 MAPunjab

1.0 MA6.5 MASindh

Ongoing Schem

Presently Irrigated Areas

AREABALOCHISTAN

SINDH

PUNJAB

Disputed Territory

NWFP

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Irrigated Agriculture SectorIrrigated Agriculture Sector Single most important sector of the economy

contributing almost one-quarter of the GDP Supports 70% of the population Employs 44 to 50 % of the labor force Directly or indirectly responsible for 60 –70 % of

export earnings Irrigated lands produce 80 % of agricultural production Uses more than 90% of the nations water resources Growth in this sector holds the key to poverty

alleviation and economic growth

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WHY WHY IS WATER MANAGEMENT IS WATER MANAGEMENT IMPORTANT IN PAKISTANIMPORTANT IN PAKISTAN

• WATER AVAILABILITY HAS REDUCED TOWATER AVAILABILITY HAS REDUCED TO 1050CUM/CAPITA (CHRONIC STRESS)1050CUM/CAPITA (CHRONIC STRESS)• WATER SHORTAGE IS PROJECTED ATWATER SHORTAGE IS PROJECTED AT 14.9MAF (PCRWR 1994)14.9MAF (PCRWR 1994)• 70-75% OF SURFACE WATER BECOMES70-75% OF SURFACE WATER BECOMES AVAILABLE DURING 3 MONTH AVAILABLE DURING 3 MONTH • STORAGES ARE DEPLETING IN CAPACITYSTORAGES ARE DEPLETING IN CAPACITY• DISPROPORTIONATE LOSS OF WATER TO DISPROPORTIONATE LOSS OF WATER TO SEASEA

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WHY WATER MANAGEMENT ISWHY WATER MANAGEMENT IS IMPORTANT IN PAKISTAN (contd)IMPORTANT IN PAKISTAN (contd)

• G/WATER LEVELS ARE GOING DOWN ANDG/WATER LEVELS ARE GOING DOWN AND QUALITY IS DETERIORATINGQUALITY IS DETERIORATING• MORE THAN 50% OF ALL DISEASES AREMORE THAN 50% OF ALL DISEASES ARE

WATER RELATEDWATER RELATED• MORE THAN 90% 0F EXPORTS AREMORE THAN 90% 0F EXPORTS ARE AGRI-BASEDAGRI-BASED• FINANCIAL RESOURCES ARE SCARCEFINANCIAL RESOURCES ARE SCARCE• STRONG WATER-POVERTY NEXUS STRONG WATER-POVERTY NEXUS • IMPORTANT WATER FOOD AND ENEGY IMPORTANT WATER FOOD AND ENEGY NEXUSNEXUS

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7

Water use in 2000 and projections 2025Water use in 2000 and projections 2025

0

20

40

60

80

100

120M

AF

Industry Water supplyand

sanitation

Agriculture

Water use 2000 Requirements 2025

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Other uses and requirementsOther uses and requirements

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

bcm

Municipal Indutrial Environments

REQUIREMENTS Year 2000 REQUIREMENTS Year 2025

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10

Land productivity--- very poorLand productivity--- very poorComparison of major crops yieldsComparison of major crops yields

0

2

4

6

8

10

Tons

/ha

Pakistan India Egypt China USA

Wheat Rice Cotton

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Water productivity---extremely Water productivity---extremely poorpoor

Comparison with other countriesComparison with other countries

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

tons

/ cub

. m

Pakistan India California Argentina

Wheat Maize

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Water qualityWater quality

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Population Vs WaterPopulation Vs Water

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Per Capita Storage Capacity in Per Capita Storage Capacity in different Countries different Countries

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Water services financing—gap Water services financing—gap between requirements and returns between requirements and returns

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Governance IssuesGovernance Issues

More than water scarcity, the crisis is of governance

Sector is too fragmentedToo many institutions managing itToo many laws governing itErosion of institutional capacityNo one responsible for Basin’s integrityLimited user participationWater is not seen as socio-economic good but

more as a social goodPoor financing of water services

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Governance IssuesGovernance IssuesWeak dispute resolution mechanismsCCI remained inactive, political support for

dispute resolution remained weakAbsence of basin approach for development

and management of water resources

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CLIMATE CHANGE

. . This is one of our greatest worries because so much This is one of our greatest worries because so much depends on itdepends on it. . Climate change is no longer an issue for the distant Climate change is no longer an issue for the distant future, it is already taking place, and in this region, future, it is already taking place, and in this region, particularly the poorest people, are most at risk.particularly the poorest people, are most at risk.. . The impacts of higher temperatures, The impacts of higher temperatures, more variable more variable precipitation, more extreme weather eventsprecipitation, more extreme weather events, and sea level , and sea level rise are already being felt and will continue to intensifyrise are already being felt and will continue to intensify. . . . These changes are having major impacts on the economicThese changes are having major impacts on the economic performance of Pakistan and on the lives and livelihoodsperformance of Pakistan and on the lives and livelihoods of millions of its poor people. of millions of its poor people. . The impacts result not only from gradual changes in . The impacts result not only from gradual changes in temperature and sea level but also, in particular, from temperature and sea level but also, in particular, from increased climate variability and extremes, increased climate variability and extremes, including moreincluding more Intense floods, droughts, and storms. Intense floods, droughts, and storms.

Source: Climate change PanelSource: Climate change Panel

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CLIMATE CHANGE SOME FUTURE IMPACTS

.. Glacier melting in the Himalayas is projected to increaseGlacier melting in the Himalayas is projected to increase flooding and will affect water resources within the next flooding and will affect water resources within the next two to three decadestwo to three decades... . Climate change will compound the pressures on natural Climate change will compound the pressures on natural resources and the environment due to rapid urbanization,resources and the environment due to rapid urbanization, industrialization, and economic development.industrialization, and economic development.• • Crop yields could decrease up to 30% in South Asia by Crop yields could decrease up to 30% in South Asia by the mid-21st century including Pakistanthe mid-21st century including Pakistan• • Mortality due to diarrhea primarily associated with floods Mortality due to diarrhea primarily associated with floods and droughts will rise and droughts will rise

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CLIMATE CHANGE (CONSEQUENCES)

. . DDecreased water availabilityecreased water availability and water quality in many arid and water quality in many arid and semiarid regionsand semiarid regions• • Increased risk of floods and droughtsIncreased risk of floods and droughts in many regions in many regions• reduction in water regulation in mountain habitats• reduction in water regulation in mountain habitats• decreases in reliability of hydropower and biomass • decreases in reliability of hydropower and biomass productionproduction• increased incidence of waterborne diseases such as • increased incidence of waterborne diseases such as malaria, dengue, and choleramalaria, dengue, and cholera• increased damages and deaths caused by extreme • increased damages and deaths caused by extreme weather eventsweather events• • decreased agricultural productivitydecreased agricultural productivity• adverse impacts on fisheries• adverse impacts on fisheries• adverse effects on many ecological systems• adverse effects on many ecological systems• Sea-level rise will exacerbate inundation, storm surge, Sea-level rise will exacerbate inundation, storm surge, erosion and other coastal hazardserosion and other coastal hazards

THIS SHOWS NEED FOR URGENT MEASURES FOR THIS SHOWS NEED FOR URGENT MEASURES FOR ABATING ABOVE CONSEQUENCESABATING ABOVE CONSEQUENCES

Glaciers of HKH RegionGlaciers of HKH Region

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HKH GLACIERS

1989-10-09 2000-10-31

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BIAFO GLACIER

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Summary of IssuesSummary of Issues Water scarcity Uneven water availability during and between years Drought Poor system delivery efficiency Waterlogging and salinization inc: secondary salinity Groundwater management Disposal of drainage effluent Poor land and water productivity Climate change Lack of user participation Weakened institutional capacity Poor governance Water and Poverty linkage Financing water infrastructure (O&M, Rehabilitation and Development) IWRM

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REASONS FOR GROWING WATER SCARCITY

POPULATION GROWTHPOPULATION GROWTH• WATER SUPPLY & SANITATION NEEDSWATER SUPPLY & SANITATION NEEDS• FOOD FOOD SECURITY REQUIREMENTSSECURITY REQUIREMENTS• DEPLETING STORAGE CAPACITYDEPLETING STORAGE CAPACITY• ENVIRONMENTAL DEMANDSENVIRONMENTAL DEMANDS• DECLINING WATERTABLESDECLINING WATERTABLES• INCREASING POLLUTIONINCREASING POLLUTION• AGEING INFRASTRUCTUREAGEING INFRASTRUCTURE• CROPPING PATTERNSCROPPING PATTERNS• URBANIZATIONURBANIZATION• INDUSTRIAL DEMANDINDUSTRIAL DEMAND• LACK OF PROPER LAWS FOR USAGELACK OF PROPER LAWS FOR USAGE

•

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REASONS FOR GROWING WATER SCARCITY (contd)

• INEQUITY AND POVERTYINEQUITY AND POVERTY• CAPACITY EROSIONCAPACITY EROSION• DESERTIFICATIONDESERTIFICATION• DROUGHTDROUGHT• WATERSHEDS AND ECO-SYSTEMSWATERSHEDS AND ECO-SYSTEMS• CLIMATE CHANGECLIMATE CHANGE• WATER GOVERNANCE (INSTITUTIONS)WATER GOVERNANCE (INSTITUTIONS)• ECONOMIC VALUE OF WATER ECONOMIC VALUE OF WATER • INSUFFICIENT WATER WISDOMINSUFFICIENT WATER WISDOM

•

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Way Forward – Practical StepsWay Forward – Practical Steps

Promote integrated development of water resources (River Basin)

Protect natural water bodies Water quality management Wastewater reuse and use of saline water in agriculture Conserve and protect the resource Water savings (high efficiency irrigation and new cropping

patterns) Add reservoirs to offset siltation and meet growing needs Water for Hydropower (high potential and non

consumptive nature) Climate change impacts (drought and flood management)

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Way Forward (Contd)Way Forward (Contd)

Focus on increasing water use and water delivery efficiency Facilitate faithful implementation of 1991 water accord Establish transparent equity in distribution in canal commands System rehabilitation and modernization Increase productivity of land and water (cropping patterns, land

leveling, lining in saline areas, micro irrigation etc) Hydrologic database for surface and groundwater (collection,

processing and transparent sharing) Groundwater management (rights regulation and control) Promote conjunctive use of surface and groundwater Adequacy of drainage Reach Drainage accord for safe disposal of drainage effluent Increase coordination between user organizations particularly between

irrigation and agriculture

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Way Forward (Contd)Way Forward (Contd) Economic value of water and its correct pricing (O&M) Increase public-private sector partnerships Increase user participation at all levels Basin management approach Raise political will Capacity building in technical and management areas Research coordination and support Water poverty mapping for identifying water poor areas for

effective investment in the sector Promote small scale developments in outside command

areas where there are deep pockets of poverty (through community participation)

Invigorate the reform process already underway Strengthen office of Indus Water Commissioner

I want to leave you with three key messages1. Using more than 95% of our fresh water in

agriculture is not tenable keeping in view growing population and diminishing water supplies

2. We have to save water in all water use sectors, and every drop that is stored is a drop saved

3. We have to build strong resilience to combat CC through effective capacity building at all levels for improved water management

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I want to leave you with three key messages1. Using more than 95% of our fresh water

in agriculture is not tenable keeping in view growing population and diminishing water supplies

2. We have to save water in all water use sectors, and every drop that is stored is a drop saved

3. We have to build strong resilience to combat CC through effective capacity building for improved water management

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Governance institutionsGovernance institutions

Federal– Ministry of water and power– Min. of Science and

Technology– Min. of Agriculture– Min. of Environment– Atomic Energy Commission– WAPDA, IRSA, FFC, CEA– IWASRI– PCRWR– Federal Water Management

Cell

Provincial– Irrigation departments– PIDAs– Local government dept – Line agencies

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Laws and RegulationsLaws and Regulations

Federal– WAPDA Act 1958– Water Accord 1991– IRSA ACT 1992– Environment Act 1992– Council of Common

Interests(Constitutional body)

Provincial– Irrigation and Drainage

Act 1873– Balochistan Water

Ordinannce 1980– Punjab Soil

Reclamation Act 1952– PIDAs Atc 1997– Water Users

Association Act 1982