LEAD AS POLLUTANT prepared by SAMIR M. ALBASOOS Supervisor PROF . JAMAL SAFI AL-AZHAR UNIVERSITY-GAZA Master Program of Water and Environmental
LEAD AS POLLUTANT prepared by
SAMIR M. ALBASOOS
Supervisor
PROF . JAMAL SAFI
AL-AZHAR UNIVERSITY-GAZAMaster Program of Water and Environmental
Outline ..• What is lead?• When the human started to use lead ?• Where is lead found?• Ways in which lead enters the body• How are people exposed to lead?• What are the health risks of lead?• What to do if you have been exposed to lead?• How can you prevent exposure to lead?
What is lead?
• Lead is metal found naturally in the environment, The total amount of lead in the earth’s crustis estimated to be 3.1 x 1014 tonnes
• Lead is a chemical element in the metals group , Lead symbol Pb , Lead is a soft and malleable metal , It is very resistant to corrosion
• lead regarded as a heavy metal and pure metal • Lead is a relatively poor conductor of electricity
Lead PropertiesPhysical Properties of LeadColor Light-gray to slightly bluish-gray.
Hardness 1.5
Transparency Opaque
Specific gravity 11.3
classification Metallic
Density 11.4 gm/cm3
Lead Properties
Chemical Properties of Lead
Melting point 600.61 K (327.49 Oc)
Boiling point 2022 K ( 1749 Oc )
Heat of vapor 177.7 kJ/mol
Specific heat 0.13 J/gm K
Atomic Properties of Lead
Atomic number 82
Atomic mass 207.2 g/mol
Atomic radius 1.47 A
Electron configuration (Xe)4f145d106s26p2
Group name Metals
Atomic volume 18.17 cm3/mol
Stable isotopes 4
Lead Properties
Lead ores
• Lead ores usually contain the elements sulfur, zinc, and copper , is the most important presence in nature Galena ore, which consists of lead sulfide (Pb S) which is used in coating the mirrors, is also used as a blue dye.
• Lead in various other pictures of them include oxides of lead and lead monoxide (PbO) which is most widely used in the industries of inorganic lead is also used in the manufacture of batteries waved in the ceramic industry, glass
When the human started to use lead?
• Lead is one of the first minerals that the human human used it and evidenced by the lead pipes that made the Romans .
• In the era of the Romans used lead in the manufacture of pipes by mixing a combination of lead welded with tin and slaves are the ones who are extracting and processing of lead and wounded slaves later lead poisoning .
When the human started to use lead?
• and in the era of the ancient Egyptians used lead in the manufacture of currencies and units of weights and decoration materials and household utensils and surfaces of ceramic and alloy Welding
When the human started to use lead?
• Manufacturers Muslims reached during the fourth ten century to ways to rid the lead of impurities .
• Despite the benefits of lead, but the harms are substantial compared to its benefits, and the metal of lead is highly toxic
Lead can be found in all parts of our environment• In outdoor air• Indoor air• Homes and Buildings• Lead in work environments• Drinking Water• Commercial Products• Imported Cosmetics• In the paint• In the factories• Emissions of energy products• Pigments
Where is lead found?
• In the soil• In gasoline• Ammunition• Batteries• food containers• In fisherman nets
Where is lead found?
Where is lead found?
• Sources of Lead in the AirAir pollution Definition : any material is solid or
liquid or gaseous are existence of air quantities lead to damage physiological and economic vitality of human beings, animals and plants .
Of air pollutants in major cities tetramethyl lead( الرصاص رابع ) and tetraethyl lead (ميثيل
الرصاص which be added to motor fuel (إيثيل
Where is lead found?
In outdoor airlead forms considered very small particles
coming to the air due to the combustion of fuel for industry and transportation and heating fuel, since it has an element of lead
lead considered heavy metal so most of particles fall down on the way
Some measurements showed that the percentage of lead in the air 3000 ppm in the outside air in the street.
In outdoor air• National Standards for Lead in the Air
Where is lead found?
Secondary Standard
Averaging Time
Primary Standard
Pollutant
Same as Primary
Rolling 3-Month Average
0.15 µg/m3 (1) Lead
Where is lead found?Indoor airThe indoor air is a greater risk to health than
outdoor airThe indoor air quality is prone to contamination
(mold, bacteria), chemicals (carbon monoxide, radon), or any solid pollutants that can affect health, such as lead
Some measurements showed that the percentage of lead in the air of homes up from 6400 - 9000 ppm in dust inside some homes.
Where is lead found?Homes and Buildings
Where is lead found?Homes and BuildingsInside home and buildings we can find several
things contains of lead such as :• Paint• Windows• Doors and door frames• Stair , railings , banisters , and porches• Water Taps , pipes• Dust
Where is lead found?Homes and BuildingsInside home and buildings we can find several
things contains of lead such as :• kids toys , television screens• Ceramic pots• Cosmetics• Kerosene heater , Fuel emissions • Food containers
Where is lead found?Homes and BuildingsInside home and buildings we can find several
things contains of lead such as :• Electronic devices• Batteries• Pigments• Soil ( home garden )Inside home children considers more exposure
by lead
Lead in work environments
Jobs that may involve lead include:
• Construction,
• Automobile repair,
• Lead mining,
• Plumbing,
• Printing,
• Military and police work involving fire arms, and Home renovations.
Drinking Water
Where is lead found?
Where is lead found?Drinking Water• How Does Lead Get Into our Water?Lead leaches into water through:• Corrosion –Pipes – Solder –
Faucets(brass) - Fittings• The amount of lead in your water also depends
on the types and amounts of minerals in the water, how long the water stays in the pipes, the amount of wear in the pipes, the water’s acidity and its temperature.
Where is lead found?Drinking Water• A review of lead in drinking water and
its impact on healthHow standards have changed ?Standards for lead in drinking water :• 1970 WHO 300 μg/l “not to be regularly exceeded” Uncommon to sample routinely
• 1980(5) EU 50 μg/l (MAC) in “running water”Uncommon to sample at consumers’
taps
Where is lead found?Drinking Water
A review of lead in drinking water and its impact on health
How standards have changed ?Standards for lead in drinking water :• 1998(03) EU 25 μg/l (MAC) at consumers’ taps
Sampling methods vary
• 1998(13) EU 10 μg/l (MAC) at consumers’ tapsHarmonization of sampling methods?
Where is lead found?Drinking WaterHealth effects of lead from drinking water• Studies in Scotland (UK), Wales (UK),
Germany and the US have correlated high lead concentrations in drinking water with an elevated body lead burden
Troesken cites numerous incidents of lead poisoning from drinking water in the 19th and early 20th centuries and concluded that the scale of the problem had been greater than the Chernobyl and Bhopal disasters
Where is lead found?Drinking WaterHealth effects of lead from drinking water• In Glasgow (UK) the mean blood lead
concentration decreased from 11.9 to 3.7 µg/dl after lime and phosphate treatments had been introduced (a 69% reduction)
• In Edinburgh (UK), the introduction of lime and phosphate treatments resulted in a 64% reduction in blood lead levels between 1983/5 and 1992/3
Where is lead found?
Drinking WaterHealth effects of lead from drinking water
► child development delays and reduced birth weight ► mental retardation among children ► ischemic heart disease ► renal damage ► gout and hypertension
Where is lead found?Drinking WaterHow many people could be at risk?• The KIWA data suggests that around 25% of
houses in Europe have a lead pipe (there is much uncertainty). If true, 120 million people are at risk in the EU
Where is lead found?Drinking WaterHow many people could be at risk?• Pb in UK East 22 to 52% by survey; Pb in UK
West 59% by survey• The issue is obviously relevant to
implementation of the Protocol on Water and Health, and to the development of Drinking Water Safety Plans
• Imported Cosmetics• there are very small amounts of lead in the
dyes that are used to color lipstick, the amounts are within the limits allowed by the FDA.
• That limit is no more than 20 parts per million (ppm). And most lipsticks contain less than 4 ppm. The highest levels are a little over 7 ppm. The FDA study shows the average amount of lead in lipstick coloring is 1.1 ppm. As the FDA says, this is a very small amount.
Where is lead found?
• Imported Cosmetics• The FDA also says that since we only use a few
swipes of lipstick on a very small area of our skin, our exposure is limited. So unless you cover your entire body in thick coats of lipstick you probably don't have much to worry about.
Where is lead found?
• Imported Cosmetics
• Tests conducted on lipstick revealed that more than half of the forms contain lead material and that some species, including the famous "Cover Girl" and "Laurel" and "Christian Dior" contain a higher proportion than others.
Where is lead found?
التي التجارب وكشفتأحمر على أجريت
من أكثر أن الشفاهتحتوي أشكال نصفالرصاص مادة على
بما األنواع، بعض وأنفتاة " الشهير ذلك في " و" " لوريل و الغالف
" ديور" كريستيانأعلى نسبة على تحتوي
. غيرها من
• Imported Cosmetics• Campaign for Safe Cosmetics said tests
conducted by the group, "concludes Bodecot Group" in Santa Fe Springs, California, on 33 varieties of lipstick showed that 61 percent of them contain levels of lead can be detected at a rate between 0.03 to 0.65 ppm .
• Ratio allowed by the Food and Drug Administration in the U.S. candy, a 0.1 ppm, a standard setting to protect children from eating lead
Where is lead found?
• In the paint
• Lead or one of compounds are used in paints to the following reasons :
• Colored material mainly like substance lead chromate and lead oxides and lead sulfate .
Where is lead found?
• In the paint• Why Lead-Based Paint Was UsedAny paint that relies on lead compounds for its colour.
White lead, or lead(II) carbonate (PbCO3), is a typical example, and was once widely used to paint wooden surfaces in homes. Other lead compounds, like vivid yellow lead chromate (PbCrO4), were used as coloured pigments. As well as giving the paint its tint, lead pigments are highly opaque, so that a relatively small amount of the compound can cover a large area.
Where is lead found?
• In the paint• Why Lead-Based Paint Was UsedWhite lead is very insoluble in water, making the paint
highly water-resistant with a durable, washable finish.
Lead carbonate can also neutralize the acidic decomposition products of some of the oils that make up the paint, so the coating stays tough, yet flexible and crack-resistant, for longer.
Where is lead found?
• In the paintStandards and Regulations for
Lead• White house paint contained up
to 50% lead before 1955. Federal law lowered the amount of lead allowable in paint to 1% in 1971. The CPSC has limited since 1977 the lead in most paints to 0.06% (600 ppm by dry weight).
Where is lead found?
• In the paintThe children are more exposure
to lead from paintThe paint on the children face
make the lead transport to body very easy
The children play and eat pieces of old lead , that mean the children exposure to high risk , may effects on all body
Where is lead found?
• In the soilInfected soil contamination of lead,
which reaches into the soil with the waste that is buried in the soil, or with irrigation water contaminated, or as a result of loss vehicles lingering in the air to this, a metal, lead is highly toxic, largely concentrated in the tissues of plants and fruits, which moves in turn through the human food chain
Where is lead found?
• In the soilSoil which is located near Autostrad for cars to
be more vulnerable to leadbecouse lead emissions from fuel , and moves
to the air then fall on the soil
Where is lead found?
• In gasolineWhy lead add to the gasoline ?To raise the octane number , it
must be added tetraethyl lead, along with dual-ethyl bromide, which works on non-deposition of lead on aspects of the engine and the launch of the atmosphere, leading to contamination
Where is lead found?
إيثيل، ثنائي بروميد مع جنب إلى جنبا الرصاص، إيثيل رابع
• In gasolineHow to be lead mode in fuel
molecules? lead Mode is as follows :Molecule fuel - lead - molecule
fuel - lead - molecule fuel - lead - and so on. . .
Where is lead found?
• In gasolineLead has a great benifits in the
organization of the process of fuel combustion regularly Lead help to combustion regularly but is considered a toxic substance
Where is lead found?
• In gasolineWhat are the alternatives of
lead in gasoline ?Ethanol is a clean-burning
fuel, with a high octane number, is produced from renewable sources. It is one of the derivatives of alcohol, produced from crops such as corn, sugar cane and beet
Where is lead found?
• In gasolineWhat are the alternatives of lead in
gasoline ?Added to unleaded gasoline. AndAdding ethanol to gasoline to thefollowing benefits:Reduce the price of fuelIncrease the octane value of the fuel Reduce Pollution
Where is lead found?
• Inhalation - Breathing lead fumes or dust. This is the most common route of entry in the workplace.
• Ingestion - Swallowing lead dust via food, cigarettes etc.– % absorbed in adults– 70% absorbed in children and
pregnant women
Ways in which lead enters the body
Lead Distribution in the body
• Blood
• Soft Tissue
• Mineralized Tissue
Medical Effects of Lead Poisoning
Brain damageKidney diseaseHemoglobin
synthesis
• Hypertension• Decreased fertility• Reproductive
complications
اإلنجابية المضاعفات
Signs and Symptoms• Tiredness• Sleep problems• Dizziness• Irritability تهيج
• Nervousness• Headaches• Difficulty
concentrating• Depression• Forgetfulness• Hyperactivity
(children)• Numbness الحس فقدان
• Wrist or foot drop• Weakness• Clumsiness حماقات
• Joint and muscle pain
• Vomiting• Loss of Appetite• Stomach aches• Constipation• Metal taste in mouth• Problems having
healthy children
51
Effects of Lead• Children– Even small doses of lead are dangerous– Toddlers (1-3 years) especially at risk because
they crawl on floor and put things in mouth– May affect ability to learn– Poor muscle and bone development– Coordination problems– Speech and language problems
Effects of Lead
• Nervous System– Most affected by lead– Damage can be permanent– Lead can damage the brain and destroy
brain cells– Damage can result in depression, irritability,
forgetfulness, clumsiness, learning disability– High exposure can result in hallucinations,
coma, and even death
53ICLPPP
Blood Brain Barrier• Lead increases the
permeability to the BBB
• Lead decreases the selectivity of molecules entering the brain
Kidneys– Filter and remove
waste products from the blood
– 65% of lead in blood is filtered in kidneys
– Lead can damage kidneys
– Often damage is not detected until it’s too late
– Can cause kidney failure
55ICLPPP
Kidneys
• The functional units in the kidney are called nephrons
• There are about 1.3 million nephrons in each kidney
• Each nephron has two main parts, the glomerulus and the tubules
56ICLPPP
Kidneys
• The kidney's primary function in the body is to concentrate waste substances
• Metals are elements• Metals cannot be
broken down to reduce toxicity
57ICLPPP
Types of Disease
• Chronic glomerulonephritis 48%
• Interstitial nephritis 17%• Hypertensive
nephropathy 13%
• PKD 7%• Unknown 15%
المزمن الكلى كبيبات ٪48التهاب
الكلية ٪17التهاب
الكلية ٪13اعتالل
58
Effects of Lead
• Hematology– Lead damages the red blood cells– Prevents cells from carrying oxygen– Reduces the synthesis of hemoglobin– Effects the Renin-Angiotensin system
- أنجيوتنسين الرينين نظام آثار
Effects of Lead
• Bone Tissue– Lead from blood is deposited in bones– Prevents calcium release into blood– Blocks production of new blood cells– Bones and teeth store 95% of lead in body– Stored in bone tissues for over 30 years– Under stress, lead is released from bone
tissue
العظام نسيجالعظام في الدم من الرصاص يترسب
االفراج الدم في الكالسيوم يمنعالجديدة الدم خاليا من كتل إنتاجتخزين واألسنان من 95العظام ٪
الجسم في الرصاصمدى على العظام أنسجة في 30تخزينها
عاماالرصاص تحريرها ويتم الضغط، تحت
العظمي النسيج من
60 ICLPPP
Effects of Lead
• Female Reproductive Health & Pregnancy– Reduces fertility– Affects menstruation and menopause– Lead passes through placenta to fetus– May cause brain damage to fetus– May cause miscarriage or premature
birth – May be released from bones back to
blood
الطمث وانقطاع الحيض يؤثر
خالل من يمر الرصاصالجنين على المشيمة
اإلجهاض أو المبكرة الوالدة تسبب قد
61
Effects of Lead
• Male Reproductive System– Decreased libido– Infertility– Damage to sperm, decreased motility– Increases spouses chance of
miscarriage, premature birth, and birth defects in child
62 ICLPPP
Nutrition as Therapy
• Diets high in iron and calcium• Examples of foods high in iron– Cheese, fish, meat, eggs, spinach, beans,
raisins, almonds, etc• Examples of foods high in calcium– Milk, cheese, ice cream, yogurt, bread, fish,
meat, beans, broccoli, fruits, nuts, etc
Medical conditions in Children
• Slight loss in IQ; hearing and growth problems
• Moderate loss in IQ; hyperactivity; poor attention span; difficulty learning; language and speech problems; slower reflexes
• Poor bone and muscle development; clumsiness; lack of coordination; early anemia; decreased red blood cells; tiredness; drowsiness
• Stomach aches and cramps تشنجات)); anemia; destruction of red blood cells; brain damage
• Swelling of brain; seizures; coma (غيبوبة) ; death
10 g/dL
20 g/dL
40 g/dL
50 g/dL
100 g/dLand over
Blood Lead Level Possible Health Effects
Engineering Controls • hrouded tools provide
exhaust ventilation at the point where the dust is generated.
• High Efficiency Particulate Air (HEPA) filters on vacuums are capable of capturing very small dust particles with a 99.97% efficiency.
Respiratory Protection• Used when other
types of controls are not sufficient to reduce lead exposure to below PEL.
• Additional training is required to wear a respirator.
PPE (Personal Protective Equipment)
• Used to keep lead dust off your body and clothes
References• http://www.epa.gov/air/lead/ (Environmental Protection Agency )• References are available for these studies (1972-89) and will be posted on
the METEAU website• http://www.cirsreach.com/news/China_SFDA_to_Revise_Hygienic_Standa
rds_for_Cosmetics.html• http://fashion.azyya.com/441946.html• http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/News/2007/August/21080701.asp• http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/csem/csem.asp?csem=7&po=8
Thanks