Le Black's Law Dictionary, monument de la lexicographie juridique - ATA 2010

Frédéric HOUBERTFrédéric HOUBERT

Le Le Black’s Law DictionaryBlack’s Law Dictionary, , monument de la lexicographie monument de la lexicographie

juridiquejuridique

ATA Annual Conference, Denver, ATA Annual Conference, Denver, 28 October 201028 October 2010

Le Le Black’s Law DictionaryBlack’s Law Dictionary

I. HistoriqueI. Historique

II. Le dictionnaire, reflet de son époqueII. Le dictionnaire, reflet de son époque

III. Aspects lexicographiquesIII. Aspects lexicographiques

IV. Un dictionnaire descriptif ou prescriptif ?IV. Un dictionnaire descriptif ou prescriptif ?

V. ConclusionV. Conclusion

HistoriqueHistorique

Henry Campbell Black (1860-1927)Henry Campbell Black (1860-1927)

De 1891 à 2009 : Les 9 éditionsDe 1891 à 2009 : Les 9 éditions

Détail des 9 éditions avec les datesDétail des 9 éditions avec les dates11èreère édition édition 18911891 55èmeème 1979197922èmeème éd. éd. 19101910 66èmeème 1991199133èmeème éd. éd. 19331933 77èmeème 1999199944èmeème éd. éd. 19511951 88èmeème 20042004

99èmeème 20092009

Le dictionnaire, reflet de son époqueLe dictionnaire, reflet de son époque

Termes médicaux dans la deuxième édition : Termes médicaux dans la deuxième édition :

« Particularly in the department of medical jurisprudence, « Particularly in the department of medical jurisprudence, the work has been enriched by the addition of a great the work has been enriched by the addition of a great number of definitions which are of constant interest and number of definitions which are of constant interest and importance in the courts. Even in the course of the last importance in the courts. Even in the course of the last few years, medical science has made giant strides, and few years, medical science has made giant strides, and the new discoveries ajnd theories have brought forth a the new discoveries ajnd theories have brought forth a new terminology (…). This is true of the new terminology new terminology (…). This is true of the new terminology of insanity, of pathological and criminal psychology, the of insanity, of pathological and criminal psychology, the innumerable forms of nervous disorders (…). » innumerable forms of nervous disorders (…). » (introduction 2(introduction 2èmeème édition) édition)

Le dictionnaire, reflet de son époqueLe dictionnaire, reflet de son époque

L’exemple de l’entrée L’exemple de l’entrée insanityinsanity : encore 7 : encore 7 pages dans l’édition de 1951, une seule pages dans l’édition de 1951, une seule colonne dans l’édition de 2004colonne dans l’édition de 2004

Terrorism Terrorism dans les 6dans les 6èmeème et 8 et 8èmeème éditions éditions66èmeème édition : édition : terrorismterrorism88èmeème édition : édition : terrorism terrorism + + cyberterrorism, cyberterrorism, domestic terrorism, international terrorismdomestic terrorism, international terrorism

Le dictionnaire, reflet de son époqueLe dictionnaire, reflet de son époque

Les néologismes dans la dernière éditionLes néologismes dans la dernière édition

click fraudclick fraud, , Code AdamCode Adam,, collaborative law collaborative law,, ecoterrorismecoterrorism,, environmental tort environmental tort,, friendly friendly subpoenasubpoena,, happy-slapping happy-slapping,, honor crime honor crime,, secret detentionsecret detention,, Schumer box Schumer box,, super super precedentprecedent

Aspects lexicographiquesAspects lexicographiques

La présentation des entrées, avant et après Bryan La présentation des entrées, avant et après Bryan Garner : Garner : reasonablereasonable dans les 6 dans les 6èmeème et 8 et 8èmeème éditions éditions

Reasonable.Reasonable. Fair, proper, just, moderate, suitable Fair, proper, just, moderate, suitable under the circumstances. Fit and appropriate to the end under the circumstances. Fit and appropriate to the end in view. Having the faculty of reason; rational; governed in view. Having the faculty of reason; rational; governed by reason; under the influence of reason; agreeable to by reason; under the influence of reason; agreeable to reason. Thinking, speaking, or acting according to the reason. Thinking, speaking, or acting according to the dictates of reason. Not immoderate or excessive, being dictates of reason. Not immoderate or excessive, being synonymous with rational, honest, equitable, fair, synonymous with rational, honest, equitable, fair, suitable, moderate, tolerable. (6suitable, moderate, tolerable. (6èmeème édition, 1991) édition, 1991)

Aspects lexicographiquesAspects lexicographiques

reasonable, reasonable, adjadj.. 1. 1. Fair, proper, or moderate under Fair, proper, or moderate under the circumstances <reasonable pay>. the circumstances <reasonable pay>. 2.2. According to According to reason <your argument is reasonable but not reason <your argument is reasonable but not convincing>. convincing>. 3.3. (Of a person) having the faculty of (Of a person) having the faculty of reason <a reasonable person would have looked both reason <a reasonable person would have looked both ways before crossing the street>. ways before crossing the street>. 4.4. ArchaicArchaic. Human . Human <criminal homicide is traditionally called the unlawful <criminal homicide is traditionally called the unlawful killing of a “reasonable person”>. (killing of a “reasonable person”>. (88èmeème édition, 2004) édition, 2004)

Aspects lexicographiquesAspects lexicographiques

ABS et BBSABS et BBS

« Bullets are used to separate definitional « Bullets are used to separate definitional information (before the bullet) from information (before the bullet) from information that is not purely definitional information that is not purely definitional (after the bullet), such as encyclopedic (after the bullet), such as encyclopedic information or usage notes. » (information or usage notes. » (Guide to Guide to the Dictionarythe Dictionary, 8, 8èmeème édition) édition)

Aspects lexicographiquesAspects lexicographiques

Ex. Ex. insanityinsanity

insanity, insanity, nn.. Any mental disorder severe enough that it Any mental disorder severe enough that it prevents a person from having legal capacity and prevents a person from having legal capacity and excuses the person from criminal or civil responsibility. excuses the person from criminal or civil responsibility. •• Insanity is a legal, not a medical, standard. – Also Insanity is a legal, not a medical, standard. – Also termed termed legal insanitylegal insanity; ; lunacylunacy. Cf. . Cf. diminished capacitydiminished capacity under CAPACITY; SANITY. [Cases: ...] (under CAPACITY; SANITY. [Cases: ...] (88èmeème édition, édition, 2004)2004)

Aspects lexicographiquesAspects lexicographiques

L’utilisation de citations d’auteurs de L’utilisation de citations d’auteurs de référenceréférence

Ex. InsanityEx. Insanity•• Insanity is a legal, not a medical, standard. – Also termed Insanity is a legal, not a medical, standard. – Also termed legal insanitylegal insanity; ; lunacylunacy. Cf. . Cf. diminished capacitydiminished capacity under under CAPACITY; SANITY. [Cases: ...]CAPACITY; SANITY. [Cases: ...]““The lawyers refer to ‘insanity’. This is a legal term only, and The lawyers refer to ‘insanity’. This is a legal term only, and one that is not used by the psychiatrist; the latter prefers to one that is not used by the psychiatrist; the latter prefers to speak of mental disorder, mental illness, or of psychosis or speak of mental disorder, mental illness, or of psychosis or neurosis.” Winfred Overholser, neurosis.” Winfred Overholser, Psychiatry and the LawPsychiatry and the Law, 38 , 38 Mental Hygiene 243, 244 (1954).Mental Hygiene 243, 244 (1954).

Un dictionnaire descriptif ou prescriptif?Un dictionnaire descriptif ou prescriptif?

Un vieux débat : cf. Furetière contre le Un vieux débat : cf. Furetière contre le Dictionnaire de l’AcadémieDictionnaire de l’Académie

Un choix difficile : l’exemple de Un choix difficile : l’exemple de shallshallshall, shall, vbvb.. 1. 1. Has a duty to; more broadly, is Has a duty to; more broadly, is required to. (...). required to. (...). 2.2. Should. (...). Should. (...). 3.3. May (...). May (...). 4.4. Will Will (as a future-tense verb) (...). (as a future-tense verb) (...). 5.5. Is entitled to. Is entitled to. •• Only Only sense 1 is acceptable under strict standards of sense 1 is acceptable under strict standards of drafting.drafting.

ConclusionConclusion

L’utilisation du L’utilisation du Black’sBlack’s par la Cour par la Cour suprême américainesuprême américaine

Le dictionnaire le plus souvent citéLe dictionnaire le plus souvent cité

Cité pour la première fois en 1901 à Cité pour la première fois en 1901 à propos de propos de common law common law (Western Union (Western Union Tel. Co. v. Call Publg Co., 181 U.S. 92, Tel. Co. v. Call Publg Co., 181 U.S. 92, 102 (1901))102 (1901))

Conclusion Conclusion

Citations récentes :Citations récentes :

ForceForce (9 (9èmeème éd., éd., Johnson v. United States - Johnson v. United States - 08-6925 (2010))08-6925 (2010))

FelonyFelony ( (99èmeème éd. éd., Carachuri-Rosendo v. , Carachuri-Rosendo v. Holder, Attorney General, 2010)Holder, Attorney General, 2010)

Quelle édition ?Quelle édition ?

ConclusionConclusion

Références :Références : Bryan A. Garner, Bryan A. Garner, Legal Lexicography: A View Legal Lexicography: A View

from the Front Linesfrom the Front Lines, Green Bag, 2003., Green Bag, 2003. (http://www.greenbag.org/v6n2/v6n2_article_garner.pdf(http://www.greenbag.org/v6n2/v6n2_article_garner.pdf))

Roy M. Mersky & Jeanne Price, Roy M. Mersky & Jeanne Price, The Dictionary The Dictionary and the Man: The Eighth Edition of Black’s Law and the Man: The Eighth Edition of Black’s Law DictionaryDictionary, 63 , 63 Wash. and Lee L. Rev.Wash. and Lee L. Rev. 719–33 719–33 (2006).(2006).

Peter Tiersma, Peter Tiersma, The New Black’sThe New Black’s, 2005., 2005.