M. Marinussen 1 H. van Kernebeek 2 R. Broekema 1 E. Groen 1 A. Kool 1 W.J. van Zeist 1 M. Dolman 2 H. Blonk 1 1 Blonk Consultants 2 Wageningen University and Research Centre November, 2012 LCI data for the calculation tool Feedprint for greenhouse gas emissions of feed production and utilization Cultivation of legumes
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3.1.1 Context of this document & reading guide ........................................................................................ 1
3.1.2 Products and countries .......................................................................................................................... 1
3.1.3 Data collection and selection ................................................................................................................ 1
3.2.2 Final input-output data .......................................................................................................................... 4
3.2.3 General information about beans and peas........................................................................................ 4
3.2.4 Growing beans, field beans and horse beans ..................................................................................... 5
3.3.2 Final input-output data ........................................................................................................................10
3.3.3 General information about lentils ......................................................................................................11
3.4.2 Final input-output data ........................................................................................................................16
3.5.1 Final input-output data ........................................................................................................................22
3.6.2 Final input-output data ........................................................................................................................26
3.6.3 General information about peas and beans......................................................................................27
Crop residues Normal See yield Normal See yield Normal See yield
*BE = Best estimate ** For lime application rates a Uniform distribution between 0 and 800 kg CaCO3/ha will be applied for every crop in every
country, unless reliable data suggest something else *** SD=Standard deviation; the bandwidth is defined to 4 times the SD
Background data report on cultivation, version 2012, part 3/7: legumes
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Background data report on cultivation, version 2012, part 3/7: legumes
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3.2 Beans
3.2.1 Introduction
The beans that are processed in the Dutch animal feed are mainly cultivated in Germany and France.
Hence, the cultivation of beans in these countries is investigated.
3.2.2 Final input-output data
Explanation footnotes in cultivation tables
# = not relevant
N/A = not available 1)
Unless data are available, the standard deviation for each fertilizer application rate is set to 10% in EU countries and 20%
in other countries. 2)
No data were found on lime application rates. The values are set to the defaults (see methodology report). 3)
The default SD for pesticide application rate is set to 10% in EU countries and the US, and to 20% in other countries.
Table 1: Cultivation beans in Germany
Input Parameter Distribution Mean SD Min Max Unit
Seed amount Normal 150 3.75 kg/ha
Fertilizer P2O5 Normal 21 1.05 kg/ha1)
K2O Normal 50 2.5 kg/ha1)
N Normal 25 1.25 kg/ha1)
Lime lime Uniform 400 0 800 Kg CaCO3/ha2)
Pesticides active ingredients Uniform 1.3 0.13 kg/ha3)
Output
Beans yield Normal 3050 299 kg/ha
dry matter content Normal 0.83 0.025 kg/kg
Table 2: Cultivation beans in France
Input Parameter Distribution Mean SD Min Max Unit
Seed amount Normal 150 3.75 kg/ha
Fertilizer P2O5 Normal 25 1.25 kg/ha1)
K2O Normal 45 2.25 kg/ha1)
N Normal 25 1.25 kg/ha1)
Lime lime Uniform 400 0 800 Kg CaCO3/ha2)
Pesticides active ingredients Uniform 1.3 0.13 kg/ha3)
Output
Beans yield Normal 4400 670 kg/ha
dry matter content Normal 0.83 0.025 kg/kg
3.2.3 General information about beans and peas
The FAO distinguishes several species of peas and beans (Table 3). The CVB however does not
specifically separate the subspecies and this will inherently give a larger uncertainty due to the large
category of ‘peas’ and ‘beans’. It should be noted that different subcategories of beans and peas can have
quite diverse production methods and yields. In general, the cultivation of dry peas and beans will be
considered, to avoid confusion with the unripe green peas and beans (which also gives large differences in
Background data report on cultivation, version 2012, part 3/7: legumes
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yields). The green varieties are usually sold directly to markets for human consumption as they have to be
consumed or processed soon after harvest.
The horse beans and field beans are different species (Vicia faba, Broad beans) but are sometimes also
incorporated in the statistics of beans. In production statistics Broad beans can be indicated as beans
(Vicia), Otherwise beans (Phas) denote the other category of beans. Sometimes, it is impossible to
separate these exactly. As a consequence, the cultivation data about beans are more uncertain than
cultivation data of crops where the definition is clear and unambiguous.
Table 3: Description of legumes according to FAO
FAOSTAT name
Meaning
Peas, dry Garden pea (Pisum sativum); field pea (P. arvense, for split peas).
Peas, green Pisum sativum (Garden pea). Mostly for shelling, but including edible- podded peas or sugar peas.
Beans, dry Phaseolus spp.: kidney, haricot bean (Ph. vulgaris); lima, butter bean (Ph. lunatus); adzuki bean (Ph. angularis); mungo bean, golden, green gram (Ph. aureus); black gram, urd (Ph. mungo); scarlet runner bean (Ph. coccineus); rice bean (Ph. calcaratus); moth bean (Ph. aconitifolius); tepary bean (Ph. acutifolius). Only species of Phaseolus should be included, though several countries also include certain types of beans. Commonly classified as Vigna (angularis, mungo, radiata, aconitifolia). In the past, these species were also classified as Phaseolus.
Beans, green Phaseolus and Vigna spp.. For shelling.
Pulses, nes Including inter alia: lablab or hyacinth bean (Dolichos spp.); jack or sword bean (Canavalia spp.); winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus); guar bean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba); velvet bean (Stizolobium spp.); yam bean (Pachyrrhizus erosus);. Vigna spp. other than those included in 176 and 195 Other pulses that are not identified separately because of their minor relevance at the international level. Because of their limited local importance, some countries report pulses under this heading that are classified individually by FAO.
Lupins Lupinus spp.. Used primarily for feed, though in some parts of Africa and in Latin America some varieties are cultivated for human food.
For lupines and lucerne the definition is usually straightforward.
Legumes fix nitrogen in the soil during cultivation, and generally have a low N fertilizer application rate
than other crops. This is especially the case for beans used for feed purposes.
General handling: drying.
Dry beans and peas are generally harvested at a time when moisture content is close to what is needed
(which varies per bean or pea sub species) for storage, and the drying step for storage usually will be
small1. In general it is estimated that the beans and peas need to be dried by 2%, which according to
(Nemecek and Kägi, 2007), costs around 20 kWh of electricity and 120 MJ of heat for evaporating 20 kg
of water (2%) for 1 tonne of beans or peas. These figures will be used in FeedPrint to account for energy
use in the storage section.
3.2.4 Growing beans, field beans and horse beans
Beans are cultivated in Germany and France. As noted in the previous section, the bean category is quite
broad, and it seems most sensible to rely on countrywide statistics for average yields and fertilizer use
such as from FAOstat . As there is ample detailed access to data from the Netherlands, sometimes the
country specific data will be supplemented with Dutch figures. As the production systems (and yields) in
France and Germany are similar to the Netherlands, this is reasonable.
1 See: USA dry pea & lentil council, http://www.jeffersoninstitute.org/pubs/drybeans.shtml,
http://www.jeffersoninstitute.org/pubs/cowpea.shtml and Mark Goodwin, Pulse Canada, March 2003, Crop Profile for Peas.
Background data report on cultivation, version 2012, part 3/7: legumes
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For both Germany and France, the statistics indicate that the largest contribution to bean cultivation are
Broad beans (together with field beans/horse beans).
3.2.4.1 Germany
Table 4: input cultivation beans in Germany
Product parameter Value Unit Data analysis Ref
applied Mean Min Max Rel Com TRC GSp TeC
Plant material amount 150 150 n/a. n/a kg/ha 2 2 1 2 1 D
Fertilizer P2O5 21 21 n/a n/a kg/ha 2 2 1 1 2 E
30 n/a n/a kg/ha 2 2 1 1 4 S
K2O 50 50 n/a n/a kg/ha 2 2 1 1 2 E
45 n/a n/a Kg/ha 2 2 1 1 4 S
N 25 25 n/a n/a kg/ha 2 2 1 1 2 E
25 n/a n/a kg/ha 2 2 1 1 4 S
Pesticides active ingredients 1.3 1.3 n/a n/a kg/ha 2 2 1 2 1 D
D: (Schreuder et al., 2009), E: (Pallière, 2011), S: (FAO, 2011a): figures for Pulses (general bean category) in Germany for
1999/2000.
The fertilizer data is for a general pulse (peas and beans) category from (Pallière, 2011). As we are dealing
with a broad range of subspecies, this value should be appropriate as an average. The data from FAO is
quite out-dated , considered less reliable and not used.
As explained in § 4.3 of the methodology report, the energy use of cultivation activities are calculated in
FeedPrint. Table 5 gives a specific representative value found in literature.
Table 5: Energy use cultivation beans in Germany
product parameter Value Unit Data analysis Ref
Mean Min Max Rel Com TRC GSp TeC
energy use cultivation diesel 71 n/a n/a l/ha 2 2 1 2 1 D
OUTPUT
As stated, outputs in Germany are of the category broad beans, field beans. The data in FAOstat is about
the annual yield of green beans, which are generally not cultivated for animal feed. The yield of Vicia will
be used as the best estimate for yield of beans in Germany
energy Electricity 0.02 n/a n/a kWh/kg 2 2 2 3 3 L
Heat natural gas 0.12 n/a n/a MJ/kg 2 2 2 3 3 L
See § 3.2.3 for further explanation on these figures.
3.2.5 References
A: (European Commision, 2011), averaged data over 2005-2009
B (FAO, 2011b), averaged data over 2005-2009
C: (ABARE, 2011)
D: (Schreuder et al., 2009)
E: (Pallière, 2011)
F: (FAO, 2011a)
G: (White, French, and McLarty, 2008)
H: (To et al., 2011)
I: (Smith and Carpenter, 1999)
J: (Velthof and Kuikman, 2000)
K: (Bos, de Haan, and Sukkel, 2007)
L: (Nemecek and Kägi, 2007)
S: (FAO, 2011a)
T: (Productschap Akkerbouw, 2011)
ABARE. (2011). Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics. Retrieved from www.abare.gov.au/
Bos, J., de Haan, J., and Sukkel, W. (2007). Energieverbruik, broeikasgasemissies en koolstofopslag: de biologische en gangbare landbouw vergeleken. Rapport 140. Wageningen UR.
European Commision. (2011). Eurostat. Retrieved from ec.europa.eu/eurostat
FAO. (2011a). Fertistat - Fertilizer use by crop statistics. Retrieved from www.fao.org/ag/agl/fertistat/
FAO. (2011b). FAOstat production statistics. Retrieved from http://faostat.fao.org/default.aspx
Nemecek, T., and Kägi, T. (2007). Life Cycle Inventories of Agricultural Production Systems. Swiss Centre for Life Cyvle Inventories.
Pallière, C. (2011). Personal communication. Director Agriculture and Environment, Fertilisers Europe, Brussels.
Productschap Akkerbouw. (2011). Website kennisakker. Retrieved from www.kennisakker.nl
Background data report on cultivation, version 2012, part 3/7: legumes
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Schreuder, R., van Leeuwen, M., Spruijt, J., van der Voort, M., van Asperen, P., and Hendriks-Goossens, V. (2009). Kwantitatieve informatie, akkerbouw en vollegrondsgroenteteelt 2009. Praktijkonderzoek Plant and Omgeving B.V., Lelystad.
Smith, K., and Carpenter, D. (1999). Pulse Point 8: Albus lupins. Pulse. NSW Agriculture.
To, H., Brown, A., Crawford, F., Fell, J., Nicholson, M., Georgeson, L., and Foster, M. (2011). Australian crop report. Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics and Sciences.
Velthof, G. L., and Kuikman, P. J. (2000). Beperking van lachgasemissie uit gewasresten, een systeemanalyse. Alterra, Wageningen.
White, P., French, B., and McLarty, A. (2008). Producing lupins. Western Australian Agriculture Authority.
Background data report on cultivation, version 2012, part 3/7: legumes
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3.3 Lentils
3.3.1 Introduction
The globally largest producer and export country of lentils is Canada, Turkey and USA are the second and
third producing and exporting country (FAOstat). LCI data of the cultivation in these three counties is
reported in this section.
3.3.2 Final input-output data
Explanation footnotes in cultivation tables
# = not relevant
N/A = not available 1)
Unless data are available, the standard deviation for each fertilizer application rate is set to 10% in EU countries and 20%
in other countries. 2)
No data were found on lime application rates. The values are set to the defaults (see methodology report). 3)
The default SD for pesticide application rate is set to 10% in EU countries and the US, and to 20% in other countries.
Table 1: Cultivation of lentils in Canada
Input Parameter Distribution Mean SD Min Max Unit
Seed amount Uniform 20 30 kg/ha
Fertilizer P2O5 Uniform 20 4 kg/ha1)
K2O Uniform 20 4 kg/ha1)
N Uniform 80 16 kg/ha1)
Lime lime Uniform 400 0 800 Kg CaCO3/ha2)
Pesticides active ingredients Uniform 1.3 0.26 kg/ha3)
Output
Lentils yield Normal 1413 143 kg/ha
dry matter content Normal 0.84 0.025 kg/kg
Table 2: LCI data cultivation lentils in Turkey
Input Parameter Distribution Mean SD Min Max Unit
Seed amount Uniform 20 30 kg/ha
Fertilizer P2O5 Uniform 18 3.6 kg/ha1)
K2O Uniform 3.2 0.64 kg/ha1)
N Uniform 26 5.2 kg/ha1)
Lime lime Uniform 400 0 800 Kg CaCO3/ha2)
Pesticides active ingredients Uniform 1.3 0.26 kg/ha3)
Output
Lentils yield Normal 1249 331 kg/ha
dry matter content Normal 0.84 0.025 kg/kg
Table 3: LCI data cultivation lentils in USA
Input Parameter Distribution Mean SD Min Max Unit
Seed amount Uniform 20 30 kg/ha
Fertilizer P2O5 Uniform 20 4 kg/ha1)
K2O Uniform 20 4 kg/ha1)
N Uniform 80 16 kg/ha1)
Background data report on cultivation, version 2012, part 3/7: legumes
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Input Parameter Distribution Mean SD Min Max Unit
Lime lime Uniform 400 0 800 Kg CaCO3/ha2)
Pesticides active ingredients Uniform 1.3 0.26 kg/ha3)
Output
Lentils yield Normal 1252 290 kg/ha
dry matter content Normal 0.84 0.025 kg/kg
3.3.3 General information about lentils
Legumes fix nitrogen in the soil during cultivation, and generally have a lower N fertilizer application rate
than other crops.
General handling: drying.
Lentils are generally harvested at a time when moisture content is close to what is needed for storage and
transport, and the drying step involved will usually be small2. In general it is estimated that the lentils need
to be dried by 2%, which according to (Nemecek & Kägi, 2007), costs around 20 kWh of electricity and
120 MJ of heat for evaporating 20 kg of water (2%) for 1 tonne of lentils. These figures will be used to
account for energy use in the storage section.
3.3.4 Growing lentils
Lentils are cultivated all over the world. Main producers are Canada, India, USA and Turkey. According
to FAO, Canada, Turkey and USA are the main exporting countries. For this reason we collected data
about cultivation in these three countries. The cultivation of lentils is not very big, and there is not much
specific information about the use of pesticides, energy and fertilizers. It is assumed that general data for
the cultivation of pulses hold for the cultivation of lentils.
Data about seed application are obtained from IFA (1992). Seed application ranges from 200 to 300
thousands seeds per hectare. Assuming a weight of 0.1 kg per 1000 seeds, seed application ranges from 20
to 30 kg/ha.
3.3.4.1 Canada
Fertistat shows no data about the use of fertilizers in the cultivation of lentils. There is also no data about
the fertilizer application in pulses. Since data of fertilizer application at pulse cultivation was available for
the USA , we decided to extrapolate these application rates to the cultivation of lentils in Canada. There is
no information about the use of plant material and pesticides
Table 4:Input cultivation lentils in Canada
Product parameter Value Unit Data analysis Ref
applied Mean Min Max Rel Com TRC GSp TeC
Plant material amount n/a. n/a n/a. n/a kg/ha
Fertilizer P2O5 20 n/a n/a n/a kg/ha 2 2 3 3 2 S
K2O 20 n/a n/a n/a kg/ha 2 2 3 3 2 S
N 80 n/a n/a n/a kg/ha 2 2 3 3 2 S
Pesticides active ingredients n/a n/a n/a n/a kg/ha
2 See: USA dry pea & lentil council, http://www.jeffersoninstitute.org/pubs/drybeans.shtml,
http://www.jeffersoninstitute.org/pubs/cowpea.shtml and Mark Goodwin, Pulse Canada, March 2003, Crop Profile for Peas.
Background data report on cultivation, version 2012, part 3/7: legumes
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S: (FAO, 2011a): figures for cultivation of pulses in USA
OUTPUT
Data about yield are obtained from FAOstat. The crop residues are data from Velthof and Kuikman
(2000) for the cultivation of pulses in general. No data about dry matter content could be found. It is
assumed that the dry matter content is about the same as for soya , being 84% (see reports of soybeans).
energy Electricity 0.02 n/a n/a kWh/kg 2 2 2 3 3 L
Heat natural gas 0.12 n/a n/a MJ/kg 2 2 2 3 3 L
See § 3.3.3 for further explanation on the figures in Table 12.
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3.3.5 References
A: (European Commision, 2011), averaged data over 2005-2009
B (FAO, 2011b), averaged data over 2005-2009
C: (ABARE, 2011)
D: (Schreuder et al., 2009)
E: (Pallière, 2011)
F: (FAO, 2011a)
G: (White, French, & McLarty, 2008)
H: (To et al., 2011)
I: (Smith & Carpenter, 1999)
J: (Velthof & Kuikman, 2000)
K: (Bos, de Haan, & Sukkel, 2007)
L: (Nemecek & Kägi, 2007)
S: (FAO, 2011a)
T: (Productschap Akkerbouw, 2011)
ABARE. (2011). Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics. Retrieved from www.abare.gov.au/
Bos, J., de Haan, J., & Sukkel, W. (2007). Energieverbruik, broeikasgasemissies en koolstofopslag: de biologische en gangbare landbouw vergeleken. Rapport 140. Wageningen UR.
European Commision. (2011). Eurostat. Retrieved from ec.europa.eu/eurostat
FAO. (2011a). Fertistat - Fertilizer use by crop statistics. Retrieved from www.fao.org/ag/agl/fertistat/
FAO. (2011b). FAOstat production statistics. Retrieved from http://faostat.fao.org/default.aspx
Nemecek, T., & Kägi, T. (2007). Life Cycle Inventories of Agricultural Production Systems. Swiss Centre for Life Cyvle Inventories.
Pallière, C. (2011). Personal communication. Director Agriculture and Environment, Fertilisers Europe, Brussels.
Productschap Akkerbouw. (2011). Website kennisakker. Retrieved from www.kennisakker.nl
Schreuder, R., van Leeuwen, M., Spruijt, J., van der Voort, M., van Asperen, P., & Hendriks-Goossens, V. (2009). Kwantitatieve informatie, akkerbouw en vollegrondsgroenteteelt 2009. Praktijkonderzoek Plant & Omgeving B.V., Lelystad.
Smith, K., & Carpenter, D. (1999). Pulse Point 8: Albus lupins. Pulse. NSW Agriculture.
To, H., Brown, A., Crawford, F., Fell, J., Nicholson, M., Georgeson, L., & Foster, M. (2011). Australian crop report. Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics and Sciences.
Velthof, G. L., & Kuikman, P. J. (2000). Beperking van lachgasemissie uit gewasresten, een systeemanalyse. Alterra, Wageningen.
White, P., French, B., & McLarty, A. (2008). Producing lupins. Western Australian Agriculture Authority.
Background data report on cultivation, version 2012, part 3/7: legumes
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IFA (1992) IFA World Fertilizer Use Manual, Paris 1992
Background data report on cultivation, version 2012, part 3/7: legumes
16
3.4 Lucerne
3.4.1 Introduction
Lucerne can both be fed as roughage without any processing and being processed (artificial dried, pelleted
and milled). Lucerne for Dutch animals is assumed to be cultivated in Germany, France and the
Netherlands. For each of these countries, LCI data of cultivation are gathered. Worldwide, the production
of lucerne is largest in Australia and Australia is also responsible for most of the export of Lucerne (meal)
(FAOstat).
3.4.2 Final input-output data
Explanation footnotes in cultivation tables
# = not relevant
N/A = not available 1)
Unless data are available, the standard deviation for each fertilizer application rate is set to 10% in EU countries and 20%
in other countries. 2)
No data were found on lime application rates. The values are set to the defaults (see methodology report). 3)
The default SD for pesticide application rate is set to 10% in EU countries and the US, and to 20% in other countries.
Table 1: Cultivation of lucerne in Germany
Input Parameter Distribution Mean SD Min Max Unit
Seed amount Normal 10 0.25 kg/ha
Fertilizer P2O5 Normal 22 1.1 kg/ha1)
K2O Normal 55 2.25 kg/ha1)
N Normal 30 1.5 kg/ha1)
Lime lime Uniform 400 0 800 Kg CaCO3/ha2)
Pesticides active ingredients Uniform 1 0.1 kg/ha3)
Output
Lucerne yield Normal 30415 2815 kg/ha
dry matter content Normal 0.20 0.02 kg/kg
Table 2: Cultivation of lucerne in France
Input Parameter Distribution Mean SD Min Max Unit
Seed amount Normal 10 0.25 kg/ha
Fertilizer P2O5 Normal 45 2.25 kg/ha1)
K2O Normal 60 3 kg/ha1)
Total N N Normal 20 1 kg/ha1)
Lime lime Uniform 400 0 800 Kg CaCO3/ha2)
Pesticides active ingredients Uniform 1 0.1 kg/ha3)
Output
Lucerne yield Normal 44338 1543 kg/ha
dry matter content Normal 0.20 0.02 kg/kg
Table3: Cultivation of lucerne in the Netherlands
Input Parameter Distribution Mean SD Min Max Unit
Seed amount Normal 5 0.125 kg/ha
Fertilizer P2O5 Normal 23 1.15 kg/ha1)
K2O Normal 75 3.75 kg/ha1)
N Normal 40 2 kg/ha1)
Background data report on cultivation, version 2012, part 3/7: legumes
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Input Parameter Distribution Mean SD Min Max Unit
Lime lime Uniform 400 0 800 Kg CaCO3/ha2)
Pesticides active ingredients Uniform 1 0.1 kg/ha3)
Output
Lucerne yield Normal 37103 2948 kg/ha
dry matter content Normal 0.20 0.02 kg/kg
3.4.3 Growing lucerne
Lucerne is cultivated in Germany, France and the Netherlands and Belgium and is usually grown for
fodder. Lucerne is a multi-year crop, and according to www.kennisakker.nl, the yield per year after
planting can vary significantly. It is assumed that the statistics from Eurostat reflect this, as seems
appropriate when comparing these values to the average data from www.kennisakker.nl.
Lucerne is typically harvested at 80% moisture content (see: http://science-in-
farming.library4farming.org/Crops-Grains-Protein/CROPS-OF-THE-FIELD/Meals-of-Alfalfa.html and
the CVB list). However, Eurostat yields are apparently given in dry matter basis.
It is known that lucerne usually needs appropriate amounts of lime (kennisakker.nl). However, its usage
can vary and no general statistics on liming specifically for lucerne were encountered.
General storage and handling
Lucerne can be either used as silage or dried as hay. If the latter is done naturally on the land after harvest,
no additional inputs are necessary. However, lucerne can also be artificially dried (and pelletized), which
does require significant amounts of energy. This artificial drying is described in a separate chapter. The
lucerne is generally dried from a water content of 25% to a water content of 8-10%.
3.4.3.1 Germany
Table 4: input cultivation lucerne in Germany
Product parameter Value Unit Data analysis Ref
Mean Min Max Rel Com TRC GSp TeC
Plant material amount 10 N/A N/A kg/ha 2 2 1 2 1 D
Fertilizer P2O5 22 N/A N/A kg/ha 2 2 1 1 3 E
K2O 55 N/A N/A kg/ha 2 2 1 1 3 E
N 30 N/A N/A kg/ha 2 2 1 1 3 E
Pesticides active ingredients 1 0 0.9 kg/ha 2 2 1 2 1 D
Data of fertilizer application rates are the rates for fodder (legumes) as provided by Palliere (2011). Since
no other information is available, these values are used in our calculations. Minimum and maximum
values or a standard deviation are not known. By default, the maximum value is assumed to be twice the
minimum value if data are sufficient reliable.
Data of the use of plant material and pesticides are Dutch values, obtained from Schreuder et al. (2009).
As explained in § 4.3 of the methodology report, the energy use of cultivation activities are calculated in
FeedPrint. Table 5 gives a specific representative value found in literature.
Table 5: Energy use cultivation lucerne in Germany
product parameter Value Unit Data analysis Ref
Mean Min Max Rel Com TRC GSp TeC
energy use cultivation diesel N/A 83 87 kg/ha 2 2 1 2 1 D
Background data report on cultivation, version 2012, part 3/7: legumes
ABARE. (2011). Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics. Retrieved from www.abare.gov.au/
Bos, J., de Haan, J., and Sukkel, W. (2007). Energieverbruik, broeikasgasemissies en koolstofopslag: de biologische en gangbare landbouw vergeleken. Rapport 140. Wageningen UR.
European Commision. (2011). Eurostat. Retrieved from ec.europa.eu/eurostat
Background data report on cultivation, version 2012, part 3/7: legumes
21
FAO. (2011a). Fertistat - Fertilizer use by crop statistics. Retrieved from www.fao.org/ag/agl/fertistat/
FAO. (2011b). FAOstat production statistics. Retrieved from http://faostat.fao.org/default.aspx
Nemecek, T., and Kägi, T. (2007). Life Cycle Inventories of Agricultural Production Systems. Swiss Centre for Life Cyvle Inventories.
Pallière, C. (2011). Personal communication. Director Agriculture and Environment, Fertilisers Europe, Brussels.
Productschap Akkerbouw. (2011). Website kennisakker. Retrieved from www.kennisakker.nl
Schreuder, R., van Leeuwen, M., Spruijt, J., van der Voort, M., van Asperen, P., and Hendriks-Goossens, V. (2009). Kwantitatieve informatie, akkerbouw en vollegrondsgroenteteelt 2009. Praktijkonderzoek Plant and Omgeving B.V., Lelystad.
Smith, K., and Carpenter, D. (1999). Pulse Point 8: Albus lupins. Pulse. NSW Agriculture.
To, H., Brown, A., Crawford, F., Fell, J., Nicholson, M., Georgeson, L., and Foster, M. (2011). Australian crop report. Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics and Sciences.
Velthof, G. L., and Kuikman, P. J. (2000). Beperking van lachgasemissie uit gewasresten, een systeemanalyse. Alterra, Wageningen.
White, P., French, B., and McLarty, A. (2008). Producing lupins. Western Australian Agriculture Authority.
Background data report on cultivation, version 2012, part 3/7: legumes
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3.5 Lupines
The lupines that are processed in the Dutch animal feed are cultivated mainly in Australia, and a number
of European countries. In Europe, Germany is the largest producer of lupines. Therefore, LCI data are
gathered of the cultivation of lupines in Australia and Germany.
3.5.1 Final input-output data
Explanation footnotes in cultivation tables
# = not relevant
N/A = not available 1)
Unless data are available, the standard deviation for each fertilizer application rate is set to 10% in EU countries and 20%
in other countries. 2)
No data were found on lime application rates. The values are set to the defaults (see methodology report). 3)
The default SD for pesticide application rate is set to 10% in EU countries and the US, and to 20% in other countries.
Table 1: Cultivation lupines in Australia
Input Parameter Distribution Mean SD Min Max Unit
Plant material amount Normal 150 3.75 kg/ha
Fertilizer P2O5 Uniform 48 9.6 kg/ha1)
K2O Uniform 5 1 kg/ha1)
N Uniform 10 2 kg/ha1)
Lime Lime Uniform 150 60 Kg CaCO3/ha2)
Pesticides active ingredients Uniform 1.3 0.26 kg/ha3)
Output
Lupines yield Normal 1144 405 kg/ha
dry matter content Normal 0.87 10% kg/kg
Table 2: Cultivation lupines in Germany
Input Parameter Distribution Mean SD Min Max Unit
Plant material Amount Normal 78 2 kg/ha
Fertilizer P2O5 Normal 25 1.25 kg/ha1)
K2O Normal 50 2.5 kg/ha1)
N Normal 25 1.25 kg/ha1)
Lime Lime Uniform 400 0 800 Kg CaCO3/ha2)
Pesticides active ingredients Uniform 1.8 0.18 kg/ha3)
Output
Lupines yield Normal 2645 249 kg/ha
dry matter content Normal 0.87 0.025 kg/kg
3.5.2 Growing lupine
Lupines are sensitive to phosphor deficiencies, so this fertilizer is likely to be quite heavily used. There is
also cultivation of lupines in European countries. It is not clear from which European countries the
Dutch feed industry imports lupines. Since Germany is the largest producer of lupine in Europe and this
country is the neighbour of the Netherlands, we gathered LCI data of the cultivation of lupine in
Germany.
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3.5.2.1 Australia
Table 3: Input cultivation lupines in Australia
Product parameter Value Unit Data analysis Ref
Applied Mean Min Max Rel Com TRC GSp TeC
Plant material amount 150 n/a 120 180 kg/ha 2 3 2 1 1 i
Fertilizer P2O5 48 12.1 n/a n/a kg P/ha 2 3 3 1 1 F
P2O5 n/a n/a n/a 48 kg P/ha 2 3 2 1 1 G
P2O5 n/a n/a 15 20 kg P/ha 2 3 2 1 1 i
K2O 5 4.8 n/a n/a kg K/ha 2 3 3 1 1 F
N 10 2.5 n/a n/a kg N/ha 2 3 3 1 1 F
N n/a n/a 0 0 kg N/ha 2 3 2 1 1 I
N n/a n/a 0 10 kg N/ha 2 3 1 1 1 h
Lime Lime 150 n/a 50* 250* kg CaCO3/ha *
Pesticides active ingredients n/a n/a n/a n/a kg/ha
*Projected for Australia overall, ANRA: http://www.anra.gov.au/topics/soils/acidification/index.html
The best estimates for the application rates of N, P and K -fertilizers are respectively 10 kg N, 5 kg K and
48 kg P per hectare.
There are no mentions on the use of manure in crop reports by the Australian government, so it is
assumed they are not applied. No data were found about pesticide use in lupine cultivation.
OUTPUT
Table 4: Output cultivation lupines in Australia
Product name Parameter Value Unit Ref
Mean SD Min Max Rel Com TRC GSp Tec
name product 1 yield 1144 405 n/a n/a kg/ha 2 2 1 1 1 B
According to Pulse Point 8 by NSW agriculture (Smith and Carpenter, 1999), in Australia lupines are
harvested at 13% moisture and can be easily stored at that same moisture level.
3.5.3 References
A: (European Commision, 2011), averaged data over 2005-2009
B (FAO, 2011b), averaged data over 2005-2009
C: (ABARE, 2011)
D: (Schreuder et al., 2009)
E: (Pallière, 2011)
F: (FAO, 2011a)
G: (White, French, and McLarty, 2008)
H: (To et al., 2011)
I: (Smith and Carpenter, 1999)
J: (Velthof and Kuikman, 2000)
K: (Bos, de Haan, and Sukkel, 2007)
L: (Nemecek and Kägi, 2007)
S: (FAO, 2011a)
T: (Productschap Akkerbouw, 2011)
ABARE. (2011). Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics. Retrieved from www.abare.gov.au/
Bos, J., de Haan, J., and Sukkel, W. (2007). Energieverbruik, broeikasgasemissies en koolstofopslag: de biologische en gangbare landbouw vergeleken. Rapport 140. Wageningen UR.
European Commision. (2011). Eurostat. Retrieved from ec.europa.eu/eurostat
Background data report on cultivation, version 2012, part 3/7: legumes
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FAO. (2011a). Fertistat - Fertilizer use by crop statistics. Retrieved from www.fao.org/ag/agl/fertistat/
FAO. (2011b). FAOstat production statistics. Retrieved from http://faostat.fao.org/default.aspx
Nemecek, T., and Kägi, T. (2007). Life Cycle Inventories of Agricultural Production Systems. Swiss Centre for Life Cyvle Inventories.
Pallière, C. (2011). Personal communication. Director Agriculture and Environment, Fertilisers Europe, Brussels.
Productschap Akkerbouw. (2011). Website kennisakker. Retrieved from www.kennisakker.nl
Schreuder, R., van Leeuwen, M., Spruijt, J., van der Voort, M., van Asperen, P., and Hendriks-Goossens, V. (2009). Kwantitatieve informatie, akkerbouw en vollegrondsgroenteteelt 2009. Praktijkonderzoek Plant and Omgeving B.V., Lelystad.
Smith, K., and Carpenter, D. (1999). Pulse Point 8: Albus lupins. Pulse. NSW Agriculture.
To, H., Brown, A., Crawford, F., Fell, J., Nicholson, M., Georgeson, L., and Foster, M. (2011). Australian crop report. Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics and Sciences.
Velthof, G. L., and Kuikman, P. J. (2000). Beperking van lachgasemissie uit gewasresten, een systeemanalyse. Alterra, Wageningen.
White, P., French, B., and McLarty, A. (2008). Producing lupins. Western Australian Agriculture Authority.
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3.6 Peas
3.6.1 Introduction
The peas that are processed in the Dutch animal feed are cultivated mainly in Germany, France and
Australia. Hence, LCI data of cultivation of peas in these countries are gathered.
3.6.2 Final input-output data
Explanation footnotes in cultivation tables
# = not relevant
N/A = not available 1)
Unless data are available, the standard deviation for each fertilizer application rate is set to 10% in EU countries and 20%
in other countries. 2)
No data were found on lime application rates. The values are set to the defaults (see methodology report). 3)
The default SD for pesticide application rate is set to 10% in EU countries and the US, and to 20% in other countries.
Table 1: Cultivation peas in Germany
Input Parameter Distribution Mean SD Min Max Unit
Seed amount Normal 78 2 kg/ha
Fertilizer P2O5 Normal 25 1.25 kg/ha1)
K2O Normal 50 2.5 kg/ha1)
N Normal 25 1.25 kg/ha1)
Lime Lime Uniform 400 0 800 Kg CaCO3/ha2)
Pesticides active ingredients Uniform 1.8 0.18 kg/ha3)
Output
Peas yield Normal 3050 299 kg/ha
dry matter content Normal 0.83 10% kg/kg
Table 2: Cultivation peas in France
Input Parameter Distribution Mean SD Min Max Unit
Seed amount Normal 78 2 kg/ha
Fertilizer P2O5 Normal 125 6.25 kg/ha1)
K2O Normal 45 2.25 kg/ha1)
N Normal 25 1.25 kg/ha1)
Lime lime Uniform 400 0 800 Kg CaCO3/ha2)
Pesticides active ingredients Uniform 1.8 0.18 kg/ha3)
Output
Peas yield Normal 4260 422 kg/ha
dry matter content Normal 0.83 10% kg/kg
Table 3: Cultivation peas in Australia
Input Parameter Distribution Mean SD Min Max Unit
Seed Amount Normal 150 3.75 120 180 kg/ha
Fertilizer P2O5 Uniform 48 9.6 kg/ha1)
K2O Uniform 5 1 kg/ha1)
N Uniform 10 2 kg/ha1)
Lime lime Uniform 400 0 800 Kg CaCO3/ha2)
Pesticides active ingredients Uniform 1.8 0.18 kg/ha3)
Output
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Input Parameter Distribution Mean SD Min Max Unit
Peas yield Normal 984 467 kg/ha
dry matter content Normal 0.83 10% kg/kg
3.6.3 General information about peas and beans
The FAO distinguishes several species of peas and beans (Table 4). The CVB of animal feeds however
does not specifically separate the subspecies and this will inherently give a larger uncertainty due to the
large category of ‘peas’ and ‘beans’. It should be noted that different subcategories of beans and peas can
have quite diverse production methods and yields. In general, the cultivation of dry peas and beans will be
considered, to avoid confusion with the unripe green peas and beans (which also gives large differences in
yields). The green varieties are usually sold directly to markets for human consumption as they have to be
consumed or processed soon after harvest.
Table 4: Description of legumes according to FAO
FAOSTAT name
Meaning
Peas, dry Garden pea (Pisum sativum); field pea (P. arvense, for split peas).
Peas, green Pisum sativum (Garden pea). Mostly for shelling, but including edible- podded peas or sugar peas.
Beans, dry Phaseolus spp.: kidney, haricot bean (Ph. vulgaris); lima, butter bean (Ph. lunatus); adzuki bean (Ph. angularis); mungo bean, golden, green gram (Ph. aureus); black gram, urd (Ph. mungo); scarlet runner bean (Ph. coccineus); rice bean (Ph. calcaratus); moth bean (Ph. aconitifolius); tepary bean (Ph. acutifolius). Only species of Phaseolus should be included, though several countries also include certain types of beans. Commonly classified as Vigna (angularis, mungo, radiata, aconitifolia). In the past, these species were also classified as Phaseolus.
Beans, green Phaseolus and Vigna spp.. For shelling.
Pulses, nes Including inter alia: lablab or hyacinth bean (Dolichos spp.); jack or sword bean (Canavalia spp.); winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus); guar bean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba); velvet bean (Stizolobium spp.); yam bean (Pachyrrhizus erosus);. Vigna spp. other than those included in 176 and 195 Other pulses that are not identified separately because of their minor relevance at the international level. Because of their limited local importance, some countries report pulses under this heading that are classified individually by FAO.
Lupins Lupinus spp.. Used primarily for feed, though in some parts of Africa and in Latin America some varieties are cultivated for human food.
Legumes fix nitrogen in the soil during cultivation, and generally have a low fertilizer application rate than
other crops.
General handling: drying.
Dry beans and peas can be generally harvested at a time when moisture content is close to what is needed
(which varies per bean or pea sub species) for storage, and a drying step involved will usually be small3. In
general it is estimated that the beans and peas need to be dried by 2%, which according to (Nemecek and
Kägi, 2007), costs around 20 kWh of electricity and 120 MJ of heat for evaporating 20 kg of water (2%)
for 1 tonne of beans or peas. These figures will be used to account for energy use in the storage section.
3.6.4 Growing peas
3.6.4.1 Germany
3 See: USA dry pea and lentil council, http://www.jeffersoninstitute.org/pubs/drybeans.html and Mark Goodwin, Pulse Canada,
March 2003, Crop Profile for Peas.
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Table5: Input cultivation peas in Germany
product parameter Value Unit Data analysis Ref
Mean Min Max Rel Com TRC GSp TeC
Plant material amount n/a n/a 78* kg/ha 2 2 3 3 1 K
Fertilizer P2O5 21 n/a n/a kg/ha 2 2 1 1 2 E
30 n/a n/a kg/ha 2 2 2 2 2 S
K2O 50 n/a n/a kg/ha 2 2 1 1 2 E
45 n/a n/a kg/ha 2 2 2 2 2 S
N 25 n/a n/a kg/ha 2 2 1 1 2 E
25 n/a n/a kg/ha 2 2 2 2 2 S
Pesticides active ingredients 1.75 1.44 2.05 kg/ha 2 2 1 3 1 D
* Dutch figure which results in a higher yield of 5.8 ton/ha.
Data of fertilizer use are obtained from Pelletier and FAO. The figures for each fertilizer are in the same
order of magnitude, both values seem to be appropriate.
As explained in § 4.3 of the methodology report, the energy use of cultivation activities are calculated in
FeedPrint. Table 6 gives specific representative values found in literature.
Table 6 Energy use cultivation peas in Germany
product parameter Value Unit Data analysis Ref
Mean Min Max Rel Com TRC GSp TeC
energy use cultivation diesel n/a 75 150 l/ha 2 2 1 3 1 D
The average annual yield of peas in Australia is 984 kg/ha with SD = 467 kg/kg. Dry matter content is
unknown but is estimated at 83%.
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Table 15: Input storage for peas
Product Parameter Value Unit Data analysis Ref
Mean Min Max Rel Com TRC GSp Tec
energy Electricity 0.02 kWh/kg 2 2 2 3 3 L
Heat natural gas 0.12 MJ/kg 2 2 2 3 3 L
See § 3.6.3 for further explanation on these figures.
3.6.5 References
A: (European Commision, 2011), averaged data over 2005-2009
B (FAO, 2011b), averaged data over 2005-2009
C: (ABARE, 2011)
D: (Schreuder et al., 2009)
E: (Pallière, 2011)
F: (FAO, 2011a)
G: (White, French, and McLarty, 2008)
H: (To et al., 2011)
I: (Smith and Carpenter, 1999)
J: (Velthof and Kuikman, 2000)
K: (Bos, de Haan, and Sukkel, 2007)
L: (Nemecek and Kägi, 2007)
S: (FAO, 2011a)
T: (Productschap Akkerbouw, 2011)
U: Plancquaert Ph., Field pea., Institut Technique des Cereales et des Fourrages (ITCF), Paris, France.
ABARE. (2011). Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics. Retrieved from www.abare.gov.au/
Bos, J., de Haan, J., and Sukkel, W. (2007). Energieverbruik, broeikasgasemissies en koolstofopslag: de biologische en gangbare landbouw vergeleken. Rapport 140. Wageningen UR.
European Commision. (2011). Eurostat. Retrieved from ec.europa.eu/eurostat
FAO. (2011a). Fertistat - Fertilizer use by crop statistics. Retrieved from www.fao.org/ag/agl/fertistat/
FAO. (2011b). FAOstat production statistics. Retrieved from http://faostat.fao.org/default.aspx
Nemecek, T., and Kägi, T. (2007). Life Cycle Inventories of Agricultural Production Systems. Swiss Centre for Life Cyvle Inventories.
Pallière, C. (2011). Personal communication. Director Agriculture and Environment, Fertilisers Europe, Brussels.
Productschap Akkerbouw. (2011). Website kennisakker. Retrieved from www.kennisakker.nl
Schreuder, R., van Leeuwen, M., Spruijt, J., van der Voort, M., van Asperen, P., and Hendriks-Goossens, V. (2009). Kwantitatieve informatie, akkerbouw en vollegrondsgroenteteelt 2009. Praktijkonderzoek Plant en Omgeving B.V., Lelystad.
Smith, K., and Carpenter, D. (1999). Pulse Point 8: Albus lupins. Pulse. NSW Agriculture.
Background data report on cultivation, version 2012, part 3/7: legumes
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To, H., Brown, A., Crawford, F., Fell, J., Nicholson, M., Georgeson, L., and Foster, M. (2011). Australian crop report. Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics and Sciences.
Velthof, G. L., and Kuikman, P. J. (2000). Beperking van lachgasemissie uit gewasresten, een systeemanalyse. Alterra, Wageningen.
White, P., French, B., and McLarty, A. (2008). Producing lupins. Western Australian Agriculture Authority.
Plancquaert Ph., Field pea., Institut Technique des Cereales et des Fourrages (ITCF), Paris, France.