Feb 08, 2016
^anaprij/tf
ENGLISH
1
I
NGLISH GRABy : Mungara Koteswara -Rao,
;
". Edition :
AUGUST 1997.
J"*
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J.P. English Grammar 3 *
e33|j>d&soASt
CONTENTS"til"
English Alphabet
(%sog<s
Sounds of Letters
Syllable
Parts of Speech
Articles
Kinds of Nouns
(c-ysSD^^^sSaw
Kinds of Verbs
([SG&
Kinds of Pronouns
Kinds of 'Adjectives
Kinds of Adverbs
Kinds of prepositions
Kinds :of Conjunctions
Kinds of Sentences
Subject and Predicate
1 Phrases and Clauses(sg
Kinds of Clauses
Clauses atid Sentences
Kinds of Phrases
9
10
16
18Number
From Singular -Form to20
Plural Form
47
"49
58
28 Genderv
From Masculine' Gender to
0.-, Feminine Gender (530
8tt. Case ();-Kinds of Cases
40 (atf&o tf^&aea) 34
Usage of Apostrophe:
4'3 , (2J*g3^ .iSSdapKSa)67
Usage of Capital Letters
45 (H> w<CfsSo ,iSS3ap^&>) 69
JLP. Engligh Grammar
Silent Letters Degrees of Comparison
(e&a-^atf esJCtf&aea) TO,'
Active Voice and Passive , Formation of Degrees
Voice(aftf^tftf-
'
'(s-Sa&o ao^raS
sfcadfo cpitfa) 73 Comparison Adverbs .
&# / r-
From Active Voice to([dSp>"SEaS$x>o S^
Passive Voice- 74 Punctuation Marks
From Passive Voice to - -
-
(ao*&> QS^Sa'Active Voice 75 Usage of Punctuation
Direct Speech and Indirect Marks
Speech (^S^gK^^es ,
&c&> sSGf*jC 55^) 76 Same words in Different
From Direct Speech to Parts" of Speech a
Indirect Speech 77- iFSpEV
Verb. Complement Formation of words
(f5d&-sS&^gsSa) 83
Verb-Mood(rSdao-flsf 83 Formation of Nouns
Tense(^cdr-^e)^) 85" (^^
Kinds of Tenses" Formation of Verbs
BParticiple (^a^ L ^) 88 !
rn"lt
ion of Adjectives
Kinds of Participles
^PT ' Confused wordsof Tenses 91 , ^
Tense Charts - (atfafcrito Stf&>) i g- Stress on Syllables
Ql:
2 J' English Grammar .5. aSjbdfi oA$
^.*i^^.ji^^^
ENGLISH ALPHABET (orf wSC5&-crt*
.
V- CO"" *M
,
' /, *sog jp<& . wgtf&oeo
(Letters)-, 2 8 e S>a3.... "Alphabet
)" eda >odj'&.'8ia,Bo&^sS35ex): 1]Print
, 2] Script Letters
Capital Letters -
(Tbtf ^tf&oeo), (b) , Small Letters
1] (A)
R. B C D E F G HI J K L M N O P3RSTUVWXYZB) Letters
i b c d e f g h i j k 1 m .n, o p q is; u v w .x y.z
^
OtfSoSSa>4Ass^ocor (a) 'Capital Letters,
b) Small letters, baa- ^s^fiotf
] (A) Capital
e s T u .v w x Y
English
Letters'
ghljklmnap 'q r ;<> t u v
letter
'^*****
Yoels : "A, B;I, Q, .U"
Semi-Voweis
-* 'Capital letter' rp
- 26 ^.
1]Vowd. (.^), 2]
Consorts
^u : 1] "Water(^); Walk (r) ;Yard (c^f);
'
English Gramm^ t
2]uMy (a); sky (^r ),;
Paddy (^g&) ; Happy
es& sStfSioo (Sfioefc-Yfttftf ^6oS,..oS&yr? tf
&?S^<3.
8]"Few
($-3);Bow
(a*);Vow
(S*) 5Jaw (**)"
Sounds of Letters (&*1] Vowel Sounds (^^ ^jSoo?) : *3ctfp rf^ex>-
fc
Sound '
Example
A :-- a rate
(3<5"),date
(Sff).
^. *9 card(s*5), part
csip cat (sjiT) t -hand
E : & pearl (36"),learn
-
'
^s treat (\&], seat
.i . red-(Bff) fbed
(aff).
I :
'
first($|),
bird(eaf ).
aj pin (&S1
),stick
(j&^).
so kind (^o^), kite (^iT).
O : ^s cot^s6") t box
(BS*^)-
<^ book(self),
look(col")
a stool (^ff), root
&. stone (fc*flry close\w /'
S7 mouse (sS*5y house
U ; 55 cut ("), shut
^ .* push (c^S), put (
duty (efagi),tutor
J.P. English Grammar
T~ T I
.
bottle(o-flfi"),
c '. 5 notice (Sa5.), city (8>
f chemist ("&f), copper'
5 cheap (b5),chicken
5. Machine (aiiff),chivilry
D . 5 ' down (3-^),day
p . . 5
'
'
finger (&o*5"),fate
G .
:
^ dog(tr/T), goat
,f merge (3nf), wge *
S , laugh (sr5),enough (ci^
'
H . & orse )'Ilot
j . ff jump (ssoS), jolly (a-6).
K . r'
key (I),kick (r).
L .
'
5- lock (of), long
M . S> monkey (&ol),ntice
N . S" name(^Si),
neck (3).
P ..'- S post (SJ), pen (l
5 graph (in-S), phone
Q .''' 4 1* (
S^)' qUite Cl
R . 5" roof (55), road (&S)
S'.? S school (jSy^-6"),
slate(
. S V . shot(SfS"),
state
T . .
'
g- tea(e5),
ticket
$ thick (Sf ),thing (abfi)
5 that (a 6"),there (So).
, mention S>, section
English Grammar
X
vote
- S\ fix
Example
),six
.(at,).
Examination
joy (spdc), yard (aforty (^S), eopy/Vi),
by (EV-type'tS 5)'
Zebra(4[_p), Zeal
(le ).
. "syllable(ftessff)" aS) ou-Ca.;8,1 esiS^
n-fe. 'syllables'
arffi&S
spelling
[Soft StfSo!&. syllablesr?
1] shower (sho-wer^-^), 2] power (po-wer=>-5-\ g]
'beyond(be-yondrra-d^oa), 4] brother
(bro-ther=iB-tf5-)~
5] either(ci-therssas-Sff), 6] examination
(exa.mi-na.tjon=
,,., -1 & (S sSesSb- Bo& syllables rpSb, sE'^
syllables rf&> S^SotfiaarSa. cat, rat, out, putdog,
, a.-| syllables' ^5S ^4ss>"s
Po English Grammar 10
PARTS OFPEECH
B\ -tS. OB'S....
"Parts of Speech
1]Noun
4] Adjective (s^
position (atf j?
juction
2] Verb(L d&) t 3]
, 5]Adverb'
(L d^ Blsi'wsSaa), 6] pre-
7] conjuction (tSsS3atf^cBoSS)i . 8]Inter-
(Nouns)" &9^) wofij'do.
Definition:. A noun is the name of a person,
place or thing etc.
:-1]
Suman (v&&"):= &&h Istib! 2] India(ejoflcSir-)=:
-tab!-8]
Godavafi(^cs*sSG)=
SfiliCfif 4] Tenali
!
5]Ghair
1],Rama is a good boy
(o*&a<&&oO
'2]Sita sings well
(fctfx^^
8]The book is in the bag
($;S
4jM'angoes are sweet
(sS^aofis3o&-'
5]Tenalr i s a big town
^
2> sp^g&oo^o^D "Rama, boy, Sita, book, bag, mangoes,
Tenali, town" es& sSrfsSDO). "Nouns"
2] VERB."verbs
J'.P. English Grammar iie3J&|.fcc&
Def. :- A word which' expresses doing, being or.posscssin
is called a verb!' '
-
eat(8&fc):='3tf(sSiO)
f
a Sc^&^&. 2]is'
&^a. 8]have
(GAc&>oefo)==l
A
4]kill
(tfosg>fc)=
4
sto'a s&c& ^&^a. 5]
1]The ball is round
(a^a^ rt>Q\&&*rr
2]Who sits on the bench
(cag
3} Gopi killed a bird
4]He ovyns a building
*5]The maid brings water (3a&aft fccfi
2) 53^j&ooSotf)- "is, sits, killed, owns, brings"
io^o- 'verbs'
3]
. : A pronoun is a word which is used instead of a noun.
1]He
(wtfefc),It (a
.E^. : Surest bought an apple. He gave t to Ramcsh &>
"He" ^^Sfi- ^uresh'so Didbon-&, "it"-
apple'
2]She (a>\ Her
-E^. .'Ravali has a Maruthi Can She presented it to her
sister(tfsSJS-
.sb^efifisfS"^rS^fi,,
<^^D osa*-tfr5 Rj*cSS8 Svtfeo)
. "She" tt&Sfi- Ravali a>emx>, "It" ^ir:a- "Marutlii
J'.JP. Bngiigtx Grammar
car",-"her" &f5a- Ravi
8] They
Ex.: Raju and Ranjith are friends! They are Cricketers
S&dc&o tfo&ITeo l^o"" '
- Raju and Ranjith
l] ;l am a boy (^ s?eo&&)! 2]
YOU are a teacher(S^Co-
^ed&oeo)! 2]He 'went to Tenali '(&&. ^
Sipjefo). 4]
is a. dancer T^s"So'SjJS)!" 5J
They are. playing tennis(syefi-
-"I," you, He, She, They" c*&^2too^,...
:
'
corv &
4] ABJECTIVE
^Adjectives" e5?S
De/. :-An Adjective is a word which tells the quality, qu'anthj-
or -number 'of a noun.
dkcp-ii :-1]
Red'(^esjsS)), 2]
Little(rdBsSa), 8] Five (oc), I
Beautiful (wotfSbS), 5] Big (!)), 8]Soft
(3a'tf)...
1]Swetha''is
;
'a beautifui --girl
2] The Earth is 'round ^8] There are thirty boys in .the class room(tftfX8
n<ScT"-^
41 Anand is a short boy (estfoS- JJrg
1 Yammuna is -a good dancer 'fdi^ti-.
'"la sptf<?sSo d^o(5D- "beautiful, round, thirty, short, good" ss-
_ s.
..
''s3isS.ib&- Adjectives (T nk;^ -6:65^Ao{^rJ(& i^Sj'OiyCo i'w'r!
8] J.P. English Orammer la
5] DVERB(
>- "Adverbs"
f. :.An Adverb is a word which describes a verb, an adje-ctive or another adverb.
*".-1]
Chitra sings sweetly fig m . ^^ ^&&o&\ #s
"sings" & verb &. "sweetly" & adverb. - -,TS
*''-2] Sasi is a very good girl ^5- oo
adjective &. "very" ^& adverb
3J Jayaram teaches very loudly. (esdS^o ft{Jn-'
J
"loudly" ^& Adverb c^b- "very"
1] Sujatha came, yesterday ^i,^^. a^ ac^Sa). 2] The child
is crying loudly fig Mean*fiefc&^a-). 8j My mother walks
yery slowly,(&. e^-^e>. as^arv; ^&&oa). 4] Vandana
writes 'well^otfS- ^^^n" L530?? '3)-
5] Ramya loves Raghu
deeply(tfsfcg...;tfb&- rv^sSan*" ^^^^a).
"yesterday, loudly, very, slowly, well, deeply"
Adverbs rv e
6] Preposition- prepositions n
Sktf^tfo fSoeaotfS$x>& g^^tf^fP&SSao, i1^es^?S^b sfctf|S
.J,P. English Grammer
3e$ : -Sfc'^e>^ ('
(A. preposition V- -a. word which
the relationship- between a noun or., pronoun 'and:;-some
other wore!]. .
..
.
.
' " ";
E.Y.:- ll The pen is in tie "pocket . '(&: &&g*'3>ti^&j*$*
_x",v..,^- "pen", "pocket" es& oo^ noun'
CO'O ;
^^M'w tV*'. 1 XT.
i^x^- "in" s*& preposition gSc&^&^fc.
21 Sadlia is kind to me(&Sf ^g>&^^-4^
A' hi mel! ^& proiio-un, sb,
ukind
nrfa adjective
so{sS^sSx^-* 4
to" =^^ preposition c^Co^ ,&%&.
*d1 Kaveri came from Mumbai (s'^d&iOE?o ^
-j SPSV^^- '"came" a&'verb_^ ?"Mumbai" .w& noun
^ v . v%! < ,.. ,, v<,,^.. '"from" rfo preposition^ ^-Aw '.VVJ w<f * '.
ll The s'ua'rises in the
He spoke to his brother (*& ^ ^tf&a^6
&p^^&). -8}
I met Samhi-at the college gate (3
g^&X 4"i She fell into the river
i'l The tree is near the compound wall(Sdo3-(S5
<^^. c\ ^"3 ^^sofc'S- "is, .to, l.at, into, aeat"^^c*.
**
/'* 8i'
'
.
^
.
;
'
, .'._.
ix* prepositions 'n6 sS^
7]
ctioas" so^^.f A conjunction is a -word which is used to join;.
words or sentences- '-together).-'--
;
'
-.
'
_.,
Ev.:. !! Preethi .and:
-Sru.thi. 'are: .-.sisters (^ &><$&>^;,3.
.
Sr^dli;'
J.P. English Grammer 15fi3f6[&c& goAS [rr
ft&5"
2]Give me a pen or pencil (V^&o 3cp fcrSsg) ^>o
s^oa,)! 3 a^fta ^>55i;oro&- "Give me a pen", "Give me a
pe-ncil" es& "Bodfcsyg'gSSao
axis'! tfs c3o&>s^i'gS&ooJfe-
"or"
eu"^ sp^g&inP eoS&&r5jfi.
8]Padma is clever but lazy (sS^- "Padma is clever", "Padma is lazy" && "3o&
S1
! "but" *& sSeSsSa-
1]Suseela and Janaki are good singers (&& &8dtS ss*J58
xr)! 2]Use pen or pencil /Vo&o 9f fcri^ s3>e>c& &S3
)! 8] Shyam is poor buthohest(<pg&
ISitfa^ r?fc-...
as*dti>&sScfiefo)!4J The train started before r reached the
railway -station (&6 2%'"!^^" ^^*D^ ^odSbrrJ3 *.. L^oco^
8Dd3oeo3af6a- 5]When the teacher entered the class, the
students got up (&i^gc&><&>- tftfrfB ^(wc)"fi ^
[aSS^o'tfrr'S....
Sjc^geico aoerj7c&).-e'e
Ej-^gSawodfO.... /'and, -or,-, but, before,
when" o?6i sSfsSae- 'conjunctions* n* J)doo ^-*
8] Interjection
L'J
"Interjections'1 wO
(An Interjection is a word which expresses sudden
feelings like surprise, sorrow, fear, joy, etc.,),
Ex.:.1]
Alas! She is dead,(e*3jg!
a3)
4l
Alaslf
e5^o SStfsS- ?3o^iS:b^ SOifi
2jHurrah! Padma wonthe championship (-uV^! sSfiJj
"Hurrah"
J.P, English Grammer '18(&'
8] Ah] How.-beautiful Is this building'
.. ....''Ah" C3& ^oSD> ,
;
Alasi Is it your mother who met in the accident
new typist
got- the state
.efr8....
uA!as, Oh, Hurrah"
ArticlesUA or An"
,
"Articles =(
Parts of speech) r
Kinds of Articles :-
j^wx>ex>n *i^Soa*db.l]
"A or An"
Article, 2]uThe"e^^a- Definite
^3 Articles &- &
]Oh! Are You the,,
^]Hurrah! you have
*c^5)!! ^csys"^'.
'Interjections' r? ^T ;
"
'ofJrVicxv, Adjectives
Indefinite
Article.
"a, e, i, o, u" <',;& oodi
"cry, fry, fly, sky"
*sS*e:o
rj u.6J ... articles
JLP. English Grammer 1,7
Usage of 'A' or 'An'
l] es&^rpaber Common
rvS 'Singular
v.:. An eye, An. ass, An orange, an umbrella, an idol etc.
2] STO)^ n"fc\ jg> tf^sr* rvfe [^tfoOosSB3& 'S^sSrfrS
/Ex. :- A bench,- 'A*
chair, A donkey, A fox, A soldier, A union
3]apsfcoprfg
1
SS^^D^^WH"
etc.
. :- An honest .(35) man, Anetc.
,An A
4]"U 11
esS
"A"
university A European
etc.
5,]"One"
2Sv. :- A one(*$<") rupee note, A one
^sSS") rupee coin etc.
Usage of 'The' (a/tf ao3j>Ksta):i.
1] iS^e*..... S)tftf^SrS) Sex)SS) nouns So S^oe5
c?0. ^.:- The Sun, The Moon, The Earth, The Sky" etc.
2] &S;b(j&Dex>, StfrfS&e,.S&e-, ^^^00^
SDDDO^- *Thef
a AS5c^pAocy>). v. :. The Atlantic
The Himalayas (Stf^sSajeo),The Ganges (Sfl),
The Bay ofBengal (w^tfsia)
etc.
8} [SSag |^ofsSe figSi^o&- 4
The1
a ksScSr'Aoa'O. ^,. ;
The Bible, The Koran, The Ramayan, The Mahabharath etc,
J.P. English Grammar .
'
'IB
4] V& ..(Steffi'>- '>5
"SM^sior?cSr
So &>o&.... 'Thie'S &63s*Ao^8'AY;- The cow is a domestic
animal, % .
5]U&?c3* Q
"eScp "j(3 3S&&" e*& otf&o S5&N S$tfS$b.&
J S_j, .
^__ -'
cp vJ
So&- 4
The' & &3$SpftoE>. &,:-. The book you presented me
was too good*
8] Superlative degree (^^>3^^|^)^ 4^ adjective S , S:oo(Sb-
{
Tlie* ^j &3^Aoa>.. *.:- Murnbai is the most populated city'
in India.T]
"The" $&&-estfcyfc. ^ooeir?fc, ^ci^ c^^ iiooeibrrfo
sSO^.^o.... "6" 55 1C) s5osS). Ex. :- The (a) egg,The honest(a
*
S5S5) 8] "The" ^^^5- ^co& sS^oCin^^ sS^cotf^S &;o^jr!t)63 / J O ,
' O i
.sSfi^cSieSo...'."dS" e5^.sSes^), v. : The
(eS) poor. The(ci) usage,
'^ Kinds of'MonnsNouns &- -s^
O
.SDabsr^ .OsJaoiPdi. eS isSSn .,.; l] Proper Noun, '2]Common
Noun, 8]'Collective Noun, .
4]Material Noun, 6]
Abstract
Noun, .tfs.ai^pfiSS*.... stotffl f3'ex)^) ^xjo&- "Concrete, Nouns
O fO
1] Proper Noun (Sgj l^
nXisir|Cj'& "Proper Nouns"
3*&.-'Ex.i.- Ramani ('tf&sS^ = e,^- sS<? "t)6! Delhi frl)V=' * \" o/.
'
'
>6! Akbar U&'vTW"" "
'2] CpmrnonNoun^s cP^s^^sf-siM) : a,"! <s-as Soa^-
,.[4S^a8, ^ScrSS, ; |SSd sS&^sSp sS^o^ "fj^o^- "CommonNouns" e$fr
:
-<odF.e&. A-. :i cat, rat, city, town,' table, chair,
girl, boy, man, woman etc.
J.P. English Urammer
3] Collective Noun (fi
ao&ekeo SCP sS&s&o j3sSDjSj'^c& Seosjj.
"&&<&-. "Collective
Nouns" esS ^0^6, .*.:- Army (^&^ r5s$^s5*&>)! Crowd,
'Mob (&&sfcge .f5sS3Tsfo&eo)i Herd, Flock fao&^o . fS&r^&o)!
Pack, Bunch'(sS^s&e>.:.SSsS^s^sS)!
. . ,.
.
.
4] Material Noun'(^i5g ^.ic^^.^^^^^w):-^^
a-" Material .Nouns"^a ^o&r^.- ^'.: Oil, Milk, Gas,
Gold, Silver, Mud, Water, Iron, Coal, Sand, -Chalk- 'Rice, Paddy,
Wheat etc.". .
': v ,-.
'
:
;
'
'; \ .
-
'
'<.
'
;
.
'5]Abstract Nona ("^8 ^^o^CJ^^g):,w 2>ei
^ ."Abstracts nouns"
6D tS>c^ow!'
c5sxo),hardness .
(rfgtf &>):,whiteness
(eg,'
^ea^c6&3') ^S^^S. ^essiop-'.^&l- .
].movement. (tfdS&6,;.^^); .waik;--.(^^), sight (iSp^)y
theft'
'
'
'
8],Childhood-
(o$^'S-sS) v '/oIdness (s&>&&$;5),. poverty. ("tcS-
."'.-^sS), richness(c5oSicSjL^sS) $^cSa |&0; "&.g>!
'"'
4 music SoAtf&>, . dance- (tf&o'), .literature '(Srgj^tfg^)
....
. ,.
.
.
.Bj.,Grammer (s^gg'o^cOD),. Geogrpphy (^p^tffio), Palinistry
Abstract, Nouns- 'Adjectives1
,
'Verbs1
,
*Common Nouns* &o.& -Sitf
J.P. English Grammer 20 3OA &
Adjective Abstract Noun
good
old(
hard(rfg)
poor "itf
goodness
oldness
hardness
poverty
see
think
obey
grow
Abstract Noun
sight '(^^.}
thought ^S16
-,
obediejice
growth'
Common Noun Abstract
child
friend
slave
man
childhood(
friendship (gp
slavery
manhood
Kinds of Verbs
6's'^.2x>rr> &tfdoEp& a JMSSr?'......1]
Transitive verb
.2] Intransitive verb-(wtt^tf ifldS*),, 8] ! Finite verb
iSs&), 4] Infinitive .verb(oSsSpSStf LSc38:.), 5] Weal
verb(&tfy L cJSi), 6] .Strong verb
(Ls3K6 L8crf>), ?J Principalverb
(:Sai| cfia), a].Auxiliary verb(KSsJsoaSJT iSc&)!
l.JTraasitiye Verb:- '^ .(subject/a*a>- Vtfi (object)' 6
aoabSgjn-"Transitive Verbs
sStftf^ LfldSw)>
to her guests
4] JJ>. English Grammar aj
(gives)'!tfB
;LSc&- "her guests (-i)63tf^'
2] Rwxthi reads the Ramayana everyday
&&&oa). ^esrtfgSfrS*,,.,, 'tf^ (Revathi)'
(reads) ! ^eL o6- "The Ramayana
2] Intransitive Verb:-
- "Intransitive Verbs(wtf^tf L d6ex))"
1]Doha
Stf^db. SO&&,,..
2]Usha runs fast
. *.3] Finite Verb :- a
L o^ StfsS 3s3...B-s-gtfss ^6
"Finite Verbs
1] They go to office
- ^go7
! sia a&^5*. "They to office
2] The girls play chess
Si6^- "play" <a?6
4] Infinitive Verb :J Simple present
"to" e*& preposition' ?6 ^cos^do^ J)6x
^db ^ctfp s5eJ^ (verb").... "Infinitive Verbs" e$JO
1]I like to go to cinemas
J.P. English Grammar
8]To ty<s/A: short distances is a good exercise
&&&& &>o>53*gc&n>&&o)l
5J Weak Verb ;. S &>$g .SdSpsSeJ^^. present tense
SN^ol
Verbs
past tense d-rsSs&& 2ro&S$*>4
-d\4
-ed' '-t' SSSN^ suffixol
Present Tense Past Tense adding Suffix
1]walk - walked
(.ed)
2]talk - talked
(.ed)
2]believe _ believed
(_d)
4]receive _ received
(-d)
5]send _ sent
(.t)
6] lend _ lent(.t)
6] Strong Verb :.s$s>g ^c&oi (Principal Verbs)- present
tense &>od~ past tense cipi^b STo&S&^b....^ &os>Qidi>o 'fi^sSii8)L w
^eo (inside vowels)5
s5j*el^ <3tfo,... oS ^c^o&- "strong
& :-Ij
Come(present tense), Came
(past tense). #i
|8csS^....**o" ^?Sa ^^0 ^^ 'a
1
n* 'si*
tense), knew(past tense) #e jlc&a"
3 "o"
.... "o" ^^ a^0 'a1
r? ^s^.2] know
(present
7] Principal Verb t- &&<ste c&o ^s
"principal Verbs
Ex.: . Cow ^/^ grass ($ ^a doso&). 2] Kumble
cricket(^oo| /1S"?^ w&?r&). .8]
Our grandfather
stories
J.P. Engligh Grammar 28
8] Auxiliary Verb:. &>g[Sc&a> (principal verbs)-SSDO tense Co^&oeo STo&fcSfo c6s$*c&& L c&e&,...
"Auxiliary
Verbs (*& |c&e)" ^ <s>o&?&.
wS is$f6r? ..."]] Be, 2] Have, 8] Do
? 4]Can
s S]-May f
6] Will, 7] Shall, 8]Must" ^& ^
^dfio .^^^ tfp&fcreS8....
41
Need, Dare, Ought, Used" -5& r̂ ^^ 'Anomalous Verbs'
4 Anomalous Finites (&&i,c&^ ^
Kinds of Pronouns
B pronouns
^S SsSSrr 1
....!]Personal Pronouns,
1
2V Possessive Pronouns,
8]Relative Pronouns, 4]'
Demonstrative Pronouns, 1 Interro-
J,P. English Grammar 24
gative pronouns, 6] Distributive pronouns, 7] Indefinite Pro -
nouns, 8]Reflexive pronouns, 9J Reciprocal pronouns.
1] Personal pronouns (%
&- "Personal
pronouns" <*> <&o&&. & [Sofl 4o*sStfe9
1]"I. we, my, me, mine, our, ours, us....
2] "You, Your, Yours...." w&tfS)- ^
8] "he, him, his, she, her, hers, it, they, them, their, theirs,
its...." e$&3i- uS' raS'-
r\o{& personel pronouns!
Possessive pronouns
o- adjectives sSS^.... Sia ^&SP^- nouns
possessive pronouns.... mine, ours, hers, yours, theirs etc.
1] This pen is mine [& ^osS^.>y>a)!
^B syg's^^- *mine'
sptf .... noun o&. ^ 53*^gS^^- ^3 3g^ cSa^tSsS^al,... "This
pen is my pen!1* ^^ <rfo, "This is mine pen!" &
21 This house is theirs (& $&> sp5aVf ^:J V CO /
SO^S^al....this house is their house" es!0rp&, "This i3 Llteirs
house" eS n.
"ours, hers,
theirs, yours ..." e$;o^spjSp^fpfc,...
lt
our*s, her's f your's...."
apostrophe ('
J.P. English Grammar 25
3] Relative Pronouns
^PDO&> g'oD^b (relate)^ &sS<^>Ao& ?6^f^&sSx)e&- "Relative
pronouns" esS) eso&pdb. 3) 5)sS^rv .. who, whom, whose, which,
that, what, as, but etc. SJO&'&T> t^ ?5o>o<3o);S.... whatever,
whoever^ whichever, whosoeversS-aJS^fo
SP&& &p^ "Relative
pronouns" es& ef>o6r&. -^s(
1"]That is the woman who stole my bangles
oC^ ^ *3&)! ^s s^^g&D^a- "who" o$t c5^c3&&D.- "That is
the woman" ^5dio "She stole my bangles7
21 This is the bride vr/zow I wish to takeJ
tou)?6 S5db^) ^eS))!esp^g&D^T
8^- "whom
"This is the bride" 6>eidto "I wish to take" e3
4] Demonstrative Pronouns
o?6D- "Demonstrative Pronouns" <^ e5odp6. ^S ^s6?6?T.... This,
That. These, Those, Such etc, AcysJBdP
sSb- ^s fSo<2> SPL.
ljr/if^ is my box and that is yours
.... "This", "That"
&- "This
"These
"That(wfl)",
"Those
is the house where I was born
.6*., t . "This" e*&i"ofl- "^s^ SJOD"CO
JJP* English Grammar 28 sjoAS
5] Interrogative Pronouns(|
"Who (s$&), whom(j>s$ea),
whose
what(JiSfca)
1*
a?& [fS^co
"Interrogative pronouns" e$> e$o
*:1]
tfVz0 is your father
"whowe^b cStfj?&sSD- ^o[fl
117/^f Is your name )
AV,v : . "Who" ^&f5
w&?:a- s:&ft&& ;"which 51
1]"W'Ao is she?" *&'
name(osi -53^o)?" j&
2]-WA/f/j is she?"
her point (?Sj
-HVwr is she?" &profession (a ^ S
6] Distributive pronouns
. "who"
sSva
"which"
"what"
which
"what"
""; "what"
"What is her
.
"What is
iafi^a.
"What is her
.- "Distributive pronouns"-:.T.... Each, Either, Neither, Any, None atfe /
t. :-1]
EacA of the girls is given a mango (0.: &aa 3^ s:. Baa). 2
]/,AW Of the boys must do it
|>eas Is good
J.P. knglisk Crammar
1] Indefinite pronouns
wCteaea
- "Indefinite pronouns" eft
&*&
x. :-
i^Allis well
then nothing (&$&>
knows that secret^ded prizes (ootfsap
to the swimming pool
8] Reflexive pronouns
.
2]
SOc&ei). 4]
2Poc3*&).51
is better
8] Nobodywere awar-
of us wentCPO
t&*
- "Reflexive pronouns"
"Emphatic or Emphasizing pronouns" e^S)
^. : -1]
She hurt herself (ea^Sb<a^
n-dSis54Sa). 2]I hid
myself in the room(53*
esotfdo ^^ ^66"*ca-^rc^jS)). 3] She
herself read the letter(es^go sg& Atf 6'SS ^^a^). 4] They
themselves crossed the bridge (sFtfo&do
5jWe oureelves planned the project (s$r>
Note :-
JtesStfrSsfcoSodb^ personal pronouns &- "self"
.;. my-myself; she- herself; he-himself)
SSo&rS^ s^fig- "selves"
^x.;they-themselves;our-
ourselves) n'fo.... 'Reflexive
pronouns' itf^rfpooo.
J] Reciprocal pronouns
SS-Sbo
.1*. English Grammar 2tifi3$[id&
/*belo) S)c:x>^c&> cStf^&s&B^cfc- "Reciprocal pronouns'
:.
i]These two sisters loved each
:other(&
tf&j ^^^^^<i,*)* 2] Students shoulc
help one another(^cpg^eov
8a^5 ^^6orS^g'aoi^^spO).
. 35&e ^^.ci&S^^8
S... "each other" o& ^^
K><^,.., "one another'"
Kinds of Adjectives
ves1 &- easso ^^ocorp aaftBoE?tf>. S -SsSfSr^....
1] Qualitative;
Adjectives, 2] Quantitative Adjectives, JNumeral Adjectives
4] Distributive Adjectives, 5J Demonstrative Adjectives, 6 ;
Interrogative Adjectives.
1] Qualitative Adjectives (fibDP^S* a^sic^Siwto);,.^
4)e,'SS|&-SSS^ rteS5e& 30d&^c&> S)1^ra^eD?&- "Quail]
tative Adjectives" gcp "Adjectives of Quality" o^ e>
'fie. :- Sudhakar is an honest man (&^ST ^
It is a tall tree (a atf-2Trf3.-Sdg)!- 8] Sakunthala is a hoU
woman (V&o&o Ztf^rtv d)! 4] We had an
2] Quantitative
tltative Adjectives1 ' ^ "Adjectives of Quantity" oft
..., "How much(iotf)?"
:
1]I have little money (^ .rg
), 2] Sujatha got w///cj>i,< nwks in
JS"!J.P, English Grammar >j
efiS[S>c&soSS* \rv
Sa).;
8]Mohan eats
rice-; f^u ^^"^fco^sS -esrS^&j So5j*&\ 4] Aruna ha's
., money in her purse
3] NumeraltAdjectives (o?pg a"S^
69^^ r?& e5cp sSc&fS&.^beSo^ rffo
"Numeral Adjectives9 '
^cy "Adjectives of .Number" ^^)
. ba^) &QA..,.. "Ooc^rT6OtftfoEs-iSo. e5Si SsS^n ,...
a) Definite
Numeral Adjectives ^Q oSo^g'
Sul^es^xico,), b) Indefinite
Numeral Adjectives (y>6Si oSosjPo
""
a^sieoSiaX i SStfSe;b tfeK,
\ Q .'O"
U'
. /
1]There are three members in that family
(
"^ro6 jSsigec A^di). ^sspS'jSjDar
8^ "three" ^& adjective.MsS^tf
!l
-' 'aasisxo'rp SO^^olodosSsD,^.... ajw "Defmite Numeralo OPO -
Adjective"! ,,
*
2]1
Kalpana is studying second year B.Com.Co\irse(Ers3^.f'j.u
ftS.
*'5^S>- poefS^rfoSS^b'^ "tfdSb^AcSjLfl). tfa D"&'gsS^a "second
year" .'wA'1
adjective- . "So^sS KSosS^tffii"^ .'
4
a|sS'?v 30 c&
^dtoti"SoS ... ^3 "Definite Numeral Adjective"!
8"]Several students failed in mathematics (.^otf c3*
J -, ,
' \
..rteJtf&aS* tf^ei). ^BsritfgsSaaer'a-
-"several"'- s& adjective.'
eJtsSn' n&5 ... fl 'Indefinite Numeral Adjective'! .,
4,1 Many dead bodies were, found in battle field (6^'
"many"
adjective- ''aSl^sSw' rr^)6.... eifl- Indefinite Numeral Adje-
ctive!' .
,
'
'
4] Distributive Adjectives* (Si$a$r>gefa
'rv rr-fo
... /'Distributive Adjectives" ^
J.V. English Grammai' Sill
i1
*,:*l]
Neither team scored a goal fia,
ft'&g&o Sc'eSfii)^. 2JEither book will help you for the c
nation';(> a^ ^j^S^S^.... 2>6<<s*
w/j .girl .eats a mango (p& Er>W R.B' r
5|Demonstrative Adjectives (-S)J
sS^o?i>- "Demonstrative Adjectivfes" ^
.v. :.
1]77/^.vt' buildings are on the hill ^ &^'co ff*c
2&w^a^.^
|
VY/C.VL:' books are old^ee [yVo^Uco >cJnj). ?J"|
girl is beautiful ^ s^Oi, woCjS)^). 4jI need f/;/^ bag
6] Interrogative Adjectives (1^^^" -aUsicoSwyft
"What, which, whose" uto S5sSe- *Noan (s'& ^.ooA ^oefc.... SiflK) '-'Interrogative Adject
ow box,is'this^fi
j6 ^^)? a]M:V//<
;
// girl go
rank(i
as06' ^^sa STo3&)? 8]Wmrboo'ks do you likt
reading (tf&x;&*&fcSbS> ^^S'^>o^ fc^ si^B^^)? ^o a^^.
'.'whose, -which, '.what11 s& adjectives- -
wbox, girl, bo
noiins. SJ
j. a )Sro(-?^..l]
Adverb
Time, a]Adverbs of Manner,
3,]Adverbs of Quantity,
Adverbs" of Number, 6] Adverbs of Place,ft]
Adverb
Reason, 7]Adverbs of Affirmation, o
p
j
Adverbs of Negat
9]
'
Comparison of Adverbs,-10]
Two forms of Adverbs,
Interrogative Adverbs, 12]Relative Adverbs,
J.P; English Gr-amffiar'
81ac5[ic& ajoASi
:"1]Adverbs of Time., (s*.e>
&e. teCfcfo 3*5?SS& - ^OcCa'^dfio
1
^ctxpS"cO,eoSSx)''o?i)-> "Adverbs
of Time" &ti e*odp&*. rfe^&o
aspfltooOT AsSi
o3r^otf.8j^es*a.i
"Now f Then, Already, Early/
Soon, Immediately, Since, Ago, Before, Afterwards, Yesterday,
To-day, To-morrow" e*&. Adverbs- id
1] Ramya will; ceme-wDw ^s^o %& cr/Koei) "2] Already
the child is one year- old ($sS^Jt 9 &df& Sar-fi $o^f^0! 8}
Pihakini Express is comming by -one hour late^"s>sSS, ^^j
[liS a.^ ^Co<b. w^jSgsirt;
sS,^TSic5j|'a). 4] My sister came'
yesterday. (& ^^afbS^ S^Sa),'6] I will meet yo\L
: to-morrow
2] Adverbs of Manner
rbs of Manner" <&& woAptib. .
.v.:,, \J
Chitra sings sweetly : (&\<& &&tf^r'
S^&dbd'aY 21 -
*
Our grand mother walks slowly (&* ftfc&S&s i3s%rr?; $<& ,
'ri>ou>j, 81 Lalitha speaks loutUv (&$& ti&r? sSpV^&CJboa^,-' 4 "I
,
' J- -^ '
\ .*>-,. 9 / . I
Jhansi Lakslimi Bai fought '"''^0;
(.^^olj?^o^ ,S^siah* S^a*
jSgSofl*SS-asweeitlyf slowly,' loudly, bravely" &&>
''
"
., ,
'Adverbs of ManrierVaoS^,,,. I/I'SPOOT&- &*l -
.
'tfE&s&nv*...*
Adjectwe*& fisStfw-ly" ^?& vQtil^ i6tfo
.... <s'e Adverbs 'es)^\dio i)iT>S^c^s5); Ev.; Bnd-
Badly; Sad -Sadly etc. '.
:
:
J'P. English Grammar f2 caricA sjoAS (r&J
31 A f5 verbs of Quantity (
Sj'oj ?\&>co tin 5 f oStSipesoSxi ) >e,o {-sSArSc^.... <3c&T?d&c> io^
^*V<c:r-r&- "\dverbs or Quantity1
* a ^o>.:L "Half, Partly,
wholly, Almost, Little, Quite. Much 1 '
t?&> Adverbs- <^&x &?5*
1] Swarna has finished half of the work (^6 r6?<^sSS) s$j* 6_j \ CJ 5 ^^
',*::&*,}. 2]He is ,/wn/r wrong(o^^) ^% S-J.^"^)! 3]
Sht took
.'' j':' time for cooking (s$ofc&^Zo ^w ?S&^3D &a^c6^6). 4")
Shj ii fj;//V{? happy with, her husband
vx ^ \
cCtxODr? 03 r.^ u ], .
.-'I His preachings are""W
4 Adverbs of Number
.... "Adverbs of Number"
**Once, Twice, Again, Never, Often, Firstly, Secondly, Three-
W,. Four- fold" <&%& Adverbs <^j- ^^^r-Ao
Anand -visited 'Madurai* once.
V 2l Sangeetba often goes to temple (;-6oAu5 tfw/ J V/
4
B6&oiS). 0]We are expecting tnree-fold rise of o\.r
bir-iness ; ^^u r^> s v^^^G"5 ::o^do^o "c-.!cuv
ou)r^> UCA^v^XV,
~o uU ^
41 Gomatld came to our bouse again in the night (ifr^^ &*
5] AdYeriis cf ^
xJg'? e^ 6AJSS*.. 4 .
^^^cs^vr? .. "Adverbs of Place1
*.& ^-ur-rb, "Here, There
Above, Below, Far, 'Near, Outside, JnsUl*;, Within, Without',
LP..- English Grammar.
_ ,83 - 83&J)d& 30AS \rp&>$'
& Adverbs
.1]She went there (^D _ w^^& SC'^fi), >]
He "came 'here
^ftS&'cj^^dS sSES^dfc
1
). |j]There is a book shop near the
temple rt>Stfes sg)c&ss$x>e> ei^essSx)^tS^a). .4] There is a
canteen Inside the' Bus-station &&
6] Adverbs of. Rca>on
) iciar* J&D5 ....
uAdyerbs of Reason'
1
o) eo&p^b. "As,
.Because, Hence, Therefore" ts& Adverbs-
^s(Jo
(3 s5^gSSe)& sSfiSCoO-, ^2r*orfo&!
'
l] Jviiniar did not attend .school, because he had fever s
ciflS Stf^&j odbt3^cSc6n?" . e^tfdfo83^tfs5A.>?&). a].
As she is
fifteen she could no ballott^"SaSb ^atr^^ f) '^^daSSo^,...
T^^ ^sS& 3c&3^35*ax>f5a). a]
The 'director is' ill, hence.
the meeting postponed ^jrB
^S&S&- wotfr^ Aw^o&S..'.. ^s ?5sSr>
^^^D HpooCT5
sSd?6<S>). 4j Gopi.is attending ,a marriage 'and is
therefore unable to come-(/^2)
7] Adverbs of Affkniation (gj
n*.... "Adverbs' of,Affirma-
tion" 0^ eodr'CSo, "Yes, By all means, Surely, Certainly"
f
Adverbs- ^c^ ASS<arA6tf3aS&(
.. f ^s [.06
ll yes, sheis a' good daiicer(37*fe,
^^> a>^ sCooS)$jfs)!
,.
2]
.By all/means Amani" is a suitable bride
IP. English Grammar
sS$S%)! 3]Surely they will
pass.(C\tfsfc>rps?&
g?BPdb). 4r]'Certainly She will' come (tf^&ocr
8] Adverbs of Negation -(gS"3sg*>
- "Adverbs of Negation"e$a wofcri
"No, Not, notatall, any" &&> Adverbs-
1JHe has no work (tfa8.$aa&). 2] They di'd not -do the:
home work(s^db
s-a -
sjodSsS.i SdiS(^b). fj]He is- not at all
gooti lawyer
Note\- 15 ^^a tftfSao4
Adverbs' ?Sr. "Simple Adveibs'
9] Comparison of Adverbs- (<^#& $&>'
?rtftf&j ('dn
, sl^raioe^):- wcCip'sSfSae' |Q (Degreejg sSo&oiSoO
fSdtp .'S"lsic9&a-jS>. "Comparison of Adverbs"
"Fast, Long, Soon; Hard, Early, Late'1
'degree
1-] a) Ramesh writes fast (ti^Sktixrr' \p>&}r- P sltive
degree ^a^asy b) Ramesh. "writes Faster than Suresh :''
Degree (3tf$5*&>) c) Ramesh writes fastest of all
Suerlative Degree^
;
2-1 al Radha came -early '(&$ IsodSsj*^ sSONSa") , p'ositi-ye.-JO*-..'* \ ;. TJ / .,
Degree, b) 'Radha came earlier than Rajan (v*'$-$&^ '^oS.t..f
S sS3;^-)-- Comparative Degree c)- Radha "came..
J.P. knglish' Grammar -
* * ^.. _..
______ _______ _., rT^ ___ .__
earliest"of all-.(crtf-
WO&CDS'O "&,-..
Superlative Degree:
10]Two forms of Ad verbs(a^j^^ ^5d$
1
. "Two
forms of Adverbs" && ^o^6, uLate-Lately; Near-Nearly; Hard-
Hardly; Loud-Loudly; Pretty- Prettily" &^Adverbs cT8-
1] a) Chandrika comes /^e to office(rfo^aV scpfoA
3c3g^rr, sS^oiS). b) Hri go his job
2] a) Lavanya came uear-ioRamani(^sSesg.^&^s CJh'
rfia). b) Sobhana and Padmini. are nearly related
8] a)Kamala studies. //rm/
(ssSbo 6'.^4
rfdbSS&bfl). b) Kan-'
-chana. studies -harMy due to domestic work
11] Interrogative
^SS^. 3cJS:at)& ^sScS^orf'coefo[jLoj? S"55:L3^)o?So- "iaterrogative
Adverbs*' ^ w'oic-.jo..." Why,. When, Where, How w^& Adverbs-
1]./*7^ is he late (w.a *ro^& -eSg&ir? sS^Si)? 2.J
l
did he come [&8& iSryefc Sw^c^^/ ,8]fK/z^re are .you '(fog)
^' deep, is this yell(.tfa
12] Relative adverbs -
i)(Sctfp at^sSeo* ieSS- fioo^^o fPSSa" s^w^Sfco^. rfo
J,P. .English Grammar
i
L,
"Relative Adverbs."
-v. : .
1] .
Nahatha lovedliis;\\hitc hoi.sc which Won the rac
.. ,, ,
i
, a r,i[ ^wuxOj'OO
2] Soundarya came to her school w/icrc b.hc .studied'
'
child' hood (> a>a6*8
BD^,,, s^^b &jcn?vj-u6iL ^' :\^- ^
'
,'.
t
N.;
_
' '
ou ^woj\,uo ^ &vj aj
^Todo^g sS3j&). a] Narayana got his4
l.p,s\ selection w/ft
'
exactly he expected (K5cpc&es> riOr^ &',Xo jj^ ,. . ^* ^
'Adverbs' ^
Kinds of Prepositions (M'
'Prepositions^
2] Compound prepositions, 3J Phraseprcposiiioais,
ijcjpie prepositions, 5] -Appropriate Prepositions.
!} Simple prepositions (^^^ a^-^-fc-'Prepositions',^- ^,,c Prep0s|'
&*;. To; (6,6).
;From (&04 ):
on ^-). upon(Sbc; ).
Near(N
JJ
J.P. English Graaimar.
-
W___ _^i]
The Maruthi Car fell into -the river (.& si^&t s^- ^-""T^
S^coo^Y 31 Sharmila is.. waiting at the bus-sico ? r' *- - ^/ J .''_ '
.
JL I *"^ **>
"
Crf'is,."!*
-o.^o) Sea& ^-j&D&a ^g 3Dc5xD?6^a). 4jWe will work //'c//;;
.iiorning till evening -;&o 4trC5c^^ & '^
"" >
2] Compound' Prepositions '(&&}& ^g^g^^ \.J.
. .
- Af ,."' -b-ip -^^vj.
fNoun) S& jTo), a.g' "")"l^e.Ib-i
(Adjective^ ^.^r-
^o" (Adverb) S& r?fe ^o^,^.,i;A 5
V 4Be"
S^& ^prepositions* .&-'.' -Conipoimd.
prepositions'1
;;
: '''&&&<>&>'&.,';"i)';4iong' (.
;-4bou,t (&^pdo, /6$o&);--4bov-e' .-j['i^$)?
. Across
etc.ii)
,^^l
^.S) etcv
'
iii)J/i'side
'
prepositions
ll There is a.. bridge. ^tv"o5^ the. river (^ S^ W&L'^ sJoS^J" ,.,.' , .,.'.
' V .a
:)&), 2] Raju wrote ten lines -^fcow/ the cow f^^^c ^loD-
3Ps3*-^(Si sSo&co jsp^^). 8] Sailaja walked .thrice around- the
temple..^leea^A-tSJico^ ,&r^fo ^S^i^^o) / ^JbeSp)... ..4].Sankar
built a house behind Gandki statue^rvoS 'Iji^^sb/'B^:^ $'ofcT
3aS' .-ioaa.!66^oE?.Cfo). 5] VijayaDasanii will come 'before Deepa-
vali(SS'SSI
1 .c^ou
3}. Phrase
"preposition1
.,^^ ;
Jc^^'
%>% ;
'i<S...^g.".^.5i^-*:".Phrase -
Prepositions1 '
.^^.J.^O&SP^. ';".; . ;'' ;.
;
ulnfront of , In course of, In addition toy By virtue of, Be-
cause of^ Away from, Along with" .^^prepositions ^- ^^'
Wammar
i]In aJJiton to physics he
*
is teaching Chemistry (?
S&cs^ns:..erf&^^^^2 In from of me Bhaskar is there in the queue (S^Ssyci
8]/uc-ow/'je <;/ time he will change his nund
55a^& ii- rof&^. -.41' ^^ w
'
7 "'*- Ms application'"'""-' ''' '''-
sent his certificate'
copies also; (tftfefo^,
4j Participle Prepositions (|8d&^Jf Ptfjgtf
s-^5L: xr:&- prepositions s^2!*o^aS ..... Sfa^ present pai
ciples- 'prepositions' Sa'^S^csaa. ajfl sSd>e>jS>'
"partici
prepositions" && ^.oi^&.*'
Regarding,"
considerihgv pendu
gi^s - prepositions- & i
ljConsidering her experience she ,wafe' selected '.at once
(^
cij^jp j>&Ssic'^i?j3o i
ei3 ^SjCf, ^ef SCSD&?S.). 2j AV\
rrf'H^.his application there is "nothing in the letter(c55r5
<
F& sSoflDOHJ^xrp ^ MJfifSaoS* &t)oS&)/ 8]He was warned
his. officer about the files "he kbpt in pending
5], Appropriate
'prepositions* &- "Appropriate Prepositron&"4<Abide by (^iaiA- oi:o&), Accountable to
,
('sss^GM-
i&o*), Bound for(id6e'3jCli)&) 1
- contented with'(^2> S"
:prepositions--; p
t .(poe):..M"
s rcVtn
'J. P. English. Grammar 89'
. _-~_o.__,___;_____________________s____
1]All the players have to abide *
.umpire fa.
isoeroj. 2] The clerks are accountable to their.
'
officer-
TheExpress is ^W/>,- Kew Delhi (*:**** ^-
a). 4] Oangaram 'is. f^/?r^u-/iS" his i
-Prepositions^
/fc^.'
'-.' . .
1] Prepositions denoting point 6f Tj ffle
.
^ .SBO& S^- 'prepositions'^-'Trepositions denotingpoint of Ttmc" aa oofj-es. "By, Fmm, Before,' Since" US- pre-
"
1JYou must come back 'by 4 o'
SJ&s'^-saA o-art). 2] Baby will go to school from iQih;Ju
(*~$ Z*& $Z- &o& $>* ,a;
8S^^oS). 8]'
I shall 'reach mynative, place before this- weekend
(*, a-o-otf^^ ^ S .SaSa
_sfa&*& ^*B-O). 4} 'She has been working 'there since 1991
(*9>'*^j.rf 1991 &osSa^dBoBfi&S^a);.
'',
2] Prepositions denoting period of Time^atf a*ggtfr&ft)-,. a,^' ia^s^-period)?i rt&,a SS^c^ 6.tfaBe,ab&,o&-ia
i.'pr-"'Prepositions' denoting Period.pf Time" A ao^&.
v "For,In, Wivhin" w& prepositions- ^
"
1J She shall be tack /W an
S] He applied leave fo, a week (<?*
J WP, English' Grammar 40. ,
_K&fcd& qoAS irp&iT
<3P& 1>|>&), 8] I have been working In this office for three
years (S^&fcjn* 3& ^s .iPCP*e>u&D<5e
&Q&^&c3*v^V 4!* "j ' J
You must construct this shed w/r///w a month r^' 3o rVo
f: " Period of Time '& >o8o$;5 prepositions &. 'point
of TiiAe' & S)d&^dS-SSpt)o& ^oei) op^ae5b. si "&.,.. Point ofCO
os:o$oC^ prepositions &~. /Period of Time' ^ BDcAStfsb^ sSao&
'
-of Conjunctions
1] Co-ordmatin'g conjunctions, 2] Sub-ardinating Conjunctions
8]Correlative Conjunctions, 4] Phrase Conjunctions.
1] Co-ordinating CoHJunctions(&&o SsSw^cabsSwcjo):^^'^ ^^^^ ^^<^)^cJio "So&
op^g<Ks5^ (clause) e&- "Co-ordinate Clauses" && eso^do. qd ^A-S ^^^o.aodfo 'Co.
ordinate Clause' o&> S'OD^ .
'fSSa^cSsiB' o^- "Co-ordinating
"-Conjunctions" ^a- e5odcp6. "And, But^Botla, Also/ Not, Yet,.
"Therefore, Then, too, Only" e&> ''Conjunctions'.. ^ LSofi s^o
'!] My sister is studying medicine arid lam -studying enfinee.l-
ring(55- &^o 3tfg otf^' tfd6&ot>.... ?^o ,
:^^ ;,^^o ^ci^!
). .2]' My father is in Chennai ^//?</ my mother is in a!
8]He is a good doctor hut is not a good mon
atisa Singer ? Soblii
jf.t*. English Grammar 41. ttr$[!>c&
sioA
is a dancer both are friends(OjjS rvo^S, $* tf
2] Subordinating Conjunctions
:- *>$' 'Principle Clause' &- a,l
Sub~ordjnate
'Conjunctions'^- "Sub-ordinaling
ctions &9^)
v >:w Revathi failed in her examination because she did not
study well
vvTs sptfgsSwSotfO-uRevathi failed in' her .examination"
&* 6 e^^&o $&>& S^ ... e^a 'principel clause' .ctfa. *she- *, -J
.
'
.not study well',
.. suS 'Sub-ordinatc. Clause' oiSa."eig
... 'Principe! Clause*
.Sub-ordinate Clause' e>& Seo^tosS^.... "Because"
*Sub-ordinating conjunction* oSa.
Note: 'Principal clause' Jbtf ^sc^cTsSfl slr|^& ^tf'&oo)C3b^
/<sSc>;&>1
- "Sub^ordinate Clauses11
&$ wotr'CSb* sV 'Sub-ordinatmg
conjunctions1
^)^>*53pAotfcDAS& .- ^ [SoO 53-^o&oo'?Sa SS&&
1]As I am suffering from fever, ,J could not attend the school
(i3& ea^aaafif* B^tfSi&^^rtCisSesS....wd^
3tfj3tf SJ*d3j*c&). -2"].
Though he is poor, Gupta earned more properties (rtbjS"Ssc^
sr=^o so^ ... e9*J&tf*3efc &3r&o& ?3oSp<ao^r&). 8]iSekh&r's dead-
body 'was kept there witi! his son came^wtfa
^^p&eio sSS^, sSesSip.... ~$5 &^tf
cS^Sxo iai&^3'6otfao4Sa), 4]You will not
be appointed iu this job vnlgp* ypu get your degree
3] Ccnrrelative Conjunctions (titfS^tf Soaotf tfsto^
J,P. English Grammar.
'42esfy&dft eioASi \r
, sjiroC"3
"Correlative Conjunctions'1
a ua.j&. "Either.. ..or,
ther. ...nor, Not only.,, ..but'
also,' 'Though,*..yet" o& t.V,
1]Blether attend the work 0/
1
. go home(^330 3
.|^> 36j)j'a]Neither. Hit pouter of his father /w t the mo
"uf his brothers have saved, him (w^S dSo^fl- wS^^orpfc, >;
S'tfCiotfeai^n'S)
^^o)^ tfi.otfdS' sJ'ocaSa).3
|
He is //^/ onl.
doctor- ftw/fl/Jf? 'a patient (e^i^c^ 'Sdbgdfo sip^^ c^fio ...
iB*fl^rc?j! 4]
Though she is hliend, ^'/ she docs her dul
wellies35
|^|S^,... 'tftf
4] Phrase Conjunctions
rs^ rSoiJ^sSooe^.... rs^ 'phrase1
-'conjunctions' -553 <
/avtarfatfe^pM,, e}3 opfiiJ-' "phrase conjunctions'*. ej*rD epc.\\T".
uln order that, As soon as, As well as, Even if, , As if" ^
l] They studied well uiard'er itm they -may get ranks in the
entrance test(sycfc ^rp TSOsS Sc^^&o^
tog {ir*]o,.,.ss?'cSo U,P
i^&r. SSfiKff8
'
AS^oa STDCSsScS^fi). 2]The train .will leave th
station; as.-soon ap.the guard is given green signal(n*6"i5c#
^oC
*-....' wotf
)* 3] Pakistan as well as India is the member count rj
of SAARC ' " - ...
. If -she resigns her job I will, not exec use her behaviour
gK^s^ o4a-sij Sft^ ^3..... ^ Laa'tf rt& &
.
5"].She behaves always ^'-//she was princess
Daina
j.P. English Grammar 4y"
x,,!xJ8JLJ____:__
,----.------- . ............._________________
*"______^
Kinds of Sentences (^tee tfgi
-
"sy-sfgSSs (sentence)"
|9oO "(go 3&j)" ^
'.;.. "Youfc go (fo^,
Sfi> , _j o
si<S sp^'^)r? iei^biioSjas^ ^r^(S fiaa.<4
S)5'Sj(^ sj*^<?sS ('Singlely
,o**
^ G) \ ^
word Sentence)" S). S'Sii)i-j&. sjg.../'Come here", "go there"
."a?S5^ ^c.'^a". /(-Double word Sentences)" ai iu ty, ,
,\ - / .
,.
'oaoff ss-tfg&TeaD- [SS^co^r?" c3*ooVfc cr^S^eo! &s?j iisS^r?1
....1
il As-.
sertiv'e Sentences, 2] Interrogative Sentences, 8-1 Imperative
.Sentences, 4] Exclamatory Sentences.
1] As&ertlve Setences(6sSr5j^ SpeTgSjoew):. ^ tss,cdo-
"Assertive
1]Cat drinks milk (iO rco [O^^^V ke
SP^J^SJOa.&' ^^io&
'
"Does cat drink milk >
(ifi' '"
|
2].She 'does not read Epglish or 'Tamil
tfe3tfgS
B3f Sfid3ocSo- "sei>" ^ Ss5v>
"Does she read-English or Tamil (<&"&> c^o^'
tfa
" l
Assertive Sentences' -. aafl1
"3o& S4fsSeon atffibsSwfljSB.. a)
Affirmative Sentences, b) Negative Sentences,.
'
'
ci) Affirmative SentenS(^crtfes sp^^sS^oi) :-' a,
^^ Bo?6o{fi5y^g5:)Xie??5D-
"Affirmative Sentences"
J.F. English Grammar . '.44;
jShalini is a girl -
(SpOS .&
s*a.^)! 2] Chennai is';
Z>j Negative sentences
f J i(- f. r TTi
"
v-' vT *./ > ' v" \ I
tit} I'^- S^o c\)A60^CO)!
"Negative Sentences" ^ c~)odp&, -J?.v. :<.i]
She does not, tabtea
(ssSj)&
Sa^ji). 2]He is not a good man
2] Interrogative Sentences( 1^
^sSsbS^'^s^ sr-s'g.^asDSB. "Interrogative Sentences" ea^)
-v.:.
1]Who are you
(fo;>. ^^)? .
2] What are you
(--$ fcaa S?i^^)? g]Where is your sister
(&, ^Co'O
SiSji}? 1] May I go home(S
3] imperative Sentences.
^ "Imperative Senten-ces"^ ^odj--&. v. :
.ijstand up onthebenc
X^)- ^j^ease give me your book (&'c&3f
~^oa) (i"e.i)! ]. Kindly help us(
(
(fcg?S)! 4] Turn to the left I
God, save my motherland(tfap cf !
4j Exclamatory Sentences
^o^c.x --L^-c^: s^s^oS) r??:.,.. "Exclamatory Sentences"^ a^S. .\\: .
i]what a fool I am
(^. >B-5&)!? 2] How beautiful the^e girls are
(tfe
^^V?! 8] May god bless you . (<&>& ^^A i n V oL wuH^uw(ra j; jfj
i
tS^riyd S 'SdCad! (*^ L^^ 4j!
.
,T
7J1P. English Grammar. , -4b'
.- , e3&iJjcJ '
,w
NOTE:.'. rS^s* L?
^ocSsDd^cco, is3 ksfofv-1] Simple Sentence',' 2] Complex 'Sen-'
tence, "8] Compound Senlence(!)S!0rf>e$o>' "Phrases &' Clauses"
OP& ^
and ;
'
..,
arisSooV-.-:
'
"'.
:
,J , /
"!,] Subject (^.) r 2j Predi-
^r^g- or
11 Subject u i
* Pronoun r
%s noun CP pronoun ^ v;^
"S&^^ ..", QS noun ^CT pronoun'"^- "Subject (stf)"
2J Predicate .:.'53s'gsS^ ^oa&- 'Subject'^
o'cSo-' "Predicate"
Subject -. Predicate
'The ring ^o^tfsSa)-is made of gold
She fes^)-'
'
smiled j$3&^
Cat:|^>)-. ". 'drinks milk
[5rao'
Chowdary ^^6)- is a rich farmer ('j*^d:
.
o.^b)!
.Ravali tfsS'?-,
"wrote ".a letter''
. ^o '". 'Subject*
/predicate' 6
.
:
. d /-predicate1
j&Sbfif --.''is made, smiled, drinks,
'Predicate ZQ&&. "Verb" &&.... 'Subject' dc* 33- &ajaot3
*' 'S>*ao*S SS**^. "Object^)""gold, milk, farmer, letter
^/.;.1] ^ ^aa
2] tfe[.^d&
8]
B,!fa..*otaoa
"predicate"
subject
The cow
Ranjith
fjr (Subject)!
PredicateVerb
is
saw
grass.
black"
a tiger.
an elephant'
-at down
.sr.sfgSbe.Si
S* ri-
L *
]-Stand up
"Subject"
J.P. English Grammar ,47
They laughed .(&& X^&}> 3]Sarika cooks
(
4] Suman goes (&&" 36^&).:.
1] ^tfas&n*,..'. Sesrfb s^ ICcr^es
2]
T
, A-. : . priya;
(Subjects^ )eats (Verb^ijdro) mangoes
'
PHRASES and CLAUSES55oedSao
- "Phrase. Clause"'
Stfotfe ^^^o3 eo?Sc&..., 'Phrase'
... 'Clause5
I] Phrases
$*rt^o'?&-."Phrases"
io6
l~jRekha waits to receive a letter fa
33c&^a). 2]Shobha Naidu-is a great dancer Having so many
Gopal is a good teacher for several Students(
^Sp^T ao sioO -
drs^^jdcfiofiia j! 4J Raghava
RINDS OF PHRASES {s*gV"tfSue &>'&>):.Kioi'O- "Noun, Adjective, Adverb" e& spfiKi &^d3pAoCSb
RJ.
-
a)Noun phrases, b) Adjective phrases, c)
Adverb phrases.
J.P. English Grammar
a) Noun phrases.
cSBuCo' eScp '^tfo^tf^co' 'Noun'
?S25anoci&^'?Soi
- "Noun phrases" a
1]Kaveri fexpects ro deliver a child (&ti& ^
^es^gsfoe*.... "Child
11
^!^ Noun- "expects" ^^- 'object'rp SSJOa&S^a. /'Child" <& Noun- "to deliver a
child" & 'sSrfioo'($S0"c|SS!in
l
nB
S^6otfroa,4
NQim phrase'
S] Sulochana is carrying # basket offlowers (&>
&e*rfrS fefe^^ '36&^a).; ^e sp^g^o6"e..,. "is carrying" w&^Sdfi
'objects' rv &c5^- "basket, flowers" &&> 'nouns1 SSa^-^
"a basket of flowers" && 'Noun phrase1
m^fi.
.b) Adjective phrases (a^^ro sr'^^rtawew):- i^t
6o^Q-r'fi^ 'Spdoe'cSsiocpdSb&oco
1
- 'Adjective* S3 sS
sp<s3S- "Adjective phrases" w
1]The
pen|o;? the fable *s yours(j!:.;-:r
j
toc-Sxv.;'c'l.^)
tfo:'o. JbflV1
(p"oh the table" wii ScSSwe ?S,-.^srffiAV- Adjectives
', v . "The penMe5c^ 'noun' ab^^
^o&doSerS,...' Adjective phrase*
2]Gowtham is "a political' leader wjw has a oo<I
c/uuwterfob}&>'&& /^^Sb- eug" tP2djo
KPcSfiSoefo)!^o sycr^v^
8^ "Leader" gcrttGowthamn.e& 'NoutfA ^e3oO- S)4:iesA:nB
S^aSrJ- "who lias
a good character" eac&tfa- 'Adjective phrase' &.
c) Adverb phrases (|Sd&* S"Sftc sp^gi^fl^eM):. &
Sp ... a,^- 'sip'djofSsSacpdSbsSjs, (phrase)
1
- 'Adverb' S3. ."Adverb phrases" ^.TI aso.v^Co. tfe Sofl
IP. English Grammar -
i]Aflitha will come '/ 1he mormnga.jf
g^Sf*a.... "irt the morning" w& phrase. 'Adverb' -3 sS
2jRace horses will run/,,,wift mannCf ^^ ,^^ &
Koto* *&* c.&&).. tf, ^tfj&^a.... "in swift, manner".
& phrase- 'Adverb' ^
'
u^- "clauses W6 ,8
IjSudha expects "that she will get an mva
'
ra (^***>*& &* afi^s^a). tf,^gsssff.....
"that \h
award" u!&aa .'
phra,e.
S3 ^toe .^^^ ^^"will get" ^ 8d6
_ .
|
2] This is the bridge that myfather connedi a^ooss ssos^s
,a)j >t ^^..., my father-, e& tf
B
istructed" ,,Ll^^ ^
constructed" ss^^s 'Clause'
KINDS OF CLAUSES---
-- A) P"rMam Clauses, B) Sub ordiMte Clauses
AJPWNCIPAL CLAUSES or MAIN CLAUSESS -SB. ..^. Ma ^ .
J.P. English Grammar 50
,v.:- Govind has -a foreign car which is very expensive
'Clause'^ *o&&. ^v>*i&>6*- "has", "is"
ArS^Si."Govind has a foreign car
1
>5d& "which- is very ex-
pensive" & oo& 'Clause'sx)
"Govind has a foreign car(/
dfio.^&)M
&5^ 'Clause' sSri^S
^ ''Main, Clause' oSa. "which^is very expensive" (5>
)"... ^rJo Clause ?3o^^ estfioj ^^^,^^(6,
B) SUB-ORD1NATE CLAUSESS' 'clause'
clauses"
.;. Govind has a foreign car* which is very expensive
SS^ SJ^I tf^6=:x.?ii ^WcScofa-^dfo).^8 s^^:^.,.. "which
is very, expensive" "es& clause (V)- tfSotfda 55*^ 5^^ tsC)'^
fc-JfiS^.... "Govind has a foreign car" w?i "'Main Clause* hatf
3?*tfsS4i$3- sp^p -*. etd'
Sub- ordinate clause' aof^a.
KINDS OF SUB-ORDINATE CLAUSES (^35^0^
5^ffgo^&os3 tf&x
6w):..dip c*g&ioS*- "Noun", "Adjective1^
"Adverb" ss&Slj cc^ sS&c&'^&SfibS- *Sub-ordinate Clauses"*
"i] Noun Clauses, 2] Adjective Clauses, 8].Adverb Clauses'
1]Fdoun Clauses
(spsSasF-Jte sp^gc^^coex));-a.S'
lNoun' 3c?Jb S^a ^?j6o5^di-oSd3 *Ciause' "o^o- "Noun Clauses"
XV. English Grammar
.v,:-l"J
I knoW'f/w/ 1
she {$ a good teacher
;yr>ao3 tsS c3b 3*&)! 2]I differ from what he says (o^c^
O:'vCjo(v)<x)- ^<^o
cDiyuitopftS^c^) J. SJ The fact is thcit she is cible f *-*
do the work (<&&>os & ScubdoSb (SsicJ)Oo&c5a
KS^gSio)! 4] It |scertain thai she will come to-morrow
Siorr5 .... "Noun Clauses" ca^j^L-l
That'^ r^r^
'what's* rv
2] Adjective Clauses (a'l^esi sps'gofi6^^ 'Nouri
5^ n*$ 3cs?4
pronoun'&> r?Ri. *qualify* S?r SS^-..
'clause1
'
o&- cs?irv> -
1
Adjective''
o^ "Adjective Clauses" <&&
-1]She is the girl M'/WJ J loved for the last three nwnths
&P(& Soco rr i^?^ [t^oO?6i ^'B ^j^as>3)! 2]This is the pen
which Host yesterday (&Z>^&
S^rTdg r^ai ^-e ^osSS)! BjSankar is a boy w/w /,v Ao/A chver-and mischievous (SOS) sS:*5c"J:x:
pen, boy" .e^Ki 'Nouns'^)* fcs'-tfdosrtf sS^?5 'adjective clauses^
qualify t3&^oco.
NOTE :. ^^tfea&oiT "adjective clauses" &&- "who,, whici^^
whom" 23 J& i(isSjiOcJa iSrc?o^SrFoco. -5)
4
Noun'?(b- qualify
iSd&dcSr8..- 3 Noun cSdb5Jfif l3.-...
*
adjective clauses* - c&oi^o-j:.
3] ADVERB& sp^QSS^Q"
8^ 'Adverb1
"adverb clauses" ^^ woijcfi."Sjfi^
0.6. i)Adverb clause of Time, ii)
adverb, clause of place,
iii)adverb clause of purpose, iv)
adverb clause of Reasoii,
v] adverb clause of condition, vi)adverb clause of '-compa-
J P. English Grammar
risen, vii)adverb clause of
. result, viii)adverb claxise of
supposition, ix)adverb clause of concession; x) adverb
clause of manner.', ,.
i) Adverb clause of Time (s^o &jv5f ^c&^al^o5*5<?otf):;.' se33$c& ?or>aop_ 'Adverb clause'&- "advcrbl
clause of time'?
es!0- $$o$j*&. . *.
Ex. i- When 'the teacher enters, 'the students stand
loSiSSoO&Syci c3*|oo3 &oa}&'p&)* ^Ta 33^jiff's adverb clai?se
"When
ii) Adverb ciap.se of place"
(JOG jS^cJJT |Jc^> "s^^w:* ?SoSixc& ^pfiodb 'Adterb' clause^- "adverb
clause of place"
^. : . The woman searched -where she lost her, purse (&& cip^'o
jSoOfl- ^/rg^&S^^^o^
^)'3tf5?S<5). ^e sp^g&3^^ 'adycrb
clause' ^^ "where" & sStfSjx>- 'placet f
ill) Adverb clause of Purpose '(^
" 4
adverb clause* &>- "adverb clause of purpose"
^-v, : , Swetha serves hot so that .the guests"may enjoy the
dishes (
/Adverb clause' ci\t)t
"so tliat" ^ri ^':;
,
I?) Adverb clause of Reason (~&$
^^ s^^goW^w):. tr>&^^ So* 5ptfss>^& r$X)oD *-adverb
clause1^ -'Adverb clause of Reason" <y> woipcS,
8]J.I*- English Gramfcidt 5B a*[L& sjoAli
% :- The building collapsed because they did not constructft
properly (ggrfsSa^SfcxaSa ^oS)^o"3).... SP& cr>S3
'Adverb clause' er8^- "because"
Adverb clause of Condition
T^gort^w):. as:o5S^ &aoi) 'Adverb Clause'^.44Adverb Clause of Condition" && 50^e5b. Ex.*. He will go
if Iris brother comes (&$& ^eSfibefcSS^sSff* estfefc
'Adverb Clause'e*a "if"-
i) Adverb clause of Comparison(4^&S^Si'gort^):-, 6^at>& fipao>
'
Adverb Claused-
Adverb clause of Comparison" esS esofcp&,
JS-v.:, Pallavi is cleverer than Padmaja (S^ea ^o"&
?Sa).^s 53*^jsSe*a 'Adverb Clause' &*& "than"
'Clause1
^o^ai>* "than Padinaja"
clauses*.'[Sdab (Verb)'
g^b. "&33....^gi ^clause'
s- *than Padmaja'
vii) Adverb clause of Result
SS^^gofi^)):. ^Otfaa'Sa 3cr>4
^6E5P^^'^ &r0o& 'Adverb
Clause'& "Adverb clause of Result" wo&pdi.
Bx. :. Savithri was so tired that she could not cook (&3$ S3*rv
tseRi^^doSScKS Sob acS&a&S^a). ^s sp^gs^a4^
4
Adverb Clause*
*- "that" ^&> StfsSs *$)tf^f& f^ag^a.
viii) Adverb clause of Supposition (At&tf^tf'Adverb
'^-<cAdverb Clause of Supposition" &
J*P. English Grammar o4 83<!&c& ejoASi |j
*:- Even if it rains, I shall go (Stf&o
ftrSS)!^3 5PSf*&;*3 "Adverb Clause' era. "Even if" <&
ix}Adverb clause of Concession
*?5^a5 s^S'goft'^w):. tf^e& ^-OoC^.
^Adverb Clause'^;"Adverb clause of Concesssion" '.o&pfio,
^-:- Though Latha is poor she Is honest ^o^ "!>&o*a> .
'
Adverb' Clause'^^-
x) Adverb clause of Manner
^^ sr-^o^);.fa^^^ ,.3o 'fle'a ,^OD^ 'Adverb*
Clause'*:- "Adverb clause of Manner* *a fij-efi.|i
> ": Pleasc do ^ 7 f^
'
'Adverb Clause*
CLAUSES AND SENTENCES,<- -xw):. '.-^ a^,,^ (Construction of
Sentence)' &-c-2og ^a^. .^ Simple Senteiicej 2J Complex s;nte_
-e, ] Compound Sentence" w&
. .~ )M Phrase, clause o
*&i*&s : aso^fic.
Simple sentence , ^^^ -v s ,,v ,_ fc.
,
'geixij:. -Subject's*
'Simple Sentences'rp "t^,
'2]
w
Complex sentence(SoJ| a-JfgSu):. ^ 'Main
Clause'^ &8c&) a,SBrpK) Scy a.g'e ^o^ iSb^Sn-B 'Sub-ordinate
Clause'e& ^eftdfc!^ sa-jfja&."CompJe3t Sentence" ^ wot-fi
1]Let me know where you were studied
csfi)^5*^ SOR^a^oA)! A B-tfjSae' "Let me know" a8aS' *Main Clause' ^adSb "Where you were studied"
'Sub-ordinate Clause' o> <&?6\s.
*?]Give me your pen which is in your pocket
bD"ko&j& a- ^od)! ^sspSgSicfir
8- "Give me your pen
Hw& 5"
'Main Clause9 J
&6clo "Which is in your pocket" s&- =,^*'Sub-ordinia.te Ciause e AS^a.
3] Compound Sentence(sbsj^ggs^) : . "Sub-ordinate
Clause" u&;3a. ^&' 1 S&^&-.... So&rpa, eotfSoc i&, ^
na- 'Main Clauses' &?^ sp^gsS^^.<(
Compound Sentence" e^^
ij Rajesh was ill and therefore he was absent from office
.
"Rajesh was ill" &6d& "Therefore he was absent from office"
'Main Clauses'-&<5^a.
2]The examinations were over and hence the students vacated
"hostel (SSS^OD 8>&*acfc r^aifi.... Sa^^Cooo sS^d ^^sSx-^6: ^rl\ 50 8) ui eJ
w^pab),fd
spg'gsSx^,-.."The examinations were over" &Sdjb
"Hence the students vacated hostel" o& ~do& 'Main Clauses'
NOTE : . ^O SD 'Main Clauses' ASj 'compound sentence'^-
J.P, English Grammar 66__ m _ ___ *_ - .
compound sentence* &* "Multiple Sentence
3.,.. 'simple sentence*& Complex sentence1
'complex sentence^- 'compound sentence'r?^; \simplo
tence'^- 'compound sentence* r^& ($.*..uSentence
Sentences
NUMBER(Noun)
S5tf&:a&- Q$rg$$tf&>n%*. l] Sin
Number, 2] Plural Number" ea&
1] Singular Number (&&$$&>) ;- a-tfflr?
^d&- Ass (n-flJ) fPen
(tfo&>),Box
( fc), Woman
sSS^ sy>^^tf^ sS^^e&^ "Singular Number*'
2] Plural Number (8DoK)^?5sixi):*'5oefontt
g^ ^ga BDoft3d&. Asses
) 5Boxes ("35*) Women (^) S
Plural Number" e^K) e^o4^&.
FROM SINGULARFORM TO PLURAL FO1
'Nouns' &~
1] Spqr^s^rr>..., 'Singular Number*^ aj$^c?e Nouns S
"s" e*& ^&D Sc&eo^OfS,*., e^S) 'plural number1
A\: .i]
cat(fc>)
cats(ig)e). 2] dog (&
(&tfj.e3o). 8] boy (as-exrfi) boys (ss-eofii). 4] girl
girls (spO^ex))* 5] pen (tfosia) pens (^oSioco).
2] Singular Number 8* $&%. ^^ &&wtf$ sS&)&oe"us, ss,
ch, x" 9& w<tf&oe* ^ JiS7^cco.
eojfl
if. English Grammar 67 &3[fcc&
EA-. : . ll gas (sycifo^) gases (cdo>aD). 2]bus (SDO^_-
buses (&>o&>). 3] ass(rr&tf)
asses(n-&tfeo) 4]. kiss
(&>&) kisses (2&&e). 5]bush
(STtf)bushes
(S^sf-:).
6l brush(ssboS)
brushes (&o3e). 7]branch (S^^&^Y_
branches(3ix> r&^eo). 8]
watch (rtdcptf&3) watches
). 9]box
(~S>!>)boxes (I^OD). 10
j pass
passes
8"j Singular Number tJ5
*plural
"ies"
.s.
1] city (?SKtfx>; cit/^(SKtf&aeQ). 2]
'^ ?tf&tfs5e). 3] country (StfjSao)countr/*?-s
4] story (^^)stores ^tfc). 5] family (&aaoa>5Sca)
-
family's (SctDoa)SSx>e). 6] lady (^)Note : .
c
y
oe.... e^a 'plural number'
tfS5j 30) keys (Vtf> a^o>). 2] .monkey ^*&)monkeys (g^&ex) 3] ray (StfcaSSao)
ray^ (S^^^). t~
kidney (sS^jji^oiSxo)kidneys (sSw^2>otfsS&e). 5] journey
journey^ (^da^sssSaco)* 6] pla> (wt) play-
4]
6c
number1
Ex, i. 1] mango (&p&as$oefe)mangos (sS^StoftsSo^). 2^]
her
/.7 /rfrn-ss- -^efeenV Si echo
IP. English Grammar 53
. 4] valcano (wA^^tfsS) valcanc
tf3$s3) 5]buffalo
(Tte)buffelo^
(7?3e).
vnumber* e
**;1] photo (o^ttsg>) jphot^ (a^So&G)). g]
radio
zs*f^radio-? f^s^sT^eo), 3] piano (rooA#$) "^^) -'p^
(iSoAtfs^- "3bjSs). 4]bamboo ^o^o)
-
'
borriboo^
5] canto (so&) canto^-(s*o^^ex)).
5] Ts* rp f
fc
fe'5* r?Sj d<&K> "Singular Ntiihber'
sS^fee&- "plural form' d^S-sSpcreo "&..-.; 5 sS^Sx "OsStfKe4
i
:-1]
leaf (&) leavw(^s&ex)}.' 2]
Toaf
(cro^^j-OD). 8]life (^S^&D)~ K^
4] knife (&) knivw(^&es>). 5]
thief(fiTotf )
_ thic'vr.'
NOTE ^ 4
f'^ ^CP4
fc'5*
#5 S_5o;5i&. iasg- "s"^& s ^Kd:^^'sSi'L̂ &o 06^^ BPG.-.T pluralforms
;-1] hoof
(Btfj.)hoof*
(atf^ea). 2jroof
S] proof <(*tfj&Sb) proofs(iOi>
tfjrf
4] dwarf(si:efi3i^)_ dwarfs
(^.SEO^^CO). 5jsafe
safe^sj&sSl^). 6]
strife
form* ^o5- 'plural form' S&^:-
1] foot (2WJsi:)_ ft (a-tfSaw). 8]i^ teeth
j.. Bnglisli Grammaf ^9 ^N 3 < * ,~^ J SarOioicm moAi-i in* So5
). 3] women (A)_ won^n'
(d0-AT/lT'/r' CTB ff\ */ ^ <
'
v'' ( v J i
Olsiab! .v.:-
IJmouse (;>*) mice
(aaTtfcfi
). 2]1o7se
7] "^ ^^sp^JT sSfisScx>., agStev... *plural numbers' r^^
&o&rooo. d3- 'singular number1
dj*SsSa3db.
Ex. : .
1] nuptials (tfo^c3*S&o); 2] measles CO&OSP^, S'o^oV
8] mumps (rfStfOtfjeo); 4] scissors(^Sd*); 5] pincers f^sS
CS^D); 6]annals
(^fi^), 7] obsequies (Atftf [c^co)5 &] spe.
, ctacles^^sS^dfc^, 10] thanks (^\^es^oi) etc.
PF I
.
^
8] g^a^ Kp&sptftf irf&acpS) fcsStf- *s' ^od, sj^'plural numbersWSingular number' cj^ss^
A-. : -
ij politics (o-E3c& w^sb), 2] physics (o^T3]
Mathematics (rteSd^sio), 4] Mechanics(bajo
5] News.(sKf) etc.
9J g"a^ Nouns- 'singular. number' &*&>, 'plural number1
s*;^,
: .
1] sheep (fl'gJiT'aeo), 2] deer(gafo-^), 8] swine
, 4]cod (^o&Sb^s Sj3|^o&&o& ^aa), salmon
*
etc.
'nouns'
4ofiroa. ll dozen-*
(o(jo<&[co), :3]gross (So^o&'XsSoLao&jea) 3] hundred
, 4]thousand ^3ca|3e)' 5]
score ^e^a/X)), 6] pair
XP. English Grammar BO ssSJbcifiaj
-v. ; .]]
This air cooler costs three thousand rupees
5tfs ^otf^ 3fcp&3aJ3o &-PC&W SD& 3&o&). 2]She sole
five dozen eggs (&!b o& sSo^o&fc
10j
&'s ?o< &tfSJ*ao>;6 &*ajL'nouns'....
- "^ "Compound Nouns"
1] Soa-in-law (ww&) son^-in-law^ex)0|jfo)* 2] Daugh-
ter-in-law (*&eo) Daughters-in-law (Sf^tfojefc). 8] Step-sor
step-sons ($ ^efo^beo)* 4i] Step-brothci
) step-brotherJ (K5^ fr*tf&co), 5]Maid-ser
vent(tiSS&a'co)
Maid Servants ("&S&ot
o[&). 6] Comman-der in-chief ts^S5s Commander^- in-Chief
*
singular numbers* r? ^aL^coi r^fc .. 5-ejb. 0- 'plural number*
^i3 c^O^OM.^
*:- people (Ls5ae), poultry (t*5j), cattle(sSai^e) etc.
lii] eS;tf:S5j3&rp&, so"eo ScsKio^goSj n&- 'singular number*
&oS 'plural number' & ^o^eo^.... a ol>Sj ^>
opte,(') rts&sSi ADO, Sa t^^ s as
1] Tlere are three i's and four e's in tliat sentence(
a^oSao 4
:2a-& ''( &acBb ne^ Vwtfoft). 2] The teacher
6's and three 12*s on the black board
13] ra^ 'nouns'.... 'singular number's*- a,8f
'plural BUmber'o*. >f sS $&, a)^o. ^, LS S
.....,, .v .
.
j.fr. fangtish Grarmttar . 61
1]tin
(tfrftf&o)-tins
'
(tfol6j). 3] copper
(3&V fishes
, quarters
), 2]iron
($&sb>)- irons
coppers (a*A
spSsSaeo). 4] fish
). &] quarter
Gj spectacle
7]
io)- spectacles
customs
9]
lights
12"] respect
- goods
. 10
force ('j)-- respects 13] good
uren"
!
Ex,*,i]
ox(i)gb)
*
(4co), 8]brother
!
s^ix))brethren (e,
^'
151 eitftf
^^05)-
2J
cbild(a
brother^
children
'Nouns1
- Bases
(A) 'Greek9
s^SpsStfoijjco:- 1]Axis (<) Axes
21 Analysis (agJeaS&o)- Analyses . ^0#83fS3$e). 8] Basis
). 4]Criterion
([jS&pee&o)..Criteria
Crisis(f5ot>5>&)-
Crises
! 6] Hypothesis f(jS'SocCosk>)- Hypotheses
'Heybrew* EsySrSjCisibco:- l] Cherub^ ^sS^pd)- Cherubim
). 2J Seraph (/T'sSj SScJptf)- Seraphim
fCJ 'Italian9
Bandits
:- Bandit - Banditti,
f'
.
'
J.P. English Grantniai i'-;au^icfc ^oM^ ni
.Gender (eofto;,
&j'&> i&f$oov>.... csofj:o?iooiXi)- "Ij Masculine Gen
2]Feminine Gender, 3]
Common Gender,!,]
Ncuicr li
1] Masculine Gender (^c2or>ixi):-^io^'6!b 30^'Nouns'&j 'Pronouns'^- "Masculine Genders". eS WQ&
*:- Boy (E?CO&),Man (sii^:^^}, He
(aC5^), His(
j3^^.) Him^wfiJaa)
etc.
2] Feminine Gender (^ aort&o):* ^^sa uOc.vbv3d
'Nouns'i-i, 'Pronouns' &- "Feminine Genders11
c^A oo.>
A:,:. Girl ^^sf), Woman (^ ; ),She
(im"3>),Her ^& i3t'i
Hers^waofi)
etc.
3] Common Gender (&tfd& Qofi*^);-, ^ci^^&rori'-ib,
.spaa n6^; ^ Bofloesa irfo BOcOa'JdLi^ 'Nouns
1
fi^ 'Pronouns';
"Common Genders" <a>Q wc^v-&. /;.v.: Doctor(;;5^.;^X La*
yer (^goi)s^s),Friend
(&(jfcc&|&|&oFoj), Thief(w'o^), Pu;
"(ODDSS)>Baby C^ 35
).FOQ
(^L&^)' l ^& )>
You
(s3&), Them ^5^0 )etc.
4] Neuter Gender(
4
'Neuter Gender" s^ wc&p8b. ,v.:- Book(^ofiJS), Pt
sS) f Chair(^fi^^,
tree (3to), Building (atf), Bridj
),It (e|*a|Graajaaa) f Ant(6&), Parficle(^^.^/g^$
etc.
From Masculine lender vc* .SV^inSne Gtrr^vr (:;<'
! J p. English Grammar 63 *$\L<&
A) 'Masculine Gender' sStf3o& uStftf- "ess"
11
Sayi ^o -.. a-*
Feminine Gender 1
n ir^5'
.v.:- 1]Author (tfrfotf)- Authored
(tfrfoaj*). 2] Poet().Poet^v (sSQ[G). 8]
Heir(sptf&efo). Heir^v (W&oex>).
4']Priest
(wtf^&efo)- Priest^i-(ftstf^&D-a)). S]
Lion(fcosS^sSaa^.
Lion c\w (ss* &o&&:>). 6]Host (o(& '"Sa4^efo). Host^j? (o&
4) 7]Patron
(2J*5iSbefo)-Patron^'J
^^Sba-sxi). 9]Gaint
B)
"ess"
x.:-1]
Actor(<&>&>)- Actress
(J6fl). 2] Founder
(|psS&icp). 8]Murderer (sSotfSb&)-
. 4]Prince
(ct&sSc^)- Princ^j (cS&ScpsS). 5] Tiger
- Tigris- (^do^^j). 6]Master (o&23&a)- Mistr^5 (c^3
.
7J Emperor (^(fsSj>)- Empr^w ^tf^sS_6a). 5]God
C)
o& sSyfl^ ^e-..*wD- '^o^ SS^sSxj'san8 ^OS^COD. ^v.j-l]He.-
goat ^is'^db)-she goat (&&t}. 2~\ Pea-cock (&X 3&o)-
pea-hcn (3&3aaO). 8] Cock-sparrow (&rtMr,V hen-sparrow
(es&i-&;.s). 4]He-buffallo (fiaSj^tf;)-
She-buffalo(ria).
5] Land-lord" ^^So) Land- lady (sxpSr^SScR)). 6]Washer-
man(cpSkE3*&)-
washer woman ^^a). 7]Jack-ass
(s^K
rvfici). Jenny-ass (fl&rrficJ). ft]He-bear (&^ ^ea^eoe3).She
bear & ia>^oKo6. ^ Bull-calf g^^^S- Cow.Calf
D) g*aj, 'uirjOo^ sStfsSxj'co- a^^-v :- l Boy
J.P. English Grammar 84 sarSifccBb ssoAS ins
Girlfc--6i). S]
Bachelor ^a^tra)- Spinster
i'jHusband
($')-Wife (Wg). 4] Father
(tfo|_a)-Motl
(cf:\ -5]Cock
(gMssos?)- Hen(i^aib'do). 6]
Son (j^tfDaughter 'ji^i")- 7] Dog (^Kgog'^)- Bitch (w&SoS^
"] King JJT>B)- Queen (o*s). 9]Wizard
(&poLp&fc)- Wit
f^oJ-l'ccr'Ex). 10]Ram
(gpjsea)- Ewe '-
(&/T'S). 11] Li
^a:&}. Lass(a?S^).. 12]
Monk (^Si)- Nun1 :
"]Drake
(j^rr&)- Duck
E '^oOd-f S5d,'ffl'
! lv,
IjHero
i^c^r^ci&efc).. Heroine
(^5p^dt6&c78
ex)). 2] Execut<
^rr^-^iifcj.. Executrix(aa^oJ*&cpeo). 3] Proprietor
r?5':'- proprietrix(frotftfig).. 4} Widower
* it,owV^;I^)- 5j Fox
(^o^)~ Nixen (
Bride-groom (i&&). Bride (&$)., .'
Case(sif)-- sr-^^6^- 'noun* e3c^ 'pronoun' &*....
caseas . 6:-4iioi. xo ...
g*&^ ^ofifS^^xjear8. 'pronouns'^ ^i
A -^ i/" % ' ,v ',
* /^o c ft'' """ X* H' i ~! *TLTa.,3 ca.e fc jjsjw .
jj Nominative or Subjective Caser^Objec.ive Case, g] Vocative Case, 4] Possessive Case" wS
1] Nominative or Sabjective Case(,*
a.S'si'S'gi^'ioii- 'Subject ,'*'
i')' ^ Ar̂ , nou
."g^j'-yi "Nominative or Subjective Case"^ An'd7a"'"" *
: '
:' --'^:..-?i \x-^o:r-.i!
JP. English Grammar 65
1]The dog is a faithful animal (gb^
* B-tf^Sna* 'Subjcct'n- & 'Noun*, 'dog' &Sa. sa4
Subje-ctive Case's* Atf^a.
2]Kumar kicked the ball (&&*& 00aa #3^0- *3 ^ f-'-^S
"Kumar 11w& 'Noun'- Subjectir ^o&r:...,t
subjective Case* c"
2] Objective case(a^fcdfc. atfJ)u *s ^^^ 'Object
l
noxm(c^sSaa-^sSa)
1
.... iS*"e 'Objective Case*
1]Chitra sang a song (^ ^
'Object1^ J&S^ Noun "song
11
e&Sa. ^a 'Objective case's*
2]The pen is in the
'^^^e/j^essic 7-W^
'object' r? &^ Noun- "pocket" && qa- 'objective case**
Note :- a.^^6 a,"g sp^p^a^.... Bo& Objects* Ao&-b
55tfi^f&.
^-v -:- Renuka gave Chandrika a valuable ^/// tfo&-8^ "gave"
- "Chandrika" ^QC&D u^ift" & -Boefa 'objects
1
"gift" e&6fi ^^^)! "Chandrika" cs&sa- sS^ a!!4^*
fS 'objects'^- "direct objects*' e^fc, sSr^b
o& 3ofi?6 'objects1^- "indirect objects'
1
^fc eao^dij. 'Indirect
Object'rv* 6^ 'nouns'^- "Dative Cases(tf&fi $Soe)" ea?S
3] Vocative case(gofi^tfSJ'g* S)tfJ)v
3,c3 SbeotfLtoSb ArjSc3j-Ao^s>efo 'nouns1 s- "vocative case
1 *
J.P. English Grammar 68 &\&ti& soAS [n*
.v.:. 1" 06W? forgive nie
(L 5$)^ t tf&^L
QSvetka* come in, L I^BP,fi^sSCfi
cr-)! g] G7/7,?, sit down(e?
A'0/<? :- 'Vocative Case's* & 5pSiFrf&:?i Sto^s*
41 Possessive case (siS^ssJ ):- .&J \ *_a /
''object" si&2- 'subject-' cSatf^ Sp^o^rr5^ ^CP subject
Mir:3 (possession)r?^ AcS^db.... ^d3 'subjecl'rv
*nouns*r:> "possessive cases" Sc?. "genitive cases
Ev.:- Ramya bought Mecna*s car^ef&g
i] Keerthana has taken officer's charge(fitfS
-
s^tfri ?^5cSf5:). ?] Baby took Brings book Vz
AVw :-
/i) ^^sss^^ 'verb'fe SaoiS 6S^ 'noun1- 'sxabjectlv
case' *=!--; "verb1* tfiisptf 4^ 'noun
1
-'
objective case* <5 ;i
o-v. : . The ^iV/ kicked the ball
oc:!). "kicked" e& 'verb's
'subjective case1 ^^
fg&^g ^ -ball" ^Si ^oup 1
. 'objcctive case' e^rCr- Ar^. ;
.
'
;. ,;,.;,,.,
"
} r
.Vtf/tf ...
(ji^ f^^tfsian. g,,^ 53tf sSaiotf '-'preposition' tf5.vc4S5sA.tfs5^. 'noun
1
rpfc t 'pronoun' rpfe.... 'objective case'
*"!- AO^OSS. ^-:.l]
The pen is on the table(sf
.
S^a). 2j Sujatha is angry ,>/, 7, ;e , ^g,Si.a). 's
r'Sji:^. "on", "with" a& prepositions 2o
-^M. "table"-.- ;r-0-..n,
-Ke" & prorsoun- 'objective
j.P. English Grammar 8Y uJCi&cSi s,o,Mi: rr--:,
;. (m) &*5Ttfe83SMrp 'nouns'- ) caseo* &\ '
^Q&otfO stftf SSfiJ&ao*Ko cSoEJotf<S
?ya. )3....'pronouns'6re
-"you", "it'^
E..v. :. "I, We, He, She, Who, They" w&SSJ-
1
Subjective Case c6
n.... sjS)*
subjects'^ ^r-i^2o s^S^-^c-^c:^^ E^
. "Me, Her, Him, Them, Whom, Us" ts&rX-4
objective case1 ^8
aSj* L̂5o &oii-cco. esSrr.... =}- 'objects'rp
SSpiftJA 5jDS/
SS^s50j;)O<& &*3S'53jAo^aD(^oi9<X3.
Note :-
^iv)J> ^sSDS3*to3' sStfsSSlc6Sr ... C-Si'- apostrophe (')
&ti^^cfo..., <3 RpS>53tftfsS 'possessive case'js*
Usage of Apostrophe (w^g-?1] [SrEs^o AS^B Z3*&&j0&; s^osSa
(Time), ^P^S' (Weight),
?oocki ('space^ bib SoeaoSoQS oP&i^tf^sSaoSb OsStf- apostrophe& v 7
(')s^adijaD s OrSo f&^.^j^AoCT1
. Sp^tfea&or?.... apostrophe-(s
of
(c^s"^.)'
1 w& wtf2i& ^0^0(3.x. : . Gayatri's pen, dog's legs
donkey's milk, a week's journey, a month's time, a day's
march, a pound's weight, a stone's throw, a hair's breadth,
etc,
Note;* iJK-a&^a S&S&oSb' &6ctfa <sySf*ssio& rSr:cc53-r.^V^
53"CJ^iooSb OSSd* apostrophe a ^sSdSp^o^^p^^:. esciiai ^iccr?*'
*of s &*^i 6'i>fapAo^C).
x. : . a^ The. roof of the house(a,sSj)-
The house's roof
(tfSSj)i, b)The leg of a Chair
(c-3\>)-A Chair's leg (^V
c)Th'e wings of the fly (e*s3v)-
The fly's wings (tfsS^) d)The
legs of the ant (^)-The ant's legs (tfSxy)-
2} ^'eaioSbSoflS c3*&53tf^ sStfsSas>& ^Stf
'
apostrophe S) rr^
-ofcS> rv>JO 6S5SyAotfSi&x
\&, *:-a)
The horse's tail (or)
}.F. English Grammar . &BesSi|j>c&
The tail of the horse, b)Sita was Rama's wife (or) !
was the wife of Rama*
81 l~^& s5dSSe* &P& &&1 ^&^tf&>otf"8,... 0^0 Stillx,
jt *f
&"#& (apostrophe)A &OIF). #:-
a) Mother- in law's ho
b) Brother-in-law's building, c) Commandcr-in chief's ore
etc.
ll r3&j Ss &*&^ sp&.prfg'&oo.S
noi^lr: rfo^SjaS*- apostrophe
.v.-.a)
for Biercy's sake, b)a ship's crew, c)
death's dc
etc,
Z] KlkStfS fiJp^^S18^ Rj-sSagprfg' ^dj^oSb >sStf~ s eS^i
^'s sjjxs )sS<^- apostrophe JO-Aot), s & ^^ So*^.x, : .
a) women's club, b) children's society, c) men'setc.
6] jirfrsttS 7aas^tf5' o3cjace& OStf- s r?R> f es
apostrophe a sSr-rtfsio ^ou?6 ^co&. 3f.: -
a) boys* playgroiu
b) girls' school, c) foxes' tails, d) asses' burden etc.
T] ,:' <^ ?S^adi^o^^ 3sSiEa-tftfiS)Sh .... a.^ <? S5 BeoC gj m^ ,
iJcf^cfc- 5 ^S3S3if^2bD^& asStfs$j.jtf^3 apostrophe Sb8cS
s & fcoB-t. &f. : . a)The Governer of Tamilnadu's residenc
b;The Nizam of Hyderabad's palace, c) Our sister Sunkha
marriage etc.
^ oodfo
apostroph> s 0& 4oo.fi. E.v. : . a
) Rajaseihar and Jeevitha's marrj,b) aJ.P. and B.S.P' s rule, c) William and Mary's Com-
pany etc.
J.P. English Grammar
-strophe a &OCT>>. *:- a) I've(I have), b) Don't
(Do not),
c)It's
(It is), d)Can't (Can not), e)
Didn't(Did not) etc.
Usage of Capital Letters
(Ibtf wjgtf&ae L&533*rt&)S^^O'esSSan
8 ort &$s$as>S^dSa> 'smallletters(c^ji ^*.i'
S&eo)1
8*^ Lpdjoo^^co3.*-:- eye, ear, finger, they, cat etc,
Note :- ^i'
^oKsSeisSaoe^S w^tf&ioKn cob 'small Letters' r:
OC CO ***
|tfSa 'Capital letter(lei:
a, Ramya, God, The Ganges eic.
- 'Capital Letter' n f
1] riS ^g&jS4^ SwtfeS SSfi3S <SM^J-
ff*a wKtf&s&- Capital
letter1^
[j3dSpO.^-:
l]What is your name? 2] My sister
is a teacher. 8]The pen is on the table,
2] English poetry(^oK^r
^5x))6^a $& &tfsS(Iine=ssSoSB )ciasT^
6 s3eSsSfl*a witfsS& 'Capital Letter'r? UP-O^D.lv.!w
Jack and Jill, Went up the hill, To fetch a pail of water.
8l "Proper Nouns" wwn*.... $& "&, &&^gd"ti6, Stf3%9
-Isdb 6x!6^ SieSsSe25ofiO* w<tfSSa- 'Capital' LetterV
i5jc&). *:- The Ganges, Geetha, India, Chennai, Teaali,
The Himalayas, Andhra Pradesh etc.
4*1 "1" e&> sStfsSaaSi) nBSi; *God
7
S)5di3o ta So^^S^i <3oao3oC;icj-
I
&fy3'& (pronoun)'^^too 6ro
l' ^Xtf^)^ n-fe.... Capital letter1
r^ipcto^O."v :- a)
When I went to Hyderabad, I saw the
zoo. b]I pray God to shower His mercy on our family.
51 a,* 53tfc&ae*a 'Direct speech'^ f5oeioSoS)?3
*Capital Letter'n-
i\ English
ajRoopa said, "My mother brought some new bangles." tA
Chowdary told, "Our business improved .a lot/3
6] ^ s^^e:^,,^ s'^s^o &*&s&- Quotations (" "Jdr*J o'. fi ^ ^i^ 2ix,:rr- ?rcl^-CcKc^.., <s Quotations |Sr5'o^ ,';:.;"!'& -S^DI- D w t~-
<ysU'sxo?^- 'Capital Letter' r? ^^,-0. ^"^:- Gandhi ji said,
"Truth Is God",
^Capital Letters' rr>'.pci'.pCu
^v. : . The Governer of A P. was
received by the Collector aud the District Judge at the
Gannavaram Air-Port.
'
capital letter' rr- ,poBj. E.-V-:-a)O Death, what a great
relief you ^ive to us, b) O Sleep, what a great comfort you
give to ail ereucures.c)O Sword/ give me an everlasting
victory again&t my enemies,
Silent letters
Bomb fs3*oa"V Hour (spSSS"). Palm f^^),.-' Island
"),.Wednesday' (3a SS^y ^e ^C<&o ^^;.cfes>c&*
,
.,
.
"'Silent Letters
r.P, Engligh Grammar 71.iS|&dBa. 30AS
'silent leters'& -
:- Bomb (o-S), Hour(s$ff). PalmOS).
Wednesday sSTi. 3 to ... g eso
:.1]
Bomb iVS}-
2] Comb(gS)=ca3^. 3] Debt(sfi)=
Sjy f 4]
ss^^^Sio. B]Dumb ^tfS)= sSo^^. 6] Lamb
(
8]Thumb (^S'^^^dofe^^. 8]
Tomb (^^s
2]Scene (^)=^gSS:o, 3] Sceptic. ('&&')= ^otfcsSr^fe, 4]
"Science ^ST^)=s Ds^Ssb, 5JScion f^du^^j^ ^o&tf^^ 3]
Scissors (ft835"v=:tfatf.\ (v/ a
6G S
A^Botfasi?) ^?J^ oifiS6we:.l] Benign (kg^W dcs
Kw, 2] Consign (gS"^)= fco$y\otfv 8] Design [fisiS')= ^sS
tfo^S, 4]Gnat
(Sfi")=dabg OSSpSsSa, 5] Reign (3ff)~ S*c:^
6j Resign (8S^)a=tfg*otfb; 7] Sign '(^S")=^6 f
-
asS^S:; ]
Sovereign ^a^S1
)^^^.*H* A^So*Jtf& S'S^ c3tffiM :-
1]Heir
(&ff)= s-tf&&,
3]Honest (3)= s*cS&fe f 8]
Honour (So)t= iT-tfSSxt
4]Hour
(wsSS^srrfoto, 5]Hotel (fcaff)= frto6r^ ajgs; 6]
Humor(dfijsSa5)=:tfa,
S&.
'1C d^Bo-SSttfiSS .^^i, ^^^ : - Knack (31")= tfsSu*rj_
tfs5, 2]Knave (^5) =^^rv&, 3]
Knee(fc)= ^-3*ec, 4]
Knicker (a^)sB&, 5]Knife (35)= tfS, 8] Knit(aff)=
eacofc; 7]Knob (f^^)-^^, ^swda; S]
Knock(53-r)s=tfe43,
ef Knot (Rs-^KSaa, 10]Know ()= BO&r^; 11]
Know.
ledge (^35)==300 f O^&a; 12] Knight (3ff)= fci&.
JJP. English Grammar 72'
esS^dfi sjoAS
:- IJ.Aims (&^)= eKsS,
i/'dLxx.; -ijBalm
(sr-S)tr:&sp?SS 3o, 8]
Calm (sS)= ^'3
-/:.:, 1,j
Oalfr--4^, ft
]Flfc ^2") = ^&<^SPSS:o, :
6]Half
; r.
)-r:;^:-, ,'
]Talk (^s')n::^^, 8]
Walk(a*! )
= ?6^
t&ti, ^']Would (^5) 3.^b-)&^.
*3N?
d^^^wG^^^S) 2"?^ 6^^000: :.-1]
Autumn(*s &>>)
=
-=^CPCO ^o^ 2]Column (s5:S)= a,^ ^/<&o; 8]
Condemn
r :?)=ao!c&, r':^^:;-i",
Baml (^^T^rttfto&d^ 6] Hymn
*'P ?
d^X3o^s)2N 3T*S^ ^JSoo&o :- 1] Psalm fSr*&)=
Ac^slx -"! Psychology ("^^^^^^J^ ^}^ ^1
tj '"-'-' -*.'
v '"'" ^ "
r.
' Harm f^S^r=:l&, ^^).
;T?
w^>-c^s5wct' T8
^^ oi^^oso :. Hasten^ Oj
$&&, i i Listen ^ToT^^^eo, 8jOften ^"2
J.l Soften (S>T;n^")^Zo^SD^od:uC V- ^^SwCJ^^c ) 3^S)5
fco50}^^ :.1]
Guard
z*6, 2"! Guava(r-?Ep'} = ^5SDSSo&, 8j Clless^S)^^^, .4]
Guest
tS, f"Guide (R5) = c^5ir>rr,, i]
Goild(Ao"]=75a5 s (SsSpeaSS^;
Tl Gllilt (A'J^^t^D.' v o /
sspa^ 2]Sword (^)trs?, --]
Wrapper (o'5~)=:. sSa^tf, 4]
WroM (cpo/T)= tfsi^ 3] Wreath (6S'')= sSye. 8] Wrist fa^W*-V / x.
T J \ / J \ o /
& 5!^^, "1 Write (c)~):=}srdLr*pj j \ --
j/~^ F"?** ji *.'
c* V ^ '**v*is <ffs % ,'*^ - j *. * t~l T^* /*?% "rf" / ""*"
O*' r'' \li 1 1 ^^" COiwSis3c^ ^ v^ o-wiv^jOO *, I jDrigfii ( :o idj j^r
(><::, t'
7
]'Caught (c'iTVr ii;:-"A., 8] Delight (flpfi)t=s
;'.,..:'"s^ 4] Fight Q::)^-*,, r-] J-iglit (:)=: V^-c,
J.P. English Grammar 73 ejS'&cSi
6] Might (g>S>. oe>sa>,. 7] Night (3$)=o.L6, S] Tiglt
9]Jhigh (3)=arrf^io] Thought(o.ff)=e* tff5, li] Though'!, 1:]]
1]Drachm
( LtrS)=,$ rotf/ifratf, 2
3]Parliament
(^g3:oS-)= LsSS!oe ^, 4]
, 5]Could
(&<f )- ^c^Kea^^, 6] Should'
7] WOlild(^ff)= -Sdasea&da, 8] Youth
. e>a
Active Voic and Passive Voice
'j&....' "Active voice
v.:. Shilpa kissed the child
^osSxere_ "Shilpa" & sStfsSao- Subject (-^4
kisscdf
^&^.... "kissed" u&> verb ^- "Active voice"
2] e,cT
f
6a..o "Passive voice
:. The child was kissed by Shilpa(og
Issp^gSMfl**.
"Child" ea& S5^&o Object (tfcJ^)!& ^
*was kissed^sSao-tftt&SS)
1
K&^,... ^s *Verb form
&- *4
Passive Voice"
c
voicef
I.P. English Grammar
ive Voice' flf B^
'pasive voice's* 2C. Sa.T srS'^^- ^^ 'voice
'voice' r^l SL-S;.^&.... e
w'::g*- TL- Sl--2b "a:, ?^K:,
FROM ACTIVE VOICE TO PASSIVE VOICE ;
'Active Voice' r:4. a,^ 8-^|sJSi- 'passive voice' B-tfgr.
1]'Object (^)'&- 'Subject ^tf)
f
r
^&- 3-a 'Tensed .&SfloO -.- sfc*dSi Subject
-r--. Si verb &- c& 'past participle***- J
:f^^ :.1] ^^^s7T.. "by" & %
sSdJs3a&-" 'Object1
t'-oSi c^;. 2~4
S-ubjectf
&.... 'by'S- 'Object'n- ficp^, ^s
ju killed the bird.
f.v;vt' rtvY*:- The bird was killed by Raju
/. :- 'Active voice'6"^wbird"es& 'object'- 'passive voice'a"8
Subject*n ?:-:l^c. f rl-d?S 'Subject'^ tfA^tor?- verb form
was killed" e^ l
past participle'r? ^slSfi. fi^l "by" *&s5tfS:o
S:::.n S2S6. ?- &$&.,.. 'Active .Voice'-rs
a.... '"Raju"
^ri, ^Subject1
- "passive voice' sr5
.... 'object' r? 3dti&.
\jf-
'
^ *\ '.
, IP. English Grammarr^ ssaftcA goAfe L
na>ff
'*', Active Voice :- Sarika beats the dog,'
Ptfssfvt* FoiY*:- The dog is beaten by Sarika
>*>/.:- 'Active voice' G*3....<
dog"- o& 'Object'- 'passive
>'voice's*.... 'subject' rv SreiSa. eso' sSpc!-^Subject'& CA^ton*....
3>
verb form S- "is beaten" <a& 'past participle' r? sfreStfa- "by"
''
So 6&'sSa wtfSsSun- 3aS& fift tf&sptf.,./ 'Active Voice' fi^O
"
"Sarika" w& 'Subject'- 'passive voice1
e* 'object' n ^5^.5 FROM PASSIVE VOICE TO ACTIVE VOICE ;-
'Passive Voice* o* &&\ &* 53^gSasSs-'Active Voice' 6*^5 sip
a*^
OO"&..-- ^*v ed'C5ol::rv*- aSjJ*^ ^j^LOJNGD,
:. 1] 'Object1
- "Subject' n S^esaeSbofl. Sj 'Subject'-
'Object'^ apcaa^ofi. 8]--wS 'object'^ w&r&w&an-.... 'verb
form' ^PI^ s$T*co><&o.S.
^SiJcO3*fi
cooo^ew;-.l] passive voice'eJ9
cScf^i^tfeoSiiiri^sSi3j-Aotf
3
jx)&- "By" <a>& 'preposition' ^oAotfco&^oa. 3]"be" o3
>. Passive voice : She is loved by me,
/fvt' Ko/ce :- I love her.
. :- 'Passive Voice'e^S.... "me" esSi 'object*- 'Active
Voice's*.... "1" w& 'Subject'n8 ^aScGa. w^S....' passive voice
7
^a..,. "She" &9& 'Subject'- 'active voice'a^,... "her"
'object'rv- rc-r>ja,itt
by" o& preposition ^oflotfaafSa
*'is" &9^>-4
be'atoS'j.
e&^sS^p ^oAo^^S^a. 4<
loved" w& verb
form- SreS5 object & wrSa^ra^or?-.., "love"r? Sjr-cSfSfl,
Passive Voice -Mangoes are sold by him.
Active Voice :- He sells mangoes.
,;- 'Passsive Voice' ato....l<
liim" & *object% ^Active
.,*
r.,|S
, ,
j.i>. kngiish Grammarc;.'o|ufc auA^ (^
Voice's*.... "He" ia>& Subject n s^toa. c^rL*, "Mango
u& 'Subject'- 'Object'rv s^d^&. "sold11 c& verb form. &,
object^ w&rtbsSsn-...'
sells ',v &v:Sa. *]}y' J^aotfu,^
.. "are" cs^- 'be1
B[8ofl
Voice :- I love jou,
Passive Voice :- You are loevd by me,
X.K.s- Th? Headmaster will promote the students,
P.y.i- The students will be promoted by the Headmaster,
A.VJ- SJie does the work.
pj/-:- The work is done by her.
A.Vt- She has milked the COWK,
P.I/.:- The cows heve been milked by lien
A.Vt- I sent her for the job,
jP.X.:- She was sent for the job by me*
'A.V*i- The peon is ringing the school bell.
P.V.i- The school bell is being rung by the peon*
Direct Speech and Indirect Speed
- "jl Dire
Speech dsitf j< v$), S] Indirect Speech (i^^ ^a M;
1] Direct Speech (Lsj4jg^ r*'~*);. isu" fca-cb
- fSan a^ S^^orfa^yt,^.... '"Direct Speech"
. x. s . She said, "I will conic" ("^ ag^& wa
iljj.P. English Grammar 77 &̂(& ^ ,_ t.
,
, w__^ ^^ ^i-^^
jVo/f :-'*Direct Speech' 6*- &&
r Comma(,)
&T&- baa... Quotation Mark " J1 =
x
^^^ capitai
letter(la^ o<tf sSaa)^ ^pcXr*!). a\:- Asha said,
aMy motier is
a teacher"
FROM DIRECT SPEECH 1O. SPEECH:- 'Direct Speech'^ &^ >3^g
Indirect Speech* er*a sSptf^a^&.-^B .^o
//vcr Sjievch:- .Jalaja said, "Now lam going to temple"
Indirect Sjwch > Jalaja said that she was then going to icm-
pie ^o& wSijifo Ki4a-.3&&S^drp -ttfo
&C5S^cr rf&?65oO .., *Direct^
&3&- 'Indirect Speech'^ ^ 3os$
.
2]
t sSoCib ^^ s^sSp(,)-
5*0,^0^104^.8]
ss&s
1
tfo apt)oa^od3tfo"ft SoC&- "that" es& conjunction ;5vc?.
4]*.
lNow" e^?& Adverb- *tbenW ^p-J?Sa.5]
"F && pronoun*
'she' n8 sSpeSAfl. wc6rp.... os verbaatf'j.
'Tense* &*33c3a.
JV^fg:* Quotation Marks So ^ooeS> ^o^S^*verb'*6i-" "Reporting
Verb" 00&
IF, English Grammar . 'TB &&|Sjc&i goASi.. [W&$
Changes, in verb forms: From Direct-Speechto- Indirect Speech;-
' ",
siSryefo.,..'Direct Speech's* &S^ sp^&ooi- Indirect. Speech"
l] ".Reporting Verb" &&&&- 'present tensed &%'Direct. Speech's* ^% ''verbs
1 '
raofc-'Tense
1
s$j*ea&.'
Direct Speech- She sayS'"Ths -dog is running".
'indirect -Speech:- She says, that the dog is -running.
&*& "says" e*&. Reporting Yerb-4
pre$eat4
Direct,, Speech'^ &h verbs (is running
.Tense s$p<K>s3&. Note:- *saysr& saeieoiT.... "will say"
'porting Verb5
&&^ &'.... 'Tense' ^e^ei,
2] 'Direct Speech' s^^sSa^.... Quotation Marks..?
simple .present tense tfj^sS.^^ ^indirect speech'
c6'S3)&.^* Simple past tense7
r? cSo^S^o^tfsSi)'
'"
Direct Speech- Jayaprada said, "I am an artist",' Indirect
Speech:- Jayaprada-said that she was 'an artist,.,
.
g I 'Present perfect tense' CP$XG *past perfect tens-e'rr- CCP^"O
^5'io: 3oii^e?Ci. Ex. i- Dir.ecr Speech*- Taboo saids"1 have -got
an award". Indirect .Speech:- Taboo said. that. she. bad. ..got an
award, 4<
nt 'Present continuous tense* 5p>^x>- 'past continuous
tense' tfp^Q^p'&sj So^^oSi. J5-X.;- Direct Speech:- He said, "My
father is leading news paper53
* 'Indirect Speechi- He said that
his father was reeding news paper." '
_
5"]'Direct speech' e* ^^ 'past tense'_ c^'sS^-- .'Indirect
Speech*^ -^P^ 'past, tense* . SipsSsSx)^^ ^ofc)p.o&,. SD^....'- ^^^
s"8
'simple past'teBse1
o^sSs^- *past perfect teu.se' rr*
Ke&. x.>- (a)Direct Speech:- Stefi Graf
said, *'I j?/a^J .tennis "for twelve years".'
Indirect speechi-
Stefi Graf said that she played teBiiis for twelve . years.
J.P. English Grammar 79
(b) D.S.i- He said, "Our sister vvem away in the night"1-S-i- He said that their sister had gone in the night
6] 'Reporting. verb'... /past tense' ?'<wS^$&.... 'Direct Speech'
e*a-%
Mwill f shall, may, can
11 & *3*d& L c&'e &&.... *In-
direct Speech's^' Sebtfrp- "would,, should, might, could" n
tfp&'otftf&D 3oKe&. *.:-(a) D.S.:-'She said, "Sudha wf//
come." /.'.: -She said that Sudha ivo^/J come.(b) D.St:- Nagaia
aid, "I shall go to Hyderabad**. 1.5.-.- Nagma said that she
should go to Hyderabad, (c) D.S.:~ He said, "Ravali maycome to-morrow," /.s.-.- He said that Ravali might come the
next day. (d) D.S.i- Suman said,t(
I can do this work". /.S.:~
Suman said that he. could do that work.
7] "Reporting verb" o&3<5 'Direct Speech' 06- 'said'n*
&o"fe.... 'Indirect speech' T*Sp.^ *"said' n*3 6o^^c^. -s:S..,.
"said to'1
es^ A^^efo sS^^&o...,^6 'Indirect Speech
1 o-'told'rp C5j*Spoei^sS Boib&ofi* Ex.i-D.Ss- Suresh said to
Naresh, "Ramesh... is wrong". 7.5.:- Suresh roM Naresh that
Ramesh was wrong.
Changes in 'Pronoun forms1
: From Direct
Speech to Indirect Speech:- $%&.... 'Direct
Speech' 6* &ri^ 'pronouns'- 'Indirect Speech's* ic!: ^r-rTr^
i]'Direct Speech' e* *^.... '1st person*"^ 3?iS
^^cj&p" Indirect Speech' ?Soe6- 'Reporting Verb*
'subject1
- 'person' T AO*...- ^'person1
c*S5
Ex.:- -(a) D.S.:- SAe,said f"I will go." /.S-:
:S/w said that jft,?
would go. (b) u.5.:^ said, "I wiil go." JS.:- / said that I
IP," English' -Grammar'
.. 80-
would go, (c).jxs.:- You said>- "I- will go,'1
IS..:., you said
that you would go. -''. ,
. . r :.
; '-.
'.'
.
2"] 'Direct Speech's* 4% lnd -person^'
3^S*pronouns'wfc^,..
"'Reporting Verb'crSrosQp 'object
1- & 'person* f
8 '
s&olb,... *3
*
person'
Ex. i'(a) ZXS.:- She aaid to -me, "You are clever/' :
. She
told Wthat'J was clever* (b) >,?.:- She 1
'
said- -to J0, "you are
clever/4
LS.:- She told jw/ that .v^w were clever;/'(c)
D. 5.: -
She said to f/i^w, "you are clever/' S. : - She told fft^/)? that
//i^r were clever,
Changes in 'Adverb forms' : From Direct
Speech .to Indirect Speech;- ^&.... 'Direct
Spsech'e* &% 'Adverbs*- Indirect Speech*^ o)g &r6rp> ?ocob
1] This- that, 2]These- those, 8]
Thus- so ^ in the same
way, S- that way, 4]Here- there, 5]
Now- then,.. 6] To-day*
that- clay, 7]To-morrow- the next day, 8] yesterday- the pre-
vious day, S] Last night- the previous night,- 10] Ago- before,
HJ Hence- thence, 12].Hither- thither, .
.
'.^
-
Interrogative Sentences.(^.^s^tfgSScoep) -I From
'Direct Sp'ceelf to "Indirect '-.'Speech':.''(
"
"Direct Speech' &cd "'Indirect 'Speech' a^^ si
Ij
*
Reporting verb' ^^efea&irj6 *ask'n* rv^ ^CP 'enquire1
sSreaQ&oa.2] 'lS
3]"that
11
w&sSc
iT.v.:- (a) J5.5,:- H.e said to me, ."Who has gone to WarangaJ!""!S. ;
. He asked m who had gone to warangaU "s&M^cr
Jf;P. English Grammar HI
o- Indirect Speech*'^3
'whether' rp s$&a.
(b) D.S.t- The guest said -to the girl, "where is your mother"
J.S".:- The guest enquired the girl where her mother was.
Ex. i.(a) -D.5.:- She said to me, "Did you see the Geverner?"
LS.i - She enquired me /"/ I hadtseen the Governer*
(b) D.S.i- He said to me, "Do you like Coffee?
J.S.-:- He asked me 'whether I like Coffee.
Commands and Requests (ss^ew *>& s>gwe3o) :
From 'Direct Speech' to 'Indirect Speech':- 'Direct
Speech' 6* &^4
w8aeo-wtfgifce'
Sentence)o&- 'Indirect Speech*
1]t
Reportingverb'S&
manded',*
ordered', 'requested', 'advised', 'prayed' So3 sS'i&saa
S$P>QX>. 2] Imperative mood1
3^ 6^4
verb'- 'Infinitive Mood'
fiT8a 8 sir>G0^ooi5.
Ex\:-
^a")D.S.:- The teacher j^fd to the boy"Get out from the
class-room." /.<$*.:- The teacher ordered t^ boy to get out from
the class room.
(b) .D.5.:- My mother ^/rf to me, "Never beep
company*" 7.S.:- My mother advised w& never
company.
(c) J3.S.:- The boy jafrf to the teacher,uplcase
me leave.'1
J.5.:- The boy requested the teacher to gram
leave.
(d) 7>.S.:- The woman said to the "queen,"kindly scvt- my
life/' ^^-:- The woman prayed the queen ro save her life"
J.P.English 'Grammar'
82 83&&C& qoAS irv&Si_ L CO
'
_, \
(e) D.S.:- The beggar 5fl/V to the passenger," please gW\me one, rupee/' ~/.5.:- The beggar begged the passenger /
--'"""
him one rupee,
Verb-Complement (|Sd5o-33?j$;t
{.,
iSd&eio-SSsgQSSan 11 - "Transitive Verbs. Intransitive Verbs i
U - 6) ..
j (complete) c
''Complement
1] Transitive Verbs (Stftf^ ^d&e):. ^ (object)
"Transitive Verbs"
^:- The boy kicked a dog (e^eodb
"dog" e5& 'object'
. S'&S'.,.. sjo^D "kicked" e& *verb1&- 'Transitive Verb'rp
'
2] Intransitive Verbs O^k' |8d&e):.-eftfi (object)^ ^
SOi^ cSSccotftfS8
a?S^e8. i .. ^r_5 ^sSa&. sa^ {Sd&Oc&-
%"Intran-
|,
sitive 'Verbs"" eS wbar&. ; ^" *
x. ; . 1] Horses ri/ (^g^exi &6Rfc&)i 2]Rivers //
sa-^gfiafir
1'objects' ^s&. sa2S&...: &
.... e*ofifo"ruif, "flow" e^^ 'verbs'So- "Intra.
sitive Verbs"n ^S*^.^?).
"S> "3oefo i^c^o otf'sS& ^_62d:i)& ASScap^sSefc 'coniple
s*."!] Subjective Complement, 2] Objective Complement"
J p. English (jramrfiar As
1] Subjective Complement :- 'Object' SsoovT*.... Subject'
'Intransitive Verbs'^o- c5o^cpfsS3ir6i ^S^o&k^. &Q (J> ftj
**
So* icS &&oc3c&&o&i.... "Subjective "Comple-
.ment" WP
2] Objective Complement:. 'Transitive. Verbs1- *object
...- ''objective complement11
-
Verb-Moodr
iScijbco
^^50 (Special functions)^ ^p
tf &<&..:. autf ssa (Action)
(verb foim)Sb-"Mood (6a)"
.. eito. .verb(,;Sii) c^sr
^ai: L c^
'Moods'^
J.F, English Grammar b4
.... "l] Indicative mood, "2] Impe
mood, 3"! Infinitive mood, i] Subjunctive mood"
1] Indicative mood
Ai-Srftotf^5^ jfici- "Indicative
f.v.:. il Subhadra reads news paper everyday'
-2*a sr-^-sS^ tffiSj^?&) ^s?a 5p^057orsS. 2]/* this
pen ^fi& ^c^)? ^a LsS^sp^g^o! 8]
If it rains, 1 ca:
go to school(SjftSa abeaS^....
^r. ^:fr!i]
How -beautiful this is(s?a
u w
2J Imperative. Mood(atfo^'
(order)' t'r5^ (request)', 3e#(Advise)', 'Jl&Jcp (Blcssin,
_:_i- 'Imperative mood'e^A'-:-
I] SitinJuj* on the bench
me go(
truth i4 God
you i
g] Oh G<. mercy upon us (* ^^^t __
3J Jnfitiitire Mocd* *;**,* ttca
-.l-. L d. 'Infinitive Mood's*
.P. English Grammar
.
"
Give me milk to drink (\&&te& ^SJS&M,)! 4"! T .,.. v
:
human (tfj Sctfxxb -?6s$f5sS?e3Sia)! 5] Kanchana went to wee*
her mother (a-otfS tffS ^C5^)\ CO
:- Infinitive mood's*&?S^ L c&*
'Infinitive
^ verb. 'nounV r?, 'adjective' n* rpS SCP 'Adve-
drink" ^^^SS-4
adjective' r^^; "to meet" &&>&&. 'advreb1
4] Subjunctive mood(dtftftf Qi
e
"subjunctive mood"
: .1]
I should not do so if I were you (fc3Si
a fe^ 536^ s*&), afSoSSa^ firfS! 2 God saw the
country (Stfsio&- tfKsSoab
3]Who lives if crops fail
TenseiSc^' 3*&
- "Tense
(Tense)&o?s5^n....
"i]|Present Tense, 2] Past Tense,
8] Future Tense" e$& *& Sj<5'^oDiT QftfotfaA &bio2.
1] Present Tense (^^S^c6 sr*oSu)u s,s ^^a'-'
(verb)'- *present tense' eT6^oto>oa. ^-:-
i]I am a boy
>). 2] She fa gofng to school
**-,'- '
'
'^'
' - 1.P. bngii^h UraiiiHiar y6 &3&[cbcjG *son
2] Past Tense (
;r:>2r3^:;& c^c^iS^ itfe,.., es(S cSb( verb-)'
-'l
past
dr^tx^l. v. : _ij Rajani ^ent to NeHore
(tf&S 3g3"&
'JMangala ir/'^t- a letter &
3j Future Tense
'Future Tense' ^: * toofi. jEar.:.i]
Kumar w///
row ;i^;r J ^^ yXoefo). 8]I shallgo within few mim
r* ***._
._ ^ w s^ ?^, rju(
KLMDS OF TENSES
! Present Tense tfar
(i) present indefinite tense
{8d!&.fci&gSa .
"jiadrfinite tense" fe simple piesem tense>
, ^^ ^^^:- : TA child ,/ -co
r ^ to
(ii present continuous tense(^o^^ a tf^.- 5,1
VE-J^ox.... 'Stf arSSatf..^....^^^te.:*^^ 8ed6ad&. .d6.
presenttense S B8y
Q school
towards
f,P. English Grammar 87 esiic& sioAS ir?^r____ _ _______ _ .
*~C*} *~
to school (&> &d 3Sjd&io^
jHe /i&s co/ne towards me
(iv) present perfect continuous tense(Sc*& 0^47-1'
Si tf 3Sje5 5*eSttY.. ;5tfr s*eotio3 iS-^oLo^^a, sio^> r?IB C
.
^
rVovp3 4^ ^?j^> dOd&^dSb[5cJ>Si*55b:rfD- "present perfect
continuous tense'* $> esoip&.' *:-1]
I /mvcj been recuJhi^ a
book ^^^ sS)^tf2S!&tfdb^)&S d&ofia), 3] I
to school (^?Sia:d
2] Past Tense
(i) past indefinite tense (0Sai
&>&- "past iadefinite tease" ^^> oir6. E^"-:-1]
The child
slept (& a|^25*<23&). 2]I wn* to school (a& KAS r-M;\
(ii) past continuous tense
-upast continuous tense" <=s& ?so^d. jf-:-
1^I vc75
/rtr to school 3&> ED^ 3&&*^ cSSboas)* 2jShe ^as/v^Jiw^
a book
(iii) past pefect tense
- SS&tf SsSad&S* 4?
past perfect tense" esS ^oi^ci. &.:Ij
1 hud VMC
to school 3&> 8Dd SC S cStoofia). 2]She haJ read a book ^.
-l
(iv) past perfect continuous tense (S'w ~^*S*
Bc&:2=x ;c&- ir-i^JCi- "P^ perftc-!
sw ^olj11^. "-v -:- P I /:<t'/htv?: ;!if
.rt
-' t4C
continuous tense"
J.P. English Otammar
school (& B3J 3**p3 Ao<5 dwoaa). 2] She hada bonk
(-,, ^^io.
3] Future Tense tf&'
(i) Future indefinite tense
"Future indefinite tense" ,a Modj ^ 2T.r .:.
'
jJ
j J//o// ^ ,(
school(*i
s-Bjtfji). 3] She ^///v^ a book (a 4 .'
'
(Ii) Future continuous tense
sto):. ^^^^o^,...^^31^3^ L2,^ ^^. -ip^ continuous tense"
r-:j
I shall be going to school
(in)FU tUre perfect tense_
toS.. "Future perfect tense" ato -school
(3ab BM 3C
nvVp'V'^7 a b k
(^^&ab ^as ^>otf^&
).(n) Future perfect coHtiouoas tease (tfo*tf Sos
.^" :
;:^:
: ^'^-^^....'^to^ *.& -
"F
!
~.<:
. a ^ v: .^ -J ,- ~.
kaVe beCn g f" t0 SChool
rcaJiji? a book
Participle
t ive\*^*
' -,j a
^ -*. v-- -^
J,P. English Grammar 89 e&!>c& 30AS ir_______________ ^-...-.-TT-J^-J...-^^^^- _ *- C3 *,
Adjective^ jfrea;S| Sjis$.Sa)wwa e*oL-*. -: participles-
*
2:r.'e
* : . She kissed the weep!}?* ek!!J(^
"weeping" r:: :.':....
"weeping child" wSn-.... "Sdfo&Sx j^" a tttf::! "Child" -^-* o- Ci 5.
noun &- "weeping" o&> verb- 'abjective* sSsS qualify t&Z^L..... "weeping" & verb- e5^ verb n-&* f sjis adjective
* siri^c^X)zicS^a. tf&^ ... ^ s^^^^a "weep" ^S: verb
- 'ing' ^Qctxoiio^ itf^as "weeping" es& verb form- ^parti*
Kinds of participles
jS'^pspoSaa (Tense) .&fcSSoa.... -^a 'participles'- S^^^rr
1
M
l] present participle, 2] past participle, -I7perfect partici-
ple" M& SSxpfo Cj^Sbje^n6 aaS^otfeasPcs:.
1] Present participle(^$^&j):- Simple present tense:*
<^ verb &- l
ing'^ .^dc^tosSoJS &tf^& fSc&* :i*-S:& ^'present
participle" 05 Id ^oij*6. Y<- goa,ing=: going;
seeing; look+ ing=:looking; sing+ ing singing etc.
2] Past participle(^^^x
^ScS^aJig -3^aS
present tense o& ^ verb &- "en, n, d, ed, t
"past participle" w^
'Ex..- eat+ en=eaten ; show+n=shown; love + d=love; ta
ed^talked; learn+t= learnt etc.
3]Perfect participle (c5o$r| ^d&-aSSg SL^^aia):-
past participle ^^& sSno& -"having11 & B'L5f^s^& Ar^t,
^^^&- "perfect participle*
1
--* ,'--'
,
I*P. English Grammar 90ES^JJ!
.v.: . having eaten, having shown, having loved, having t<
having learnt etc.
riSSS of 'PaTticiplssX^^*^*^' |Sd&s? &oic3j**T*
l"1
'present participle1;^ Saofifc- FSoaofi^ 'be* form &> d
Si'jr!....tl
a)She is reading [Present continuous tense)* b)
i*'tfs reading (Pflj/ continuous tense)- c)She ,y/;0// be re
[Future continuous tense}" earSs 'continuous tense' ex> !
".*" *
S^ 'past participle' Ssi ^o2b-'have'& rpfc, 'has'^b n*5b, 'f
r?-. i;di:s?S ...ua) I //ave seen a
\ion.(present perfect tt
b) She /,-' written a letter(p.p.r,). c)
The king ////rf
into forest ^j/ perfect tense)* d) I shall /lo.ve read the
(Future perfect tense}" w& 'perfect tense1
ex> SiiJ^&abR^S.
] 'past participle' ssb Saofia- ?Soejoa^ 'be' form & ASc-: ... "a) Ravana v<w killed by Rama
(pojj/v,? voiceThis book 1-5 written by me (p.y.). c) The pupils wcre I
by their teachers /p.jg" & 'passive voiced tf
1] 'participles'^ i^a 4^.... "participle phrase"
-<-!- //flv//i. /<, all her hopes she killed herself
.
lost all her hopes", "she killed her self" e&%o'& B-cfo^ohaving lost" ^ 'participle phrase'.^ ^.4, fct
"'
<ut>4f^. .O
=- Present participle'^s^.-? verb' ^2^, ^dd^ 'adjeci
tp. English Orammar 91 aS|iic& s*oAs ir?>&6~*
_^ .,_..,- _____ ^^ ....... |__ ^ ______
' ***_f*5^
'noun* oSSlfr* &*^A>
"Gerund" 3o*'
verbal noun
.v.;. l"i Reading, is a good habit
(rf&s&b e,S sioa ^05?^! ^i
^ ^^ ..."is" w& (6ctt&. "reading" &?5a* 'subject'?? ^.
-v.-.. 2 1 I like reading novels
- "like" es& L d3b^- "reading" &S6 'object' rr
^ y^r? .... 'noun1
SSB^ s3^^cSxcSif^a. sjo^eT7-^ &5* L"!^,^::
....ureading" ^^o ^^sSx>- tfc6& ^?S3 'object'rp Acdipg....
J^ "novels" ^& 'object1
s> roAcsSo^a.
:- 'present participle' si>5ctixj 'Oerund'oa ^oifc* a," CcpsS
., ^s BodfcJO 'verb'Si- 'ing'^ e
Aotoofl. Ac?&tfE&& ^ ^ofi
1] Running is an exercise (3&7^fc a-tf ^oO <wj?SSa)! 2]
along the road, I saw a horse
"running11
?i
"running" e&Sa- "is"
Ldi^ 'subject'* ^fl. tf&tf .... a Verbal noun
j S^ 4
Gerund'
"running" &
'pronoun'^- .'adjective' SS Qualify
.
'
verbal adJective'
goe <present partici"
pie' art&S^a.
Usage of the simple present Tense (^s-!5g tf ^&-fe
^e, i3iQ3j-rt3)!-'Present indefinite tensed- "simple present
tense3****
a,....
j.k Knglish Grammar 2 aSftdfr
3*2^. co^lr*- a* it Sjtfwzor?5
&PO^ eS&soc^ safio.^o
cScw'^sSaeafiodfc-*
simple present tense7& &r
i/
fit.:- a)The sun r/jr^j in the east (&&& fia
b^l The Earth rotates round theSun($j>3o
CO*....*:-
a)I take coffe
the morning (j3?& ^tfcCosSx) s$ 5ftvofij&X b) She
gymnasium in the early hours every day
'. i .. Ex.: a) The
. b) The lion
4] ?Sfrfis oScis; rfoSS^?^ SOcifiMdBco ^o^&oo^8,... X<-.
a)horse AflJ a long tail
(rtbessfoSr
b) The elephant has atrtmk(Si&rfb ^
5 i
fiSpsatf^R 6oD^ cSo^Saooe*....JEi--.
a) She speaks Ti
as well as Telugu (^eo^ ^S^ ss^ ^Sotf^P-sijtdp>dfc&). b)
u-J western music besides classical music
el^ _
a) The muslims pray Allah
b) The Hindus burn the dead(frofibfteo A\&^& efsStfa
,.., v. s . a1
! The Christians r/j^r Church every Sunday fi
.
b) We ge/ o
month
iSjJ,P, English urammar
81 S$tf&<S 8>dS> SOdtaadfo tfo&'&^ocr*....a) She /m* two*.]*<& v i/
les to her right handle's*tfrf &S3SS Bo& n*33*o&
b)The rain is heavy (3tf
9] tfag&;v>o& a^KtS
c^sSioofl*.... ^:-a)
I g^ to .Bangalore next month te:^
^db36^Cjb*fe). b) She crome^ here in a day o
,10]
djfib).#;,. a) Krlshnadevaraya .now leaJ5 his arinj
reach the battle field (^^<S$a^c$>a> sisSv^j ^ro ""^6^.0 ctV wss J *. o
^oNftb u^doSb cyoe&5d)ibf3^^). b^ Kucliela now explain'
Krishna about his poverty(^^a>&>
Usage of verb forms in various ienses(S)# c^^^12
. (verb form) 05 n
Ssi (number), ^&& (person)o?& ^^cSdoD siptf ^ 'verb
s^sSjea)ifcf3^
ox. ^s(SoCj
SdbcSiT 1
,*.. "present tense1
, "past
tense', "Future Tense* o c&oe>- "go" s& verb(jadtsi)- person
{^SbSa,) f number
iSjJ.P. Bnglish Urunimar 'yy
J"
q*
*" ' Urf '*" u^^'^*+v **-*->
,*,aj &.ue /Zf/*i tWO1
0-;J1 ti; v.'*
les to her right
b)The rain is heavy
(sto't
9] tfacigfibtoc
,... ^. s .a)
I so to Bangalore next month(3S^3e>#'
3o^5orc3ojdi)c6a). b) She comes here in a day or ;wo
8^i>^erJJfi
JO]
s*fi
c;-,-."" '
&). Ex* ma) Krishnadevaraya .rum leads his army to
reach the battk field (^Jiocfiw oi^& tf?S ^Soio^* yl a S)
6'oK^ Se&iioSbcpo^^tibf^fifo). b^ Kuchela now explain;,
Krishna about his poverty(5o^^&
Usage of verb forms in various (ense9(a&^ c*oi-itio
12
(verb form) e rv sireS,
5i5jf5sio (number), s^cS^. (person) o& i>&?S6oO &P&' ^8 'verb
forms'sSj'eaaiib^oco.
&(jtotf
sSdbrSr?.,.. *present tense1
, *pa&i'
tense1
,
A
Future Tense'e o&ob- "go" ^^a verb (|o^bV person
I, number
fctt
S! '5
in1 J"
. jc;
S
-1
f
3 5 .'S '5 .2 .5w-I aas
a a -i:
c a
oO5
^HQC
<XuAlt
CO
UJ^H2LU
O)UJcca
tt
? fi
o
. = t ..
.i,
*ffi 55'S
oo}
IHCC
<XoLU(ft
LUH
fe
'.S
I
O
"0
Q g
I MiO -fl
** *
06
s a'
'S 'o 8 -fl -S.
,
s
S S
> tC ; ^
4i
"5co -' to AJ-05 a," K ft'
?, _
ifij
o
i
oi c
cj
*
G ej w ca
'S 'S8) s a se
(t>*^
!.? English Grammar
: : Pv'jak Verbs
t;;:^s-;
4SJA LSd, (verb)& .cjfcfg. 'd' rj-a, -'ed'
t"-..W :.-:.... sfrSsws-o(past tense) e*as &> |Sdfce&. "w,
V-'.s" :-J:~ "Regular Verbs (^ptf LSc{fis)" JaST-t'stc:- fe's
1 ense Past Te s"_ (Suffix)
!+)(+ ed)
(+0k'
j Strong Verbs ($*& \g&w y.m ^^ ^^
(presj"'" : v ^ ^i U<* (verb) Sotfo ^ (vowel) ea &.
I """."." ft4j3'e!a
(past tense)
* &sLSct3bo&. "Stro
"Irregular Verbs
PastTfnse-
<;
tbide (?,r^^obear r^Sc^)
abode.(tfSwS!n0BS$>)
b0re
onjugation of some 'Weak Verbs';-(c;
!
d' 5^ 'ed'a^bSesS.... 'present tense
1
Asked(
Believed
Chased
Climbed
past tens.
Asked
Believed
C1]ased
I IP, English Grammar
j.t>. JSnglis'hCifammtir W afeftcAa
go AStrt>
it |4JJ.P. -English Cxraratnar 10 1
J.f. Engligh Grammar \TK.
a " rai
tense's*
Resent tense'
.eg
teme 'pan 'tense past participle
fall
fell(ssrf/r
lie (J
lay <
find (Xfound fa--
fell (ssas>)
felled
lay ,
laid .
found
founded
fallen(sSa)
felled
lain
laid
found.
founded
"Found" &&
1 1 She fell down from the tree
^'\ Son^e people fell the trees for tlie sake of fire wooi
("r-oci:oa Sod3oc?& a&tfsS 3da& sStf/ratf&\ '81 1 lay on th<\ -* CO e> / -t
" ?
bed i'^^cas^^' sS&^od3o)). 4]I lay the pen on the tabl<
($&> icc^^cb^ e&o&> Ao^aa). 5]Slie found herbook iiitht
kitchen (^ tfS s&Stf&)& ^oi)^(S^8
tfSa/rasi))/ 6]I found
this society (eS& '^s ?OO&&D& &^&oOM).
Degrees of Comparison
S8rrCc. ^S3.... "Degrees of Comparison" e^
-:-a) Java is tall
(-acfio- SP^S^^); b) Vijaya is taller
tlum Jaya ^acS- ttcaogTot) SToS^a), c) Srivijaya ig the
J.P. English Grammar.
10 *&<& * A5.
tallest of,all(^
"tall, taller, tallest" o& ss^ sStf&oe- "HC&, .aesdSi,
(Adjectives)- ^tfrf&g tfj|pg.... 'UjTositive Degree, 2]'Com-
paritive Degree, 3] Superlative Degree". &
1] Positive Degree (Brwftf |s)r6db 3c3
i
o5oS'(6& Xe (^>raSSx)?i>
'
&sSpcSgsSx>n SDc&^cJLiD Adjec-
tives1
?^, "positive degree" oS eo^&. *:-1]
Nandini is
good (^oa &o^<a), 2] My house is ^(CT* sg> "^^)-
S]Calcutta is a great city (tfetf^-/^^^^).
21Comparative Degree (&tons|8):.
^ sSgja-
sScS^jSy; a,^ SS&3&&- sSs^^"" SS&^S*^ a,^ K5o^^-ftiiH* _a (|)
^sSxj^c&p1
f&coo$& ^raSS^&.f5a&*fi^
^Dc^^dii*
Adjectives'^.
"Comparative Degree" && wo&pifi. ^.;.
-ijNandini is fee/^e''
than Padmini(riofia- sSa^asfo"6 &oCa). 5] My house is bigger .
than my brother's house(io'ajc
^r ^dJdo^Bigj'tfo'fr'o^a;. 8].
Cecutta is greater than Chennai
3] Superlative
Adjectives
"Superlative Degree'* &3 ^ofi^db. Ex. : ~ij
Ramifii is the fees*
of all the girls- in the class(<tf
tfS^a S3*) oodJ^^ s*bS tse5
sSbbfia). 2] My house is the biggest* of all the houses in the
street(j? ERG^D li&d"
8^ Q^a^ofiSST6?^
Slii^.D "&>&&). 8]Cal-
cutta is the greatest of all the. cities in India
J.P. English Grammar 'JO* **&<& *S L*
FORMATION OF DEGREES (jPS5g>&? o^Jfc
positive degree a* *& 'Adjectives'^- 'Comparative Degi
5c&> 'Superlative Degree1
5*a8 ^tft>rl&.... ^(I
1] a,"3 Syllable & 'SAd&^ Adjectives
(a) .'positive degree'^- *$ 'single syllable adjective'
"er" e& itfsSe& 3dci3teS.... 'Comparative Degree*
rtest" e& e<tfsSre^ 2dfcS!$,... 'Superlative Degree' >tf;
&o. *:-(i)
Long- Longer. Longest, (ii)Hard- Hardc
Hardest. -
(b)'Positive Degree
1
StfJ6- *ef
A^$&....fiK)8-"r" ^*& e^i
3.'. s . 'Comparative Degree' si)6d&> "st" wrb t
6.... 'Superlative Degree' iitfjebdoofl. ^-r- Wis
Wiser- "Wisest, Late- Later- Latest
fc)^Positive Degree* OiStftf- *y* AoA y <S^) 3&^ -
sS^g>eoA^
parative* &8da 'Superlative* Degrees Stf^tfcp'oaa. jEx.:- Drj
Drier- Driest; Easy- Easier- Easiest
(a) 'positive degree's OSStf'-'y' &o'ft. S?!> 3?&^ Srexiexj ^Six *
. co
sSrsSbj*ca5n^*er' si5cixo *est' o& ^5\c6^.... 'comparative'
Superlative* degress Sitf^ef^e^j.-E
1
^-:- Gay- Gayer- Gayest,
^'positive degree* BStf- a.^1
3..... 3 aasa
*er* 5i5c^b *est* of&35^-5*.... 'comparative
9
&6d&> 'Superla-
tive' degrees d^dfapa. ^-:- Thin- Thinner- Thinnest;Red. Redder- Reddest
(f) 'positive degree* fcsStf-'
J.P. English Grammar 105
;
er' SD&>c
est'&ad& 3a^ .....'comparative1
*
Superlative1
degrees ^isrcxa. v. :- Thick- Thicker.
Thickest; weak- weaker- weakest,
2]'Positive Degree
1 s8 & c &, Bofifa 'Syllables' tfo ra^ 'adje-
ctives' i$&- &Qc)&> sS^& 'syllables' KowR)^ 'adjectives
1
S5&-"'
'more1
sS?Odo*
most* e&- w'S3isSe3& &oo^ Sd^S ^fifo....
*
comparative' &>5c^ 'supeilative1
degrees Sto'^tferooo.
- x. :-
(i)Harmful- More harmful-
^Most harmful,
(ii)Beau- m
tiful- Mbre beautiful. Most beautiful.,
-
8]Sf
1^ 1
Adjectives1
a.g"(tf&siofl^-
3&6is*.... 'irregular1
rv- compare
Positive Degree Comparative Degree Superlative Degree
Bad (%$}Worse ^o 3|) Worst
Good (s?^) Better(C-OBB*^)'
B;St
Much(wStfa>f6)
More(ope ^fia-
gp?6)Most
Old(aiJ)
"
Older o-o &tf Oldest
Little ^gb-SS,^
Lesser
COMPARISON OF 'ADVERBS'; (^dfir-
gT8
^):. 'Adjectives' cS3c siSi 3<aS -wrp.... ^^^AoCi 'Adve-
rbs' &P& "& SS^S iSSstf&,... sS^elb S^sSDD.erv agfdoSSaatfoPoa.o- O I
"Adverbs of Manner", "Adverbs of Degree", "Adverbs of
Time11
e^^ &^& ^^SS^4Adverbs*& si^ L̂ ^ ^B Degrees "of
comparison S6&oa.-4cps^tfeB&- ^"e ^Sb6 sSg^t^^ofi!
Positive Degr&e Comparative Degree Superlative Degree
Fast S^^OT Faster oo S^sioTv Fastest
J.P. English Grammar 106 .
ea*5[ScsisoA
Soon(tfjtfrp)
Sooner ^no tfjtfn*)Soonest
(SbS'
5tf).Earlier
(EPS *aotfetf) Earliest(
Badly (S&v) . Worse(woBtfn-)
'
Worst
Well(&oQrp) Better (co sSioOr?)
"
.Best
Far(^p^r^r?) Farther
(c-e&^cCsSan*)Farthest
(JtoSj.0
Swiftly^r?*) Moreswiftly(!peSan) Mo'^t swiftly
Skilfully More skilfully*
Most skilfully
marks"
Punctuation Marks
tffio3&&$i
eSj^ "punctuatic
'punctuation marks'S^cSfiStf/fo^. 30
'punctuation marks'
1J
The Full Stop raark--^^ scr-sSj osS^Sb (.)r?! The Question mark=S^tfi
P
r^Sa (?)"- ! The Exclamation
I .'*"' &sy
"";sL
I|
The Comma ?^^
c-jThe Colonsr^t*-'
i? The Se
}J>. flatfish (Grammar <
jp?' ^<& oASi Ln>&&
'
7]The Brackelsrs&otffctftfw as^&oeo ([],())
8]The Dashsi'^pSg asS^Saj' ( )
.
.9]Inverted Commas marks r=
10]Double Quotation marks=t9&p^ OS^sSe(" ")
-ll]Hyphen-
12JApostrophe^
ia];Three
14] Capital Letter&:=">>
15]The Colon and
Dashrr^;.)
USAGE OF PUNCTUATION MARKS
1] Fllll Stop :-(a)
.CiSS^- ^s o-^c&aeo ^5^j^(Joo <*bbrp A* Full Stop.
_
O -o- p -* *^
eptib.-G'*.:-1]
I am a boy. 2]She is
a^girL 8]Amani
is clever, etc,
(b)'Abbreviation
(s5o'le><tfS)f
o&-auS*^^, ^s>a ^dbs^^-
^B 'Fullstpp'&'
Ao&Bpab/^-:- j] M.A. (Masterof Arts),
2]S, S. C.
(SecondarySchool
Certificate),
'
8]H, M. (Head
Master) etc.
(c)e ^oa S)^^JO?T A^ 'Abbreviations* Sj^c^^q
8,.., sStf&o
aS6y
s.s'^^Oo sSp^fitSa
s
Fullstop' 6oO^ ?66&s^boi5.
t.:-l]Jan.
(January), 2] Lat(Latin), 8]
Mr. (Mister), 4] Govt.
(Government), 6]Co. (Company), 6)
Ltd.(Limited), 7]
Bros.
(Brothers)*etc. -
-
2] Question mark :-'
(jS^^gsfooab oatfs /Full stop'&^
"S>^b^<Sb.e$
*4
jS^S3D
XssSaGM ^^ 3OL):o^ reo&... 'Question
mark (?)'& *otfsS3Ji>. A"-:-1]
What is your name ?"2]
Who
firs you ?
'
. ,-
.
"
"
J.& English Grammar''
iQB .
&ijbd& $oAi
3] Exclamation marie :-
"Exclamation mark(!)'&
sSp
sse :f s 'Interjection' ficr
.v. : .
ijHow beautiful she is!
'(w^cpgtfs'
"
s^kgab)* 2] Get
out! or Sit down! (^ ). 3j Hurrah!(Interjection).
4] C0IHIBa :- ^ *^o>
Comma(,)' 4?^^d
%
a 3.3 ^ireT-^^SSb fSoaodoa^.S^a^' ^es-^caex, 'and'
t&- fcr^tf^ a^&o ^Ci)^^ 'Comma(,)'
<4 .; ,
; Dharmaraja, Bhima, Arjuna, Nakula and Sahadeva are
known as Pandavas(*, ^|
^^' 'nouns'tf^^rfs)). AsSsW ;.
'-nd' ,*.- sioii ^ itf."^ tf<fis,rf 'Comma' Aotfo-dSb'.2] The
Old woman is poor, ugly, miserable and weak (*, ^g-^g.-Adjectives' ^^^s
). g] N.T.R. spoke .Telugu clearlynicely, fluently and vehemently (* ^^^i ,
Adverbs> ^1
, --^^S csis-s omna' ioiWec&a,. Et.,. ,1 RichP.. h and
motherland.
.
e_
. ,.. i] TahnEI.V favourit a
'' '
J Taboo, you
-Grammar;
.
:. 169-
(d) v*i&>*G*b' LCP 6*&^& ..&*<>&* .'rSb Comma's,
Lsrctfpa.*,:-
1]To err is human, to forgive, devine
SaflV forgive' ^^ "is" & L6c6 'e^asa.Comma/ L PcfcaaSa)'. 2] Reading maketh a full man; confe.
rence, a ready man; and writing, an ..exact, man
Conference' 'writing* o tf&sptf ^maketh'" ^
>... 'Comma 1
(e)
comma'& .
Lp-cS^D.-JEic.:. I1 -The
Sun rising, 'the wofkers ''commenced their work. 21 The Suni having set, they all went home. .
|(f)''Direct Speech's
4.^ s^^g^SoeSei. .Quotations &>^ &&,i>doo& sSofiS)v''c6n3ina'cSai
(jcr=cd;p).*' :-!] She said,"! will go**
2]He said, ".Ramya is clever". .
"
(g) -^Compound, sentence' SofiS- OS^O^-' Co-ordinate* clause
o?5o ai&dSo6& 'Comma' .e?& ^pd^D. ^-:- I] Men may come,
men may go, but 1 go on for ever,2]
He called at my office,
but I 'Was absent,'
,
'
,".
5] Colon ;.--ja .'semi-colon' p?i..a&^s$- cjCP^Sb'^ ^^^oa.-
apa^eo-, .Sp&tfio, cfe*^o& s5oDo5)b ^s ''colonf;)
J
^> f53d&D. .
Ex.i. .. 1
JThe , important tenses of a verb are : the present
tense, the past . tensey the future tense, -il .The proverb says:
Honesty is the- best '-policy'.. J Dickens said : "It is 'better to
be ihree hours earl> than one minute late,"
:^ acr
(jramniar -.
*110 es^caa qoS,
\\
'clause* o&. &>Sd&> a. "3
a
*
Semicolon(; )'&> (jpc&?>.,#:-
came; she saw; she conquered* 2J
The coconut trees
i'owS; it gives us oil; it gives us milk; it gives us ro{
supplies ub, indeed, with all the. necessaries of life, 3
heart was pure; his life was peaceful and happy.
7j Brackets :.(a)
****?>g$&z.6'*
^A),^i 'clause' o^ c^g
. cr-fc
;ji.oi'^ 5, clause[Parenthetical)^. 'Brackets
()'
jr-L. -tx.:. Abou Ben Adhem (may 3ais tribe iucrc
Awoke one night from a deep dream of peace.
;
r
^/'^ &3&&s3i
Abbreviations ^C'
^
'Brackets( j
1
"^ rpcj-. ^|>.,-4 ^^ ^gSSo OSitf &wg 0:
jr^SoR CPS^&; s^^sSoa sySft &^^! Brackets
1
,e*^ ^dab-
r-. : .
i_ Rajakumari studied B.Sc. (Home Science). 2] Ha B.Sc.
(Agriculture) graduate.8] Ranjitha bought a la
ciikulator(15 digits). 4] My father got an. award* from Raspaihi The president of
India). 5] Indian population touc&e ;,: million "mark
(10 millionsslcrore). 6j Write
es*ay about The Simla Agreenient? (U P.-S-C/,' Mar: 79.).
' ' '
'Brackets1
*^
S! Dash:, i y^sia ^-3^ ^ t<t
.
-:. ^^i;.^-.... ,r.| (Blank> SfiC
;^ v:l- 'Dash (-.)& ..p^. *...ij Gayathri is a
are friends.
-
NOTE -..
English Grammar m- "Fill up the blanks:,"
j^ 3d&&"
9] Single Quotation marks.-
s,g S5tfae& Sin-
gle Quotation marks(
4 J
)Sex Inverted comnTas
sSatfgg ic-ctSpO.
.v.s.
1] Mahatma_ Gandhi was also called as -Bapuji1
. 2]Kon-dapalli Seetharamaiah is the 'founder of 'Naxalite movement'
in Andhra- pradesh. 3] M.G'.R. was awarded*
Bharatha Ratna*
posthumously, 4] 'Aamuktha Maalyada' was written fay Sri
Krishna Devaraya.5] Indira Gandhi was popular with 'Bank
Nationalisation7
and '20 point programmeV
(bj Quotations &tfg &S^ &*gx ff6^- Quotations IjfioSeaS
&6c3^. s$pk 3cs-op^"g^3 sSo^s^efc.... 5*50 'Quotations'^-
'Single Quotation Marks' JT |5Fc&*6. ^v-:- Mr. Robert replied,11 Was it not Shakespeare who observed ; 'Give every man ear
but few thy voice*?""
..
(c) Sr3yo> fe'SbocSa- 'Single Quotation marks'^ i3ad&*D."*.
.
-" ',"*-Ex.--
1]'Tit for tat (^^ wto& S^S^V -2]
*Truth is
God(rStfg'S} SsSsSxi)
1
.
101 boubie Quotation marks:- Direct Speech tfo ^^>J '
,
' O
sptfgsSao&-Double .Quotation marks Sc* Double Inverted
commas(" ") &tfjS |spd6*>.-^.:- 1]
Lalitha Said,- "Lam
going to market."2] Afuna said, "I got U,P S.C. selection",
3]"Never mind"
5 she replied, "it made known to me who
were wellwishers". & s&y&sS s^^gsSD^oei-' Reporting Verb
niintntinn rnnrtfi r^
J.P. English Grammar 112
11] Hyphen :- wortiFSWo& vfagg* &^ Compound word
dJSe& e*>&doSb Hyphen(-)&[j3d&*0. $ Dash(_W
d&oix>o3. X:-1] To-morrow, 2] Short- sight, 3] Lamj
stand4] Father-in-law, 5] Daughter-in-law, 6] Sister- in-tas
7] Commander- in- chief, etc.,
12] Apostrophe :- (a) 'Possessive- case' &> &r-a &^ 7
'noun' &8&> 4
s' ^b &$*$ Apostrophe (*)a
l&r.-.l]Rekha's bag, 2] Deepika's purse, 8] Leela's ring etc
(V) aitf cSeS&o^ofijD- a,S w^^sS^ a*&ou)i!oOT S^OoeS aaotf^> /
,C*J tvA
^9 e*8>oO?6 ^do Apostrophes [p*dfr.Ex.
:.
1]It's'
(It is]
2] Don't (Do not) etc.. s Apostrophe ^s$ob*rfsSEc&
13] Three dots' :. 9<5*&5&
Out of thirty boys;.. .some are clever and some ar<
useless.2] If so,.,, you have to face serious consequences
.3] 'Recently.... I have been to Singapore,
. 14] Capital letters :*' a-tfg&o^aaatftf s5^^ <^^ ^^^
<#&>&, 'proper notins'Sb Bofieo s5^&ie) ^S wJCtfa^fSp
Direct Speech SotfO fl^O s5tfSa^ ^ w*tfsfc>&*- 'capita
letter'n-.jspdt&'O. ^-:- I]She is going to school. 2]
I hav<
seen Sujatha at Lalbaug in Bangalore. S]Bir.du said, "W<
are rich." ^s Capital letters1
^ap^sSwA ^sSoO ^o^^b ifctft&
15] Colon and Da^h :- ^sSgjfi
J6& So8DoSoa;S aStfsSb& ra5(list)
rv
'colon and dash(:.)'
^ ^c^D. ^ :-I]
The articles found
fy the tkiefs suitcas? are as follows ;-a)
two wrist- watches,
J.P. Engll&h Grammar 118
b) one transistor, c)one gold ringj d) 1200 rupees in cash,
e) tw.o' pairs of clothes etc. 2} Tie assets of Sudhakar are
given below :- a)one < tea estate, b) three big houses, c) one
imported car, d) two petrol bunks, e)due cashewgrove etc,
Same Words in Different Parts of
Speech
spfi
ssotf sScJsSuoa- S c^5 fSoStf^sSabcCoodi
1] A :-*
Article* r?/.. He bought atwo-wheeler(wtf& a,tf
flj
5pSjf6^& f*3&). 'Preppsition'n8 .... She takes meal twice a
day (49^ 3*3= ^O^O^P& E^es^^p S^ofi)-
2] About :- 'preposition' n-.... They are discussing about
the elections (&& &&&& rtbeSoO rf^^&).*
Adverb' n-....
She is about twenty years old (a>\
3} above :- 'Adjective'^.... Explain the above lines(lj sSo&
o& as$aobsS). 'Noun'r?.;.. The ^frove is an accurate colour
(^ ft?o2^ ^OiSb). 'AdverbW:... Look r/&ov^ (l>
'preposition1
^.... They are placed .above *$ T&& &
4] After :-c
Adverb* rv-... She came here at 8 PM and her
husband toon. after. (^^D SPJ^OL^^O 6 Koioo^ gtfvtf& DTP....
ea1^ ftf' s Sofio^ S3^&).
4
Adjective' n ... She was more
peaceful in /^/- life
J.P. English Grammar . 114r &&fid& eoA5
). 'Conjunction1
n .... She arrived .after the plane left
'
38^&*ooDc6^SbSF9^ esSo
sSei^&j. 'prepositionYP....- She
visited me #//?/ mid-night (tfc
5] As :- /Pronoun* r?.... This is the same book as I read ye-
sterday (3& S?$^rffiSi^a ^S Ltfo<&fc>)! ^Adverb'rv.,.. She has
beautiful as you (&$ ^)o^ 65o^^S c^^^.,..' ^s'Si ^r^ wo^
. 'conjunction'??1
. ... They did as they were told
6] Both :- 'Adjective*^.... -'-Both girls went there
lfe ^^^^^ 38jQ). 'conjunotion'r?.... She is both an educa-
ted and, intelligent (e$3o&- rfd&sjp sfcadtfr ^^
'preposition'n*.... fior/; of them are married
7] Down :- 'Noun'n-.... His life contains many ups and
downs (&& &&$x o"e E'cS^djSSao)feScJio sS^^sSxo^
A^a); 'Adjective'?^.... She has taken thedowH portion
i8o&' 5s-^a& S^^a). 'Adverb*^.... .She .sat rfoirw
). 'preposition^.... He sailed <7w the river
8] Eaetl :-"
Adjective'^.... ^r/? girl has a "mango
a,S sSp.aD'flsS6ib& ^OAcJio^a). 'preposition1
rv,..' He gave them
each a- mango .(utfefo^6 s.STj.^eS ^.s^Sl^fiodfcA '^&)-
9] Enough :- 'Noun'rv..., Enough has been paid for this
work (* ^5^)5 gpSSeftcSo* agotfaflSfl).'AdjectivcW.... There
is ^w'owgft ,time for yo-u(^& o^otf rS&c&sSS^a).'*Adverb' n>....
Sh^'is not clever enough
>
LV, English Grammar 115 &$<& *oA
'?
10J In :- 'Adyerb'n-.... cogae\ in(e^osib o!). 'NounVp....
1 came here to know the ins arid outs of the bride- groom
., r .
). 'preposition*^:... .She came//*-time(c33o
7oEro^<3'e i
II] Less :- 'Nbun'n-.... I don't take less ($& ^Sb^g-*&).
'
Adjective* n-.... You Should eat less rice (&$ ^poS^sia:^ aa8>), 'Adverb'rv.... She is less known than her sister
^53^ S^s-wS'oc efl'^o ci^b^S.T8
oO^^v^.). 'preposition1
n8.... She
paid the wages less the expenses f ^VJo ^cfi-\o\
'
-
- w .
12] Like':-'
Adjective1
jv.... The earth is round //A-e a ball
^ir*^ ao&sSS i^oo^^on* &^&). 'Adverb' r?.... She behaves like
-d lunatic(csj^o
3,2'isy^fl ^S ^O 1^^)- 'p^position'rp....
She cannot do it ///ve- you-
(Lcrv> ^Z, u-^ro3dS>3fi&).
'rr.,.. 1 like N.T.R. Films ^N.T.R. ojis^o& &xi> e,;,i<
^). 'Noun'iv..... she has her own //A^ and dislikes
13] More :. 'Noun1
n.... More has been heard ut?out him
(<aCJ^.i^oO oSs'^o asp^sa). ''AdjectiveW.... She has
friends than you(S>
ar. b e5^ -^^ -o^o^'
1
Adverb Yr>,... She will come once more(<s3i sier*
14] Near ;. 'Adjective* TV..., She is a //^r relation to me
(-^ ?3*& a'rteS aoab^))! 'Vcrb>
-n... r The ship is Hearing the-
shore(k d^^^o ?*& J&^aj.^AdverbW.-v. . come War
^'Keor? u^!),'
preposition' rp.... there 5s a medical stores-
near our school(s&p
a<S^^sliS'
8a,^ &O&Q GsoX*
afoia).
15] Next ;- *Adjectivef
rr- Next month I. will go to Delhi"
'
1^&} 'AdverbV.... She speaks next(es3>.
, *Noup'n,... ] she did not write anything
P. &iglisii Grammar -~
JIB
about her marriage in this letter but informed to do it next
. 'prepostion' n*.... The
girl next me is very clever (& tffibspdesl&jo E?O
303Sa).
16] Non:-. 'pronoun1
^....' ATowe' of the players were present
till 6 A.M. (&tfc&&o 6 rfofco ^ts&^<biT&^ ^di*
'Adjective1
n>.... He has two wives but -I have 'hone
^^ei> Rs-d'goDrs-fo.
1
... ^sSb g&).'
Adverb W/... She is none
better for it(es"So
oo&& 3a&2^a ^ s1
*^)-
17] One ;-'
Adjective1
rp p ... Always do Owe thing at a time
(^os3>j>&ra,i< ?6sS3di^5^ a,^j_s3aS fidfcifo)! 'Noun'n-.... Any
One may do this (S's-tf^s18 Aoa
dd8bSe^&), 'PronounV....
This is 0e of his horses (sj<3 e^^^ ^ea^^a^ atffiM\ Cfl /
18] Only ;. 'Adjective^.... She is. my only daughter
!.
'Adverb1
rp.... She game pn}y yesterday
19] past :- *Nounrrv>.;.. Forget the j?aj?/ (rftfs$x>&
'Adjectiv'e'n-..., Her prime is p^j/ (1ba ^^ SJsSS f *Pre:
position'n ..,. .She is an old woman past eighty
20] Right s- 'Noun'rv..., You have no i-i^Af on this pro-
perty (#8 ^j^ ^ S^&Jy- 3^).. ^Adjective'..;..^ She. lost her
right hand (tt^-tfs^oS ^^a S /T
1
|j)r3&).. *VerbW...-. If you
have ability the wrong will be righted (&& fS>f .fto"S tf^&
66&SPc53Sc&^&). .'Adverb'rp.... The drunkard'drove his Car
..right .into the canal(jprfb
r
fc -tf^ s'&cSs jSo-f6drt
ibjJ.P. English Grauimai 1L7
etf[&c& soAS
21] Round! :- 'NouhW.... Kaveri finished three''rounds
around the temple (3*^3 fti&djj* &j& ^tf&eaew 3~a&). The
Cobbler rounded the leather f33yjo &J; sSgJ
*ex>
).'Adjective'^.... The ball is row/itf (ao8
. 'Adverb**?.... Any wheel turns roMiuf (S
.^^o). 'Preposition'^.... The girls sat round
the fire ^Wec i:od: -^IO&P ^cT^d).
,:_ ,- ;-4
Adjective* r?.... I met aer l&sv night and I ive
not seen her siHte -^tfcs*^S^o s^otcc, ^D^&. ss>-( &c&
^s6a S^ iis-SSffib). 'Conjunction'^.. Since you are my well
wisher, I will surely help you ^l^>& jJf^&^^S) ssSt)o'S5s;S
&& ^sS^ ^JSiiiSdScSa). 'Proposition'?^.... I did not see her
since last 'Friday (rftf ab^sp^sSa j5ooS %3"a,& S
23] Some :- 'Adjective1
r?.... Bring some milfc
^o'!).'
Adverb' rt6 .... I saw her jojMg six months ago
!& w&3ooSa sSr'^&o 55^^ ^^,fr^^). 'PronounW...;
passed in first class remaining in second class
24] Still :- 'VcsrbW.... When the tempest stf/fr, the fisher-
men will resume their catching (&S^^ S^csSw STT'S s^od
&(^sSco)
sSdudd jj^tfoao&&). ^djective'n .*.. This is a still
lake(aS. a,tf- S^o^S c5ds5>j).
'
Adverb* nv... She is still
writing 'the examination (wSa-qotfcSa 3SS< ^pcabduS dSs^s).
'Conjunction1
^... She had fever, 'still she attended the func-
tion (^> e^efssasa SSO^?P 53^0 3<&^& ^agsfi).
25] While:- "Noun'r?.,.. Sit here for a wM<*'. (fcSoglb^)
V,.,. Dont w/z//e away your money
J,,F; tlngligh Otaiuihat
(fctfax&
S^ST* SctosSgb). 'Conjunction' r?,... Make hay
the Sun shines &*
Forntation of Words
), wog
Verbs Md3bt , Nouns
'
! .
I] Fonuatiou of Nouns
a Formation of Nouns from Verbs Sc&o "&oa
Admit (|j$^&oa&^)'
Admission
'Agree (woAdoi&) Agreement
Announce([StfaoeS))
'
Announcement
Apply (fil;*ip& SdSco). Application
Approve (<tso-6o^) Approval
Arrive(sJci^}
Arrival(
p
Asyist (^t!
^&)'
Assistance(
Attend fiScatfA)- Attendance
Bless(firjoub)
.Blessing ^sS
Cancef(tf&tSdia)
Cancellation
Compel (ac^aao.eS)"Compulsion
Deceive (^6AoCS)) .
'
Deception (fi
Decide aoaaotf'
Decision.
J.P. English Grammar
.Deliver -(lF?fs*ud&a,i
Deny (
Dismiss
Exceed
Expect
Expel'
Grow
Bate
Heal(rf
Judge
Know
Laugh (
Manage
Marry'
Move
Obey
Object (
Oppose
Perform
Please^?
Protect-(
Provide
.Reduce
Reveal /\
Revolve
Secure(
Serve (t
Separale
US ejoAB
Delivery ^i-
Denial (tfrTv
Dismissal h
Excess(.wrfrfl
Expectation
Expulsion (
Growth
Hatred
Health
Judgement
Knowleiolge
Laughter
Management
Marriage
Motion
Obedience
Objection
Opposition
Performance
Pleasure(ST
Protection
Provision
Reduction
Revelation
Revolution
Security
Service.("S
Separation
Vacate s
Vary(
Wed(
Weigh
Write
Success
Trail
Urgency
Vacancy
Variety
Wedding
Weight(
Writing
(b) Formation of Nouns from Adjectives
Adjectives
Able
Brave
Brief(s$ |rffra)
Broad(SSS^S)
Certain
Curious
Deaf
Deep (flf*3 S)
Dense
, Equal
False
Fertile
Free
.Gay
Generous
Grand
Nouns
Ability
Bravery
Brevity
Breadth
Certainity
Curiosity
Deafness
Depth
.Density(
Equality(
Falsehood
Fertility
Freedom
Gaiety
Generosity
J.P t English Grammar 181 sjoAS"
Happy
Hard(
High (
Holy(s
Honest
Inferior.(
Intelligent
Just(
Local
Long
'Mean
Merry
Moist
Necessary
Noble !
/
X.
Obedient
One
Possible
Relative
Shy
Silly
Tumid
Happiness
Hardness
Height(oj
Holiness(
Honesty
Inferiority
Intelligence
Justice
Locality
Length
Meanness
, Merriment
Moisture
Necessity
Newness(
Nobility(
Obedience
Oneness
Possibility
Relation
Shyness
Silliness
Tumidity
(c)Formation of Nouns from Nouns
Nouns
Act Action
J.P. English Grammar
Bond
Child (Brf\ Q
Creature
Friend
Hero
Infant
Man
Mother
Owner
Patriot
Priest
Servant
Slave
Widow
Womian
122
Bondage(
Childhood
Creation
Friendship
Heroism
Infaricy (i
Manhood
Motherhood
Ownership ^
Patriotism
Priesthood
Service
Slavery
Widowhood (3\ 0-*.
Womanhpod
2] Formation of Verbs
(a) Formation of Verbs from Nouns
Nouns
Apology
Authority
Beauty
Black
Camp
Centre
Circle
Class
Verbs
Apologise
Authorise
Beautify
filacken
Encamp
Concentrate
Encircle
Classify (dtfrfO
l.P, English Grammar
Company
Courage (3tfgsS)
Critic
Danger
Economy
Electricity
Famine
Force(
Fraud("j
Glory (l_d)
Habit
Hand(3ox
Head'(tfe)
idol
Joy
Justice
Knee (Z
Length
Memory
Nation
Neuter'
Peace(
Port
Prjson Sfib
accompany
Encourage
Criticise(
Endanger(
-Economise
Electrify
Famish
Enforce
Defraud
Glorify(
Habituate
Handle(
Behead
Inherit
Idolise
Enjoy(
Justify (
Kneel (v
Lengthen
Memorise
Nationalise
Neutralise
Pacify
Deport
Export
Import
Transport
Imprison
Grammar
Slave(
Society
Sympathy
Table
Throne
Title
Utility
Vapour
Enslave
Associate
Sympathise
Tabulate
Enthrone (a sS*;3S
Entitle
Utilise
Evaporate (eas
(b) Formation of Verbs from Adjectives
Adjectives
Able
Brief
Broad
Certain -
Cheap (
Clean
Clear
Dark
Deep
Dense
Equal
Faimiliar
Flat
Fertile
Enable
Abbreviate
. Broaden
Cheapen
Cleanse"
Clarify
Darken
Deepen
Condense
Equalise (c
Fanialiarise
Flatten
Fertilise
i'fjJ,K Bnghsh Oraffiiiiar 126 &;
Fine
Glad
Large
Little
Mad
New (ifj@Popular
Proper
Pure
Real
Rich
Right
Solid
Special
Specific*
Stable
Timid
White
Wide
Refine
Gladden
Enlarge
Belittle
Madden
Renew
Popularise (
Appropriate
Purify
Realise
Enrich
Ratify
Consolidate
Specialise ([
Specify (^
Stabilise(
Intimidate
Whiten
Widen
3] Formation of Adjectives
(a)Formation of Adjectives from Nouns
Nouns Adjectives
Accident (w
Advantage
Adventure
Accidental
Advantageous
Adventurous
English Gratnmat
Affection
Aiigel (3s
Anger (
Beauty
Black
Bride (
Brother
Burden (5tfL
Bush (\'i)
Capacity (^^Centre ^Go^Ceremony ^Cheer (^e^sCircle (^J^Classic
^
Comfort
Coward
Crime(
Danger
Earth(aJ
Ease
East
Empire
Expense
Fable
Faith
Fnnl
Affectionate
Angelic ^
Angry (i^
Beautiful
Blackish
Bridal (
Brotherljr(
Burdensome
Bushy
Capable ^&
Central^"l
Ceremonial
Cheerful
Circular
Classical (^\ fe
Comfortable
Cowardy(
Criminal(
Dangerous
Earthly (
Easy ^&Eastern
Imperial
Expensive
Fabulous
Faithful f
J.P. English Grammar 127
Four
Fury
Gas
Gloom(
Heart(s
Heir (sp
Honour
Law u
Limit (
Meaning
Mercy (g
Miracle(
Money
Mystery
Nature
Number
Origin (
Peace (
Question
Science
Sense
Silk(aito)
Society
System
Thirst (
Trouble
Type
Value
Fourth
Furious
Gaseous
Gloomy
Hearty (.
Heriditary fN,
Honourable f
Lawful (^go^Limited ('&
\
Meaningful
Merciful ^Miraculous
\
Monetary (tf
Mysterious (\
Natural
Numeral
.Original
Peaceful
Questionable
Scientific fV.
Sensible
Silken(
Social (Spoiiv
Systainatic (j
Thirsty (^sS
Troublesome
Typical
Valublc
I.P. English Grammar 12ft
Vigour (Vs) Vigorous
Wood (r*c&) Wooden(rafcjflf*
Youth (ciT^ftn) Youthful
Zeal dostafco Zealous
(b)Formation of Adjectives from Verbs
Adjectives (D
Cease (aes3>3dfo)- Ceaseless
Envy (Ltf^Sboi)Envious
Govern (&*0o&)Governable
Hesitate (Kioa8ro&)Hesitative
Move(s'^oDib)
Movable(tfrfo
Talk(Srfij&)
Talkative
Tire wo&S*^ Tiresome
(c)Formation of Adjectives from Adjectives
Adjectives
Black (?Se3 *)Blackish
Comic(sS*sSgsSrQfifa>?s)
Comical
Eight (.^a&a)Eightfold
Red (ij^a)Reddish
Tragic (& 8ap^tf^?6)
Tragical
White (3o) Whitish (3ce*
ijverbs, Adjectives, Adverbs from Nouns (^sfca-tftf&a
J,P. English Grammar 129
Diminutives
"Diminutives"
o-^o-
'le''' ''
rwnrre
'let', 'et', 'ing' ^i:ia fsuf.x
J.P, English Grammar 130
Qrginal Word
Ankle[3*6
Arm(
Babe
Book
Brook
'Bull
Cabin
Car
Cat (fc>V co
Change
Circle
Cock
Crown
Dame
Dear(
Duck
Eagle
Eye (
Flower
Globe
Hill(
Home
Isle ^&
Diminutive \ rSr^
Anklet (o3,Armlet
Baby j
Booklet (as
Brooklet
Bullock
Cabinet-
Chariot
Kitten
Changeling
Circlet
Chicken
Coronet
Dasmel
Darling(
rt) C20*0,!^c
Duckling
Eaglet
Eyelet
Floweret
Globule
Hillock(
Hamlet
Tslet ^*-i
i.K English Gramma!
Lamb (rrg^e)
Lance f^,?o, =oSc^"j
Leaf
Lock
Maid
Man
Mole
Nose
Nurse (
Pack VPart
Pile
Pipe
Puss
Ring
River (^.)Root (36)Seed (^c5xShade (VcCb)Sign
Spade
Star(
Statue
Stream
Table
Thumb 1
Top (JYoung
Lambkin (c^
Lancet
Leaflet
Locket
Maiden ^3^is:)
Manikin
Molecule
Nosle
Nursling
Packet
Particle
Pillow(tfotfrf)
Pipkin
Pussy (
Ringlet
Rivulet
Rootlet
Seedling
Shadow
Signet
Paddle(
Asterick
Statuette
Streamlet
Tablet
Thimble
& (*)]
r
'
Tip
Youngster
Confused Words
f Spelling
SS&'&oeo
Adapt s
Altar(
'Ascent
Berth
Break
By .^sSoS,t
Canvas a
:
- Choir(rvd&g 7<e8SS)
Cite <
k
oo
Complementary (sJ\
Confidant
Corps'
Council
Desk
Dissent
Divers
-Dying (&tfrfoi&b)'
Emigrant
Emiaent.(
Adopt (^
)Effect
(5JoS,
Alter
Assent
Bear(?
Birth(
. Brake
Buy
Canvass
) Sealing
Coir(l)
Site ( oJs
Sight
^Complimentary'
Confident
Corpse
Counsel
Dusk(?
Descent
Divorce
Dyeing
Immigrant
-Imminent
coo^:co)
P, English dxammaf
Inquiry
1 (3
Fire
Farmer
Hire{
Heir (
Heal'(
; Innj
Night,
No(s
Lead
(*^;_, rlc,-;"; Write (\ c ' _ / v^
.Peace'(s^o);
. Piece.
Quiet ^^'
Riie
Rode ^^6 -S
Roil r^Ij^p)
Route ('^d'sSs\ A .
Steel ^&Some (^Son
Sweet
Two Bo^); Too
i>. fiagilsh
Yoke(tooiS sa)
Stress on Syllables
Yolk
(^
Stress*/
autf 'Syllable'-
*S)llableT
Accent" a wotpfio.
- ^Accent*
Ex.:- "Lead"
(verb)'
;&,6r8a- S'O Syllable 'Le'a
Syllable 'ad1
aa,j
Syllable Ibtf'stress'
ll ff*0 Syllable SbuJ*
Stress1
^oujf6.../Noun
J,P. English Grammar 18SJS(ftd6
Noun \ry&.Ttfc'Eb:
4ftstract (^?S^r) = ^cro otfb AbstractJ "
\ as -^ '.o ''
_4;tribute ^^3carg^)=:rt)S3^ Attribute
Conflict
.Yiie f^r-Ss-\ a-
/T.vtracl (^1"^!; = ^^ <o^^ Extract'
&o
//.-/port si
. Object
Perfume"
Per//?f/ f
s&oDS.... 'Adjective1
ab'etlvJ 'SITES' 2^00(6. ...'Verb1
r
J.P. English Grammar 138
Adjective (.Sl&sSxO: Verb
Frequent
?6od5)Q&
Pmsent ^L^^ofi")-^?^^^^
Swftject. (S35")= Stf33S :
Subject (
Adjective
8]6"0 Syllable Sbtf'Stress
!
&o3.,..'Noun' rr-&; tf&53rtf Syllable
Stress ^joOS;... 'Adjective'
i i Compact (s*S)"o>I"):=aiiio8D& Compact
/wvalid 5s=wtf&tf3 Invalid
Af/nute
Precedent fcRaofi" = S5sSp 'Precedent
Figures of SpeechftsSii
<3
J.P, English Grammar 137
"Figures of 'Speech" & tsod^Co. "Figures"
&osx>' *&.... agios'* fBoTld&eo'&ag- 'VSf Oi
ss
esoK'
a. iaSj SjdlSoO, (KSpo^od!
1] Simile
"Simile" elO odj-;
8c,. x. : T|' She runs like a hares
sSe&fl&&)..-2-]The water in. this lake is as clear
ascrystal^ S-
2] Metaphor
"Metaphor" o BotPfib; &..-']] Jhansi Lakslimi Bai was a
tigress on the battle-fieldf^fo^^ araa.csfcgtforf&ris
es
!). 2]The news was dagger to his heart
(a.a.tf.-*
:. a,?-
35Sywfc -"HyperboIeVa eo^ek Ex. .. ]
]The buildings of "this
city are touching the sky(A:
S/ftf&piJO;
'^SSnfio ''.tsB-Vsx.Sj oSo
^^3)- ^1 If th
,
e time Cooperates I can put this entire Worldinto my pocket/ s*e&o KssS'S'S'S- -S
JLP English Grammar 139
4] Irony (SFgacfc): - SfrfceS*- '&&', 57tfS$ySo&-
4
Sotff
^aocSSg) 35Syt)Kx)- "Irony" a$ofcn&, 5x. :.
i"jHe Smoies,
drinks and gambles and may be said to possess all. the virtues
S^ cr!)-
2] Cliandraswami
is an honourable man and Lallu Prasad Yadav is a gentle
man(^o[dSS^Sb
5] Sarcasm'(ST'
asSydoSx-"Sarcasm" ^^ eoftj*&. -v. : ,
ijIf there are no trees,
the castor tree will be the greatest tree(^'^.UP 3ia 3&o'&...
Stfi^3^ SS?JS^sSx) c*erfb).2]She would be the best house-
wife on this earth if god had, created nonelse ($& ^os^c"1
.
6] Pathetic Fallacy (cS
"g5J*ia- (Spra^JS^sy^SS ^S^dDS'S&Stoj'SloQ SSyyt3&"Pathe-
tic Fallacy" e^A e$otr&. ^-:-l]When a poet dies/ the nature
mourns her worshipper and celebrates fc!s obscq':/-:-s io^'s'S
rioS). 2]When a beggar dies, the nature
shedstcars (L C'rf^>
7'j Oxymoron
&> "Oxymoron" <M> wotrdb. **:-l]
He is an intelli-
gent idiot (<a>&cT 3>3?5 3$sjefo)! 2l She has terrific beauty
8] Litotes (SB
:-1]
She is no fool
i! 2 He
is a mayor of no mean city
1,1 |
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