-
Updated November 2009
Law & Policy: Author Style Sheet
PRIMARY STYLE GUIDES
Chicago Manual of Style, 15th ed. (Chicago)
Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary, 11th ed.
(Merriam-Webster)
The University of Chicago Manual of Legal Citation
Legal citations in cases named in text and Cases or Statutes
Cited generally follow theBluebook (without periods).
Please refer to Law & Policy back issues as a guide. The
current style was implementedstarting from 32.1.
SUPPLEMENTED AS NECESSARY BY
Editorial Office
Wiley-Blackwell Copy Editor
LENGTH
Manuscript Length: Approximately 12,000 words, including
abstract, notes, and references list
SPELLING AND HYPHENATION
Recommended spelling
Merriam–Webster
Word Usage: Chicago, See 5.202
Hyphenation Guide for Compounds, Combining Forms, and Prefixes:
Chicago, See 7.90
A number of frequently used terms appear at the end of this
document.
PUNCTUATION
Quotation marks
U.S. style: “Double” quotation marks, with closing punctuation
inside marks and ‘single’ marksfor quotes within quotes.
Order of parentheses in text
U.S. style: ([ ])
REFERENCES
IN TEXT
General (including books, chapters, periodicals, government
publications, etc.):
Citations should appear in parenthesis in the text following the
material to which they referand use the following form:
(last name of author year, page).
Normally the citation will appear at the end of the sentence,
before the period/full stop, orimmediately after a quotation.
However, the year, and page if relevant, may immediatelyfollow the
author’s name in the text.
Law & Policy: Author Style Sheet
Updated November
16
36.2
US style: ([ ])
US style: “Double” quotation marks, with closing punctuation
inside marks and ‘single’ marks
-
When the publication date of a printed work cannot be
ascertained, the abbreviation n.d. takes the place of the year in
the reference list entry and text citations. Though it follows a
period in the reference list, n.d. remains lowercased to avoid
conflation with the author’s name; in text citations, it is
preceded by a comma. A guessed-at date may be substituted (in
brackets).
Nano, Jasmine L. [1750?] Title of Work . . .
———. n.d. Title of Another Work . . .
(Nano [1750?])
(Nano, n.d.)
Law & Policy: Author Style Sheet 2
Page numbers are only required in the case of a direct
quotation, not for paraphrases orsummaries of the original.
All citations in the text must be listed in the reference
list.
Several counties in California are “currently on the verge of
bankruptcy” (Geissinger1990, 15).
Schwartz and Orleans (1967) found that such appeals were more
effective than fearmessages.
Multiple citations should be separated by a semicolon. Multiple
works by the same author areseparated by a comma. Introductory
signals may be included in the citation to clarify theparticular
reference (“e.g.,” “see,” “see generally,” “cf.,” etc.).
(Wooster 1990, 417; see generally Mills 1987; cf. Scriven 1975,
1977, 1978).
When a work has two or three authors, use “and” (not &)
before the final name with apreceding comma. When a work has more
than three authors, abbreviate the citation to thefirst author
followed by “et al.” Institutional authors should be cited in full
on first appearanceand subsequently by an appropriate abbreviation.
In a multivolume book, the volume (vol.)number is provided in
Arabic numbers, followed by the page number.
(Engel and Munger 2003; Jesilow, Geis, and O’Brien 1986; Welsh
et al. 1990, 345).
(SEC 1989; see also U.S. Congress 1933b).
(Smith and Jones 1990, vol. 2, 64).
Citations to an immediately preceding, single work may use
“ibid.”
The CFTC rejected the cascade theory as an explanation of the
Crash (CFTC 1988c,32, 94). They constructed a proxy index based
upon fifty stocks (ibid., 15).
Cases and Legislation
Use the full names or titles of cases and legislation the first
time they appear. Subsequentdiscussion of the same case or statute
should use a shortened form.
(a) Cases: When citing cases in the text, use the following
form: (case-name year at page).Where reference is made to specific
language, indicate the page number by inserting theword “at” after
the year and list the page number. For example,
first appearance: (Cruzan v Director, Missouri Dept. of Health
1990 at 279).
subsequently: (Cruzan 1990 at 283).
If the case name is in the text, the citation should appear as
follows:
Dinsmore-Poff v Alvord (1999) illustrates the application of
…
(b) Legislation: Use the title and year. For reference to
specific sections, insert a colon afterthe year and the “§” symbol
followed by the section number. Examples:
In the Americans with Disabilities Act (1990) …
first appearance: In the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)
(1990) it was …
subsequently: … it has become apparent (ADA 1990, § 12102) that
…
REFERENCES LISTS
All items on the references lists are placed under headings that
are capitalized and centeredas REFERENCES or CASES CITED or LAWS
CITED and sometimes INTERNATIONALINSTRUMENTS (if there are a lot of
them).
Law & Policy: Author Style Sheet 2
Page numbers are only required in the case of a direct
quotation, not for paraphrases orsummaries of the original.
All citations in the text must be listed in the reference
list.
Several counties in California are “currently on the verge of
bankruptcy” (Geissinger1990, 15).
Schwartz and Orleans (1967) found that such appeals were more
effective than fearmessages.
Multiple citations should be separated by a semicolon. Multiple
works by the same author areseparated by a comma. Introductory
signals may be included in the citation to clarify theparticular
reference (“e.g.,” “see,” “see generally,” “cf.,” etc.).
(Wooster 1990, 417; see generally Mills 1987; cf. Scriven 1975,
1977, 1978).
When a work has two or three authors, use “and” (not &)
before the final name with apreceding comma. When a work has more
than three authors, abbreviate the citation to thefirst author
followed by “et al.” Institutional authors should be cited in full
on first appearanceand subsequently by an appropriate abbreviation.
In a multivolume book, the volume (vol.)number is provided in
Arabic numbers, followed by the page number.
(Engel and Munger 2003; Jesilow, Geis, and O’Brien 1986; Welsh
et al. 1990, 345).
(SEC 1989; see also U.S. Congress 1933b).
(Smith and Jones 1990, vol. 2, 64).
Citations to an immediately preceding, single work may use
“ibid.”
The CFTC rejected the cascade theory as an explanation of the
Crash (CFTC 1988c,32, 94). They constructed a proxy index based
upon fifty stocks (ibid., 15).
Cases and Legislation
Use the full names or titles of cases and legislation the first
time they appear. Subsequentdiscussion of the same case or statute
should use a shortened form.
(a) Cases: When citing cases in the text, use the following
form: (case-name year at page).Where reference is made to specific
language, indicate the page number by inserting theword “at” after
the year and list the page number. For example,
first appearance: (Cruzan v Director, Missouri Dept. of Health
1990 at 279).
subsequently: (Cruzan 1990 at 283).
If the case name is in the text, the citation should appear as
follows:
Dinsmore-Poff v Alvord (1999) illustrates the application of
…
(b) Legislation: Use the title and year. For reference to
specific sections, insert a colon afterthe year and the “§” symbol
followed by the section number. Examples:
In the Americans with Disabilities Act (1990) …
first appearance: In the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)
(1990) it was …
subsequently: … it has become apparent (ADA 1990, § 12102) that
…
REFERENCES LISTS
All items on the references lists are placed under headings that
are capitalized and centeredas REFERENCES or CASES CITED or LAWS
CITED and sometimes INTERNATIONALINSTRUMENTS (if there are a lot of
them).
Law & Policy: Author Style Sheet 2
Page numbers are only required in the case of a direct
quotation, not for paraphrases orsummaries of the original.
All citations in the text must be listed in the reference
list.
Several counties in California are “currently on the verge of
bankruptcy” (Geissinger1990, 15).
Schwartz and Orleans (1967) found that such appeals were more
effective than fearmessages.
Multiple citations should be separated by a semicolon. Multiple
works by the same author areseparated by a comma. Introductory
signals may be included in the citation to clarify theparticular
reference (“e.g.,” “see,” “see generally,” “cf.,” etc.).
(Wooster 1990, 417; see generally Mills 1987; cf. Scriven 1975,
1977, 1978).
When a work has two or three authors, use “and” (not &)
before the final name with apreceding comma. When a work has more
than three authors, abbreviate the citation to thefirst author
followed by “et al.” Institutional authors should be cited in full
on first appearanceand subsequently by an appropriate abbreviation.
In a multivolume book, the volume (vol.)number is provided in
Arabic numbers, followed by the page number.
(Engel and Munger 2003; Jesilow, Geis, and O’Brien 1986; Welsh
et al. 1990, 345).
(SEC 1989; see also U.S. Congress 1933b).
(Smith and Jones 1990, vol. 2, 64).
Citations to an immediately preceding, single work may use
“ibid.”
The CFTC rejected the cascade theory as an explanation of the
Crash (CFTC 1988c,32, 94). They constructed a proxy index based
upon fifty stocks (ibid., 15).
Cases and Legislation
Use the full names or titles of cases and legislation the first
time they appear. Subsequentdiscussion of the same case or statute
should use a shortened form.
(a) Cases: When citing cases in the text, use the following
form: (case-name year at page).Where reference is made to specific
language, indicate the page number by inserting theword “at” after
the year and list the page number. For example,
first appearance: (Cruzan v Director, Missouri Dept. of Health
1990 at 279).
subsequently: (Cruzan 1990 at 283).
If the case name is in the text, the citation should appear as
follows:
Dinsmore-Poff v Alvord (1999) illustrates the application of
…
(b) Legislation: Use the title and year. For reference to
specific sections, insert a colon afterthe year and the “§” symbol
followed by the section number. Examples:
In the Americans with Disabilities Act (1990) …
first appearance: In the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)
(1990) it was …
subsequently: … it has become apparent (ADA 1990, § 12102) that
…
REFERENCES LISTS
All items on the references lists are placed under headings that
are capitalized and centeredas REFERENCES or CASES CITED or LAWS
CITED and sometimes INTERNATIONALINSTRUMENTS (if there are a lot of
them).
Welsh et al. 1990, 345; Jesilow, Geis, and O’Brien 1986).
US Congress 1933b).
, 279).
, 283).
-
Law & Policy: Author Style Sheet 3
All references cited in the text must be listed in the
references lists and vice versa. Authorsare responsible for
checking spelling and publication details. The Law & Policy
editorial staffdo not systematically check references for
accuracy.
Bibliographical information is required for the Reference list
and should not be included in theendnotes.
List references in alphabetical order by authors’ last names. If
references are by the sameauthor, list them in ascending date order
(e.g., 1990, 1996, 2000). Unless the author usedfirst-name initials
in the source publication, supply the full name. In cases of
multipleauthorship, the name of the first author is inverted. List
all authors of a work, regardless of thenumber; do not use “et al.”
Use the full name of each as it appears on the title page or on
thefirst page of the article. When a work has two or more authors,
use “and” (not &) before thefinal name with a preceding comma.
This is true for two or more editors, as well.
References to multiple publications (by a single author or group
of authors) appearing in thesame year should be distinguished by
adding letters (a, b, c, etc.) to the year. Suchpublications are
then listed in alphabetical order by title.
Case names, acts, international treaties, and other legal
materials should be listed with fullnames in the CASES CITED and
LAWS CITED sections. The appropriate abbreviations forcase
reporters and statutory collections can be found in The University
of Chicago Manual ofLegal Citation. Examples are below.
When an author’s name uses initials, there should be a space
between them: M. J. Koster,not M.J. Koster.
Use USPS abbreviations for U.S. states.
Book and periodical titles: Use title case even where original
is lower case (save forprepositions, conjunctions, or articles such
as “the”). Exception: staff will not alter foreignlanguage titles
where it may not be possible to tell which words should start with
a cap.
Examples of References
All items are hanging indent and formatted in accordance with
Chicago.
1. Books
Use the following form: Last Name, First Name. Year. Full Title
of Book Including any Subtitle,5th ed. City of Publication:
Publisher.
Hans, Valerie P. 2000. Business on Trial: The Civil Jury and
CorporateResponsibility. New Haven, CT: Yale Univ. Press.
Kwoka, John E., Jr., and Lawrence J. White (eds.). 1989. The
Antitrust Revolution.Glenview, IL: Scott, Foresman.
American Psychological Association (APA). 1992. Ethical
Principles of Psychologistsand Code of Conduct. Washington DC:
APA.
Kairys, David (ed.). 1990. The Politics of Law: A Progressive
Critique, rev. ed. NewYork: Pantheon Books.
Note: Full names (first name and last name) are preferred for
authors and editors.
Note: Major cities such as New York, London, and Chicago do not
require state or countryidentifiers. Use just Cambridge when
referring to the city in England. Use Cambridge, MA,when referring
to publishers in Massachusetts (e.g., Harvard Univ. Press, MIT
Press).
Note: University is abbreviated Univ. in References.
2. Chapters in edited volumes
US states.
-
Law & Policy: Author Style Sheet 4
Use the following form: Last Name, First Name. Year. “Full
Chapter Title.” In Full Title ofBook, edited by name of editor
using first name and last name [page range optional]. City
ofPublication: Publisher.
Kagan, Robert A., and William P. Nelson. 2001. “The Politics of
Tobacco Regulationin the United States.” In Regulating Tobacco,
edited by Robert L. Rabin andStephen D. Sugarman. Oxford: Oxford
Univ. Press.
Gricar, Barbara G. 1983. “A Preliminary Theory of Compliance
With OSHARegulations.” In Research in Corporate Social Performance
and Policy, vol.5, edited by Lee E. Preston. Greenwich, CT: JAI
Press.
Kunreuther, Howard. 2006. “Has the Time Come for Comprehensive
Natural DisasterInsurance?” In On Risk and Disaster. Lessons From
Hurricane Katrina,edited by Ronald J. Daniels, Donald F. Kettl and
Howard Kunreuther, 175-201. Philadelphia: Univ. of Pennsylvania
Press.
3. Periodicals
Use the following form: Last Name, First Name. Year. “Article
Title,” Full Journal Title volumenumber (issue number or month only
if each issue separately paginated): first and last
pagenumbers.
Harding, Sarah. 2003. “Cultural Property and the Limitations of
Preservation,” Law &Policy 25: 17-36.
Greenhouse, Linda. 1993. “Justice Plan to Delve Anew Into Race
and Voting Rights,”New York Times 11 July: A-1.
Galbraith, John Kenneth. 1987. “The 1929 Parallel,” Atlantic
Monthly 259 (January):62-66.
UCLA Law Review. 1973. “Judicial Intervention in Corrections:
The CaliforniaExperience--An Empirical Study,” UCLA Law Review 20:
452-580.
Bureau of National Affairs (BNA). 1992. “United States Said
Reviewing Options forStabilization, Reduction of Emissions,”
International Environmental Reporter:Current Reports 16 (24 March):
199.
Angus, Albert. 1997. “Saskatchewan Justice on Trial: The Pamela
George Case,”Saskatchewan Indian 27 (1): 5.
http://www.sicc.sk.ca/saskindian (accessedMay 21, 2008).
Note: If article title ends in a question mark, do not follow it
with a comma.
4. Government and international documents
Australian Accounting Research Foundation, Auditing Assurance
Standards Board.2001. Assurance Engagements. AUS 108. Melbourne:
Australian AccountingResearch Foundation.
http://www.aarf.asn.au/publications.htm (accessedJune 25,
2009).
Canada. Office of the Auditor General. 1990. Report of the
Auditor General ofCanada to the House of Commons. Hull, Quebec:
Supply and ServicesCanada.
Great Britain. Department for Education. 1994. Code of Practice
on the Indentificationand Assessment of Special Educational Needs:
A Framework for the Future.London: HMSO.
Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons. 1966. Parliamentary
Debate, 5h ser.,vol. 734. London: HMSO.
Hong Kong. Social Welfare Department. 2001. An Overview of
Residential CareServices for the Elderly (Chinese). Hong Kong:
Social Welfare Dept.
July 11
March 24
-
Law & Policy: Author Style Sheet 5
New Zealand. Cabinet Policy Committee. 2003. Building Act Review
Overview. 26May. Wellington: Office of Minister of
Commerce.http://www.med.govt.nz/buslt/bus_pol/building/review/decisions/cabinet/overview/index.html
(accessed May 26, 2003).
UN Environment Programme. Ozone Secretariat. 1991. Handbook for
the MontrealProtocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer.
UNEP/Ozl.Pro.3/7.
U.S. Congress. Senate. Committee on Government Operations.
Subcommittee onReports, Accounting, and Management. 1977. The
AccountingEstablishment: A Staff Study. 95th Cong, 1st Sess, S Doc
34.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS).
Administration for Childrenand Families. National Adoption
Information Clearinghouse. 2002. OpenAdoption. Washington DC:
DHHS.http://www.calib.com/naic/pubs/s_open.cfm (accessed January 2,
2003).
U.S. General Accounting Office (GAO). 1989. Product Liability:
Verdicts and CaseResolution in Five States. Washington DC: GAO.
U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. Division of Market
Regulation. 1988. TheOctober 1987 Market Break. February.
Washington DC: GAO.
World Bank Group. 2002. PovertyNet: Data on Income. Washington,
D.C.: WorldBank Group.
http://worldbank.org/poverty/data/trends/regional/htm
(accessedFebruary 5, 2006).
5. Online materials
When citing to publications found on the Internet, cite to the
hard copy if available, followingthe appropriate rule for style,
and provide the website URL. If no author is indicated, list
thesite owner as author. If no date is indicated, insert “n.d.” See
examples in Periodicals andGovernment Publications above. If citing
a website, use the site name as the author and title.
New Zealand. Cabinet Policy Committee. 2003. Building Act Review
Overview. 26May. Wellington: Office of Minister of
Commerce.http://www.med.govt.nz/buslt/bus_pol/building/review/decisions/cabinet/overview/index.html
(accessed May 26, 2003).
Citigroup. 2006. Citigroup Financial Education Program:
Knowledge Is Your GreatestAsset.
http://www.citigroup.com/citigroup/financialeducation/resources.htm(accessed
May 10, 2006).
Note: Accessed date format: Month day, year.
Note: Accessed date is required if known.
Note: “Available at” is not necessary.
6. Miscellaneous materials
(a) Unpublished dissertation
Lazarus-Black, Mindie. 1990. “Legitimate Acts and Illegal
Encounters: TheDevelopment of Family Ideology and Structure in
Antigua and Barbuda, WestIndies.” PhD diss., Univ. of Chicago.
(b) Papers presented
Hoberg, George. 1991. “Bargaining vs. Legalism.” Paper presented
at the annualmeeting of the American Political Science Association,
August 29-September1, Washington DC.
(c) Working papers
Shovin, John B., Scott B. Smart, and Joel Waldfogel. 1991. Real
Interest Rates andthe Savings and Loan Crisis: The Moral Hazard
Premium. NBER Working
US Congress. Senate. Committee on Government Operations.
Subcommittee on
US Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS).
Administration for Children
US General Accounting Office (GAO). 1989. Product Liability:
Verdicts and Case
US Securities and Exchange Commission. Division of Market
Regulation. 1988. The
-
Law & Policy: Author Style Sheet 6
Paper Series, No 3754. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of
EconomicResearch.
(d) Unpublished manuscripts
Makkai, Toni, and Valerie Braithwaite (n.d.) “The Dialectics of
Corporate Deterrence.”Unpublished paper.
(e) Forthcoming works: replace the date with “forthcoming”
(f) Personal correspondence or interviews. Include in
endnotes:
For correspondence, include the date and name(s) of the
correspondents.
For interviews, include the name of the interviewee, the date,
name of the interviewer,and location.
(g) Newspapers: see 3. PERIODICALS above
(h) Radio report:
ABC Radio National. 2004a. "Shepparton's Koori Court," The Law
Report, 3February.
http://www.abc.net.au/rn/talks/8.30/lawrpt/stories/s1035995.htm(accessed
January 3, 2007).
(i) Papers in a series
Briault, Clive. 1999. “The Rationale for a Single Financial
Services Regulator,”Occasional Paper Series, No 2. London: FSA.
(j) Translations
Sausgruber, Rupert, and Hannes Winner. 2004. “Steueramnestie
abgesagt: Eine klugeEntscheidung? Empirische Evidenz aus
OECD-Ländern” [Tax Amnesty Cancelled: AWise Decision? Empirical
Evidence from the OECD Countries], ÖsterreichischeSteuerzeitung 10:
207–11.
7. Legal materials
Provide the reader with the information needed to locate a
document and particularized itemswithin the document the author
discusses, in a consistent manner. Below are a few
generalguidelines and generic formulae for various kinds of
references.
(a) Cases
Provide enough information so that the reader can local the
original text of an opinion, fullparallel citations are ideal but
listing of one official reporter is sufficient. Cases are
notitalicized in the CASES CITED list.
Note the absence of periods.
DeShaney v Winnebago County Department of Social Services, 489
US 189 (1989).
Labatt Breweries v A.G. Canada, [1980] 1 SCR 914, 110 DLR (3d)
594, (1979) 52CCC (2d) 433.
Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v Casey, 112 S
Ct 2791, 120 LEd 2d 674 (1992).
People v McCarty, 93 Ill App 3d 898, 418 NE2d 26, rev’d, 86 Ill
2d 247, 427 NE2d147 (1981).
Toussaint v Blue Cross & Blue Shield, 408 Mich 579, 292 NW2d
880 (Mich 1980).
(b) Laws, Statutes, and Treaties
Advance Directives for Health Care Act, NJ Stat Ann §§
26:2H-53-2H-78 (West 1987and Supp 1992).
Anti-Drug Abuse Act, Pub L No 100-690, 102 Stat 4181 (1988).
Canadian Environmental Protection Act of 1985, (4th Supp) RSC, c
C-16.
-
Law & Policy: Author Style Sheet 7
Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, 21 USC §§ 301-393
(1988).
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR)
(1966), GA Res 22-Annex, UN GAOR, 21st Sess (Supp No 16 at 52), UN
Doc A/6316; 999UNTS 171; 6 ILM 368 (1966).
Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, 16
September 1987,26 ILM 1541 (1987).
Universal Declaration of Human Rights, GA Res 217A, UN GAOR, 3d
Sess (Part I,Resolutions), UN Doc A/810 (1948).
Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer, 22
March 1985, TIAS No11097.
(c) Administrative Rules
Executive Order No 12291, 3 CFR 127 (1982).
47 Fed Reg 39147 (1982).
51 Fed Reg 17476 (1986) (codified at 21 CFR § 1308.12).
CONTENT-SPECIFIC STYLE POINTS, EDITOR PREFERENCES
♦ Numbers on lists should be followed by a period.
♦ Numbered and bulleted lists should be formatted with a hanging
indent.
♦ Embedded enumerated numbers are enclosed in parentheses (e.g.,
(1), (2)). If theenumeration follows a colon, separate the
enumerated pieces with a semicolon. If theenumeration runs into
text, separate the enumerated pieces with commas.
♦ Numbers one through ninety-nine and common fractions should be
written in full(e.g., one, thirty-three, two-thirds). Others use
numerals. Numerals always precedethe word “percent” in text.
♦ Use § (with a space following the section symbol) in
parentheses and notes, but spellout “section” in text.
♦ Italics: Apart from normal use for emphasis, italics are used
for case names in text(not references) and titles of publications.
Common Latin phrases (e.g., de facto,bona fide) are not italicized.
More obscure Latin phrases (e.g., doli incapax) areitalicized, as
are foreign language terms.
♦ The word “Court” (note capital letter) standing alone is only
used when referencingthe U.S. Supreme Court. In foreign courts,
only the highest court is capitalized whennot referred to by its
full title.
♦ Unless the official title of an act, bill, article, committee,
conference, etc., is used, thewords should be lower case (e.g., the
Federal Unemployment Tax Act, but the act).
♦ Unless the full name of an official is used, the reference to
an individual’s title is lowercase (e.g., President Clinton, but
the president of the United States; the secretary ofstate, but
Secretary of State Clinton).
♦ The abbreviations i.e. and e.g. are only used parenthetically.
In the text use “that is”or “for example.” The abbreviated and
spelled-out versions are followed by a comma.
♦ Use endnotes, not footnotes. Endnotes are in a separate
section labeled with acentered heading “NOTES” following the text
and before the References. Endnotesshould not be used to provide
citations, but should be reserved for explaining oramplifying
matters discussed in the main body of the text. They should also be
usedfor references to material not generally accessible such as
field interviews andcorrespondence with the author. Authors are
discouraged from using figures orlengthy tabulations in notes.
US Supreme Court. In foreign courts, only the highest court is
capitalized when
-
Law & Policy: Author Style Sheet 8
♦ Biographical details: A brief paragraph of biographical
details (approx 50 words)should follow the endnotes for each
author. The author name should be in smallcapital letters, roman,
and be followed by the rest of the paragraph in italics.
Degreesshould not be listed after the name as in ”FRED BLOGGS, PhD,
JD, BA, is anAssociate Professor in.” Such information should be
included in the text of theparagraph. Degrees do not take
periods.
COMMON ABBREVIATIONS THAT DO NOT NEED TO BE SPELLED OUT
U.S.
EU
UK
UN
USSR
Note: All of the above are abbreviated as adjectives, but they
are spelled out as nouns.
TABLES AND FIGURES
Every figure should have a caption below it. For example:
Figure 1. Example of a Figure Caption.
Tables:
Every table should have a title above it. For example:
Table 1. This Is an Example of a Table Title
Column heading 1 2 3 4
First row 10.5 9.4 1.1 0.4
Second row 12.1 5.6 3.3 2.1
WORD LIST, SPELLING PREFERENCES, COMMON ACRONYMS, ETC.
a
agro-industry
b
biofuel
C
cooperate
coordinate
US
In running text, spell out United States as a noun; reserve US
for the adjective form only (in which position the abbreviation is
generally preferred). For example, US dollars, US involvement in
China, China’s involvement in the United States.
Law & Policy: Author Style Sheet 8
♦ Biographical details: A brief paragraph of biographical
details (approx 50 words)should follow the endnotes for each
author. The author name should be in smallcapital letters, roman,
and be followed by the rest of the paragraph in italics.
Degreesshould not be listed after the name as in ”FRED BLOGGS, PhD,
JD, BA, is anAssociate Professor in.” Such information should be
included in the text of theparagraph. Degrees do not take
periods.
COMMON ABBREVIATIONS THAT DO NOT NEED TO BE SPELLED OUT
U.S.
EU
UK
UN
USSR
Note: All of the above are abbreviated as adjectives, but they
are spelled out as nouns.
TABLES AND FIGURES
Every figure should have a caption below it. For example:
Figure 1. Example of a Figure Caption.
Tables:
Every table should have a title above it. For example:
Table 1. This Is an Example of a Table Title
Column heading 1 2 3 4
First row 10.5 9.4 1.1 0.4
Second row 12.1 5.6 3.3 2.1
WORD LIST, SPELLING PREFERENCES, COMMON ACRONYMS, ETC.
a
agro-industry
b
biofuel
C
cooperate
coordinate
The following Hyphenation Table is adapted from the 16th edition
of the Chicago Manual of Style.
-
Compounds and Hyphenation 7.85
375
according to parts of speech. The third section lists examples
for words commonly used as elements in compounds. The fourth
section lists com-mon prefi xes, most of which join to another word
to form one unhyphen-ated word; note especially the hyphenated
exceptions, not all of which agree with Webster’s . (Compounds
formed with suffi xes—e.g., nation-hood , penniless —are almost
always closed.)
Category/specifi c term Examples Summary of rule
1. compounds according to category
age terms a three- year- olda fi ve- year- old childa fi fty- fi
ve- year- old womana group of eight- to ten- year- oldsbutseven
years oldeighteen years of age
Hyphenated in both noun and adjective forms (except as in the
last two examples); note the space after the fi rst hyphen in the
fourth example (see 7.84 ). The examples apply equally to ages
expressed as numerals.
chemical terms sodium chloridesodium chloride solution
Open in both noun and adjective forms.
colors emerald- green tiereddish- brown fl agstoneblue- green
algaesnow- white dressblack- and- white print but his tie is
emerald greenthe stone is reddish brownthe water is blue greenthe
clouds are snow whitethe truth isn’t black and white
Hyphenated before but not after a noun. This departure from
Chicago’s former usage serves both simplicity and logic.
compass points and directions
northeastsouthwesteast- northeasta north–south streetthe street
runs north–south
Closed in noun, adjective, and adverb forms unless three
direc-tions are combined, in which case a hyphen is used after the
fi rst. When from . . . to is implied, an en dash is used (see 6.78
).
ethnic terms. See proper nouns and adjectives relating to
geography or nation-ality in section 2.
foreign phrases an a priori argumenta Sturm und Drang dramain
vitro fertilizationa tête- à- tête approach
Open unless hyphens appear in the original language.
07_cmos16_ch7.indd 375 5/14/10 1:57 PM
proofs for review only
Law & Policy: Author Style Sheet 9
-
7.85 spelling, distinctive treatment of words, and compounds
376
Category/specifi c term Examples Summary of rule
1. compounds according to category (continued)
fractions, compounds formed with
a half houra half- hour sessiona quarter milea quarter- mile
runan eighth note
Noun form open; adjective form hyphenated. See also numbers in
this section and half in sec-tion 3.
fractions, simple one- halftwo- thirdsthree- quartersone twenty-
fi fthone and three- quartersa two- thirds majoritythree- quarters
donea one twenty- fi fth share
Hyphenated in noun, adjec-tive, and adverb forms, except when
second element is already hyphenated. See also number + noun and
9.14 .
number + abbreviation
the 33 m distancea 2 kg weighta 3 ft. high wall
Always open. See also number + noun.
number + noun a hundred- meter racea 250- page booka fi fty-
year projecta three- inch- high statuetteit’s three inches higha
one- and- a- half- inch hemone and a half inchesa fi ve- foot- ten
quarterbackfi ve feet ten [inches tall]fi ve- to ten- minute
intervals
Hyphenated before a noun, otherwise open. Note the space after
the fi rst number in the last example. See also number +
abbreviation. See also 9.13 .
number + percentage 50 percenta 10 percent raise
Both noun and adjective forms always open.
number, ordinal, + noun
on the third fl oorthird- fl oor apartment103rd- fl oor viewfi
fth- place contestanttwenty- fi rst- row seats
Adjective form hyphenated be-fore a noun, otherwise open. See
also century in section 3.
number, ordinal, + super lative
a second- best decisionthird- largest townfourth- to- last
contestanthe arrived fourth to last
Hyphenated before a noun, otherwise open.
numbers, spelled out twenty- eightthree hundrednineteen forty-
fi vefi ve hundred fi fty
Twenty- one through ninety- nine hyphenated; others open. See
also fractions, simple.
relationships. See foster, grand, in- law, and step in section
3.
07_cmos16_ch7.indd 376 5/14/10 1:57 PM
proofs for review only
Law & Policy: Author Style Sheet 10
-
Compounds and Hyphenation 7.85
377
Category/specifi c term Examples Summary of rule
1. compounds according to category (continued)
time at three thirtythe three- thirty traina four o’clock
trainthe 5:00 p.m. news
Usually open; forms such as “three thirty,” “four twenty,” etc.,
are hyphenated before the noun.
2. compounds according to parts of speech
adjective + noun small- state senatorsa high- quality alkylatea
middle- class neighborhoodthe neighborhood is middle class
Hyphenated before but not after a noun.
adjective + participle tight- lipped personhigh- jumping
grasshoppersopen- ended questionthe question was open ended
Hyphenated before but not after a noun.
adverb ending in ly + participle or adjective
a highly paid ragpickera fully open societyhe was mildly
amusing
Open whether before or after a noun.
adverb not ending in ly + participle or adjective
a much- needed additionit was much neededa very well- read
childlittle- understood rulesa too- easy answerthe best- known
authorthe highest- ranking offi certhe worst- paid joba lesser-
paid colleaguethe most effi cient methoda less prolifi c artista
more thorough examthe most skilled workers (most in
number)butthe most- skilled workers (most
in skill)a very much needed addition
Hyphenated before but not after a noun; compounds with more,
most, less, least, and very usually open unless ambiguity
threat-ens. When the adverb rather than the compound as a whole is
modifi ed by another adverb, the entire expression is open.
combining forms electrocardiogramsocioeconomicpolitico-
scientifi c studiesthe practico- inert
Usually closed if permanent, hyphenated if temporary. See 7.78
.
gerund + noun running shoescooking classrunning- shoe store
Noun form open; adjective form hyphenated. See also noun +
gerund.
noun + adjective computer- literate accountantsHIV- positive
menthe stadium is fan friendlyshe is HIV positive
Hyphenated before a noun; usu-ally open after a noun.
07_cmos16_ch7.indd 377 5/14/10 1:57 PM
proofs for review only
Law & Policy: Author Style Sheet 11
-
7.85 spelling, distinctive treatment of words, and compounds
378
Category/specifi c term Examples Summary of rule
2. compounds according to parts of speech (continued)
noun + gerund decision makinga decision- making bodymountain
climbingtime- clock- punching employeesa Nobel Prize–winning
chemist
(see 6.80 )bookkeepingcaregivingcopyediting
Noun form usually open; adjec-tive form hyphenated before a
noun. Some permanent com-pounds closed (see 7.78 ).
noun + noun, single function (fi rst noun modifi es second
noun)
student nurserestaurant ownerdirectory pathtenure tracktenure-
track positionhome- rule
governanceshipbuildergunrunnercopyeditor
Noun form open; adjective form hyphenated before a noun. Some
permanent compounds closed (see 7.78 ).
noun + noun, two functions (both nouns equal)
nurse- practitionerphilosopher- kingcity- statecity- state
governance
Both noun and adjective forms always hyphenated.
noun + numeral or enumerator
type Aa type A executivetype 2 diabetessize 12 slacksa page 1
headline
Both noun and adjective forms always open.
noun + participle a Wagner- burdened repertoirefl ower- fi lled
gardena clothes- buying grandmothera day of clothes buying
Hyphenated before a noun, otherwise open.
participle + noun chopped- liver pâtécutting- edge methodstheir
approach was cutting edge
Adjective form hyphenated before but not after a noun.
participle + up, out, and similar adverbs
dressed- up childrenburned- out buildingsironed- on decalwe were
dressed upthat decal is ironed on
Adjective form hyphenated before but not after a noun. Verb form
always open.
phrases, adjectival an over- the- counter druga matter- of- fact
replyan up- to- date solutionsold over the counterher tone was
matter of facthis equipment was up to date
Hyphenated before a noun; usu-ally open after a noun.
07_cmos16_ch7.indd 378 5/14/10 1:57 PM
proofs for review only
Law & Policy: Author Style Sheet 12
-
Compounds and Hyphenation 7.85
379
Category/specifi c term Examples Summary of rule
2. compounds according to parts of speech (continued)
phrases, noun stick- in- the- mudjack- of- all- tradesa fl ash
in the pan
Hyphenated or open as listed in Webster’s. If not in the
diction-ary, open.
proper nouns and adjectives relating to geography or
nation-ality
African AmericansAfrican American presidenta Chinese
AmericanFrench CanadiansSouth Asian Americansthe Scotch Irishthe
North Central regionMiddle Eastern countriesbutSino- Tibetan
languagesthe Franco- Prussian Warthe US- Canada borderAnglo-
American cooperationAnglo- Americans
Open in both noun and adjective forms, unless the fi rst term is
a prefi x or unless between is implied. See also 8.38 .
3. compounds formed with specific terms
ache toothachestomachache
Always closed.
all all outall alongall overan all- out eff ortan all- American
playerthe book is all- encompassingbutwe were all in [tired]
Adverbial phrases open; adjecti-val phrases usually hyphenated
both before and after a noun.
book reference bookcoupon bookcheckbookcookbook
Closed or open as listed in Webster’s. If not in the
diction-ary, open.
borne waterbornefood- bornee- mail- bornemosquito- borne
Closed if listed as such in Webster’s. If not in Webster’s,
hyphenated; compounds retain the hyphen both before and after a
noun.
century the twenty- fi rst centuryfourteenth- century
monasterytwenty- fi rst- century historya mid- eighteenth- century
poetlate nineteenth- century politiciansher style was nineteenth
century
Noun forms always open; ad-jectival compounds hyphenated before
but not after a noun. See also old (below), mid (in section 4), and
7.83 .
07_cmos16_ch7.indd 379 5/14/10 1:57 PM
proofs for review only
Law & Policy: Author Style Sheet 13
-
7.85 spelling, distinctive treatment of words, and compounds
380
Category/specifi c term Examples Summary of rule
3. compounds formed with specific terms (continued)
cross a cross sectiona cross- referencecross- referencedcross-
grainedcross- countrycrossbowcrossover
Many compounds formed with cross are in Webster’s (as those
listed here). If not in Webster’s, noun, adjective, adverb, and
verb forms should be open.
e e- maile- bookeBay
Hyphenated except with proper nouns. See also 8.163 .
elect president- electvice president electmayor- electcounty
assessor elect
Hyphenated unless the name of the offi ce consists of an open
compound.
ever ever- ready helpever- recurring problemeverlastinghe was
ever eager
Usually hyphenated before but not after a noun; some perma-nent
compounds closed.
ex ex- partnerex- marineex–corporate executive
Hyphenated, but use en dash if ex- precedes an open
compound.
foster foster motherfoster parentsa foster- family
background
Noun forms open; adjective forms hyphenated.
free toll- free numberaccident- free driverthe number is toll-
freethe driver is accident- free
Compounds formed with free as second element are hyphenated both
before and after a noun.
full full- length mirrorthe mirror is full lengththree bags
fulla suitcase full
Hyphenated before a noun, otherwise open. Use ful only in such
permanent compounds as cupful, handful.
general attorney generalpostmaster generallieutenants
general
Always open; in plural forms, general remains singular.
grand, great- grand grandfathergranddaughtergreat-
grandmothergreat- great- grandson
Grand compounds closed; great compounds hyphenated.
07_cmos16_ch7.indd 380 5/14/10 1:57 PM
proofs for review only
Law & Policy: Author Style Sheet 14
-
Compounds and Hyphenation 7.85
381
Category/specifi c term Examples Summary of rule
3. compounds formed with specific terms (continued)
half half- asleephalf- fi nisheda half sistera half houra half-
hour sessionhalfwayhalfh earted
Adjective forms hyphenated before and after the noun; noun forms
open. Some permanent compounds closed, whether nouns, adjectives,
or adverbs. Check Webster’s. See also frac-tions in section 1.
house schoolhousecourthousesafe houserest house
Closed or open as listed in Webster’s. If not in the
diction-ary, open.
in- law sister- in- lawparents- in- law
All compounds hyphenated; only the fi rst element takes a plural
form.
like catlikechildlikeChristlikebell- likea penitentiary- like
institution
Closed if listed as such in Webster’s. If not in Webster’s,
hyphenated; compounds retain the hyphen both before and after a
noun.
mid. See section 4.
near in the near terma near accidenta near- term proposala near-
dead language
Noun forms open; adjective forms hyphenated.
odd a hundred- odd manuscripts350- odd books
Always hyphenated.
old a three- year- olda 105- year- old womana decade- old uniona
centuries- old debatea child who is three years oldthe debate is
centuries old
Noun forms hyphenated. Adjec-tive forms hyphenated before a
noun, open after. See also age terms in section 1.
on onlineonstageongoingon- screenon- site
Sometimes closed, sometimes hyphenated. Check Webster’s and
hyphenate if term is not listed. See also 7.79 .
percent 5 percenta 10 percent increase
Both noun and adjective forms always open.
07_cmos16_ch7.indd 381 5/14/10 1:57 PM
proofs for review only
Law & Policy: Author Style Sheet 15
-
7.85 spelling, distinctive treatment of words, and compounds
382
Category/specifi c term Examples Summary of rule
3. compounds formed with specific terms (continued)
pseudo. See section 4.
quasi a quasi corporationa quasi- public corporationquasi-
judicialquasiperiodicquasicrystal
Noun form usually open; adjec-tive form usually hyphenated. A
handful of permanent com-pounds are listed in Webster’s.
self self- restraintself- realizationself- sustainingself-
consciousthe behavior is self- destructiveselfl
essunselfconscious
Both noun and adjective forms hyphenated, except where self is
followed by a suffi x or preceded by un. Note that unselfconscious,
Chicago’s preference, is contrary to Webster’s.
step stepbrotherstepparentstep- granddaughterstep- great-
granddaughter
Always closed except with grand and great.
style dined family- style1920s- style dancingdanced 1920s-
styleChicago- style hyphenationaccording to Chicago styleheadline-
style capitalizationuse headline style
Adjective and adverb forms hyphenated; noun form usually
open.
vice vice- consulvice- chancellorvice presidentvice presidential
dutiesvice admiralviceroy
Sometimes hyphenated, some-times open, occasionally closed.
Check Webster’s and hyphenate if term is not listed.
web a websitea web pageweb- related matters
Noun form open or closed, as shown; if term is not in any
dic-tionary, opt for open. Adjective form hyphenated. See also 7.76
.
wide worldwidecitywideChicago- widethe canvass was university-
wide
Closed if listed as such in Webster’s. If not in Webster’s,
hyphenated; compounds retain the hyphen both before and after a
noun.
07_cmos16_ch7.indd 382 5/14/10 1:57 PM
proofs for review only
Law & Policy: Author Style Sheet 16
-
Compounds and Hyphenation 7.85
383
4. words formed with prefixes
Compounds formed with prefi xes are normally closed, whether
they are nouns, verbs, adjec-tives, or adverbs. A hyphen should
appear, however, (1) before a capitalized word or a nu-meral, such
a sub- Saharan, pre- 1950; (2) before a compound term, such as non-
self- sustaining, pre–Vietnam War (before an open compound, an en
dash is used; see 6.80 ); (3) to separate two i’s, two a’s, and
other combinations of letters or syllables that might cause
misreading, such as anti- intellectual, extra- alkaline, pro- life;
(4) to separate the repeated terms in a double prefi x, such as
sub- subentry; (5) when a prefi x or combining form stands alone,
such as over- and underused, macro- and microeconomics. The
spellings shown below conform largely to Merriam- Webster’s
Collegiate Dictionary. Compounds formed with combining forms not
listed here, such as auto, tri, and para, follow the same
pattern.
ante antebellum, antenatal, antediluvian
anti antihypertensive, antihero, but anti- infl ammatory, anti-
Hitlerian
bi binomial, bivalent, bisexual
bio bioecology, biophysical, biosociology
co coequal, coauthor, coeditor, coordinate, cooperation,
coworker, but co- op, co- opt
counter counterclockwise, counterrevolution
cyber cyberspace, cyberstore
extra extramural, extrafi ne, but extra- administrative
fold fourfold, hundredfold, but twenty- fi ve- fold, 150-
fold
hyper hypertension, hyperactive, hypertext
infra infrasonic, infrastructure
inter interorganizational, interfaith
intra intrazonal, intramural, but intra- arterial
macro macroeconomics, macromolecular
mega megavitamin, megamall, but mega- annoyance
meta metalanguage, metaethical, but meta- analysis (not the same
as metanalysis)
micro microeconomics, micromethodical
mid midthirties, a midcareer event, midcentury, but mid- July,
the mid- 1990s, the mid- twentieth century, mid- twentieth- century
history
mini minivan, minimarket
multi multiauthor, multiconductor, but multi- institutional
neo neonate, neoorthodox, Neoplatonism, neo- Nazi (neo lowercase
or capital and hyphenated as in dictionary; lowercase and hyphenate
if not in dictionary)
non nonviolent, nonevent, nonnegotiable, but non- beer-
drinking
over overmagnifi ed, overshoes, overconscientious
post postdoctoral, postmodernism, posttraumatic, but post-
Vietnam, post–World War II (see 6.80 )
pre premodern, preregistration, prewar, preempt, but pre-
Columbian, Pre- Raphaelite (pre lowercase or capital as in
dictionary; lowercase if term is not in dictionary)
pro proindustrial, promarket, but pro- life, pro- Canadian
07_cmos16_ch7.indd 383 5/14/10 1:57 PM
proofs for review only
Law & Policy: Author Style Sheet 17
-
7.85 spelling, distinctive treatment of words, and compounds
384
4. words formed with prefixes (continued)
proto protolanguage, protogalaxy, protomartyr
pseudo pseudotechnocrat, pseudomodern, but pseudo- Tudor
re reedit, reunify, reproposition, but re- cover, re- creation
(as distinct from recover, recreation)
semi semiopaque, semiconductor, but semi- invalid
sub subbasement, subzero, subcutaneous
super superannuated, supervirtuoso, superpowerful
supra supranational, suprarenal, supraorbital, but supra-
American
trans transsocietal, transmembrane, transcontinental,
transatlantic, but trans- American
ultra ultrasophisticated, ultraorganized, ultraevangelical
un unfunded, unneutered, but un- English, un- unionized
under underemployed, underrate, undercount
07_cmos16_ch7.indd 384 5/14/10 1:57 PM
proofs for review only
Law & Policy: Author Style Sheet 18