Launching a New Nation Chapter 8. Washington takes Office The Capital of the United states was New York City George Washington traveled there in April.

Launching a New NationLaunching a New NationChapter 8Chapter 8

Washington takes Office Washington takes Office

The Capital of the The Capital of the United states was United states was New York CityNew York City

George Washington George Washington traveled there in traveled there in April of 1789. April of 1789.

Washington was Washington was inaugurated on April inaugurated on April 30, 178930, 1789 He was anxious and He was anxious and

knew that his knew that his actions would set a actions would set a precedent.precedent.

Washington takes Office Washington takes Office Congress and the Congress and the

President had to put President had to put together a working together a working government. government.

The Congress passed The Congress passed laws to set up three laws to set up three departments for the departments for the Executive Branch (The Executive Branch (The President)President) The Department of The Department of

the Treasury, the Treasury, Department of State Department of State and Department of and Department of warwar

Each was headed by Each was headed by a person chosen by a person chosen by the Presidentthe President

Washington takes Office Washington takes Office The President appointed The President appointed

an attorney general to an attorney general to advise him on legal advise him on legal issuesissues

Alexander Hamilton was Alexander Hamilton was the Secretary of the Secretary of TreasuryTreasury

Thomas Jefferson was Thomas Jefferson was the Secretary of Statethe Secretary of State

Henry Knox was the Henry Knox was the Secretary of WarSecretary of War

Edmund Randolph was Edmund Randolph was the Attorney Generalthe Attorney General Today the Today the

Presidents advisors Presidents advisors are known as the are known as the Cabinet. Cabinet.

Washington takes Office Washington takes Office

The Judiciary Act of The Judiciary Act of 1789 set up for the 1789 set up for the Supreme Court of 6 Supreme Court of 6 justicesjustices

Under the Supreme Under the Supreme Court were 3 circuit Court were 3 circuit Courts and 13 district Courts and 13 district courtscourts

The job of the federal The job of the federal courts was to hear courts was to hear appeals from the appeals from the state courtstate court

John Jay was the John Jay was the First Chief Justice of First Chief Justice of the Supreme Courtthe Supreme Court

Washington takes Office Washington takes Office

After the Revolution After the Revolution the federal the federal government owed government owed $52 million$52 million

This was owed in This was owed in bondsbonds

Speculators bought Speculators bought bonds from people bonds from people because the people because the people thought that they thought that they were not going to were not going to worth moneyworth money

Washington takes Office Washington takes Office

Alexander Hamilton, the Alexander Hamilton, the Secretary of Treasury Secretary of Treasury came up with a plan to came up with a plan to solve the problemsolve the problem

The US government The US government would agree to pay all would agree to pay all federal and state debtsfederal and state debts

The US government The US government would open a national would open a national bank for depositing bank for depositing government goodsgovernment goods

The US government The US government would start a high tax would start a high tax on imported goodson imported goods

Washington takes Office Washington takes Office

Hamilton wanted to Hamilton wanted to prove to other countries prove to other countries that the US would pay that the US would pay back their debtsback their debts

Several southern states Several southern states did not think they did not think they should have to pay the should have to pay the federal debt because federal debt because they already paid off they already paid off their state debttheir state debt

After debate, the After debate, the Southerners would help Southerners would help pay back the debtpay back the debt In return the capital In return the capital

would be in the Southwould be in the South

Washington takes Office Washington takes Office

Hamilton created a Hamilton created a bank that would hold bank that would hold funds and issue paper funds and issue paper moneymoney

Thomas Jefferson Thomas Jefferson fought against the bank fought against the bank saying it was saying it was UnconstitutionalUnconstitutional

The bank was created The bank was created 17911791

Hamilton imposed a tariff Hamilton imposed a tariff on goodson goods

It would raise money for It would raise money for the governmentthe government

Washington takes OfficeWashington takes Office

In 1791, Congress In 1791, Congress started a tax on started a tax on whiskeywhiskey

This was supposed This was supposed to raise money for to raise money for the governmentthe government

It led to a revolt It led to a revolt because many because many farmers made money farmers made money by turning corn into by turning corn into whiskey.whiskey.

Washington takes OfficeWashington takes Office In 1794, officials in In 1794, officials in

western PA tried to western PA tried to collect taxescollect taxes The Farmers rebelled The Farmers rebelled

and burned down the and burned down the home of the tax home of the tax collectorcollector

This gained popularity This gained popularity and a mob marched and a mob marched throughout Pittsburgh throughout Pittsburgh and was known as the and was known as the Whiskey RebellionWhiskey Rebellion

Washington sent the Washington sent the militia to break it upmilitia to break it up

This was an example of This was an example of the new government’s the new government’s strength.strength.

The Birth of Political Parties The Birth of Political Parties The writers of the The writers of the

Constitution did not Constitution did not believe that political believe that political parties were going to parties were going to developdevelop

People instead spoke of People instead spoke of factions instead of factions instead of political partiespolitical parties

Both Jefferson and Both Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton both Alexander Hamilton both disliked factions, they disliked factions, they believed that it would believed that it would bring chaosbring chaos

By 1790, Jefferson and By 1790, Jefferson and James Madison formed James Madison formed on political party and on political party and Alexander Hamilton Alexander Hamilton formed the otherformed the other

The Birth of Political Parties The Birth of Political Parties The Republicans argued that The Republicans argued that

the federal government was the federal government was growing too strong under growing too strong under Washington and that power Washington and that power should be at the state levelshould be at the state level

Federalists believed that Federalists believed that there needed to be a strong there needed to be a strong central government to make central government to make the country work the country work

The country became torn, The country became torn, Hamilton claimed that Hamilton claimed that Washington was a federalistWashington was a federalist

Newspapers claimed that Newspapers claimed that Federalists wanted to betray Federalists wanted to betray the constitution and bring the constitution and bring back the kingback the king

The Birth of Political Parties The Birth of Political Parties Federalists also Federalists also

favored a national favored a national bank and tariff, close bank and tariff, close ties with Englandties with England

Republicans did not Republicans did not want a bank or tariff want a bank or tariff and wanted ties with and wanted ties with FranceFrance

In 1796, George In 1796, George Washington would Washington would not run for a third not run for a third term, this set a term, this set a precedentprecedent

The Birth of Political Parties The Birth of Political Parties Republican candidate Republican candidate

was Thomas Jeffersonwas Thomas Jefferson Federalists candidate Federalists candidate

was John Adamswas John Adams In 1796-President and In 1796-President and

Vice president did not Vice president did not run together, the person run together, the person who got the most votes who got the most votes became president and became president and the person who got the the person who got the second most was vice second most was vice presidentpresident Adams became Adams became

president and president and Jefferson became vice Jefferson became vice presidentpresident

This led to tensionsThis led to tensions

Troubles at home and Abroad Troubles at home and Abroad Ten years after the Treaty Ten years after the Treaty

of Paris, British soldiers of Paris, British soldiers were still in the North West were still in the North West Territory. Territory.

The Native Americans The Native Americans tried to keep their lands tried to keep their lands tootoo

Many American leaders Many American leaders believed that the future believed that the future depended on settling depended on settling western landswestern lands

The officials tried to force The officials tried to force the natives to sell their the natives to sell their landland

They succeeded in buying They succeeded in buying most of Kentucky and part most of Kentucky and part of Tennesseeof Tennessee

Troubles at home and Abroad Troubles at home and Abroad Washington sent Washington sent

troops to end the troops to end the native attacks on native attacks on settlerssettlers

The Natives defeated The Natives defeated the military twice the military twice before Washington before Washington sent General sent General Anthony Wayne.Anthony Wayne. Wayne won against Wayne won against

the Natives at the the Natives at the Battle of Fallen Battle of Fallen Timbers-Named this Timbers-Named this because of all the because of all the fallen treesfallen trees

Troubles at home and Abroad Troubles at home and Abroad

The French Revolution The French Revolution began in 1789began in 1789

Most Americans Most Americans supported the French at supported the French at first because it was first because it was similar to what they similar to what they went throughwent through

But then the French But then the French Revolution got much Revolution got much more violent with the more violent with the “reign of terror”“reign of terror” 17,000 people, 17,000 people,

including the king and including the king and

queen were killed.queen were killed.

Troubles at home and Abroad Troubles at home and Abroad By 1793, France and By 1793, France and

England were at war, England were at war, Washington wanted to Washington wanted to remain Neutralremain Neutral But still trade with both But still trade with both

sides-Unfortunately, sides-Unfortunately, both countries began both countries began to stop American ships to stop American ships and seize their cargo.and seize their cargo.

The British began The British began impressment of sailorsimpressment of sailors

Hamilton urged the Hamilton urged the president to stay president to stay friendly with Britain friendly with Britain because the US because the US depended on them for depended on them for importsimports

Troubles at home and Abroad Troubles at home and Abroad John Jay went to John Jay went to

London to form a treaty London to form a treaty with Britainwith Britain The US would pay its The US would pay its

debts to British debts to British merchants and the merchants and the British would pay for British would pay for the ships it has seizedthe ships it has seized

They would also They would also withdraw from the withdraw from the Northwest TerritoryNorthwest Territory

They refused to They refused to recognize the US right recognize the US right to trade with France to trade with France and would not stop and would not stop impressmentimpressment

The Jay’s Treaty was The Jay’s Treaty was approved by the senateapproved by the senate

Troubles at home and Abroad Troubles at home and Abroad

In 1796, Washington In 1796, Washington decided to retire, he decided to retire, he left pieces of adviceleft pieces of advice

He warned against He warned against political parties and political parties and thought they would thought they would divide the nationsdivide the nations

Troubles at home and Abroad Troubles at home and Abroad He said that the nation He said that the nation

should remain neutral should remain neutral and not get involved with and not get involved with European affairsEuropean affairs Things Washington Things Washington

accomplishedaccomplished The Unites States The Unites States

now had a Federal now had a Federal GovernmentGovernment

The economy was The economy was improvingimproving

Washington had Washington had avoided waravoided war

The British had The British had been forced to leave been forced to leave the Northwest the Northwest TerritoryTerritory

The Presidency of John Adams The Presidency of John Adams

When Adams When Adams became president, became president, the French were the French were angered by US angered by US neutralityneutrality

Jay’s Treaty with Jay’s Treaty with England only England only

increased tensionsincreased tensions

The Presidency of John Adams The Presidency of John Adams

In 1797, Adams sent In 1797, Adams sent three men to France-three men to France-They were met with They were met with French agents French agents demanding that the US demanding that the US pay a bribe of $250,000pay a bribe of $250,000

They also wanted They also wanted several million dollarsseveral million dollars

The Americans refusedThe Americans refused The Bribe became The Bribe became

public and the French public and the French agents names were agents names were kept secretkept secret This was called the This was called the

XYZ AffairXYZ Affair

The Presidency of John Adams The Presidency of John Adams

Because of the XYZ Because of the XYZ Affair, Federalists Affair, Federalists demanded that demanded that Adams ask Adams ask Congress to declare Congress to declare war on Francewar on France

Adams asked Adams asked Congress to increase Congress to increase the size of the Army the size of the Army and rebuild the Navyand rebuild the Navy

He also created a He also created a separate department separate department of the Navyof the Navy

The Presidency of John Adams The Presidency of John Adams Between 1798 and Between 1798 and

1800, the US fought an 1800, the US fought an undeclared naval war undeclared naval war with France with France

To avoid real war, To avoid real war, Adams sent a new Adams sent a new mission to Francemission to France Napoleon Bonaparte, Napoleon Bonaparte,

Frances leader, was Frances leader, was fighting a war in fighting a war in Europe and agreed to Europe and agreed to stop seizing American stop seizing American ships. ships.

Although Adams had Although Adams had avoided war, his own avoided war, his own Federalist Party Federalist Party disapproved with him disapproved with him

The Presidency of John Adams The Presidency of John Adams The Mistrust in France The Mistrust in France

led to a mistrust of led to a mistrust of ImmigrantsImmigrants

The Alien Act was The Alien Act was passed saying that a passed saying that a person had to live in the person had to live in the US for 14 years before US for 14 years before becoming a citizen, becoming a citizen, instead of 5 yearsinstead of 5 years

The Sedition Act was The Sedition Act was passed putting a limit passed putting a limit on free speech-on free speech- It was a crime to It was a crime to

speak out against the speak out against the President, Congress President, Congress

or Governmentor Government

The Presidency of John Adams The Presidency of John Adams

The Republicans The Republicans denounced the Alien denounced the Alien and Sedition Acts. and Sedition Acts.

The Problem was The Problem was that the Supreme that the Supreme Court was not fully Court was not fully established and did established and did not know how to not know how to make a law make a law

unconstitutional.unconstitutional.

The Presidency of John Adams The Presidency of John Adams James Madison and James Madison and

Thomas Jefferson led Thomas Jefferson led the campaign toward the campaign toward the power of the the power of the Supreme CourtSupreme Court

They said that states They said that states had the right to declare had the right to declare laws unconstitutional laws unconstitutional

The Sedition Act The Sedition Act expired in 1801expired in 1801

After this, the Supreme After this, the Supreme Court could nullify the Court could nullify the laws passed by laws passed by CongressCongress

The differences between The differences between states rights and federal states rights and federal rights became a problem rights became a problem after this. after this.