Launching a New Government Chapter 6 Sections 1-4.

Launching a New GovernmentChapter 6

Sections 1-4

Gov’t takes shape

• George Washington inaugurated first Prez– Took job reluctantly

• Runner up was John Adams- VP• Congress Passes Federal Judiciary Act to set up

supreme court- 5 justices plus chief justice• 13 federal courts made up lower courts

• Thee Departments- State, War, Treasury• Jefferson, Henry Knox, Alexander Hamilton• Attorney General would come later• What did each do?

Problems• U.S. owes over 52 million• States owe over 25 million• Hamilton wanted to solved by selling bonds

and excise tax on certain goods• Jefferson- Southern states had already paid off

debt • To get passed, agreed to move capitol to the

south so southerners would agree• Chose District of Columbia• Pierre L’Efant would be the designer

The Banks• How should banks be structured• Not mentioned in constitution

• Hamilton- loose construction- believed could do anything not restricted by constitution

• Madison and Jefferson- strict construction- could only do things stated by constitution

• Washington agreed with Hamilton. Would structure banks the way he wanted and first Bank of U.S. established in 1781

Tariffs

• Congress raised tariffs to finance the bank• Hurt the south, which mostly imported goods• Yet another disagreement between Southern

farmers and Northern Merchants

Whiskey Rebellion• Tax on whisky upset many Pennsylvania

farmers• Didn’t have currency and used Whiskey as

trade item• Marched on Pittsburg and were put down by

13,000 federal troops led by Washington• Most of the rebels disappeared under such a

force• Showed that federal gov’t now could handle

internal problems

Two Party System

• Federalist- loose constructionists- Hamilton and John Adams- believed in a strong national gov’t- northerners and business owners

• Democratic Republicans- Strict constructionists- Jefferson and Madison- southern and farmers.

The WestSection 2

• British still had forts in Northwest territory• Giving the Natives guns and ammunition• 1790 and 1791 Little Turtle defeats American

forces• Battle of Fallen Timers– Washington sent General Wayne to fight against

Little Turtle

–1794, knew natives fasted before battle–Halted march and delayed battle till Natives

were weak–Won the battle and forced natives to give up

land–Natives sign treaty of Greenville- give up

land and move west

French Revolution• French Revolution breaks out and French

people think U.S. will support • France overthrows kings and declares war on

other European • Democratic Republicans want to support• Federalist do not: Why?

Proclaiming Neutrality

• French start executing people by the thousands

• U.S. distances itself• Jay’s Treaty- signed between U.S. and GB. Stop

capturing American ships, vacate Northwest Territory

• Pinchney’s Treaty- signed between U.S. and Spain - allow right of deposit in New Orleans- allow us to trade there

Washington’s Farwell

• After two terms, Washington wants to retire• Set the example of giving up power• John Adams defeated Thomas Jefferson in

1796 as federalist take control

XYZ Affair• French diplomat Talleyrand sent three men to

negotiate with Americans: XYZ– Asked for 12 million dollar loan– 250,000 for Talleyrand just to talk about treaty

• Americans outraged and began building army and navy- united country

• However war would not break out and Americans would sign treaty with Napoleon Bonaparte in 1800

Politics:

Federalist pass:Alien and Sedition Act: Made it hard to become a citizen and people who criticized gov’t exportedWhy?Virginia and Kentucky Resolution: Declared law unconstitutional, believed in states rightsThis would cause a problem. Why?

Election of 1800

• John Adams- federalist vs. Jefferson- republican• Jefferson and Burr Tie:• Hamilton convinces congress to go with

Jefferson: was less extreme• Burr will eventually shoot Hamilton • Burr was batcrap crazy• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=

vhCfwH6dOqA

Federalist Vs. Republicans• Was a peaceful transfer of power

Section 3The Age of Jefferson

• Under Adams, the Federal gov’t had become too big in the eyes of Jefferson

A. Reducing Gov’t

• Jefferson shrunk national debt- 80 to 57 million

• Cut Army, navy, and federal bureaucracy• Import revenue increased• Western land sales skyrocketed

B: Court System

• John Marshal appointed Chief Justice in 1801, before Jefferson took office

• Although related, extreme federalist• 4 part legacy: 1. judicial review– 2. federal laws superior to state laws– 3. broad interpretation of constitution- implied

powers– 4. Sanctity of contracts– Established many important precedents

C. Marbury V. Madison

• Marbury, a federalist, denied his paycheck• John Marshal, through this case, expanded the

power of Supreme court• Agreed with Democratic Republicans, by ruling

in favor of Madison • Judicial Review- determine if acts of Congress

constitutional

D; Louisiana Purchase

• By 1800, Great Britain, Spain, and at times France still had claims to western territories

• Most Americans moving into Western lands supported Jefferson

• In 1800 Spain would return the Louisiana purchase to France

• France would then shut down the Mississippi to American ships

• In response, Jefferson sent ministers to France with an offer to buy New Orleans

• Also a threat, “Must side with British”• Meanwhile, Napoleon’s forces would lose out

on Hispaniola- 30,000 killed by yellow fever• Disgusted, he sold the Louisiana territory to

the Americans for 15 million• Did this even though constitution said nothing

about federal gov’t buying land

E: Exploring the Far West

• The Lewis and Clark Expedition – Jefferson chose Meriwether Lewis to lead an

expedition into the Louisiana territory– Called the Corps of Discovery– Lewis chose William Clark to recruit and oversee

volunteer force– York also accompanying- Clark’s slave

• Expedition left St. Louis in 1804 with 40 men• Went up the Missiouri River and wintered in a

Mandan Indian Village in North Dakota• 1805 Frenchmen Toussaint Charbonneau and

Sacajawea led the expedition to the Pacific Ocean

• Shoshone helped cross mountains• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BpH2B5tRXMY minute 26

• Along the way made maps and took scientific specimens

• Would return to St. Louis in 1806• Trip took 28 months

Zebulon Pike

• Suppose to explore southern portions of Louisiana Purchase

• Suppose to find the Red River, technically the boarder between the U.S. and SPain

• Went west through Kansas and reached the Rocky Mountains

• Would be arrest by the Spanish and would later be returned

Stephen H. Long

• Also trying to find the Red River• However, was on wrong river, the Canadian

River

• All three explores however did help to– Create first accurate maps– Establish legacy of Great American Desert– Create American interest in the Fur Trade

F: Foreign Troubles

• U.S. making money on British and French War– Re-exporting

• Great Britain begins impressing American sailors

• By 1812- 6,000 sailors impressed – Attack of Chesapeake

• Jefferson calls for an Embargo- fails miserably

Barbary War

• American ships being attacked by Barbary States in North Africa

• Washington and Adams had paid fee for protection

• Jefferson refuses, sends in Navy to blockade Tripoli

• 1805 issued settled.

Conclusion

• Jefferson wins re-election in 1804 and another Democratic Republican, James Madison, become prez

The War of 1812

• France and England at War again and both are seizing American ships

• Jefferson tried to solve by passing Embargo act- American ships could not go to other ports and foreign ships could not come to ours

• Disaster for the U.S.

• James Madison would win election of 1808 and chose the Non-Intercourse Act of 1809- Allowed ships to trade with any nation but Britain and France

• However, upset Americans would still call for war

Natives Unite

• Tecumseh and his brother knows as “the Prophet” began and Indian movement to unite the Natives of the Northwest Territory

• Upset over the sale of native land at less than .5 cents and acre

• Had native bases at Prophetstown on Tippecanoe Creek

• William Henry Harrison would burn down Prophets town and end the movement

War Hawks• British blamed for supporting Natives• Group of Americans called the War Hawks

start calling for War with Great Britain• Henry Clay was their leader • Upset that Tecumseh was welcomed in

Canada• Wanted British out of North America all

together• June 18, 1812, declared war- Three reasons– Impressment of American sailors, violations of

American rights at sea, British encouragement of the Natives

First Phase

• Great Britain busy with war in Europe• Fought defensive war, set up blockade, and hit

and run tactics• Most important General was General Brock• American Army was pathetic• Relied mostly on Militia• But still heavily out numbered Canadian forces• Only 1,200 Trained British troops in upper

Canada

British Strike First

• British surround and capture fort on Mackinac Island before we even knew we were at war

Invasion of Canada• U.S. population 8 million• Canada-250,000• American Plan a 3 part invasion• Part 1– General Hull suppose to invade Canada from fort

Detroit – However, British Brock surrounds fort, marches his

native allies around several times– Dressed Canadian militia in British regular uniforms

• Hull surrenders his much larger force that was in the fort to the much smaller British force after 3 hours of shelling

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M-bC2TWTGyQ minute 28:30

Invasion Part 2• Further east, U.S. General Stephen Van

Rensselaer prepared an October 11 assault on Queenston Heights, located on the Canadian side of the Niagara River

• American army crossed with only 13 boats, but took the heights

• General Brock shot and killed• British and Natives rally and force 900 U.S.

soldiers to retreat• Most were killed or captured while New York

Militia refused to help.

Part 3

• General Dearborn marched with 6,000 men on Montreal

• However, the two columns get lost and confused

• End up firing on each other• Dearborn calls off the invasion before ever

reached Canada

Success at Sea

• U.S. constitution “old Iron Sides” attacks and captures two British frigates

• Another American vessel also captured a British frigate

• Great Britain had never lost 3 engagements at sea

• The only thing we could brag about in 1812

Some Success in 1813

• British fail to take Fort Meigs in Ohio- defended by William Henry Harrison

• Oliver Hazard Perry- defeats British on Lake Erie– His ship was sinking, took the flag to a new ship and

continued fighting- DON’T GIVE UP THE SHIP• Slogan from the Ship Chesapeake- dying words of their

captain

• William Henry Harrison defeats retreating British at Battle of the Thames in Canada and retakes Detroit – Tecumseh killed in this battle

Another Invasion

• U.S. tries to invade again in New York/Niagara region

• 2 armies adding up to 12,000 men• Both armies beat back by Canadian forces

• Meanwhile, both sides raid and burn towns and villages

Washington and Baltimore

• Second phase of war began when Britain defeated Napoleon

• Admiral Cockburn raids Chesapeake bay without challenge

• Freed 4,000 slaves• Now British could focus might on U.S. • August 1814, burned the capitol• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_LgV6KIDtoE

• Next attacked Fort Henry at Baltimore which inspired Star Spangled Banner

• The fort held and the British withdrew

Failed British Invasions

• British already negotiating treaty of Ghent• Wanted native American state and some land

concessions from U.S. • To have more negotiating power, planned

invasion of U.S. from Canada• Occupied Maine • 2 prong attack in the North– Invasion by land and by Lake Champlain – British navy defeated on the lake– Invasion of 12,000 man army called off

Battle of New Orleans

• British also sent large invasion force of 6,000 regulars to defeat New Orleans

• In the meantime, the treaty of Ghent was signed

• However, Andrew Jackson defended the city• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M-bC2TWTGyQ minute 1:40:40

• In 20 minutes, killed over 2,000 British while only sustaining 71 casualties

• Made Americans feel like they won the war

Result • Treaty of Ghent officially ended the war• No territory changed hands• No clear winner• Boarder results would be resolved later• Clear winners- maybe Canada, • Clear losers- the Native Americans

• War of 1812 did give the U.S. a feeling of confidence and pride. Felt like we won that thing

Hartford Convention

• Called by New Englanders• Wanted to end war or secede from the Union• The details of the convention just coming out

as war ending• Made Federalist look terrible• Lost power as a party