Launch Meeting on Cambodia And Laos Initiative for Building Human Resources for the Environment (CALIBRE) Project May 08 – 09, 2008 Goldiana Hotel, Phnom Penh Cambodia By Kok Sothea, MSc. Status of Air Quality Status of Air Quality Management in Phnom Penh City, Management in Phnom Penh City, Cambodia Cambodia
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Launch Meeting on Cambodia And Laos Initiative for Building Human Resources for the Environment (CALIBRE) Project May 08 – 09, 2008 Goldiana Hotel, Phnom.
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Launch Meeting onCambodia And Laos Initiative for Building Human Resources for the Environment (CALIBRE) Project
May 08 – 09, 2008Goldiana Hotel, Phnom Penh Cambodia
By
Kok Sothea, MSc.
Status of Air Quality Status of Air Quality Management in Phnom Penh Management in Phnom Penh
City, CambodiaCity, Cambodia
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Contents
Introduction
General Emission Sources in PNH
National Ambient Air Quality StandardAir Quality Monitoring
• Population: more than 1.2 million with 3.9% growth rate
• Population Density: 3,460 persons/Km2
• Climate: Monsoon
• Industry: 8 power plants and 251 factories
• Motors over 400,000 and 140,000 all kinds of automobiles
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Introduction
• Air Pollution: the presence in the outdoor and/or indoor air of one or more contaminants or combinations in such concentration and duration, sufficient to produce measurable adverse effects on human beings, animals, vegetation or materials.
• The ambient air quality in Cambodia is locally a growing concern. The swift industrial and urban development in certain areas in Cambodia, particularly in Phnom Penh (PHN) city, has produced the air pollution dilemma.
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General Picture on Emission Sources
The ambient air quality in the urban part of Cambodia has been affected by:
•industrialization, •increasing number of transport vehicles, •heavy use of fossil fuels in the energy sector •continued use of biomass fuels for cooking
The Royal Government of Cambodia has adopted a sub-decree control on Air Pollution and Noise Disturbances (42 ANK/BK) with provision on air quality control and noise disturbance by producing standards for emissions
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Air Quality Monitoring
• Automatic monitoring (online) stations do not exist
• MoE has 4 ground level monitoring stations through the city namely, Toul Kork (NW), Monivong Bridge (SE), Olympic Stadium (Central) and Central Market (NE)
• CO, SO2 and NOx are monthly collected and measured by using passive samplers
• Pb and other potentially dangerous substances are not being monitored
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Measured Pollutants Concentration in PHN, 2005 (MoE,
2006)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
CO
Con
cent
ratio
n (m
g/m
3 )
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
NO
x &
SO
x C
once
ntra
tion
(µg/
m 3 )
CO NOx SOx
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Researches Related to Air Pollution
(1) Air Pollution in Phnom Penh city (Nov 2000 - Feb 2002), conducted by Department of Hygience, Yokohama City University and Department of Pollution Control, Ministry of Environment, Cambodia.
(2) Air Pollution in Phnom Penh: concentration and chemical composition of ambient particles (March – May 2005) conducted by the Kanazawa University, Japan and Department of Geology, Ministry of Industry, Mines and Energy, Cambodia
(3) Emission Inventory and Modeling for Air Quality Management in Phnom Penh City (2007) conducted by Sothea, Department of Environmental Science, RUPP
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(1) Air Pollution in Phnom Penh• NO2, CO, SO2 and SPM were
monitored by using a passive tube sampler and high volume sampler, respectively.
• This research confirmed that for most of the pollutants are still below the national standards, except the SPM which were found to be higher than the standard.
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(2) Air Pollution in Phnom Penh: Concentration and Chemical
Sampling Site in Phnom Penh City TSP concentration in day and night Sampling period
Heavy Metal Concentration PAH concentration
Average PAHs Concentration at varius city
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(2) Air Pollution in Phnom Penh: Concentration and Chemical
• Samples of ambient particulates were taken at three different sites in Phnom Penh and concentrations of TSP, PAHs and heavy metals were compared to discuss the influence of day and night, location and country dependencies.
1) The average concentration of PAHs per particle mass in Phnom Penh was about 2.5 times higher during the night. This may be due to emissions from electric generators, kerosene for light and biomass fuel for cooking.
2) PAHs concentration and partitioning of PAHs in the residential area were similar to the central downtown but less concentration of NO2 indicating less influence of traffic.
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(2) Air Pollution in Phnom Penh: Concentration and Chemical
3) The PAHs concentrations in Phnom Penh were extremely high and the partitioning of PAHs are similar to cities in Thailand: 6 times higher than Bangkok and 40 times higher than that in Kanazawa, Japan.
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(3) EI & Modeling for UAQM in PNH
Develop an emission inventory for air pollution in Phnom Penh city and to assess the air pollution load from different source types
Apply a modeling system to produce the overall picture of air quality in the city
Propose measures for improvementon AQM for the city
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Research Methodology
EI Development& Meteorological Data Preparation
Emission Reduction Scenarios for Traffic Emission
Model Simulation (MUAIR)
Recommendations
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Emission Inventory in 2005
SourcesPollutants (Tons/Year)
SOx NOx CO SPM VOC
Industry 918 1,230 169 195 98
Mobile Source 488 7,600 36,250 539 6,290
Residential Cooking 25 33 4,440 1,620 2,830
Service Sector 9 26 159 12 35
Solid Waste Burning 4 26 366 70 57
Gasoline Station - - - - 456
Paved Road - - - 877 -
Unpaved Road - - - 1,770 -
Total 1,440 8,920 41,380 5,080 9,760
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First Highest Hourly CO Concentration in 2005
CO concentration of 44 mg/m3, located in
the city center
High population density, traffic and emission load
Base year with all sources combined
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Quantitative Evaluation• Higher CO concentration from monitoring data
Actual vehicle greater than 35% than registered vehicle Monitoring concentration measure at a specific
locations and model results are grid-averaged Constant emissions rate are used Meteorological data are extrapolated from 3h average