LA T IN ~ R EAD ER
CONSISTING OF SELECTIONS FROM
PHE DRUS, CE SAR , CURTIUS, NEPOS, SALLUST, ovm,
VIRGIL, PLAUTUS, TERENCE, CICERO,
PLINY,AND TACITUS.
M itt QL’
opiam Nata ; aah vocabulary.
PREPARED BY
WILLIAM F. ALLEN, A .M
PROFESSOR OF ANCIENT LANGUAGES AND HISTORY IN THE
UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN ;
AND
JOSEPH H . ALLEN,
CAMBRIDGE,muss.
BO S T ON
P UBL I SHED BY EDW IN G INN.
cmcmo : mm; B. em .
1 870.
Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1869, by
J. B . AND w. F . ALLEN,
In the Clerk’s Ofice of the District Court of the Un ited States forthe District ofMassachusetts .
CAMBRIDGE
PRESS OF JOHN WUBON AND SON.
P R E FA CE.
OURfirst object in the preparation of this Reader, has
been to furn ish for begin n ers a sufficien t amoun t of the
easiest andmost in teresting reading-matter to be found
in purely cla ssical writers . We have con sidered that,
after a few mon ths’careful tra in ing in the elemen ts of
the tongue ,— for which the Lesson s,”published last
win ter, were specia lly design ed,— a good deal of time
may best be devoted to mere transla tion , wi th the ob
ject of practising what has been a lready learned,
rather than of acquiring a greater mass of purely theoiretical kn owledge ; giving the most careful atten tionto accuracy , but leaving the n icer poin ts of grammar
for later study , except an occasion a l parsing lesson
be had, so as to keep the learn er in practice and the
memory fresh . For the sake , however , of teachers
whomayprefer touse this as a drill-book , and of cla ssesthat mayhave n o more extended course ofLatin studyin view, we have given copious referen ces to the Gram
mar, covering n early every poin t after the paradigms
of verbs ; in gen era l , referring to each prin ciple of
syntax on ce, and on ly on ce , or, if a second time , then
simply as the best way of giving help in a. difficult
pa ssage .
VI PREFACE
In order to facilitate , in some degree , the familiaracquisition of so difiicult a language a s Latin
, we have
employed in this book those helps to the eye of accen ts
and digraphs,”which the custom ofthree cen turies has
san ctioned,and which even the practised reader will
n ot a lways disda in . In the Grammar and Lesson s,
which are supposed to be studied under the con stan t
direction of the teacher, we preferred to dispen se withthese a ids, that so the pup il , a t the cost of a little more
pa in s at starting, might be prepared to take up whatever edi tion of the c lassics might come to his hand ;for the special uses of this volume , we think they willbe found serviceable . In orthography , we have on
prin ciple admitted con siderable freedom a s to poin tswhich may be regarded a s still un settled ; in gen eral
keeping to the best recen t authorities , but a iming to
habituate the eye of the studen t to those varieties of
Spelling he is likely to meet in a variety of authors andedition s .
For the sake of those schools and classes to which
the Reader comprises, practica lly , a ll the Latin ever
expected to be learned, we have desired that this vol
ume might en large and n ot belittle the n otion of what
a classic language and literature mean . The best
justification of classical study , after a ll , is not its
va lue a s a mere mean s of men ta l disciplin e , for whichmodern and scien tific methods are to so large an ex
ten t coming to take its place ; but that it combin es
that disciplin e with some guiding of the mind towards
the higher in terpretation of history, and the deeperlesson s of human life . With this view,
every firstclass n ame in Roman literature , excepting Livy and
Horace,is represen ted in this collection ; and special
care has been taken , both in text and n otes, to make
PREFACE . vii
it a help towards a clear view of the course ofRoman
empire , at its most critical periods, from Scipio downto Trajan . Nor will it be held void of in terest
, that we
have given , from Tacitus, Plin y and Sueton ius , everyn otice to be found in classica l a n tiquity of the earlyChristian s ; while , in Virgil
’s Pollio, a nd Cicero
’s
corresponden ce with his frien d Sulpicius, is afforded
some hin t of the level which the most cultivated Paganthought had atta in ed on religious themes .
While the reading most in vogue for beginn ers has
of late presen ted Latin chiefly in its rhetorica l compositiouan d literary dia lect , we have sought , by familiarletters and drama ti c dia logue , to show it a s a livingtongue dea ling with real things . The drollery and
fun of Plautus, the graver humor of Teren ce , the easyand cheerful courtesy of Pliny’s letters , the down righthard-hitting ofMarius’s speech before the people , seemto us a most desirable substitute for the weary and
dreary n arrative of the Ga llic War, as most boysfind it . And while , in the ca se of Cicero
, a vein of
insin cerity run s through most of his forma l writings,even in his philosophica l dia logues,where he tries to per
suade himself that he is a single-minded searcher for
truth , his letters bring us in to an other atmosphere .
His fond domestic feeling, the despair of his exile, his
frank pride in his public welcome back , and his heavyheart refusing to be comforted after his daughter
’
s
death , showhim in a more genuine and man lier waythan the elaborate fa lse pleading of the Milo,
”or the
polished hollow complimen t of the Marcellus.
In the preparation of the text and n otes, we have
had in mind the n eeds of young studen ts,not of ma
ture scholars ; following the best edition s within our
reach, and carefully comparing the more importan t
viii PREFACE .
various readings,while making no preten sion s to criti
ca l editing of our own .
‘We have a imed,in the n otes
,
not to depart from the immedia te n eeds of the boy or
girl of fifteen ,for whose use this volume is especia lly
design ed ; desiring to help the studen t do his work ,
n ot to do his work for him seldom tran slating a pas
sage , but preferring to ca ll his atten tion to the prin ci
ple of con struction involved, and then leave it forhim to make out the mean ing for himself con sultingfreely the great historian s, chiefly Grote , Mommsen ,
and Merivale, but forbearing to load the page with
masses of mere information ,however in teresting.
In preparing the Vocabulary , we have thought best ,for many rea son s, to make its range broad en ough to
cover t he whole body of cla ssica l Roman litera ture,
rather than any single selection of authors . For this
object it ha s been read twice with every article inAndrews
’s large Lexicon ,
an d most of it, besides, with
the much more copious on e of White and Riddle . To
bring it within the compa ss of two hundred pages hasrequired, besides the careful packing of each page and
lin e, very large omission s. In particular , man y classes
of derivation s an d compounds, occurring rarely, or
else quite obvious in their mean ing ; numerous words
used in a purely techn ica l sen se by legists, grammarian s
, and n a tura lists ; words of late or doubtful
Besides numerous American school editions, we have chieflyused
for t drns, Raschig and Siebelis ; for Cmsar, Doberenz ; for Cur
tius, Zumpt, whose critical edition we have ma in ly followed ; for Sal
lust, Jacobs a nd Long for Ovid, Haupt in the Metamorphoses,
Ramsay, Paley and Siebelis in the Fasti ; for Virgil, Ladewig ; for
Cicero’s Epistles, Frey,
Hofmann ,Hofi
'
a , and Abeken (Meriva le’s
version ) for T acitus, Nipperdey and Bitter. In a few ca ses we have
referred to the Han dbook of Classica l Geography,&e .
, pns
pa red by T . P . and W. F. Allen .
”
PREFACE . ix
authority, or else mere archaeological curiosities ; to
gether with a few terms or mean ings rejected on the
score of decen cy , have been freely omitted. Withthis qua lification , we think tha t the learner who hasbeen taught so much of derivative forms and combin a
tion s a s we have given here on a single page , n eedn ever be at a loss for the mean ing or inflection of
anyword he is likely to meet in any classica l authorfrom Plautus to Ta citus ; while this Vocabulary wi llbe found peculiarly rich in terms of common life . It
in cludes about words, with the addition of
about proper n ames or adjectives and more than200 dates, carefully selected, so as to make a conven
ich t manual of referen ce , both a s to the main poin tsof an cien t history ( in cluding numerous matters of
Roman an tiquities and politics) , and as to those mythological a llusion s, which may be ca lled the common
stock of classical tradition . In this way, we have
a imed to keep before the learn er’s eye some hin t of
the wea lth and variety in diction of the language he isstudying ; while his judgmen t in the use of it will bebetter train ed than by servile relian ce on a mere listof words, however copious and redundan t
, prepared
for his presen t conven ience on ly .
The three volumes n ow before the public con tain
what may be regarded as a comp lete and sufficien t
course of La tin study for those who desire on ly a genera l acqua in tan ce with the language ; and more partieularly design ed for those classes in Academies and
High or Normal schools,which may be presumed able
to give on ly on e or two years to classica l study . To
such,it will be a tolerably full course of reading in it
self and, to others, a sufiicien t preparation for themany
excellent edition s of standard authors in curren t use .
X PREFACE
For the aid of those who desire a more critical ao
qua in tan ce with the language , and a more in tima te
kn owledge , from origin a l sources, of the most even tfulperiod of Roman history , we have in preparation a
Manual of Latin Composition ,which maybe looked for
within a year, and an edition of Caesar’s Civil War,
to be amply illustrated from the history and writingsofhis own time .
CAMBRIDGE , Ma ssmnusm'rs.
August , 1869.
L A T I N R E A D E R.
FABLES OF PHE DRUS .
1 . D e Vulp e a t UM .
Famé coacta vulpes a lta in vin ea
Uvam ap p eteba t summ is sa lien s viribus.
Q uam tangere ut n on potuit, discedén s a it
Nondtim matura est, nolo a cerbam sumere .
Oy i facere quae non possun t verbis éleva n t,Adscribere hoc debébun t exemplum sibi .
n . Vulpes c l lfircus.
Homo in periclum simul a c ven it callidus,Reperire efi
'
ugium alterius quaerft ma lo .
Chm déc idisset vulpes in puteum fn sc ia ,
E t altiore clauderetur margine ,Devén it hircus sitien s in eundem locum ;
S imul rogavit, esset a n dulcis liquorE t cop iosus ? Illa fraudem molien sDescende , amice tan ta bon ita s est aquae,
Vo lupta s ut sa tiari non possft: mea .
”
Imm isit se ba rbatus. Tum vulpeculaEvasit puteo , n ixa ce lsis corn ibus,H ircumque c lauso liquit haerentém vado .
ls)
LAT IN READER .
m . Lupus at Agnus .
Ad rfvum eundem lupus e t agnus ven era n t,
S iti compulsi . Stip erio r stabat lupusLongéque inferi or agnus . Tun c fauce improbaLa tro in c ita tus, jurgi i causam in tulit ;
Cur,”inquit , turbulén tam fec isti m ihi
Aquam biben ti ? Lamiger con tra timen s
Q ui possum , quae so , facere quod quereris, lupe ?A té decurrit ad meos haustli s liquor.
”
Rep ti lsus ille vérita tis viribus,
An te hos sex men ses male ,”a it, dix isti m ihi .
”
Respondit agnus Equidem n a tus non eram .
”
P a ter hercule tuus,”inquit, m a le dixit m ihi
Atque ita correp tum lacera t injusta n ece .
H ae c p rop ter illos scrip ta e st hom in es fabula ,
Q ui flctis ca n sis in n oc en tes opp rimun t.
IV . Vipera et L ima .
Mordac iorem qui imp robo den te adp etit ,
H oc argumen to sé describi sén tia t .
In ofii c in am fabri ven it vip era .
H ae c , chm ten ta re t , si qua re s e sset c ibi ,
L imam momordit . Illa con tra con tum ax ,
Og id me ,”inquit, stulta , dén te c ap ta s laedere ,
Omn e adsuevi férrum quae corrodere ?
v . Cam'
s c i Crocodz'
lus .
Con silia qui dan t prava ca n tis hom in ibus,E t p érdun t operam e t dériden tur turp iter.
Ca n és curren tes bibere in N ilo flumin e ,A corcodilis né rap ia n tur, traditum est.
Igitlir chm curren s bibere cc issét ca n is,
FABLE S OF PHE DRUS
Sic corcodilus Q uam libe t lambe otio ,Noll vereri .” At ille : Fa cerem me hérculc ,N isi esse sc irem carn is te cup idum mete .
”
VI . Ma li c l L a tron es .
Muli grava ti sarcin is iban t duoUmi s fereba t fiscos cum pecun ia ;A ltér tumen tes multo sa ccos hordeo .
Ille , onere dives, celsa cervice émin et,
Cla rumque collo jacta t tin tin nabulum ;
Comés quieto sequitur et pla cido gradu.
Subito la tron es ex in sidiis advo lan t,
In térque caedem férro mn lum sauc ian tD irfp iun t nummos, négligun t vile hordeum .
Sp o liatus igitur casus cum flerét suos,Equidem,
”inquit a lter, me con temp tum gaudeo ;
Nam n ihil am isi , néc sum laasus vuln ere .
”
Hoc argumen to tuta est hom inum ténuita s
Magnaa periclo Stin t opes obnoi iae .
VII . Ca l 'vus et Musca .
Ca lvi momordit musca nuda tum caput ;Q uam opprimere capta n s alapam sibi duxit gravem,
Tun c illa irriden s : Pun ctum volucris parvulaVoluisti morte ulcisc i quid fa c ies tibi ,Injuries qui addfderis con tuméliamRespondit : Mecum fac ile redeo in gratiam ,
Q uia non fuisse men tem laedendf sc io ;
Sed té , con temp ti generis a n ima l imp robum ,
Q uae délectaris bibere humanum sanguinem ,
Op tem n ecare vél majore in commodo .
”
Hoc argumen tum ven iam e i dad docet,
Q ui casup ecca t . Nam qui con silio est n ocen s,Illum esse quavis dignum puma judico .
4, LAT IN READER.
vm . H omo et Coluéra .
Q ui fért malis auxflium , post tempus dolet.G e lti rigen tem quidam colubram sustulit .
Sinuque fovit, con tra se ipse misericors ;Namque tit refecta est, nécuit homin em p rotinus.
Ha n c alia cum f ogaret causam fac inoris,
Respondit : Ne quis disca t p rodesse imp robis.
l x . Asz’
n a s a d Sen am P a starem.
In p rfnc ip a tucommuta ndo saep 1us
N il prae ter dom in i nomen muta n t p aup eres.Id esse verum , parva haec fabella indica t .Aséllum in pra to tfmidus p a scebat sen ex .
Is, hostium clamore subito territus,Suadéba t a sin o fiigere , n e p o ssén t capi .A t ille len tus Q uae so , num binas mihi
Clitélla s imp ositlirum victorém puta s ?Senex n egavit.
“Ergo quid refért mea,
Cui serviam ? clitélla s dum portem mea s.
x . Lupus et Grm’
s.
Q ui pretium meriti ab imp robis desidera t,
Bis p écca t : primum quon iam indigno s adjuvat ;Impun e abire de inde quia jam non potest.Os dévora tum fauce chm haererét lupi,
Magno do lore vi ctus ce pit sfngulosIllicere p retio , ut i llud extraherén t ma lum.
T a ndem persua sa est jurejurando gruis,Gulaeque creden s colli longitudin em ,
Periculosam fec it medic inam lupo .
Pro quo cum pa ctum flagita ret praemium
Ingrata a s,”inquit, ore qua nostro caput
In colume abstuleris, ét mercedem postules.
”
FABLE S OF PHzEDRUS.
x1 . Socra tes c d Amz’
cos .
Vulgat e amic i nomen , sed ra ra est fides.
Chm parva s aedes sibi fundasse t Socra tes,
(Cujti s n on fugio mortem , si famam adsequa r,E t cedo invidia , dummodo abso lvar c in is)E populo sic, nescio quis, ut fierf soletOy aeso tam a ngustam , talis vir, poufs domum ?Utinam ,
”inquit, veri s han c amic is imp leam
xn . Guhermztor et N autw.
Chm dé fortun is quidam quereretlir suis ;E sopus finx it con so landi gratiaVexata sa vi s navis tempestatibus,
In ter vectorum lacrima s et mortis metum,
Fa c iem ad seren am subito ut muta tlir dies,Ferrf secundis tti ta ce pit flatibus,Nim iaque n auta s hilarita te extollere .
Fa ctus periclo turn guberna tor sophusPa rcé gaudere oportet, e t sen sim queri ,T otam quia vitam miscet dolor et gaudium .
x m. zE sopus et P etula n s .
Succéssus ad pem fc iem multos dévocat.
E sopo quidam pétulan s lapidem imp egera t.
T an to ,” inquit, melior l Assem de inde illf dedit,
S ic p rosecutus : P lus non habeo mehércule ,
Sed unde a cc ip ere possis, mon strabo tibi .”
Ven it ecce dives ét p oten s ; huic sfmiliter
Impinge lapidem , et dfgnum a cc ip ies pre mium.
Persuasus ille fecit, quod mon itus fuitSed spes fefellit impuden tem audaciam
Comprénsus namque poénas persolvit cruce.
6 LAT IN READER .
XIV . R a n a R api d at 3 03 .
Inops, poten tem dtim vult imita t i , perit .In prato quondam ran a con sp exit bovem ,
Et, tacta invidia tan tas magn itfidin is,
Rugosam inflavit péllem . Tum n a tos suos
In térrogavit , an bove esset latior ?
Illi n ega run t . Kursus in tendit cutemMajore n isu; e t sim ili quae sivit modo ,
Q uis major esset ? Illi dixen in t, bovem .
Novfssime indignata , dum vult validiusInflare sese , n ip to ja cuit corpore .
xv . R ama R eg en: P eten tes .
Athén ae chm floréren t a quis légibus,
Procax liberta s civita tem m iscuit,
Frenumque so lvit p ristinum licén tia .
H in c con sp ira tis factionum partibus,Arcém tyra n nus occup a t P isistra tus.
Chm tristem servitutem fieren t Attic i ,
Non quia crude lis i lle , sed quon iam grave
Omn e in suétis onus, et coep issén t queri :
fE sopus ta lem tum fabellam réttulit :
Ra n ge , vagan tes liberis p a ltidibus,Clamore magno regem p e tiére aJove ,
Q ui disso luto s mores vi compésceret.Pa ter deorum risit , a tque illis dedit
P a rvum tigillum , m issum quod subito vadis
Mo tusonoque térruit p avidtim genus.
Hoc mérsum limo cum la tere t diutius,Forte un a ta c ite profert e stagno caput,E t éxp lora to rége cun eta s évoca t .
Illa , timore posito , certa tim adn a tan t,
Ligmimque sup ra turba p etulan s insilit.Q uod cum inquinassen t omn i con tumélia,
8 LAT IN READER.
Idem fa cturum méhus se p ostridie .
Fit turba major. Jam favor men tés tenet,
E t dérisuri , non specta turi , seden t.
Utérque prodit. Scurra degrun n it prior,Movétque p lausus, ét clamores susc ita t .Tun c simulan s sese véstimen tis rusticusPorcéllum obtegere (quod fa c ieba t scflicet,Sed, in priore quia n il comp ererant, la ten s) ,Pervéllit aurem véro , quem ce lavera t,
Et cum dolore vocem n a tures éxp rimit.
Acc lama t populus, scurram multo similius
Im itatum , et cogit, n i sticum trudf fora s.
At i lle profert ipsum p orce llum é sinu,Turp émque aperto pignore errorém proban sEn ! hic decla ra t, quales sitis judices l
xvn . Cervus et Bow s .
Cervus nemorosis éxc ita tus latibulis,Ut vén a torum fugere t in sta n tém n ecem,
Cee cé timore p rox imam villam petit,E t opportuno sé bovili condidit.H ic bos la ten ti : Q y idn am vo luistf tibi ,Infélix , ultro qui ad n ecem cucurreris,Hom imimque tecto sp iritum commiseris ?
A t i lle supp lex : Vos modo ,”inquit, parcite
Occasion e r1’
1rsus erump ém da ta.
”
Sp a tium die i noctis excip iun t vices.Frondém bubulcus adfert, n ec ideo videt.Eun t subinde et rédeun t omn es mi stic i ,
N emo an imadvertit ; tran sit etiam villicus,Ncc ille quidquam sen tit . Tum gauden s fe tus
Bubti s quietis agere cmp it gratia s,
Hospitium adverso quod p raestiterin t tempore .
Re spondit unus : Sélvum te cup imus quidem ;
Sed ille , qui oculos cén tum habet, si vénerit.
FABLES OF PHzE DRUS .
Magno in peric lo vi ta vertetlir tua .
Haec in ter ipse dominus a cena redit ;
E t, quia corruptos vi dera t nup ér boves,Accédit ad prae sép e : Cur frondis pa rum est ?
Stramén ta desun t . Tollere hae c a ran ea ,
Q ua n tum est laboris ? Dum scruta tur singula ,Cervi quoque a lta con sp ica tur cornua ;
Q uem convoca ta jubet occ idi familia,Praedamque tollit.
Hae c sign ifica t fabula ,Dom imim videre p lurimum in rebus suis.
XV III . M a s Urhamus c l Rustz'
cus .
Hosp itio quondam mus urba nus misticiExcép tus vili glande cen a t in c avo .
Indux it p rec ibus post ut urbem n isticus
Ce llamque in tra ret p lén am rebus op timis.
In qua dum varus p érfruun tur réliquiis,Impulso ven it ostio ce llarius.
Q uo mures strep itudifl'
ugiun t p ertérriti ,Et notis fa c ile urbanus se condit cavis ;
At miser ign ota trep ida n s rusticus domo
T imén sque mortem , per parietes cursita t .Ut quae voleba t sustulit ce llarius,Clausitque limen , iterum urbanus n isticum
Hortatur ; ille p érturba tis sén sibus,V ix ,
”inquit, p ossum cap ere prae metuc ibum .
Putasne ven iet ille ? ” Q uid ta n tum times ?”
Urbanus inquit ; age fruamur férculis,
Q uae frustra rure qua ra s .
” Con tra n i sticus
Tuqui timere nésc is fruere his om n ibus ;
At me securum pasca t gla n s et liberum .
”
In p aup erta te tutum p rae sta t vivere ,
Q uam divitia rum carp i so litudine .
IO LAT IN READER
xxx . Nauf rag z’
um Sz’
mom’
dzk.
Homo doctus in se semper divitias habet .S imon ides, qui scripsit egregitim melos,
Q uo paup erta tem sustin eret fac ilius,Circuire cc iturbes A sias nobiles,Mercede a ccepta l
‘
a tidem victorum ca n en s.
Hoc gén ere quae stfis postquam locup les factus est,
Redire in p a triam voluit cursupelagio ;Era t autem n a tus, ut aiun t, in Cea in sula.
Adscéndit n avem : quam temp e sta s horrida
S imul ét ve tusta s médio disso lvit mari .
H i zon a s, illi rés p retiosa s colligun t,
Subsidium vitae . Q uidam curiosior
Simon ide , tuex op ibus n il sumis tuis ? ”
Mecum ,
”inquit , mea sun t cuneta .
”Tun c pauc i
en a ta n t,
Q uia p lure s on ere dégrava ti périera n t .P raedon e s adsun t, rap iun t quod quisque éxtulit,Nudos re linquun t. Forte Clazomen aé propeAn tiqua fuit urbs, quam p étierun t n aufragi .H ic litterarum quidam studio déditus,S imon idis qui sae
'
p e versus légera t,Eratque absen tis admira tor max imus,Sermon e ah ip so cogn itum cup idissime
Ad sé recep it ; veste , numm is, fam ilia
Hom in em éxornavit. Céteri tabulam suam
Portan t, roga n tes victum . Q uos ca suobviosS imon ides ut vidit : D ix i ,
”inquit , mea
Mecum esse cuneta ; vos quod rapuistis, p erit .”
II.
JULIUS CZESAR .
I . First Inva sion of Br ita in .
(B.C.
[FnouCm n’s GALLIC WAR : Book IV. Chapters 20
Exigua p arte aesta tis reliqua Caesar , etsi in his
loc is , quod omn is G a llia ad sep temtrion es vergit ,
m a tures sun t hiemes , tamen in Britann iam profi
c isei con tendit , quod omn ibus feré G a llicis bellis
hostibus n ostris inde submin istra ta auxilia in tellige
ba t , et si tempus an n i ad bellum gerendum deficeret ,tamen magno sibi usui fore a rbitraba tur si mode in
sulam adisset et genus hom inum p erspexisset , loca ,
portus , aditus cognovisset ; quae omn ia fere G a llis
eran t in cogn ita . Neque en im temeré praeter merca
tores illo adit quisquam , n eque his ip sis quidquam
praeter oram maritimam a tque ea s region es quae sun t
con tra G a llia s n otum est . Itaque voca tis ad se un
dique merca toribus, n eque qua n ta esset in sulae magn itudo , n eque quae aut qua n ta n a tion es in coleren t ,
n eque quem usum belli haberent aut quibus in stitutisuteren tur , n eque qui essen t ad majorum n avium
multitudin em idon ei portus , reperire poterat .
Ad haec cogn oscenda , pn usquam periculum fa ce
ret , idon eum esse arbitra tus C. Volusenum cum n avi
longa pracmittit . Huic ma ndat uti explora tis omn i
bus rebus a d se quétm primum reverta tur . Ipse cum
I 2 LAT IN READER .
omn ibus copus in Morin os proficiscitur , quod inde
era t brevissimus in Brita n n iam trajectus . Huc n a
ves undique ex fin itimis region ibus , et quam superi
ore aesta te ad Ven eticum bellum efi’
ecerat cla ssem ,
jubet conven ire . In terim con silio ejus cogn ito , et
p er merca tores perla to ad Britan nos , a compluribus
in sula civita tibus ad cum legati ven iun t , qui pollice
a n tur obsides da re atque imperio populi Roman i
obtempera t e . (luibus auditis , libera liter pollicitus
horta tusque ut in ea sen ten tia p erman eren t , eos do
mum remitti t , et cum iis una Commium , quem ipse
Atreba tibus supera tis regem ibi con stituera t , cujuset vi rtutem et con silium p robabat , et quem sibi fide
lem esse arbitraba tur , cujusque auctoritas in his
region ibus magn i habeba tur , m ittit . Huic impera t
qua s possit adea t c ivita tes , horteturque ut populi
Roman i fidem sequan tur , seque celeriter eo ven tu
rum nun tiet . Volusenus persp ectis region ibus
omn ibus quan tum ci fa culta s dari potuit , qui n avi
egredi a c se barba ris committere non auderet , quin
to die ad Caesarem revertitur ,quaeque ibi p erspexis
set renun tia t
His con stitutis rebus , n a ctus idon eam ad n avigan
dum tempesta tem , tertia fer‘e vigilia solvi t, equites
que in ulteriorem pot tum progredi et n aves con
scendere et se sequi jussit . A quibus cum paulotardius esset admin istra tum , ipse hora circiter diei
quarta cum primis n avibus Britan n iam a ttigit , a tque
ibi in omn ibus collibus exposita s hostium copia s ar
ma ta s con spexit . Cujus loci haec erat n a tura , a tque
ita mon tibus augustis ma re con tineba tur , uti ex locissuperioribus in litus telum adigi posset . Hun e ad
egrediendum nequaquam idoneum locum arbitra tus ,
JULIUS CE SAR. 1 3
dum reliquw n aves cc conven iren t , ad horam no
n am in an coris exspectavit . In terim legatis tribu
uisque militum convoca tis , et quia ex Volusen o
cognosset et qua fieri ve llet ostendit ; monuitque (utrei militaris ratio , maxim
‘e ut maritima res postula
ren t , ut cum celerem a tque instabilem moturn
haberen t ) ad un tam et ad tempus omn es res ah iis
admin istra ren tur. His dimissis , et ven tum et aestum
uno tempore n actus secundum , dato signo et sub
latis an coris , circiter milia p assuum VII ab eo loco
progressus , aperto a o pla n o litore n aves con stituit .
At barbari , consilio Roma norum cogn ito , pra
mi sso equita tuet essedariis , quo plerumque gen erein proeliis uti . con suérun t , reliquis cop iis subsecuti
nostros n avibus egredi prohibeban t. Era t ob ha s
causa s summa difliculta s , quod n aves propter ma
gn itudin em n isi in a lto con stitui n on poteran t, militibus autem ignotis locis , impeditis man ibus, magno
et gravi on ere armorum oppressis , simul et de n avi
bus desiliendum et in fluctibus con sistendum et cum
hostibus era t pugn andum ; cum illi aut ex arido aut
p aulum in aquam progressi , omn ibus membris expe
ditis, n otissimis locis audacter tela conjiceren t , et
equos in suefactos in citaren t . Og ibus rebus nostri
p erterriti , atque hujus omn ino gen eris pugn ae impe
riti , n on eadem a lacrita te a o studio quo in pedestri
bus uti proeliis con suéran t uteban tur .
Og od ubi C&sar an imadvertit , n aves longa s ,
quarum et species erat barbaris inusita tior, et motus
ad usum expeditior , paulum removeri ah on erariis
n avibus et remis in cita t i et ad la tus apertum hostium
con stitui , a tque inde fundis , sagittis , tormen tis hostes
prope lli ac submoveri jussit ; quas res magno usui
1 4 LAT IN READER .
nostris fuit . Nam et n avium figure. et remorum
motuet inusita to gen ere tormen torum permoti bar
bari con stiterun t , a c p aulum modo p edern retulerun t .
A tque n ostris militibus cun cta n tibus , max imé pro
p ter a ltitudinem ma ris, qui decimae legion is aquilam
fereba t , con testa tus deos ut ea res legion i feliciter
even iret , Desilite , inquit ,"commiliton es , n isi vul
tis aquilam hostibus prodere : ego certé meum rei
publicae a tque impera tori ofli cium p rae stitero .
”Hoc
cilm voce magma dix isset , se ex n avi projec it , atquein hostes aquilam ferre coepit . Tum n ostri cohortati
in ter se , n e tan tum dedecus admitteretur, un iversi
ex n avi desiluerun t . Hos item ex prox imis primisn avibus cum con sp ex issen t , subsecuti hostibus ap
prop inquarun t .
Pugn a tum est ab utrisque a criter . Nostri tamen ,
quod n eque ordin es serva re , n eque firmiter in sistere ,
n eque sign a subsequi poteran t , a tque a lius a lia ex
n avi quibuscumque sign is occurrerat se aggregaba t ,
magn operé p erturbaban tur : hostes vero n otis omn i
bus vadis , ubi ex litore a liquos singula res ex n avi
egredien tes con spex era n t , in cita tis equis imp editos
adorieban tur , plures p aucos c ircumsisteban t , a lii ahlatere aperto in un iversos tela conjic ieban t . Q uodcum a n imadvertisset Cae sa r , scapha s longarum n a
vium , item specula toria n avigia militibus compleri
Juss1t , et quos laboran tes con spexera t , his subsidia
Nostri simul in arido con stiterun t ,suis omn ibus con secutis in hostes impetum fecerun t ,a tque eos in fugam dederun t , n eque longius prosequi potuerun t, quod equites cursum ten ere a tque
in sulam capere n on potueran t . Hoc unum ad pri
stinam fortun am Caesari defuit .
1 6 LAT IN READER .
vit , nostrisque id era t in cogn itum . Ita uno tempore
e t longas n aves , quibus Caesar exercitum tra n spor
tandum curavera t , quasque in aridum subdux era t ,
aestus comp leba t , et on eraria s quas ad an cora s eran t
deliga tm temp esta s afii ictaba t , n eque ulla n ostris
fa culta s aut admin istrandi aut aux iliandi daba tur.
Compluribus n avibus fractis , re liquae cum essent
( fun ibus a n coris reliquisque armamen tis am issis) adn aviga ndum inutiles , magn a ( id quod n ecesse erat
a cc idere ) totius exerc itus perturbatio fa cta est .
Neque en im n aves era n t a lias quibus reportari pos
sen t , et omn ia deéran t quas ad reficienda s n aves
era n t usui ; et quod omn ibus con staba t hiemari in
G a llia oportere , frumen tum his in locis in hiemem
provi sum n on era t .
Q y ibus rebus cogn itis , prin cipes Britan n ias , qui
post p roclium ad Ca sarem conven eran t , in ter se col
locuti , ci1m equites et n aves et frurn en tum Roman is
deésse in telligeren t , et p auc ita tem militum ex ca stro
rum exiguita te cogn osceren t , quas hoc eran t etiam
a ngustiora quod sin e imp edimen tis Caesar legion es
tra nsportavera t , optimum fa ctuesse duxerun t rebel
lione fa cta frumen to commeatuque n ostros prohibere ,
et rem in hiemem producere ; quod, his superatis aut
reditu in terclusis , n emin em postea belli inferendi
causa in Britan n iam tran siturum confideban t . Ita
que rursii s conjura tion e facta, p aula tim ex ca stris
discedere , a c suos clam ex agris deducere cospe
run t .
At Caesar , etsi nondum corum con silia cognove
ra t , tamea et ex even tu n avium sn a rum , et ex eo
quod obsides dare in termiseran t , fore id quod a ccidit
susp icabatur. Itaque ad omn es ca sus subsidia com
JUL IUS CE SAR . 1 7
parabat . Nam et frumen tum ex agris quotidie in
ca stra confereba t , et quae gravissime afll ictm era nt
n aves , carum ma teria a tque acre ad reliqua s reficien
da s uteba tur, et qua: ad eas res eran t usui ex con
tin en ti comporta t i jubebat . Itaque cum summo
studio a militibus admin istraretur , x11 n avibus amis
sis , reliquis ut n aviga t i commod‘e posset efi
’
ec it.
Dum ea gerun tur , legion e ex con suetudin e una
frumen tatum missa, quas appellaba tur septima , n e
que ulla ad id tempus be lli suspicion e in terposita,cum pars hominum in agris
'
reman eret , pars etiam
in ca stra ven titaret , ii qui pro portis castrorum in
sta tione eran t Cae sa ri nun tiaverun t pulverem majorem quam con suetudo ferret in ea parte videri , quam
in pa rtem legio iter fecisset . Cae sar id quod era t
suspica tus , a liquid n ovi a ba rba ris in itum con silii ,cohortes quas in sta tion ibus era n t securn in eam p ar
tem proficisci , ex reliquis dua s in sta tion em cohortes
succedere , reliqua s arma ri et confestim sese subse
qui jussit . Chm paulo longius a ca stris processisset ,
suo s ah hostibus premi a tque aegr‘e sustin ere , et con
fet ta legion e ex omn ibus partibus tela conp c i an i
madvertit . Nam quod, omn i ex reliquis partibus
demesso frumen to , pa rs un a era t reliqua , suspica ti
hostes huc n ostros esse ven turos , noctuin silvis de
litueran t ; tum dispersos , depositis armis in metendo
occup atos subito adorti , paucis in terfectis , re liquos
in certis ordin ibus perturbaveran t , simul equitatu a t
que essedis circumdederan t .
G enus hoc est essedis pugn a : primo per omnes
p artes p erequitan t , et tela conjiciun t , a tque ipso ter
rore equorum et strep iturota rurn ordin es pleriimque
p erturban t , et chm se in ter equitum turma s in sinu
2
1 8 LAT IN READER .
averun t , ex essedis desiliunt et pedibus proelia ntur.
Aurigae in terim p aula tim ex praalio excedun t , a tque
ita currus collocan t , ut si illi a multitudin e hostium
preman tur expeditum ad suos receptum habean t .
Ita mobilita tem equitum , stabilita tem p editum in
proeliis praesta n t ; a c tan tum usuquotidia no et exer
cita tion e efii c iun t , uti in declivi a c prmc ip iti loco
in cita tos equos sustin ere , et brevi modera t i ac fle
ctere et per temon em percurrere , et in jugo in sistereet se inde in currus citissimé rec ipere con suérin t .
Q y ibus rebus, perturba tis n ostris novita te pugna ,
tempore opportun issimo Cae sa r auxilium tulit ; n am
que ejus adven tu hostes constiterun t , nostri se ex
timore receperun t . 01 10 fa cto ad la cessendum et ad
committendum proelium a lienum esse tempus arbi
tra tus , suo se loco con tinuit , et brevi tempore in
termisso in ca stra legion es redux it . Dum haec
gerun tur, nostris omn ibus occup a tis , qui eran t in
agris reliqui discesserun t . Secutae sun t con tinuos
complures dies tempesta tes , quas et n ostros in ca
stris con tin eren t , et bostem a pugna p rohiberent .
In terim barba ri nun tios in omn es partes dimiserun t ,
p aucita temque n ostrorum militum suis prmdicave
run t , et quan ta praedae fa c iendae a tque in perpetuum
sui liberandi faculta s daretur , si Romanos ca stris
expulissen t , demonstraverun t . H is rebus celeriter
magnamultitudin e peditatfis equita tfisque coa cta, ad
ca stra ven erun t .
Cae sar etsi idem quod. superioribus diebus a ccide
ra t fore videbat , ut si essen t hostes pulsi , celerita tepericulum efi
‘
ugeren t , tamem n a ctus equites circiter
xxx , quos Comm in s Atreba s , de quo an te dictum
e st , secum tra n sportavera t , legion es in a cie pro ca
JUL IUS CE SAR . 1 9
stris con stituit . Commisso p roslio , diutiil s nostrorum
militum imp etum hostes ferre non potuerun t , a c
terga verterun t . Og os ta n to spa tio secufi quan tum
cursuet viribus eflicere potuerun t , comp lures ex iis
occiderun t ; deinde , omn ibus longé la téque aedificn s
in cen sis , se in castra recep erun t .
Rodem die lega ti ah hostibus missi ad Caesarem
de pa ce ven erun t . H is Caesar numerum obsidum
quem an te imperaverat dup licavit , cosque in con ti
n en tem adduci jussit , quod propinqua die aequin o
ctii , infirmis n avibus hiemi n aviga tion em subjiciendam non existimaba t . Ipse idon eam temp esta tem
n a ctus , paulo post mediam n octem n aves solvit ,
quas omn es in columes ad con tinen tem p erven erun t ;
sed ex iis on era ria‘: duaa eosdem quos reliqui portus
capere non potuerun t, et paulo infra dela tae sun t .
2 Second Inva sion of Brita in .
(B.C.
[Book V. Chapters 8
His rebus gestis , solis occa su n aves solvit ,
et len i Africo provectus , media circiter nocte ven to
in termisso cursum n on tenuit ; et longius dela
tus ee stu, orta luce sub sin istra Britann iam relictam
con spex it . Tum rursus aestus commuta tion em secu
tus , remis con tendit ut eam partem in sular. caperet ,
qua optimum esse egressum superiore aesta te co
gnovera t . 04151 in t e admodum fuit militum virtus
lauda nda , qui vectoriis gravibusque n avigiis , n on
in termisso remiga ndi labore , longarum n avium cur
sum adaequarun t . Accessum est ad Britan n iam
omn ibus n avibus meridiano feré tempore ; n eque in
20 LAT IN READER .
eo loco hostis est visus , sed ut postea Caesa r ex ca
ptivis cognovit , cum magn ae manus eo conven issen t ,
multitudin e n avium p erterritae, quas amp lius octin
gentes uno eran t y isae tempore , a litore discesseran t ,a c se in superiora loca abdideran t .
Cae sar , exposito exerc itu et loco castris idon eo
capto , ubi ex cap tivis cognovit quo in loco hostium
copias con sedissen t , cohortibus x ad mare relictis, et
equitibus cc c qui praesidio n avibus essent , de tertia
vigilia ad hostes con tendit, eo minus veritus n avibus
quod in litore molli a tque aperto deligata s ad anco
ram relinquebat , et prae sidio n avibus Q Atrium
praefecit . Ipse , noctup rogressus milia p a ssuum cir
citer x 11 , hostium copia s con sp ica tus est . Illi , equi
ta tu a tque essedis ad flumen progressi , ex loco
superiora n ostros prohibere et proslium committere
coeperun t . Repulsi ab equita tu, se in silva s abdide
run t , locum n a eti egregie et n ature. et opere mun i
tum , quem domestici be lli ut videbatur causa jaman te prmparaveran t ; 11am crebris arboribus succisis
omn es in troitus eran t praeclusi . Ipsi ex silvis rari
propugn aban t , n ostrosque in tra mun ition es ingredi
p rohibeban t . At milites legion is VII , testudin e facta
et aggere ad mun ition es adjecto , locum ceperunt
cosque ex silvis expulerun t , paucis vuln eribus a cceptis . Sed eos fugien tes longius C&sar prosequi vetuit ,et quod loci n a turam ignoraba t , et quod magna partediei con sump ta, mun ition i ca strorum tempus relinqui
voleba t .
Postridie ejus diei , man e tripartitomilites equites
que in expedition em misit , ut eos qui fugera n t per
sequeren tur. His a liquan tum itin eris progressis ,
cum jam extremi essen t in prosp ectu, equites a Q ,
JUL IUS CE SAR . 2 1
Atrio ad Caesarem ven era n t , qui nun ciaren t superiore n octe , maxima coorta tempesta te , prope omn es
n aves afli icta s a tque in litore ejectas esse ; quod
n eque a n corae fun esque subsisteren t , n eque n autas
gubern a toresque vim temp esta tis pati possen t ; ita
que ex eo concursun avium magnum esse in commo
dum a ccep tum .
His rebus cogn itis, Caesar legion es equitatumque
revoca t i atque itinere desistere jubet , ipse ad n aves
revertitur : eadem feré quae ex nun ciis literisque
cogn ov ra t coram p ersp ic it, sic ut amissis circiter
XL n a irfims , reliquw tamen refici posse magno n ego
tio videren tur. Itaque ex legion ibus fabros deligit ,
et ex con tin enti a lios arcessi jubet ; L abieno scribit
ut quam plurima s posset iis legion ibus , qua sun t
apud cum , n aves in stitua t . Ipse etsi res era t multae
operas a c laboris , tamea commodissimum esse statuit
omn es n aves subduci , et cum ca stris una mun ition e
conjungi . In his rebus c irciter dies x con sumit , n e
n octurn is quidem temporibus ad laborem militam
in termissis . Subductis n avibus ca strisque egregie
mun itis , ea sdem copia s qua s an te praesidio n avibus
reliquit : ipse eodem unde rediera t proficiscitur . E6
cum ven isset , majores jam undique in eum locum
coPiae Britannorum conven eran t , summa imperii
bellique admin istrandi commun i con silio permissa
Ca ssivellauno , cujus fin es a maritimis civitatibus flu
men dividit , quod appella tur T amesis , a mari circi
ter milia p a ssuum Lxxx . Huic superiore temporecum reliquis civita tibus con tin en tia bella in tercesse
rant ; sed nostro adven tup ermoti Britan n i hun c toti
bello imp erioque praefeceran t .
Britan n ias pa rs in terior ah iis in colitur, quos n atos
2 2 LAT IN READER .
in in sula ipsa memon a proditum dicun t ; maritima
pars ab us qui p raedae a o belli in ferendi causa ex
Belgio tra n siera n t , qui omn es fere iis n om in ibus
c ivita tum appe lla n tur , quibus orti ex c ivita tibus eo
p ervenerun t , et be llo i lla to ibi perma n serun t a tque
agros co lere coep erun t . Hominum est infin ita mul
titudo creberrimaque aedificia , feré G a llic is con simi
lia ; p ecorum magnus numerus . Utun tur aut acre ,
aut nummo aereo , aut ta le is ferreis ad certum pondus
ex amin a tis pro nummo . Na sc itur ibi plumbum
a lbum in mediterran eis region ibus , in ma ritimis fer
rum , sed ejus ex igua est copia : aere utun tur impor
ta to . Ma teria cujusque gen eris ut in G a lha est ,
pra ter fagum a tque abietem . L eporem et ga llin am
et a n serem gusta re fa s n on puta n t ; haec tamen a lun t
an imi volup ta tisque c ausa. Loca sun t temp era tiora
quam in G a llia, remissioribus frigoribus .
In sula n a tura triquetra , cujus unum la tus est con
tra G a lliam . Hujus lateris a lter a ngulus qui est ad
Can tium , quo fete omn es ex G a llia n aves app ellun
tur, ad orien tem solem , inferior ad meridiem spectat .
Hoc la tus pertin et c irciter milia p a ssuum D . AI
terum vergit ad Hisp an iam a tque occiden tem solem ,
qua ex parte est Hibern ia , dimidio m in or (ut existima tur) , quam Britann ia , sed pari spa tio tran smissfisa tque ex G a llia est in Britann iam . In hoc medio
cursuest in sula quas appella tur Mon a ; complures
praeterea minores objectm in sulae ex istiman tur ; de
quibus in sulis n on nulli scripserun t dies con tinuos
xxx sub bruma esse noctem . Nos n ihil de eo per
con ta tion ibus reperiebamus , n isi certis ex aqua men
suris breviores esse quam in con tin en ti n octes
videbamus. Hujus est longitudo la teris , ut fert
24, LAT IN READER .
um a c pro ca stris dimicaretur, in tellectum est n ostros
propter gravita tem a rmorum , quod n eque in sequi
ceden tes possen t , n eque ab sign is discedere aude
ren t , min t s aptos esse ad hujus gen eris bostem ;
equites autem magn o cum periculo p roelio dimicare ,
p rop terea quod illi etiam con sulto p le 1'i1mque cede
ren t , et chm p aulhm ab legion ibus n ostros removis
sen t , ex essedis desiliren t , et pedibus dispari proclio
con tenderen t . Equestris autem proelii ra tio et cc
den tibus et in sequen tibus p a r a tque idem periculum
infereba t . Accedeba t huc ut numqua rn con fet ti , sed
rari magn isque in terva llis p roelia ren tur , sta tion esque
disposita s haberen t , a tque a lios a lii dein ceps exc ipe
ren t , in tegn que et recen tes defa tiga tis succederent .
Postero die procul a ca stris hostes in co llibus con
stiterun t , ra rique se osten dere , et lemus quam pridi‘e
n ostros equites proelio la cessere coep erun t . Sed
meridie , chm Cae sa r p abula ndi c ausa tres legion esa tque omn em equita tum cum C. T rebon io legatomisisset , repen té ex omn ibus partibus ad p abula toresadvo laverun t , sic uti ah sign is legion ibusque n on
absisteren t .‘
Nostri a criter in eos impetu fa cto rep
pulerun t , n eque fin em sequendi fecerun t quoad sub
sidio confisi equites , chm post se legion es videren t ,
praec ip ites hostes egerun t , magn oque corum numero
in terfecto , n eque sui colligendi n eque con sistendi aut
ex essedis desiliendi fa culta tem dederun t . Ex ha cfuga protinus quae undique conven eran t auxilia discesserun t , n eque post id tempus umquam summis
n obiscum COp iis hostes con ten derun t .
C&sar cogn ito con silio sorum , ad flumen T amesin
in fin es Ca ssivellaun i exercitam dux it , quod flumen
un o omn ino loco pedibus a tque hoc aegré tran sit i
JUL IUS CE SAR . 25
p otest. E6 cum ven isset , an imum adverfit ad a lte
ram flumin is ripam magn a s esse copia s hostium in
structa s : ripa autem era t a cutis sudibus praefixisque
mun ita , ejusdemque gen eris sub aqua defixaa sudes
flumine tegeban tur . His rebus cogn itis a captivis
p erfugisque , Caesar praemisso equita tu con festim
legiones subsequi jussit . Sed ea celeritate a tque eo
impetumilites ierun t , cum capite so lo ex aqua ex
sta t an t, ut hostes impetum legionum a tque equitum
sustinere n on possen t , rip a sque dimitteren t , ac se
fugae mandaren t .
Cassivellaunus , ut supra demon stravimus , omn i
deposita spe con ten tion is , dimissis amplioribus COp iis ,m ilibus circiter IV essedariorum relictis , itin era no
stra servaba t , p aulumque ex via excedeba t, locisque
impeditis ao silvestribus sese occultabat , a tque iis
region ibus , quibus nos iter fa cturos cognovera t , pe
cora atque homin es ex agris in silvas compellebat ;
et cum equita tus n oster liberius praedandi va sta ndi
que causa se in agros efi'
underet , omn ibus viis n otis
semitisque esseda rios ex silvis emitteba t , et magn o
cum periculo n ostrorum equitum cum iis confligeba t ,
a tque hoc metula tius vagari prohibeba t . Relinque
ba tur ut n eque longius ah agrn ine legionum discedi
Cae sar pa teretur, et tan tum in agris va standis in cen
diisque fa c iendis hostibus noceretur , quan tum laborea tque itin ere legion arii milites cfiicere poteran tDum hae c in his locis geruntur, Ca ssivellaunus ad
Can tium nun tios mittit, a tque his impera t uti coa ctis
omn ibus copiis , ca stra n avalia de improviso adorian
tur atque oppugn ent . Ii chm ad ca stra ven issen t ,
n ostri eruption e fa cta multis corum in terfectis , capto
etiam nobili duce Lugotorige , suos in columes redu
26 LAT IN READER .
xerun t . Cassivellaunus hoc praelio nun ciato , tot
detrimentis a ccep tis , va sta tis fin ibus , maxime etiam
permotus defection e c ivita tum , lega tos p erAtreba tem
Commium de dedition e ad Caesarem mittit . Caesar ,
cum sta tuisset hiemem in con tin en ti propter repen ti
n os G a llias motus agere , n eque multum aesta tis
superesset , a tque id fa cile extrahi posse in telligeret ,obsides imp erat , et quid in anuos singulos vectiga lis
populo Roman o Britann ia penderet con stituit : in ter
dic it a tque impera t Ca ssivellauno , n e Mandubratio
n euT rinoban tibus n ocea t .
Obsidibus a ccep tis , exercitum reducit ad ma re ,
n aves inven it refecta s . H is deductis , quod et capti
vorum magnum numerum habeba t , et n on nullae
tempesta te deperieran t n aves , duobus commea tibus
exerc itam reportare in stituit. Ao sic a cc idit uti ex
tan to n avium numero , tot n aviga tion ibus , n eque hoc
n eque superiore ann o ulla omn ino n avis quas milites
portaret desidera retur ; at ex iis quae in an es ex con
tin en ti ad cum remitteren tur , et qua s posteaLabienus
fa cienda s curavera t numero Lx , p erp aucae locum
caperen t , reliquae feré omn es rejiceren tur . Og a s cuma liquamdiuCaesar frustra exp ectasset , me a n n i tem
pore a n aviga tion e excluderetur, quod eequinoctium
subera t , n ecessario angustius m ilites collocavit , a c
summa tranquillita te con secuta, secunda chm solvis
set vigilia, prima luce terram attigit, omn esque in
columes n aves perdux it .
3 . The P eop le qf Gaul a nd Germa ny.
[Book VI. Chapters 1 1
Q y on iam ad hun e locum perven tum est , n on
a lienum esse videtur de G a llias G erman iaeque mori
JULIUS CE SAR . 2 7
bus et quo differan t hm n a tion es in ter sese pro
pon ere .
In G a lha non solhm in omn ibus civitatibus a tque
in omn ibus pagis p artibusque , sed p aené eti am in
singulis domibus , fa ctiones sun t earumque fa
ctionum prin cipes sun t qui summam auctoritatem
corum judic io habere ex istima n tur , quorum ad arbi
trium judic iumque summa omn ium rerum consilio
rumque redea t . q ue ejus rei causa an tiquitii s
in stitutum videtur , n e quis ex plebe con tra poten tio
rem aux ilii egeret ; suos en im quisque opprimi et
c ircumven iri n on pa titur , n eque , a liter si fa cia t ,
n llam in ter suos habet auctorita tem . Haec eadem
ra tio est in summa totius G a llias ; n amque omn es
c ivita tes in partes divisae sun t dua s
In omn i G a llia corum hominum , qui a liquo sun t
numero a tque honore , gen era sun t duo ; 11 am plebes
pmn‘e servorurn habetur loco , quas n ihil audet per se ,
et nullo adhibetur con silio . P lerique , chm’
aut acre
a lieno aut magn itudin e tributorum aut injuria potentiorum p remun tur , sese in servitutem dica n t nobili
bus : in hos eadem omn ia sun t jura quas domin is inservos . Sed de his duobus gen eribus a lterum est
Druidum , a lterum equitum . Illi rebus divin is in ter
sun t , sa crificia publica a c priva ta procuran t , re li
gion es in terpreta n tur . Ad hos magnus adolescen tium
numerus disciplin es causa con currit , m agnoque‘
hi
sun t apud eos hon ore . Nam feré de omn ibus con
troversiis publicis priva tisque con stituun t ; et si quod
est admissum fa cinus , si caedes fa cta , si de heredi
tate , si de fin ibus con troversia est , iidem decernun t ;
preemia p a ma sque constituun t . Si qui aut privatus
aut populus corum decreto non stetit , sa crificiis in ter
28 LAT IN READER.
dicun t . Haec poen a apud eos est gravissima . (Lui-I
bus ita est interdictum , hi numero imp iorum a o
scelera torum haben tur : ah his omn es discedunt ,aditum corum sermon emque defugiun t, n e quid ex
con tagion e incommodi a ccip ian t , n eque his p eten ti
bus jus redditur, n eque bonos n llus commun icatur.
His autem omn ibus Druidibus prmest unus , qui sum
marn in ter eos habet auctorita tem . Hoc mortuo , si
qui ex reliquis excellit dign ita te , succedit : a t si sun t
p lures pa res , sufi'
ragio Druidum a llegitur ; n on num
quam e tiam armis de prin cip atucon tendun t . Hi certo
ann i tempore in fin ibus Carnutum , qua regio totius
G a llize media habetur , con sidunt in loco con secra to .
Huc omn es undique qui con troversias haben t couve
n iun t , eorumque decretis judiciisque paren t . Disci
plin a in Brita n n ia reperta , a tque inde in G a lliam
tran sla ta esse ex istima tur ; et nunc , qui diligen tiuseam rem cognoscere volun t , p leriimque illo discendicausa proficiscuntur.
Druides a hello abesse con suérun t , n eque tributa.
una cum reliquis p endun t ; militias va c a tion em
omn iumque rerum haben t immun ita tem . T an tis
excita ti preemiis , et sufi spon te multi in disc iplin amconven iun t , et a p aren tibus prop inquisque mittun tur.
Magnum ibi numerum versuum ediscere dicun tur
itaque anuos n onnulli xx in disc iplina perman en t.
Neque fa s esse existiman t ea litteris mandare , cumin reliquis feré rebus , public is priva tisque ra tion ibus,Gra cis litteris utantur. Id mihi duabus de causis
in stituisse viden tur ; quod n eque in vulgum discipli
n am efi'
erri velin t , n eque eos qui discun t litteris con
fisos minus memoria studere ; quod fer‘e plerisque
a ccidit , ut pra sidio litterarum diligen tiam in perdis-e
jUL IUS CE SAR . 29
cendo ao memoriam remittan t. In primis hoc volun t
persuadere , n on in terire an imas , sed ah a liis post
mortem tran sire ad a lios , a tque hoc maxime ad vir
tutem ex citari putan t , metumortis n eglecto . Multa
prae terea de sideribus a tque corum motu, de mundi
ac terrarum magn itudin e , de rerum n a tura, de deo
rum immorta liumvi a c potesta te , disputan t et juven a
tuti tradun t .
Alterurn genus est equitum . Hi , cum est usus
a tque a liquod bellum in cidit , quod fer‘e a n te C&saris
adven tum quotan n is a ccidere soleba t , uti aut ipsi
injuria s inferren t aut illa ta s propulsaren t , omn es in
bello versan tur , a tque eorum ut quisque est gen ere
c0 piisque amplissimus , ita plurimos c ircum se amba
ctos c lien tesque habet . Ha n c un am gratiam poten
tiamque noverun t .
Na tio est omn is G a llorum admodum dedita reli
gion ibus , atque ob eam causam qui sun t a ffecti
gravioribus morbis , quique in procliis p ericulisque
versan tur, aut pro victimis homin es immolan t , aut
se immola turos voven t , admin istrisque ad ea sa crifi
cia Druidibus utun tur ; quod, pro vita homin is n isi
homin is vita redda tur , non posse deorum immorta
lium numen pla cari a rbitran tur, publicéque ejusdem
gen eris haben t in stituta sa crificia . Alii imman i
magn itudin e simula cra haben t , quorum con texta
vimin ibus membra vivis homin ibus comp len t , quibus
succen sis c ircumven ti flamma exan iman tur homin es .
Supplicia corum qui in furto aut in la trocin io aut
a liqua noxa sin t comprehen si , gra tiora diis immorta
libus esse a rbitran tur, sed cum ejus gen eris copia
defic it , etiam ad in nocen tium supplicia des’
cendun t .
Deum maxime Mercurium colun t . Hujus sun t
30 LAT IN READER .
plurima simulacra ; hun c omn ium inventorem artium
ferun t , hun c viarum a tque itin erum ducem , hun c ad
qua stus pecun iw merca turasque habere vim maxi
mam arbitran tur. Post hun c Apollin em et Ma t tem
et Jovem et Min ervam . De his candem fet e quam
reliquae gen tes haben t op in ionern ; Apollin em mor
bos depellere , Min ervam operum a tque artific iorum
in itia tradere , Jovem imperium coelestium tenere ,
Martem bella regere . Huic , etim proclio dimicare
con stituerun t , ea quas bello ceperint plerhmque de
voven t . superaverin t an ima lia capta immolan t ;reliquas res in unum locum conferun t. Multis in
civitatibus harum rerum exstructos tumulos locis
con secratis con sp icari licet , n eque saepé acc idit ut
n eglecta quisp iam religion e , aut capta apud se
o ccultare aut posita to llere auderet ; gravissimumque
c i rei supplicium cum crucia tucon stitutum est .
G a lli se omnes abDite pa tre progn a tos praedicant ,idque ah Druidibus proditum dicun t . Oh cam cau
sam spatia omn is temporis non numero diemm sed
noctium fin iun t ; dies n ata les et men sium et an norum
in itia sic observan t , ut noctem dies subsequatur . In
reliquis vita in stitutis , hoc feré ah reliquis difi'
erun t ,
quod suos liberos , n isi cum adoleverun t ut munus
militiaa sustin ere possin t , pa lam ad se adire non
p a tiun tur ; filiumque puerili aata te in publico in con
spectupatris adsistere turpe ducun t .Viri quan tas pecun ias ah uxoribus dotis nomine
a cceperun t , tan ta s ex suis bon is wstima tion e fa cta
cum dotibus commun ican t . Huju‘
s omn is p ecun iae
conjunctim ra tio habetur , fructusque serva n tur : uter
comm vita superarit , ad cum pars utriusque cum
fructibus superiorum temporum perven it . Viri in
32 LAT IN READER.
German i multhm ah hac con suetudine difi’
erun t
n am n eque Druides haben t qui rebus divini s prwsin t ,
n eque sacrificiis studen t . Deorum numero eos so los
ducunt quos cernun t et quorum apert‘e Op ibus juvan
tur, So lem et Vulcanum et Lun am : reliquos n e
fama quidem a cceperun t . Vita omn is in ven a tion i
bus,
atque in studiis rei militaris con sistit : ah pa rvu
lis labori a c duritiae studen t . Q ui diutissirne impuberes perman serun t , maximam in ter suos ferun t
laudem ; hoc a li staturam , a li hoc vires n ervosque
confirmari putan t.
Agriculturae non studen t majorque pars eorum
victus in la cte , caseo , ca rn e con sistit : n eque quis
quam agri modum certum aut fin es habet proprios ,sed magistra tus ao prin cipes in anuos singulos gen
tibus cogn a tion ibusque hominum , qui una coierun t,
quan tum et quo loco visum est agri a ttribuun t , a tque
a n no post a lio tran sire cogun t . Bjus rei multasafi
'
erun t causa s : n e a ssidua con suetudin e capti studiam belli gerundi agricultura commuten t ; n e latosfin es parare studean t , poten tioresque humiliores pos
session ibus expellan t ; n e a ccuratius ad frigora a tque
aestus vitandos aedificen t ; n e qua oria tur pecun iacupiditas , qua ex re fa ction es dissen sionesque n a
scun tur ; ut a n imi mquita te p lebem con tin ean t , cumsua s quisque opes cum poten tissirn is aequari videa t .
Suevorum gen s est longé maxima et bellicosissima
Germanorum omn ium . R i cen tum pagos habere
dicun tur , ex quibus quotann is singula milia a rma to
rum bellandi causa ex fin ibus educun t . Reliqui qui
domi man serun t se atque illos a lun t. Hi rursii s in
vicem anno post in armis sun t , illi domi reman en t.
Sic n eque agricultura n ec ratio a tque usus belli ia
JUL IUS CE SAR . 33
termittitur. Sed priva ti a c separati agri apud eos
n ihil est , neque longius an no reman ere uno in locoin colendi causa licet . Neque multum frumento , sed
max imam partem la cte a tque pecore vivun t , mul
thmque sunt in ven a tion ibus ; quae res et cibi gen ere
et quotidiana e
'
xerc ita tion e et liberta te vitae , quod a
pueris nullo ofli cio aut disciplina a ssuefa cti n ihil
omn ino con tra volun ta tem fa cian t , et vires a lit et imman i corporum magn itudine homin es efiicit . Atque
in eam se con suetudin em adduxerun t , ut locis frigidissimis n eque vestitfis prae ter pelles habean t quid
quam, quarum propter ex iguitatem magn a est
corporis pars aperta , et lavan tur in flumin ibus.
Merca toribus est ad eos aditus magis eo ut quas
bello ceperin t quibus vendan t habean t , quam quod
n llam rem ad se import’
a t i desideren t . Og in etiam
jumen tis , quibus maxime G a lli delectan tur , quasque
impen so paran t pretio , German i importa tis his non
utun tur, sed quas sun t apud eos n a ta , prava atque
deformia , haec quotidiana exercita tion e summi ut
sin t laboris efiiciun t . Equestribus procliis saepé ex
equis desiliun t a o pedibus proslian tur, equosque eo
dem reman ere vestigio adsuefecerun t , ad quos se
celeriter cum usus est recipiun t ; n eque corum mori
bus turpin s quidquam aut in ertius habetur quam
ephipp iis uti . Itaque ad quemvis numerum ephipp i
a torum equitum quamvis pauci adire auden t . Vinum
ad se omn ino importa t i n on sinun t , quod ea re ad
laborem ferendum remollescere homin es a tque effe
min ari arbitran tur.
Civita tibus maxima laus est quam latissime c ircum
se va sta tis fin ibus solitudin es habere . Hoc proprium
virtutis existiman t , expulsos agris fin itimos cedere ,
3
34 LAT IN READER .
n eque quemquamprope andere con sistere : simul
hoc se fore tutiores arbitran tur, repen tin aa in cur
sion is timore subla to . Chm bellum c ivitas aut illa
tum defendit aut in fert , magistra tus qui ci bello
praesint , ut vitae n ecisque habea n t potestatem deli
gun tur. In pace nullus est commun is magistratus ,
sed prin cipes regionum a tque p agorum in ter suos jusdicun t , con troversia sque minuun t . La trocin ia nul
lam haben t in famiam , quae extra fin es cujusque civi
ta tis fiun t , a tque ea juven tutis exercendae a c desidiae
minuendaa causa fieri praedican t . Atque ubi quis ex
prin cip ibus in con cilio dixit se ducem fore , qui sequi
velin t profiteantur ; con surgun t ii qui et causam et
homin em proban t , suumque auxilium pollicen tur,
a tque ah multitudin e collaudan tur : qui ex his se
cuti non sun t , in desertorum a o proditorum numero
ducun tur, omn iumque his rerum postea fides dero
gatur . Hospitem violare fa s n on putan t ; qui qua
cunque de causa ad eos ven erun t ah injuria prohiben tsan ctosque haben t , bisque omn ium domus pa ten t ,victusque commun ica tur.
Ac fuit an tea tempus cum G ermanos G a lli virtutesuperaren t , ultro bella inferren t , propter hominummultitudin em agrique in op iam tran s Rhenum colon ia s mitteren t . Itaque ea quae fertilissima G erman ia
sunt loca c ircum Hercyn iam silvam , Volcae T ectosages occup averun t , a tque ibi consederun t. ngen s ad hoc tempus his sedibus sese con tin et , sum
mamque habet justifies et bellicae laudis opin ion em
nun c quoque in eadem inopia, egesta te , pa tien tia quaGerman i perman en t , eodem victu et cultu corporisutun tur . G a llis autem Provin c ias prop inquitas et
transmarin arum rerum notitia multa ad copiam a tque
JUL IUS CE SAR . 35
usus largitur. Paulla tim adsuefa cti supera t i , multis
que victi procliis , n e se quidem ipsi cum illis virtute
comparan t .
Hujus Hercyn iae silvas , quae supra demon stra ta
est , la titudo novem diemm iter expedito pa tet : n on
en im a liter fin iri potest , n eque men sura s itin erum
n overun t . Oritur ah Helvetiorum et Nemetum et
Raura corum fin ibus , rectaque flumin is Danubii re
gion e p ertin et ad fin es Da corum et'
An a rtium ; hin e
se flectit sin istrorsus diversis ah flumin e region ibus ,
multarumque gen tium fin es propter magn itudin em
a ttingit ; n eque quisquam est hujus G erma n iae , qui
se aut adisse ad in itium ejus silvas dica t , cum dic tum
iter Lx processerit , aut quo ex loco oria tur a cceperit :
multaque in ea gen era fera rum n a sci con sta t , quas
reliquis in locis visa n on sin t : ex quibus quas max i
me difi’
era n t ab ceteris et memorize prodenda videan
tur , haac sun t .
Est bos cervi figura, cujus a medl a fron te in ter
aures unum cornuexsistit , ex celsius magisque dire
etum his quas nobis n ota sun t corn ibus . Ab ejus
summo sicut palmae ramique la te difi’
undun tur . Ea
dem est femin ae ma risque n atura , eadem forma
magn itudoque cornuum .
Sun t item quas app ellan tur a lces . Harum est
con similis c apreis figura et varieta s pellium ; sed
magn itudin e paullo an tecedun t , mutilaeque sun t cor
n ibus , et crura sin e nodis a rticulisque haben t ; n eque
quietis causa procumbun t , n eque , si quo affl ictae
ca sucon c iderun t , erigere sese aut subleva re possun t .
His sun t a rbores pro cubilibus : ad ea s se applican t ,a tque ita p aullum modo reclin a tae quietem c ap iun t ;
quarum ex vestigus cum est a n imadversum a ven a
36 LAT IN READER .
toribus que se recipere consuérin t , omn es eo loco aut
ah radicibus subruun t aut a ccidun t a rbores , tan tum
ut summa species carum stan tium relinqua tur. Huc
chm se con suetudin e rec lin averun t , infirma s a rbores
pondere afii igun t , a tque una ipsa : con cidun t .
T ertium est genus eorum qui uri appella n tur . Hi
sun t magn itudin e paullo in fra elephan tos ; spec ie et
colore et figura tauri . Magn a vis corum est et
magn a velocita s , n eque bomin i n eque ferae quam
con spexerun t p a rcun t . Hos studiose foveis cap tos
in terfic iun t . Hoc se labore duran t homin es ado le
scen tes , a tque hoc gen ere ven a tion is exercen t et
qui p lurimos ex his in terfecerun t , rela tis in publicum
com ibus quae sin t testimon io , magn am ferun t lau
dem . Sed adsuescere ad homin es et man suefieri n e
pa rvuli quidem ex cepti possun t . Amplitudo cernuum
e t figura et species multilm a n ostrorum boum corn i
bus difi’
ert . Haze studiose conquisita ah labris
a rgen to c ircumc ludun t , a tque in amp lissimis epulis
pro poculis utun tur.
CLUINTUS CURT IUS .
L IFE OF A L E XAN D E R .
1 . The R iver Cydnus .
[Book III. Chapters 4
In terea Alexander, Abistamen e Cappadocia pra tposito , Ciliciam peten s cum omn ibus cop iis , in t e
gion em quas Ca stra Cyrz’
app ella tur p erven era t .
Sta tiva illic habuera t Cyrus , chm adversus Croesum
in Lydiam exercitum duceret . Abara t ea regio
quinquagin ta stadia ah aditu, quo Cilic iam in tramus
Pyla s in cola dicun t a rctissirn a s fauces , mun imen ta
quae ma nu pon imus n atura li situ imitan te . Igitur
Arsan es , qui Ciliciae praaera t , reputan s quid in itio
belli Memnon suasisset , quondam sa lubre con silium
sero ex sequi sta tuit : ign e ferroque Ciliciam va sta t ,
ut hosti solitudinem facia t : quicquid usui esse potest ,corrurnp it : sterile ac nudum solum , quod tueri
n equibat , relicturus . Sed longé utilius fuit angu
stia s aditfis, qui' Ciliciam aperit , va lido occupa re
p raesidio , jugumque , opportune itin eri immin en s ,obtin ere ; unde inultus subeun tem bostem aut pro
bibere aut opprimere potuisset . Tun c paucis , quic a llibus praesideren t , re lictis , retro ipse con cessit ;
popula tor terrae, quam a p opula tion ibus vindicare
debuera t . Ergo , qui relicti eran t , proditos se ra ti ,
n e con sp ec tum quidem hostis sustinere va luerun t
38 LAT IN READER.
cum vel pauciores locum obtin ere potuissen t . Nam
que perpetuo jugo mon tis asp eri a o praerupti Cilicia
in c luditur , quod, chm a mari surgat , velut sinu quo
dam fiexuque curva tum , rursus a ltero cornu in
diversum littus excurrit . Per hoc dorsum , qua
maxime in trorsum mari cedit , a sp eri tres aditus et
p era ngusti sun t , quorum un o Cilicia in tranda est .
Campestris eadem , qua vergit ad mare , pla n itiem
ejus crebris distinguen tibus rivis .
Pyramus et Cydnus , in cluti amn es fiuun t . Cyd
nus n on spa tio aquarum , sed liquore memorabilis ;
quippe , len i tra ctue fon tibus laben s , puro solo cxc i
p itur ; n eque torren tes in currun t , qui pla c ide ma
n a ntis a lveum turben t . Itaque in corruptus , idemque
frigidissimus ; quippe , multa rip arum amoen ita te
inumbra tus , ubique fon tibus suis similis in mare
evadit . Multa in ea region e monumen ta , vulga ta
c armin ibus , vetusta s exederat . Mon straban tur ur
bium sedes Lym essi et T hebes ; Typhon is quoque
specus , et Corycium n emus , ubi crocum gign itur ,
caeteraque in quibus n ihil prwter famam duravera t .
Alexander fauces jugi , qua Pylce app ella n tur, in
travit . Con templa tus locorum situm , n on aha s
magis dicitur admira tus esse felicita tem suam : obrui
potuisse vel saxis confiteba tur , si fuissen t qui in
subeun tes propelleren t . Iter vix quaternos cap ieba t
a rma tos . Dorsum mon tis immin eba t viaa, n on an
gustae modo, sed p lerhmque praeruptae , crebris
oberran tibus rivis , qui ex radic ibus mon tium ma
n an t . T hra cas tamen leviter arma tos pra cedere
jussera t , scruta rique ca lles , n e occultus hostis in
subeun tes erumperet . S a gittariorum quoque manus
occup avera t jugum : in ten tos a rcus habeba n t, mo
40 LAT IN READER .
ren t , cla ssem qua tran sean t quem praep a ra tur um ?
Kursus in ipsum regem misericordia versa,“illum
florem juven tas , illam vim an imi , eumdem regem
et commiliton em divelli a se et abrip i ,”immemores
sui quereba n tur .
In ter haec liberius mea re spiritus coep era t ; a lleva
bat rex o culos , et , p aula tim redeun te a n imo , cir
cumstan tes amicos agnovera t : la x a taque vis morbi
oh hoc solum videba tur , quia magn itudin em ma li
sen tieba t . An imum autem wgritudo corporis urge
ba t : quippe Da rium quin to die in Ciliciam fore
nun ciaba tur.
“Vin ctum ergo se tradi , et ta n tam
victoriam erip i sibi e m an ibus , obscuraque et igno
bili morte in tabern a culo extingui se ,
”
quereba tur .
Admissisque amic is pa riter a c medic is : In quo
me ,
”in quit , a rticulo rerum mea rum fortun a depre
henderit , cern itis . Strep itum hostilium a rmorum
ex audire mihi videor ; et qui ultrc‘) in tuli bellum , jam
provocor . Da rius ergo , cum tam superba s littera s
scriberet , fortun am meam in con silio habuit ; sed
n equidquam , si mihi a rbitrio meo cura ri licet .
Len ta remedia et segues medicos n on exspecta n t
tempora me a . Vel mori strenué , quam ta rdé con
va lescere , m ihi melius est . Proinde , si quid opis , si
quid a rtis in medicis est , scian t me n on tam mortis
quam be lli remedium quwrere . Ingen tem omn ibus
in cusserat curam tam prae ceps temerita s ejus . Ergo
pro se quisque precari coepére , n e festin a tion e periculum augeret , sed esset in potesta te meden tium .
In experta remedia haud injuria ipsis esse suspecta ,
chm ad pern iciem ejus etiam a la tere ip sius pecun iasollicita ret hostis ( quippe Da rius mille ta len ta interfectori Alexandri da turum se pronun ciari jusse
oy iNTus CURT IUS . 41
rat) 1taque n e ausurum quidem quemquam”
a rbitraba n tur exp eriri remedium quod propter no
vita tem posset esse susp ectum .
”
Era t in ter n obiles medicos e Ma cedon ia regem
secutus Philippus , n a tion e Aca rn a n , fidus admodum
regi puero comes , e t custos sa lutis data s , n on ut
regem modo, sed etiam ut a lumnum eximia ca ri
ta te diligeba t . Is n on p raecep s se sed strenuum
remedium afl'
erre , tan tamque vim morbi potion e me
dicata leva turum esse promisit . Nulli promissumejus p la ceba t , praeter ipsum cujus periculo polliceba tur . Omn ia quippe fa c il lus quam moram per
peti potera t . Arm a et a c ies in oculis eran t ; et
victoriam in eo positam esse a rbitraba tur , si tan tuma n te sign a sta re po tuisse t : idip sum , quod post diem
tertium medicamen tum sump turus esset ( ita en im
m edicus pra dixera t) , aegré feren s . In ter hmc a Par
m en ion e fidissimo purpura torurn littera s a ccipit ,
quibus ci denun c iaba t , n e sa lutem suam Philippo
comm itteret ; mi1]e ta len tis a Da rio , et sp e nup tia rum
sororis ejus esse corruptum . Ingen tem an imo sol
l icitudin em litterae in cusseran t , et quicquid in utram
que pa rtem aut metus aut spes subjecera t , secretaaestim a tion e p en saba t .
“Bibere perseverem ? ut , si
ven enum da tum fuerit , n e immerito quidem , quie
quid a cciderit , even isse videa tur ? Damn em medici
fidem ? in tabern a culo ergo me opprimi pa tia r ? At
sa tin s est a lien o me mori scelere , quam metu n o
stro .
”Diu a n imo in diversa versa to , nulli quid
scriptum esset enun c ia t ep isto lamque , sigillo anuli
sui impresso , pulvin o cui in cubaba t subjecit .
In ter ha s cogita tion es biduo a ssumpto , illux it a
medico destin a tus dies . Et ille cum poculo , in quo
42 LAT IN READER .
medicamen tum diluera t , in travit . 0410 viso Al exan der , leva to corpore in cubitum , ep istolam a Par
men ion e missam sin istra manu ten en s , a ccipit
poculum , et haurit in territus : tum epistolam Philippurn legere jubet , n ec a vultulegen tis movit oculos ,
ratus a liqua s con sc ien tiae n o ta s in ipso ore posse
deprehendere . Ille episto la p erlecta, plus indign a
tion is quam p avoris ostendit : projectisque amiculo
et litteris a n te lectum “Rex , inquit ,
“semper qui
dem spiritus meus ex te pep endit , sed nun c ver‘e ah
isto sa cro et ven erabili ore trahitur . Crimen pa t ri
c idii , quod mihi objectum est , tua sa lus diluet . Ser
va tus a me vitam m ihi dederis . Oro quessoque ,
amisso metu, pa tere medicamen tum con c ip i ven is .
L axa p aulisp er a n imum , quem sollicitudin e in tem
p estiva am ici sa n é fideles , sed molesté seduli tur
ba n t .”Non securum modo haec vox , sed etiam
lae tum regem , a o plenum bon ae sp ei fecit . Itaque ,“S i D11 ,
”inquit , Philippe , tibi p ermisissen t , quo
maxime modo a n imum ve lles experiri meum , a lio
profecto vo luisses ; sed certiorem quam experta s es ,n e optasses quidem . Hac epistola a ccepta, tamen
quod diluera s bibi ; et nun c crede me non minus
pro tua fide quam p ro mea sa lute esse sollic itum .
”
Haec elocutus , dexteram Philippo ofi’
ert .
Caaterum tan ta vis medicam in is fuit , ut qua secuta
sun t crimin a tion em Pa rmen ion is'
adjuverin t . In ter
clusus spiritus a retemeaba t , n ec Philippus quidquam
in expertum omisit . Ille fomen ta corpori admovit ,
ille torp en tem nun c cibi nun c vin i odore exc itavit .
Atque , ut primiim men tis compotem esse sen sit ,
modo ma tris sororumque , modo ta n tae victoriaa ap
prOp inquan tis admon ere non destitit . Ut vero me
cym'
rus CURTIUS . 43
dicamen tum se difi'
udit in ven a s , et sen sim toto cor
pore sa lubritas perc ipi potuit , primiim a n imus vigo
rem suum , deinde corpus quoque exsp ecta tion e ma
tun us recuperavit : quippe post tertium diem quam
in hoc sta tu fuera t , in con sp ectum militum ven it .
Nec avidius ipsum regem quam Philippum in tue
ba tur exercitus : pro se quisque dex teram ejus am
plexi grates habeban t velut prwsen ti deo . Namque
haud facile dictu est , praeter ingen itam illi gen ti
erga reges suos ven era tion em , quan thm hujusutique regis vel admira tion i dediti fuerin t , vel ca
rita te flagraverin t . Jam primum n ihil sin e divina
Ope aggredi videba tur. Nam cum praesto esset
ubique fortun a , temerita s in gloriam cessera t : ae ta s
quoque vix tan tis ma tura rebus , sed abundé suffi
eiaus , omn ia ejus opera hon estaba t : et quae le
vio t a haberi solen t , p lerumque in re milita ri gra
tiora vulgo sun t exercita tio corporis in ter ipsos ,cultus habitusque p aulum a priva to abhorren s ,
militaris vigor ; quis ille vel ingen ii dotibus , vel
a n imi artibus, ut pariter ca rus a c ven erandus esset ,
efi’
ecerat .
2 . Ba ttle of Issus .
[Book III. Chapters 7- 1 2 ]
At Darius nun tio de adversa va letudin e ejus ao
cep to , celerita te quan tam ca pere tam grave agmen
potera t, ad Euphra tem con tendit : jun ctoque eo pon
tibus , quinque tamen diebus trajecit ex ercitum ,
Cilic iam occupare festin an s . Jam Alexa nder vi
ribus corporis recep tis , ad urbem Solos pervenera t : cujus potitus , ducen tis ta len tis multae n omin e
exactis, arci praesidium militum imposuit . Vota
44 LAT IN READER .
deinde pro sa lute suscep ta per ludam a tque otium
redden s , ostendit quan ta fiducia barba ros spern eret :
quippe E sculap io et Min erva? ludos celebravit .
Spectan ti nun tius lantus afi‘
ertur ex Halic arn a sso ,
Persas a c ie a suis esse sup era tos , Myndios quoque
et Caun ios , et pleraque tra ctfis ejus , suae fa c ta di
tion is .
”Igitur edito specta culo ludicro , castrisque
motis , et Pyramo amne pon te jun cto , ad urbem
Ma llon p erven it : inde a lteris ca stris ad oppidum
Castabulum . Ibi Parmen io regi occurrit, quem
p racmisera t ad explora ndum iter sa ltus , p er quem ad
urbem Isson n omin e p en etra ndum era t. Atque ille
a ngustiis ejus occup a tis , et praesidio modico relicto ,
Isson quoque desertam a barbaris cep era t . Inde
progressus , deturba tis qui in teriora mon tium obsi
deban t, praesidiis cun eta firmavit : occup a toque ,iti
n ere , sieut paulo an te dictum est , idem et auctor et
nun tius ven it .
Isson deinde rex copia s admovit : ubi con silio ha
bito utrfimn e ultra progrediendum foret , a n ibi op
periendi essen t n ovi milites , quos ex Ma cedon ia
adven tare con staba t ; P a rmen io n on a liurn locum
praelio aptiorem esse cen seba t . Og ipp e illio utrius
que regis copia s numero futura s pares , cum angu
stiaa multitudin em n on cap eren t : p lan itiem ipsis
c amposque esse vitandos , ubi c ircumiri , ubi a n cipitia
’
c ie opprimi possen t : timere , n e n on virtute hosti
um , sed la ssitudin e sua vin ceren tur : Persas recen
tes subinde successuros , si lax ius stare potuissen t .
Facil‘e ra tio tam sa lubris con silii a ccepta est . Ita
que in ter angustia s sa ltfis opp eriri sta tuit . Era t in
exercita regis S isen es Perses , quondam a pres tore
n yp ti missus ad Philippum ; don isque et omni
oy INT US CURT IUS . 45
honore cultus , ex ilium p a trla sede mutavera t : secutus deinde in Asiam Alex andrum , in ter fideles so
c ios habeba tur . Huic ep isto lam Creten sis milesobsign a tam a nulo , cujus signum haud sa n
'
e notum
era t , tradidit . Nabarza n es prae tor Da rii misera t
e am , hortaba turque Sisen em , ut dignum a liquidnobilita te a o moribus suis ederet , magno id c i apudregem hon or1 fore . Ha s littera s S isen es utpote in
n ox ius , ad Alex andrum seep‘e deferre ten tavit : sed
cum tot curis app a ra tuque belli regem videret ur
geri , aptius subinde tempus exsp ecta n s , susp ic ion emimiti scelesti con silii praebuit . Namque episto la ,
priusquam c i redderetur , in manus Alexa ndri p erven era t , lectamque eam , ign oti a nuli sigillo im
p resso , S isen i da ri jussera t , ad aestimandam fidem
barbari . Og i , quia p er comp lures dies n on adiera t
regem , scelesto con silio eam visus est suppressisse ;
e t in agmin e a Creten sibus , haud dubié jussuregis ,
o cc isus .
Jam G ra ci milites , quos T hymodes a Pharn abazo
a ccepera t , praec ipua spes , et p rop emodum un ica , ad
B arium p erven eran t . H i m agn op er‘e suadeba n t , ut
re tro abiret , sp a tiososque Mesopotamia: c ampos t e
p e teret . Si id con silium damn aret , a t ille divideret
sa ltem in numerabiles copia s , n eusub unum fortun es
i c tum tota s vires regn i cadere p a teretur . Minus hoc
c o n silium regi , quam purpura tis ejus displiceba t
An c ip item fidem , et mercede ven a lem prodition em
immin ere , et dividi non ob a liud copia s velle , quam
ut ipsi in diversa digressi , si quid commissum esse t ,
tr aderen t Alexa n dra . N ihil tutius fore , quam c ir
cumda tos eos exercitu toto obrui telis , documen tum
n o n inultae perfidiae futuros .
”At Darius , ut era t
46 LAT IN READER .
san ctus a c mitis, se vero ta n tum fa cinus”n ega t
esse fa cturum , ut suam secutos fidem , suos milites ,
jubea t truc idari . Q¢1 em dein de amp liil s n a tionum
extera rum sa lutem suam crediturum‘
sibi , si tot m ili
tum sanguin e imbuisset ma nus ? Nemin em stolidum
con silium capite luere debere . Defuturos en im qui
suaderen t , si sua sisse periculum esset . Den ique
ipsos quotidie ad se voca ri in con silium , varia sque
senten tia s dicere , n ec tamen melioris fide i haberi ,
qui pruden tius sua serit .”Itaque Oraseis nun tiari
jubet , ipsum quidem ben evo len tiae illorum gra tias
agere ; cae tenhm , si retro ire p erga t haud dubi‘e t e
gnum hostibus traditurum . Fama bella stare et cum
qui receda t , fugere credi . T rahendi vero belli vix
n llam esse ra tion em . T a n tae en im multitudin i , uti
que chm jam hiems in sta ret , in region e va sta, et
invicem a suis a tque hoste vexa ta, n on sufi'
ectura
a limen ta . Ne dividi quidem copia s posse , serva tomore majorum , qui un iversa s vires discrimin i bel
lorum semper obtulerin t . Et ( hercule ) terribilema n tea regem et absen tia sua ad van am fiduciam
e la tum , postquam adven ta re se sen serit , cautum p ro
temerario fa ctum , delituisse in ter angustia s sa ltus ,rituign obilium fera rum , qum strep itupraetereun tium
andito , silvarum la tebris se occuluerin t . Jametiam va letudin is simula tion e frustrari suos milites .
Sed n on amp lius ipsum esse p a ssurum detrecta re
certamen . In illo specu, in quem pavidi recessissen t , oppressurum esse cun ctan tes .
”Haec magn ifi
cen tlus jacta ta quam verius .
Caeterhm p ecuma omn i rebusque pretiosissimis
Dama scum Syriae cum modico p racsidio militum
missis , reliqua s copia s in Ciliciam dux it , in sequen
48 LAT IN READER .
un am superesse n octem qua tan ti discrimin is mo
raretur even tum . Rursus occurreba t , majora periculis preemia : et sicut dubium esset a n vin ceret , ita
illud utique certum esse , hon esté et cum m agma
laude moriturum . Itaque , corpora milites cura re
jussit , a o deinde tertia vigilia in structos et a rma tos
esse . Ipse in jugum editi mon tis a scendit , multis
que collucen tibus fa cibus pa trio more sa crific ium
diis praesidibus loci fecit . Jamque tertiurn , sicut
prwcep tum era t , signum tuba miles a ccep era t , itin eri
simul pa ra tus a c prae lio : strenuéque jussi procedere ,
orien te luce perven erun t ad angustia s , qua s ocon
pare decreveran t . Ba rium trigin ta inde stadia
abesse p raemissi indicaban t . Tun c con sistere ag
men jubet , a rmisque ipse sumptis a c iem ordin a t .
Da rio adven tum hostium pavidi agrestes nun tia
verun t , vix creden ti occurrere etiam , quos ut fugi
en tes sequeba tur . Ergo n on mediocris omn ium
amimos formido in cesserat : quippe itin eri qu‘am
prac lio aptiores era n t , raptimque arma c ap ieban t .
Sed ipsa festin a tio discurren tium , suosque ad a rma
vocan tium , majorem metum in cussit . Alii in jugummon tis eva sera n t , ut hostium agmen inde prospice
ren t : equos plerique frwn aba n t : discors ex ercitus ,
n ec ad unum in ten tus imperium , va rio tumultu
cun cta turbavera t . Da rius in itio jugum mon tis cum
pa rte cop ia rum occupare sta tuit , e t a fron te et a
tergo c ircumiturus bostem a mari quoque , quo
dextrum ejus cornu tegeba tur , a lios objecturus , utundique urgeret . Praeter haec , vigin ti milia prm
missa cum sagitta riorum ma nu, Pin a rum amuem ,
qui duo agmin a in terflueba t , tra n sire , et objiceresese Ma cedonum cop iis jussera t . Si id praestare
oym'
rus CURT IUS . 49
non possent, retrocedere in mon tes, et occulte cir
cumire ultimos hostium . Cae terilm destin a ta sa lu
briter omn i ration e poten tior fortun a discussit
quippe a lii prae metu imperium exsequi non aude
ban t , a li i frustra exsequeban tur : quia ubi partes
laba n t summa turba tur .
Acies autem hoc modo stetit . Nabarzan es equi
ta tu dextrum cornu tueba tur , additis funditorum
sagittariorumque vigin ti fermé milibus . In eodem
T hymodes era t Graecis p editibus mercede conductis
h‘igin ta milibus praepositus . Hoc era t haud dubi
‘e
robur exercitus , p arMa cedon ica : pha langi a cies . In
la vo cornu Aristomedes T hessa lus vigin ti milia
barbarorum peditum habeba t . In subsidiis pugn a
c issimas locavera t gen tes . Ipsum regem in eodem
cornu dimica turum , tria milia delectorum equitum
a ssueta corporis custodia, et pedestris a cies qua
dragin ta milia sequeban tur . Hyrcan i deinde Me
dique equites : his proximi caetera rum gen tium
equites dextra laevaque dispositi . Hoc agmen ,
sicut dictum e'
st in structum , sex m ilia ja culatorumfunditorumque an tecedeban t . Og idquid in illis an
gustiis adiri potera t , imp leveran t copias , cornuaque
hin c a jugo , illin c a mari staban t : uxorem ma
tremque regis , et a lium femin a rum gregem, in
medium . agmen a cceperan t .
Alexander pha langem , qua n ihil apudMacedon as
va lidius era t , in fron te con stituit . Dextrum cornu
Nican or Pa rmen ion is filius tuebatur : huic prox imistaban t Coenos , et Perdicca s , et Meleager, et Ptolem aeu
'
s , et Amyn tas , sui quisque agmin is duces. In
lmvo , quod ad mare p ertin ebat , Cra terus et Parme
n io eran t , sed Cra terus Parmen ion i parere jussus.
50 LAT IN READER .
Equites ab utroque cornu loca ti , dextrum Ma ce
don es , T hessa lis adjun ctis , laevum Pelopon n esii
tueban tur. An te han c a ciem posuera t funditorurn
manum , sagittariis admixtis ; T hra ces quoque et
Cretenses an te agmen iban t , et ipsi leviter a rma ti .
At his qui pra missi a Dario jugum mon tis in sede
ran t Agria nos Opposuit , ex Grasc ia huper advectos .
Pa rmen ion i autem prae cepera t , ut quan tum possetagmen ad ma re extenderet , quo longius abesset
mon tibus , quos occupaveran t barbari . At illi , n e
que obstare ven ien tibus , n ec c ircumire p raetergressos
ausi , funditorum maxime a sp ectu territi profuge
ran t : caque res Alexandro tutum agmin is latus,
quod n e supern e in cesseretur timuera t , praestitit.
T rigin ta et duo arma torum ordin es iban t ; n eque
en im la tins exten di a c iem p a tieban tur angustiae.
Paula tim deinde laxare se sinus mon tium , et majusspa tium ape t it e coep eran t ; ita ut n on pedes solum
pluribus ordin ibus in cedere , sed etiam la teribus cir
cumfundi posset equita tus .
Jam in conspectu, sed extra teli ja ctum utraque
a cies era t , chm priores Persas in conditum et trucem
sustulére clamorem . Redditur et a Ma cedon ibus
major exerc itfis numero , jugis mon tium va stisque
sa ltibus rep ercussus ; quippe semper c ircumjectan emora petraeque quan tamcumque a ccepére vocem
multip lica to sono referun t . Alexander an te prima
sign a iha t , iden tidem manusuos inhiben s n e suspen
si , a crius ob n imiam festin a tion em con cita to spiritu,cap esseren t p rac lium . Cumque agmin i obequitaret ,
va ria ora tion e milites a lloquebatur . Ma cedon es ,
tot bellorum in Europa victores , ad subigendam
Asiam a tque ultima Orien tis , n on ipsius magis
oym '
rus CURT IUS . 51
quam suo duetu profecti , invetera taevirtutis admo
n eban tur . Illos terrarum orbis libera tores , emen
sosque o lim Herculis et L iberi pa tris termin os , non
Persis modo, sed etiam omn ibus gen tibus impositu
ros jugum : Ma cedonum Ba ctra et Indos fore
min ima esse quae nun c in tueren tur , sed omn ia vi
ctoria aperiri . Non in praerup tis petris Illyriorum et
T hra c iae saxis sterilem laborem fore : spolia totius
Orien tis ofi'
erri . Vix gladio futurum opus ; totama ciem , suo pavore fluctuan tem , umbon ibus possepropelli . Victor ad haec Athen ien sium Philippuspa ter invocaba tur , domitmque nup er Boeotiae , et
urbis in ea n obilissimae , ad so lum dirutae , speciesreprae sen taba tur a n imis : jam G ran icum amn em ,
jam tot urbes aut expugn a ta s , aut in fidem a ccepta s ,omn iaque qum po st tergum eran t , stra ta et pedibusipsorurn subjecta memoraba t . Chm adiera t Grae
cos , admon eba t , ab iis gen tibus illa ta G ra ciela
bella , Darn priii s , deinde Xerxis in solen tia, aquam
ipsam terramque poscen tium ut n eque fon tium
haustum , n ec solitos c ibos relinqueren t deditis :
ab his templa ruin is et ign ibus esse deleta , urbes
corum expugn a tas , foedera human i divin ique jurisviolata refereba t . Illyrios vero et T hra ca s , rapto
vivere a ssuetos , a c iem hostium auro purpuraque
fulgen tem in tueri jubeba t , p rmdam non arma ge
stan tem . Iren t , et imbellibus femin is aurum viri
eriperen t . Aspera mon tium snorum juga , nuda squeca lles et perpetuo rigen tes gelu, ditibus Persarum
campis agrisque mutaren t .
Jam ad teli jactum perven eran t , cum Persarum
equites ferociter in laavum cornu hostium invecti
sun t . Oy ippe Darius equestri p rac lio decern ere
LAT IN READER .
op taba t , pha langemMacedon ici exercitfis robur esse
conjectan s . Jamque etiam dextrum Alexandri cornu
circumiba tur : quod ubi Ma cedo con spex it , duabus
a lis‘equitum ad jugum mon tis jussis subsistere , cc
tet os in medium be lli discrimen strenu‘e tran sfert .
Subductis deinde ex a cie T hessa lis equitibus , pree
fectum corum occulté circumire tergum snorum
jubet , Parmen ion ique conjungi , et quod is impe
rasset imp igré exsequi . Jamque ipsi in medium
Persarum undique c ircumfusi egregie tuebantur :
sed conferti: et quasi cohaeren tes , tela vibrare non
poteran t . S imul eran t emissa , in eosdem con cur
t eutia imp licaban tur , levique et vano ieru pauca in
hostem , p lura in humum inn oxia cadeban t . Ergo
comin ii s pugn am coa cti con serere , gladios imp igré
stringun t . Tum veromultum sanguin is fusum est
duae quippe a cies ita cohaereban t , ut armis arma
pulsa ren t , mucron es in ora dirigeren t : n on timido ,
non ign avo cessare tum licuit : colla to pede , qua si
singuli in ter se dimicaren t , in eodem vestigio sta
ban t , don ec vin cendo locum sibi fa ceren t . Tum
demum ergo promoveban t gradum , cum bostem
prostravera n t . At illos novus excip ieba t adversa
rius fa tiga tos n ec vuln era ti , ut a lias solen t , a cie
potera n t excedere , chm hostis in staret a fron te , a
tergo sui urgeren t .
Alexander n on duc is magis quam militis mun ia
exsequeba tur ; Op imum decus eac so rege expeten s .
Q y ippe Darius curru sublimis emin eba t , et suis ad
se tuendum , et hostibus ad in cessendum , ingen s in
citamen tum . Ergo fra ter ejus Oxa thres , chm Alexandrum in stare c i cern eret , equites quibus praeerat
an te ipsum currum regis objecit , armis et robore
oy IN'
rUS CURT IUS . 53
corporis multum super cae teros emin ens , an imo vero
et pieta te in p auc issimis : illo utique prae lio clarus ,a lios improvidé in stan tes prostravit , a lios in fugam
avertit . At Macedones , ( circa regem eran t , )mutua adhortation e firma ti , cum ipso in equitum
agmen irrumpun t. Turn vero similis ruinw strages
era t . Circa curtum Dar n ja ceban t nobilissimi duces ,an te oculos regis egregl a morte defun cti , omn es in
ora pron i , sieut dimica n tes procubueran t , adverso
corpore vuln eribus a cceptis . In ter hos Atizyes et
Rheomithres et Saba ces praetor E gypti , magnorum
exercituum p rs ecti , noscitaban tur : c irca eos cumu
la ta era t p editum equitumque obscurior turba .
Ma cedonum quoque , non quidem multi , sed prom
p tissimi tamen ese si sun t : in ter quos Alexandri dex
trum femur leviter mucron e p erstrictum est .
Jamque qui Da rium veheban t equi confossi ha
stis , et dolore efi‘
era ti , jugum qua tere , et regem
curruexcutere caap eran t : cum i lle , veritus n e vivus
ven iret in hostium potestatem , desilit , et in equum
qui ad hoc ipsum sequeba tur impon itur ; in sign ibus
quoque imperii , n e fugam proderen t , in decoré abje
ctis . Tum verb ceteri dissip an tur metu, e t qua
cuique ad fugam p ateba t via erumpun t , arma ja c i
en tes qum paulo a n te ad tutelam corporum sumpse
ran t : adeo pavor etiam auxilia formida t'
. In staba t
fugien tibus eques a Pa rmen ion e missus , et forte in
illud cornu omn es fuga abstulera t . Equi pariter
equitesque Persarum , serie lamin arum graves ,
agmen , quod celerita te maxime con sta t , eagremolic
ban tur : quippe in circumagendis equis suis T hessa li
multos occupaveran t . Ha c tam prospera pugna
nun tia ta, Alexander , non an te ausus p ersequi barba
54 LAT IN READER .
ros , utrimque jam victor in sta re fugien tibus coepit.
H aud amp lius regem quam mille equites sequeban
tur , cum ingen s multitudo hostium caderet . Sed
quis aut in Victoria aut in fuga copias numerat ?
Ageban tur ergo a tam paucis p ecorum modo ; et
idem metus qui cogeba t‘ fugere , fugien tes mora
ba tur.
At Graaci qui in Dar n partibus steteran t ,Amyn ta
duce , ( praetor hic Alexandri fuera t , tun c tran sfuga )abrup ti a ceteris , haud sané fugien tibus similes eva
seran t . Barbari longé diversam fugam in tenderun t
a ln qua rectum iter in Persidem duceba t ; quidam
c ircuiturupes sa ltusque mon tium occultos p etivére ,
pauci ca stra Darii . Sed jam illa quoque victor in
travera t , omn i quidem opulen tia ditia . Ingen s auri
a rgen tique pondus , n on belli sed luxurias app a ra tum,
diripuera n t milites . Cumque plus rap eren t , pa ssim
stra ta era n t itin era vilioribus sa rc in is , qua s in com
p a ra tion e meliorum avaritia con temp sera t . Jamquead femin a s p erven tum era t , quibus , quo cariora
orn amen ta sun t , violen tius detraheba n tur ; n e corpo
ribus quidem vis a c libido p a rceba t . Omn ia p la n ctu
tumultuque , prout cuique fortun a era t , rep leveran t ;
n ec ulla fa cies ma li deéra t , cum p er omn es ordin es
aeta tesque victoris crudelita s a c licen tia vaga retur.
Tun c vero imp oten tis fortun ae species con sp ic i po
tuit , chm ii qui turn Da rio tabern a culum exorn ave
ran t , omn i luxuet opulen tia in structum , eadem illa
Alexan dro , qua si veteri domin o , reservaban t . Nam
que id solum in ta ctum omisera n t milites ; ita tradito
more , ut victorem victi regis tabern a culo cxci
peren t .
Sed omn ium oculos an imosque in semet converte
LAT IN READER
n obilibus , regem , quem in terfectum esse credebant,
ingen ti gemituejula tuque defleban t . Unus n amque
e captivis sp adon ibus , qui forte an te ipsarum taber
n a culum stetera t , amiculum ( quod Da rius , sieut
paulo a n te dictum est , n e cultu proderetur , abjece
ra t) in man ibus ejus qui repertum fereba t , agn ovit
ra tusque in terfecto detra ctum esse , fa lsum nun tium
mortis ejus a ttulera t . Hoc mulierum errore com
perto , Alexander fortunes Da rii et p ieta ti carum
illa crimasse fertur. Ac primo Mithren em , qui Sar
dis prodidera t , peritum Persicae linguae , ire ad con
solanda s ea s jussera t . Veritus de inde n e proditor
c ap tivarum iram doloremque gravaret , Leon n a tum
ex purpura tis suis misit , jussum indicare fa lso la
men ta ri ea s vivum . Ille cum paucis armigeris in
tabern a culum in quo captives eran t perven it , m is
sumque se a rege nun tia ri jubet . At hi qui in
vestibulo eran t , ut arma tos con spexére , ra ti a ctnm
esse de domin is , in tabern a culum currun t , vocife
ran tes adesse supremam horam , missosque (lui occi
det en t capta s . Itaque , ut quas n ec prohibere possen t ,
n ec admittere auderen t , nullo respon so da to , ta citae
Opperieban tur victoris a rbitrium . Leonn a tus , ex
specta to diu qui se in troduceret , postquam n emo
procedere audeba t , relictis in vestibulo satellitibus ,
in tra t in tabern a culum . Ea ipsa res turbavera t
femin a s , quod irrup isse non admissus videba tur.
Itaque ma ter et conjux provolutae ad pedes orare
coeperun t , ut , priii s quam in terficeren tur , Darii cor
pus ipsis patrio more sepelire permitteret : fun cta s
supremo in regem ofli c io imp igré sese mo ritura s .
Leon n a tus et vivere Darium , et ipsa s n on in columes
modo, sed etiam apparata p ristin ae fortun es regi
Q 1INTUS CURT IUS 5°
7
n a s fore . Tum demum ma ter Darn a llevari se
p a ssa est .
Alexander die postero , cum cura sepultis militibus quorum corpora inven era t , Persarum quoque
n obilissimis eumdem honorem haberi jubet , ma triqueDarii permitti , quos ve llet pa trio more sep eliret .
Illa p aucos arcta prop inquita te conjun ctos pro habitu
p raesen tis fortunes humari jussit , appara tum fun e
rum quo Pe'
rsae suprema ofii cia celebraren t invidi
osum fore existiman s , cum victores haud pretios‘e
cremaren tur . Jamque justis defun ctorum corpori
bus solutis , preemittit ad captiva s qui nun tiarent
ipsum ven ire : inhibitaque comitan tium turba, ta
bern a culum cum Hephaestion e in tra t . Is longéomn ium amicorum carissimus era t regi , cum ipso
p ariter eductus , secretorum omn ium arbiter : liber
t a tis quoque in admon endo eo non a lius jus habeba t ,
quod tamen ita usurp aba t ut magis a rege permis
sum quam vindicatum ah eo videretur ; et sieut
aeta te p a r erat regi , ita corporis habitu praestaba t .
E rgo regime illum regem esse ra tw, suo more
ven era tae sun t . Inde ex cap tivis sp adon ibus quis
A lex ander esset mon stran tibus ,Sisygambis advoluta
e st pedibus ejus , ignora tion em numquam an tea visi
regis excusan s . Q¢1am manu a llevan s rex'“Non
e rrasti inquit ma ter , 11am et hic Alexander est .”
Bonum a n imum habere ea s jussit : Darii de indefilium co llo suo admovit . Atque n il ille con sp ectu
tun c primum a se visi con territus , cervicern ejusm a n ibus amplectitur. Motus ergo rex con stan tia
pue t i , Hephaestion em intuen s , 0 3 am vellem”in
quit Darius a liquid ex ha c indole hausisset l
58 LAT IN READER .
3. D ea th of Clz’
tus .
[Book VIII. Chapters 1 ,
Barbara opulen tiae in illis locis haud ulla sunt
majora indicia , quam magn is n emoribus sa ltibusque
n obilium ferarum greges clausi . Spa tiosa s ad hoc
e ligun t silva s , crebris p eren n ium aquarum fon tibus
amoen a s. Muris n emora cingun tur, turresque ha
ben t ven an tium recepta cula . O31a ttuor con tinuis
aetatibus in tactum sa ltum fuisse con stabat ; quem
Alexander cum toto exercituingressus , agita t i undi
que feras jussit. In ter qua s cum leo magn itudin is
rarae ipsum regem invasurus incurreret ,‘
fort‘e Lysi
ma chus (qui postea regn avit) proximusAlexa ndro ,ven abulum objicere ferae coep erat . 0410 rex repulso ,et abire jusso , adjecit tam a semet un o quam a
Lysima cho leon em in terfici posse . Lysima chus
en im‘
quondam, cum ven a retur in Syria, occ iderat
quidem eximias magn itudin is feram so lus , sed laevo
humero usque ad ossa la cera tus ad ultimum p ericuli
pervenerat. Id ipsum exprobran s ei rex , fortiusquam locutus est fecit . Nam feram n on excep it
modo, sed etiam uno vuln ere occidit . Fabulam ,qua=:
objectum leon i a rege Lysimachum temeré vulgavit ,
ah eo ca su quem supra diximus ortam esse credi
derim . Ceterum Ma cedon es , quamquam prosperoeven tu defun ctus erat Alexander, tamen scivére
gen tis sum more , n e aut pedes ven aretur , aut sine
delectis prin cipum a tque amicorum . Ille qua ttuor
milibus ferarum dejectis , in eodem sa ltu cum toto
exercituepula tus est.
Inde Maracanda reditum est : a ccep taque ae tatis
oym'
rus CURT IUS . 59
excusation e ah Artabazo , provin ciam ejus destin at
Clito . Hic era t qui apud G ran icum amuem nudo
capite regem dimican tem clipeo suo t‘
ex it , et Rho
sa cis manum capiti regis immin en tem gladio ampu
tavit vetus Philippi m iles , multisque bellic is
Operibus cla rus . Hella n ice , quaa Alexandrum edu
cavera t , soror ejus , haud sect s quam ma ter a rege
diligeba tur. Oh ha s causa s va lidissimam imperii
p artern fidei ejus tutelwque commisit . Jamque iterpa rare in posterum jussus , so lemn i et tempestivo
adhibetur convivio . In quo rex chm multo in ca luisset mero , immodicus aestima tor sui , ce lebra re quae
gessera t cmp it ; gravis etiam corum an t ibus qui
sen tieban t vera memora t i . S ilen tium tamen habu
ére sen iores , don ec Philippi res orsus obterere ,
n obilem apud Chaeron eam victoriam sui operis fuisse
ja ctavit , ademptamque sibi m a lign ita te et invidia
patris ta n tae rei gloriam : illum quidem sedition e
in ter Ma cedon es m ilites et G ra cos mercen arios orta,
debilita tum vuln ere quod in ea con stern a tion e a cce
pera t ja cuisse , n on a lias quam simula tion e mortis
tutiorem se corpus ejus protex isse c lipeo suo , ruen
tesque in illum sua manu occisos ; qua e part em
numquam aequo a n imo esse confessum , invitum filio
deben tem sa lutem suam ; itaque post expedition em
quam sine eo fecisset ipse in Illyrios , victorem scrip
sisse se pa tri , fusos fuga tosque hostes , n ec afl‘
uisse
usquam Philippum ; laude dignos esse , n on qui
S amothra cum in itia viseren t , cum Asiam uri va sta
r ique oportet , sed eos , qui magn itudin e rerum fidem
a n tecessissen t .
Haec et his similia lae ti audlere juven es ; ingra ta
s en ioribus era n t , maxime propter Philippum , sub
60 LAT IN READER .
quo diutiii s vixeran t : cum Clitus , n e ipse quidem
sobrius , ad eos qui in fra ipsum cubaban t conver
sus , Euripidis retulit ca rmen ( ita ut sonus magis
quam sermo exaudiri posset a rege ) , quo ,sign ifica
ba tur, ma le in stituisse G rmcos quod tropaeis regum
dumtaxa t nomin a in scriberen t ; a lieno en im san
guin e partam gloria rn in terc ip i . Itaque rex cumsusp ica retur ma ligmus habitum esse sermon em,
percon tari prox imos cmp it quid ex Clito audissen t .
Et illis ad silen tium obstin a tis , Clitus p aula tim ma
jore voce Philippi a cta bellaque in G raecia gesta
commemorat , omn ia prmsen tibus prmferen s. Hinc
in ter jun iores sen esque orta con ten tio est ; et rex ,
velut pa tien ter audiret , quis Clitus obtereba t laudes
ejus , ingen tem iram con cepera t . Ceterum cuma n imo videretur imp era turus , si finem p roca citer
orto sermon i Clitus impon eret , n ihil corum remit
ten te magis ‘ exa speraba tur . Jamque Clitus etiam
Pa rmen ion em defendere audeba t , e t Philippi de
Athen ien sibus victoriam T heba rum praefereba t cxci
dio ; non vin o modo, sed etiam a n imi prava con ten
tion e p rovectus . Ad ultimum , S i moriendum in
quit est pro te , Clitus est primus : a t cum Victoria
a rbitrium agis , praec ipuum ferun t , qui p roca c issimé
pa tris tui memories illudun t . Sogdian am region em
mihi a ttribuis , toties rebe llem , et n on modo indomi
tam , sed quae n e subigi quidem possit . Mittor ad
fera s bestia s , prae cip itia ingen ia sortita s . Sed quas
ad me pertin en t tran sco . Philippi m ilites sp ern is ,
oblitus , n isi hic Atha rria s se n ex jun iores pugn amdetrecta n tes revocasset , adhuc n os c irc a H a lica rn a s
sum hae suros fuisse . Og omodo ergo Asiam e tiam
cum istis jun ioribus subjec isti ? Verum est (ut op i
oym'
rus CURT IUS . 6 1
n or) quod avun culum tuurn in Itaha dix isse constat
ipsum in viros in cid isse , te in femin a s .
”
Nihil ex omn ibus in con sult‘e a o temeré a ctis t e
gem magis movera t , quam Pa rmen ion is cum hon ore
men tio illa ta ; dolorem tamen rex pressit , con ten tus
jussisse ut convivio excederet : n ec quidquam a liudadjecit , quam forsitan eum ( si diutiii s locutus foret)exprobra tururn sibi fuisse vitam a semetipso da tam
hoc en im superbe saape ja ctasse . Atque illum cun
c ta n tem adhuc surgere , qui prox imi c i cubuera n t ,
injectis man ibus , jurga n tes mon en tesque con aban tur
abducere . Clitus cum abstraheretur , ad pristin am
vio len tiam ira quoque adjec ta, Suo pectore tergum
i llius‘
esse defen sum ; nun c postquam ta n ti meriti
p rae terierit tempus , etiam memoriam invisam esse
p roc lama t . Atta li quoque cmdem obj l c ieba t ; et ad
ultimum Jovis , quem p a trem sibi Alexa nder a ssere
re t , ora culum e luden s , veriora se regi , quam p a trem
ejus , respondisse diceba t .
Jam ta n tum irae con cep era t rex , quan tum vix so
brius ferre potuisset . En imvero olirn mero sen sibus
victis , ex lecto repen té prosiluit . Atton iti am ic i , n e
po sitis quidem sed abjectis poculis , con surgun t , ineven tum re i quam tan to impetua cturus esset in ten ti .
Alexander rapta lan cea ex man ibus armigeri , Cli
tum adhuc eadem linguae in tempera n tia furen tem
p ercutere con a tus , a Ptolemaeo et Perdicca inhibetur .
M edium comp lex i et obluctari perseveran tem mora
ba n tur : Lysima chus et Leon n a tus etiam lan ceam
a bstuleran t . Ille m ilitum fidem implora n s , compre
hendi se a prox imis amicorurn , quod Da rio nuper
a c c idisset , ex clama t ; signumque tuba da ri , ut ad
regiam a rma ti co iren t , jubet . Tum vero Pto lemaeus
62 LAT IN READER .
et Perdicc as gen ibus advoluti oran t , n e in tam pree
c ipiti ira p erseveret , sp a tiumque potins a n imo det :
omn ia poste‘
ro die justins exsecuturum . Sed clausae
era n t aures , obstrep en te it a. Itaque impoten s an i
mi percurrit in regimvestibulum, et , vigili excuban ti
ha sta abla ta, constitit in aditu, quo n ecesse era t iis
qui simul cen averan t egredi . Abieran t ceteri
Clitus ultimus sin e lumin e ex ibat . Og em rex
"
quisn am esset in terroga t . Emin ebat etiam in
voce sceleris quod p a raba t a trocitas . Et ille jamn on suae , sed regis irae memot , Clitum esse , et de
convivio exit e respondit . Haec dicentis la tus ha sta
tran sfixit , morien tisque sanguin e aspersus , I nun c
inquit ad Philippum , et Parmen ion em , et At
ta lum .
Ma le human is ingenus n a tura con suluit , quod
p lerumque non futura , sed tran sa cta perpendimus .
Q y ipp e rex postquam ira mente decessera t , etiam
ebrieta te discussa, magn itudin em fa cinoris sera ae sti
ma tion e perspex it . Videbat tun c immodica liber
ta te abusum , sed a lioquin egregium bello virum , et
n isi erubesceret fa teri , serva torem sui , occisum .
Detestabile carn ificis min isterium occup avera t rex ,
verborum licen tiam , quas vin o potera t imputari , me
fanda caede ultus . Man aha t toto vestibulo cruor
paulo an te convivas ; vigiles a tton iti et stupen tibus
similes procul staban t , liberioremque poen iten tiam
solitudo excip ieba t. Ergo ba stam ex corpore ja centis evulsam retorsit in semet : jamque admovera t
pectori , cum advolan t vigiles , et repugn an ti e man i
bus extorquen t , a lleva tumque in tabern a culum de
ferun t . Ille humi prostravera t corpus ; gemitu
ejula tuque miserabili totam personan s regiam . La
64 LAT IN READER .
4 . Dg’ea t of P om s .
[Book VIII. Chapters 1 3,
Ad amuem Hyda spem perven it : in cujus ulterioreripa Porus con sedera t , tran situprohibiturus bostem .
Octogin ta et quinque elepha n tos objecera t eximio
corporum robore ; ultraque eos, currus trecen tos et
p editum trigin ta feré milia : in quis eran t sagittarii
gravioribus te lis quam ut apte ex cuti possen t . Ipsum
veheba t e lepha n tus super cetera s beln a s emin ens
a rmaque auro et argen to distin cta corpus rarm ma
gn itudin is hon estaban t . Par an imus robori corporis ,et , quan ta in ter rudes potera t esse , sapien tia .
Ma cedon a s n on con spectus hostium solum , sed
etiam fiumin is quod tra n seundum era t magn itudo
terreba t . ( lua ttuor in la titudin em stadia difi'
usus
profundo a lveo , et nusquam vada aperien te , sp ec iem
va sti maris fecera t . Nec pro spa tio aqua rum la té
stagn an tium impetum coerceba t ; sed qua si in arctum
coéun tibus rip is , torren s et elisus fereba tur : occul
taque saxa in esse ostendeban t pluribus locis undae
repercussm. T erribilior era t fa cies ripae , quam equi
virique comp leveran t . Stabant ingen tes va storum
corporum mo les , et de industria irrita tae horrendo
stridore aures fa tigaba n t . Hin e amn is hin c hostis,
capac ia quidem bonae spei pectora , et smpe se ex
perta , improviso tamempavore percussera n t : quippein stabiles ra tes n ec dirigi ad ripam , n ec tuto appli
ca ri posse credeban t . Eran t in medio amne in sulaecrebrae , in qua s Indi et Ma cedon es n an tes , levatis
super capita a rmis , tran siban t . Ibi levia proclia
con sereba n tur , et uterque rex p arvm rei discn mme
oym'
rus CURT IUS . 65
summae experieba tur even tum . Ceterfim in Mace
donum exerc ita temerita te a tque auda cia insignes
fuere Symma chus et Nic an or, nobiles juvenes , et
p erpetua p a rtium felicita te ad spem endum omn e
p ericulum a ccen si . Og is duc ibus p romptissimi juvenum la n ce is modo a rma ti tran sn avére in in sulam ,
quam frequen s hostis ten ebat ; multo‘
sque Indorum ,
n ulla t e magis quam auda cia a rma ti , in teremerun t .
Abire cum gloria poteran t , siumquam temerita s fe lix
inven iret modum ; sed dum superven ien tes con
temptim et superbe quoque exspectan t , c ircumven ti
ab his qui occulti en averan t , eminhs obruti telis
sun t . 0 3 1 efi’
ugera n t bostem aut impetu ammis ah
la ti sun t , aut vorticibus impliciti . a ue pugn a mul
tum fiduc iam Pori erex it , cun eta cern en tis e ripa.
Alexa n der in ops con silii , ta ndem ad fa llendum
bostem ta lem do lum in tendit . Era t in sula in flumine
amp lior ceteris , silvestris eadem , et tegendis in sidn s
apta . Fossa quoque p rma lta haud procul ripa quam
teucha t ipse , n on pedites modo, sed etiam cum equis
viros po tera t abscondere . Igitur ut a custodia hujus
opportun ita tis oculos hostium averteret , Ptolemmum
cum omn ibus turmis obequita re jussit p rocul in sula,et subinde Indos c lamore terre t e , qua si flumen
tra n sn a turus foret . Per comp lures dies Ptolemaeus
id fecit , coque con silio Porum quoque agmen suum
c i pa rti , quam se petere simula ba t , coegit advertere .
Jam extra con sp ectum hostis in sula era t . Alexan ~
der in diversa pa rte ripae sta tui suum tabern a culum
jussit , assue tamque com ita t i ipsum cohortem a n te
id tabern a culum stare , et omn em app a ra tum regiae
magn ificen tim hostium oculis de industria ostendi ;
Atta lum e tiam mqua lem sibi , et haud dispa rem
66 LAT IN READER .
habituoris et corporis (utique cum proenl viseretur)veste regia exorn a t , praebiturum speciem ipsum re
gem illi ripae praesidere , n ec agita t e de tran situ.
Hujus consilii efl'
ectum primomora ta tempesta s est ,
mox adjuvit ; in commoda quoque ad bonos adven tus
verten te fortuna. T ra'
icere amuem cum ceteris
cop iis in region em in sula ( de qua an te dictum est)p a raba t , averso hoste in eos qui cum Ptolemaeo in
feriorem obsederan t ripam ; cum procella imbrem
vix sub tectis tolerabilem efi'
undit ; obrutique militesn imbo in terram refugerun t , n avigus ra tibusque de
sertis . Sed tumultua n tium fremitus , obstrep en tibus
ven tis , ab hoste n on potera t audiri . Deinde momen
to temporis repressus est imber ; ceterum adeo
sp issae in tendére se nubes , ut conderen t lucem , Vix
que colloquen tium in ter ipsos fa cies n osc ita ren tur.
T erruisset a lium obducta n ox cae lo , cum ignoto
amn e n avigandum esset , forsitan hoste ea rn ip sam
ripam , quam coeci a tque improvidi , et ex periculo
gloriam a ccersen tes pe teban t , occupa n te . Obscuri
ta tem , qua ceteros terreba t , suam occ a sion em ra tus ,
da to signo ut omn es silen tio a scenderen t , ra tem earn
qu'
a ipse veheba tur primam jussit expelli . Va cua
era t ah hostibus ripa quas peteba tur ; quippe adhuc
Porus Ptolemaeurn tan thm in tueba tur. Una ergo
n avi , quam petrae fiuctus illiserat , haeren te , ceteras
evadun t ; a rmaque c apere milites , et ire in ordin em
jussit.
Jamque agmen in cornua divisum ipse ducebat ,cum Poro nun tia tur , a rmis virisque ripam obtin eri ,
et rerum adesse discrimen . Ac primo, huma n i in
gen ii vitio , sp e i suae indulgen s , Abisaren be lli so
oium , ( et ita conven era t , ) adven ta re credeba t . Mox
o l Tus CURT IUS . 67
liquidiore luce aperien te hostem , centum quadriga s
et qua ttuor milia equitum ven ien ti agmin i Porus
objecit . Dux era t cop ia rum qua s praemisit Hages
fra ter ipsius ; summa vit ium in curribus . Sen os
viros singa li veheban t , duos clip ea tos , duos sagitta
r ios , ab utroque la tere dispositos ; aurigm era n t
c eteri haud sané in ermes , quippe ja cula comp lura ,
ubi cominus proclia ndurn era t , omissis haben is , in
hostem ingereba n t. Ceterum vix n llus usus hujusaux ilueo die fuit . Namque (ut supra dictum est)imber violen tius quam a lias fusus , campos lubricose t in equitabiles fecera t : gravesque et p rop emodumimmobiles currus illuvie a o voragin ibus haereba n t .
Con tra Alexander expedito a o levi agmin e strenué
in vectus est . Scythes et Dahm primi omn ium inva
sere Indos : Perdiccam deinde cum equitibus in dex
trum cornuhostium emisit .
Jam undique pugn a se moverat , ci1m hi qui cur
rus ageban t , illud ultimum auxilium suorum ra ti ,
efi'
usis haben is in medium discrimen ruere cospe
run t . An ceps id ma lum utrisque era t : n am et
M a cedonum pedites primo impetu obtereban tur ,
e t p er lubrica a tque invia immissi currus excutieban t
c os a quibus regeban tur ; a liorum turba ti equi n on
in voragin es modo la cun a sque , sed etiam in amuem
p raec ip itavére curricula ; pauci telis hostium exa cti
p e n etravére ad Porum , a cerrime pugn am cien tem .
I s , ut dissip a tos tota a cie currus vagari sin e rectori
bus vidit , proximis amicorum distribuit elephan tos .
P o st eos posuerat pedites a o sagittarios tympan a
pulsa re solitos . Id pro can tu tubarum Indis era t
n e c strepitucorum moveban tur , olim ad n otum so
num auribus mitiga tis . Herculis simulacrum agmi
68 LAT IN READER .
ui peditum praefereba tur ; id maximum era t bellan
tibus in c itamen tum ; e t deseruisse gestan tes militare
fiagitium habeba tur .
’
Capitis etiam san xeran t poe
n am his qui ex a cie non retulissen t ; metu, quem ex
illo hoste quondam con ceperan t , etiam in religion em
ven era tion emque converso . Ma cedon a s n on belua
rum modo, sed etiam ipsius regis a specta s p arump er
inhibuit . Be luae , dispositas in ter arma tos , speciem
turrium procul feceran t . Ipse Porus humanm
magn itudin is propemodum excessera t formam .
Magn itudin i adjicere videba tur be lua qua veheba
tur , ta n tum in ter cetera s em in en s , quan tum a liis
ipse prmstaba t .
Itaque Alexa nder con templa tus et regem et ag
men Indorum ,
“T a ndem
”inquit
"
p ar an imo meo
periculum video . Cum bestiis simul et cum egre
giis viris res est . In tuen sque Coen on , Cum ego
inquit Ptolemaeo Perdiccaque et Hephmstion e co
m ita tus , in lmvum hostium cornu imp etum fecero ,
viderisque me in medio ardore certamin is , ipse dex
trum move , et turba tis sign a infer . Tu, An tigene ,
et tuL eon n a te , et T auron , invehemini in mediam
a ciem , et urgebitis fron tem . Ha stae n ostrm prae
longae et va lidm non a lias magis quam adversusbelua s rectoresque e arum usui esse poterun t : de
turba te eos qui vehun tur , et ip sa s confodite . An
ceps genus aux ilii est , et in suos a ct ins furit . In
bostem en im imperio , in suos pavore agitur.
” Haec
elocutus , con cita t equum primus ; jamque (ut destin a tum era t) inva sera t ordin es hostium , cum Coenus
ingen ti vi in laevum cornuinvehitur. Pha lanx quo
que mediam Indorum a ciem uno impetup errup it .
At Porus , qua equitem invehi sensera t , beluas agi
oy INT US CURT IUS . 69
jussit : sed tardum et p aen é immobile an ima l equorum veloc ita tern aaqua re n on potera t . Ne sagitta rum
quidem ullus era t ba rbaris usus . Q 4_1 ippe longa s et
presgraves , n isi prihs in terra sta tuerun t a rcum , haud
sa tis apt‘e et commode imp onun t
‘
: tum , humo lubricae t ob id impedien te con atum , molien tes ictus ce leri
ta te hostium occup aba n tur . Ergo spreto regis im
perio ( quod fe re fit , ubi turba tis a crius metus quam
dux impera re coep it) totidem eran t imp era tores quot
agmin a erraban t . Alius jungere a c iem , a lius divi
dere ; stare quidam , et n on nulli circumvehi terga
hostium jubeba n t . Nihil in medium con suleba tur .
Porus tamen,cum pauc is , quibus metu potior fuera t
pudor , colligere dispersos , obvius hosti ire p ergit ,
e lephan tosque a n te agmen suorum agi jubet . Ma
gnum be lum injecére terrorem , in solitusque stridor
n on equos modo, tam p avidum ad omn ia an ima l , sed
viros quoque ordin esque turbavera t .
Jam fugae circumsp icieban t locum paulo a n te vi
c tores , cum Alex ander Agria n os et T hra c a s leviter
a rma tos , meliorem con cursa tion e quam cominusm ilitem , emisit in beln a s . Ingen tem hi vim te lorum
injecére et elephan tis et regen tibus eos . Pha lanx
quoque in sta re con stan ter territis coep it. Sed qui
dam avidius p ersecuti be ln a s , in semet irritavére
vuln eribus . Obtriti ergo pedibus carum , ceteris ut
p a rc ihs in sta ren t fuére documen tum . Prmc ipu‘e
terribilis illa fa c ies era t , cum manu a rma virosque
corrip eren t , et super se regen tibus traderen t . An
c eps ergo pugn a , nun c sequen tiurn nun c fugien tium
e lephan tos , in multum die i varium certamen ex
tra x it , don ec securibus ( id n amque genus aux ilii
p ra paratum era t) pedes amputare coep erun t . Co
7o LAT IN READER .
pida s vocaban t gladios leviter curva tos , fa lcibus
similes , quis appetebant beluarum m a nus . Nec
quidquam in expertum , non mortis modo, sed e tiam
in ipsa morte , n ovi supp lic ii timor omitteba t .
Ergo elepha n ti‘vulneribus ta ndem fa tiga ti suos
impetu sternun t , et qui rexeran t eos praecip ita ti in
terram ah ip sis obtereban tur . Itaque p ecorum modo ,
magis pavidi quam infesti , ultra a c iem ex igeban tur ;
cum Porus , destitutus a pluribus, te la multé a n te
p rmp a ra ta in circumfusos ex elephan to suo coepit
ingerere , multisque eminus vuln era tis , expositus
ipse ad ictus undique p eteba tur . Novem jam vul
n era hin c tergo illin c pectore excepera t : multoque
sanguin e profuso , languidis ma n ibus m agis c lapsa
quam excussa te la m ittebat . Nec seguins belua ,in stin cta rabie , n ondum san c ia , inveheba tur ordin i
bus ; don ec rector belum regem con sp ex it fluen tibus
membris , omissisque a rmis vix compotem men tis .
Turn beluam in fugam con c ita t , sequen te Alexa n
dro ; sed equus ejus multis vuln eribus con fossus de
ficien sque p rocubuit , posito magis rege quam efi'
uso .
Itaque dum equum muta t , ta rdius in secutus est .
In terim fra ter T ax ilis regis Indorum , pracmissus
ab Alexandro , mon ere coep it Porum , n e ultima ex
p eriri p erseveraret , dederetque se victori . At ille ,
quamquam exhaustae eran t vires deficieba tque san
guis , tamen ad notam vocem excita tus ,“Agn osco
”
inquit“T axilis fratrem , imperii regn ique sui prodi
toris ; et telum , quod unum forte n on efl‘lux era t ,
con torsit in cum ; quod p er medium pectus pen etravi t ad tergum . Hoc ultimo virtutis opere edito ,
fugere a crius coep it ; sed elephan tus quoque qui
multa excep erat tela deficieba t . Itaque sistit fugam,
72 LAT IN READER .
guarus est . E gmm curavit haud secus quam si pro
ipso pugnasset ; confirmatum contra sp em omn ium
in amicorum numerum recepit ; wox don avit ampli
ore regno quam tenuit . Ncc sa ne quidquam inge
n ium ejus solidius aut con stan tius habuit , quam
admiration em verw landis et gloriae ; simplic ius
tamen famam mstimaba t in hoste quam in cive .
Q 4_1 ippe a suis credebat magn itudinem suam destrui
posse ; eamdem clariorem fore , quo majores fuissen t quos ipse vicisset .
5 The India n Ocea n .
[Book IX. Chapters 9,
H in e in proximam gen tem P a ta lz’
am p erven tum
est . Rex erat Moeris , qui urbe deserta in mon tes
p rofugera t . Itaque Alexa nder oppido potitur , agros
que populatur. Magn ae inde pra dae a cta? sun t
p ecorum a rmen torumque , magna vis reperta frumen ti . Ducibus deinde sumptis amn is peritis, de
fiux it ad in sulam medio fermé a lveo en a tam .
Ibi diutihs subsistere coa ctus , quia duces socor
dins a sserva ti profugeran t , misit qui conquireren t
a lios : n ec rep ertis , pervicax cupido in cessit visendi
Occanum adeundique terminos mundi , ut sin e t e
gion is p eritis, fiumin i ign oto caput suum totque
fortissimorum virorum sa lutem p ermitteret . Navi
gaba n t ergo omn ium p er quas fereban tur ign ari
quan tum inde abesset mare , quas gen tes coleren t ,
quam p lacidum amn is os , quam pa tien s longarumn avium esset , an ceps et caeca aestima tio auguraba
fur . Unum era t temerita tis sola tium , perpetuafelicitas. Jam quadringen ta stadia processera nt .
oy IN'
rUs CURT IUS . 73
ciim gubern atores agnoscere ipsos an t am maris , et
haud procul videri sibi Oceanum abesse , indican t
regi . Laetus ille horta ri n auticos coep it in cumbe
ren t remis ; adesse fin em laboris omn ibus votis ex
petitum ; jam n ihil glorias deésse , n ihil obstare
virtuti ; sin e ullo Martis discrimin e , sin e sanguin e ,
orbem terrm ah illis capi ; n e n a turarn quidem lon
gius posse procedere ; brevi in cogn ita n isi immor
ta libus esse visuros . Paucos tamen n avigio emisit
in ripam , qui agrestes vagos exciperen t , e quibus
c ertiora n osci posse speraba t . Illi scruta ti omn ia
tuguria , tandem la ten tes rep erére . 041 i in terroga ti
quam proen l abessen t mari responderun t nullum
ipsos mare n e fama quidem a ccep is’
se ; ceterum
tertio die perven iri posse ad aquam amaram , quas
c orrumperet dulcem . In tellectum est mare destin ari
a b ign aris n a turae ejus . Itaque ingenti a la critate
n autic i remigan t , et proximo quoque die , quo pro
p ius spes admoveba tur , cresceba t a rdor an imorum .
T ertio jam die mixtum flumin i subiba t mare , len i
adhuc mstuconfunden te dispa res unda s . Tum a liam
in sulam medio amn i sitam evecti paulo len tius , quiacursus ae stureverberaba tur , applican t classem , et ad
commea tus petendos discurrun t , securi casfis ejus
qui sup erven it ign aris .
T ertia fermé hora era t , chm stata vice Oceanus
e x aestua n s invehi coep it, et retro flumen urgere .
(Luod primo coérc itum , deinde vehemen tius pulsum ,
m ajore impetu adversurn ageba tur quam torren tia
p raecip iti a lveo in currun t . Ign ota vulgo freti n a tura
e ra t , mon straque et irae deum indicia cern ere vide
b a n tur . Iden tidem in tumescen s mare , et in campos
p aulb an te siccos descendere superfusum . Jamque
74 LAT IN READER .
leva tis n avigus , et tota classe dispersa, qui expositi
eran t undique ad n aves trepidi et improviso ma lo
a tton iti recurrunt . S ed in tumultufestin atio quoque
tarda est . Hi con tis n avigia appellebant'
, hi dum
remos aptari prohibeban t con sederan t . Q y idam
en avigare properan tes , sed n on exsp ectatis qui simul
esse debeban t , c lauda et inhabilia n avigia languide
molieba n tur : a liae n avium in con sulte ruen tes non
recep eran t ; p ariterque et multitudo et p auc ita s festi
n an tes moraba tur . Clamor hin c exspectare hin c
ire juben tium , di ssonmque voces nusquam idem a t
que unum tenden tium , n on oculorum modousum sed
etiam aurium abstuleran t . Ne in gubern a toribus
quidem quidquam Opis era t , quorum n ec exaudiri
vox a tumultuan tibus p oterat , n ec imperium a terri
tis in compositisque servari . Ergo collidi in ter se
n aves , abstergerique invicem remi , et a lii a liorum
n avigia urgere coeperun t . Crederes n on un ius ex
ercitfis cla ssem vehi , sed duorum n ava le in isse cer
tamen . Incutieban tur pupp ibus prorae ; p remeba n tur
a sequen tibus qui an teceden tes turbaveran t jur
gan tium ira perven iebat etiam ad manus .
Jamque aestus totos circa fiumen campos inunda
vera t , tumulis dumtaxa t emin en tibus , vela ti in sulispa rvis ; in quos p lerique trepidi omissis n avigiis
en are coeperun t . Dispersa cla ssis pa rtim in praea lta
aqua staba t , qua subsederan t va lles ; pa rtim in vado
haereba t , utcumque in aequa le terrae fa stigium ocen
p averan t undw cinn subito n ovus et pristin o majorterror in cutitur . Reciproca t i coep it mare , magno
tra ctu aquis in suum fretum recurren tibus , redde
ba tque terra s paulo an te profundo sa lo mersas.
Igitur destituta n avigia a lia praecip itan tur in proras,
oy IN'
rUS CURTIUS . 75
a lia in la tera procumbun t . Strati aran t campi sar
cin is , armis, avulsa rum tabularum remorumque
fragmen tis . Miles n ec egredi in terram , n ec in
n aves subsistere audebat , iden tidem praasen tibus
graviora quae sequeren tur exspectan s . Vix quae
p erpetieban tur videre ipsos credeban t ; in sicco
n aufragia , in amn i mare : n ec fin is ma lorum quippe
ae stum paulo post mare rela turum , quo n avigia
a lleva ren tur, ign a ri , famem et ultima sibimet omi
n aban tur . Beluae quoque fluctibus destitutes , terri
biles vagaban tur .
Jamque nox appeteba t , et regem quoque . desperatio sa lutis aegritudin e afi
'
ecera t . Non tamen in
victum a n imum curw obruun t , quin tota nocte
p ersideret in sp eculis , equitesque preemitteret ad 0 8
amn is , ut cum mare rursus exaestua t e sen sissent
p rae cederen t . Navigia quoque et la cera ta refici , et
eversa fluctibus erigi jubet , p ara tosque esse et in
ten tos chm rursus mare terra s inundasset . T ota ea
n octe in ter vigilias adhorta tion esque con sump ta,
celeriter et equites ingen ti cursurefugére , et secutus
e st aestus . 041i primo , aquis len i tra ctusubeun tibus ,coepit leva re n avigia ; mox totis campis inunda n s ,etiam impulit cla ssem plaususque militam n autico
rumque , in sp era tam sa lutem immodico ce lebran tium
gaudio , litoribus rip isque reson aba t . Unde tan tum
redisset subito ma re ? quo pridie refugisset ? qua
n am esset ejusdem e lemen ti n a tura , modo discors ,
modo imperio temporum obnox ia ? mirabundi t e
quireban t. Rex cum ex eo quod a ccidera t conjeetaret post solis ortum sta tum tempus esse , de media
nocte , ut mstum occup aret , cum paucis n avign s se
cundo amn e defluxit : evectusque os ejus quadrin
76 LAT IN READER .
gen ta stadia processit in mare , tandem voti sui
compos ; praesidibusque et ma ris et locorum diis sa
crificio facto , ad cla ssem rediit.
Hin e adversum flumen subit c la ssis ; et a ltero die
appulsa est haud procul la cusa lso , cujus in cogn itan a tura plerosque decep it temeré ingressos aquam ;
quippe scabies corpora invasit , et con tagium morbi
etiam in a lios vulga tum est . Oleum remedio fuit .
Leon n a to deinde praemisso ut puteos foderet , qua
terrestri itin ere ducturus exerc itum videba tur ( quip
p e sicca era t regio ) ipse cum copus substitit , ver
num tempus exspectan s . In terim et urbes portus
que condidit . Nea rcho a tque On esicrito , n auticae
rei peritis , imperavit , ut va lidissimas n avium dedu
ceren t in Occa num , p rogressique quoad tuto possen t ,
n a turam ma ris nosceren t : vel eodem amn e , vel
Euphra te subire eos posse , ciun reverti ad se vellen t .
Jamque mitigata bieme , et n avibus quae inutilesvidebantur crein a tis , tet ra duceba t exercitum
Hand multo post Ne a rchus et On esicritus , quos
longius in Oceanum procedere jussera t , superven iun t . Nun tiaba n t autem quaedam audita , a lia com
perta : insulam ostio amn is subjectam auro abunda re ,
inop em equorum esse ; singulos eos ah iis qui ex
contin en ti trajicere auderen t , singulis ta len tis emi ;
plenum esse beluarum mare ; aestu secundo ea s
ferri , magn arum n avium corpora wqua n tes ; trucica n tudeterrita s sequi cla ssem , cum magno aequoris
strepita , velut demersa n avigia , subisse aqua s . Cc
tera incolis credidera n t ; in ter quas Rubrum mare
non a colore unda rurn , ut p lerique crederen t , sed ab
Erythro rege app ellari ; esse haud procul a con ti
nen ti in sulam pa lmis frequentibus consitam , et in
oe T US CURT IUS . 77
medio feré n emore column am eminere , Erythri t e
gis monumen turn , litteris gen tis ejus scrip tam . Ad
jicieban t , n avigia quae lixa smerca toresque vex issen t ,
famam auri secutis gubern a toribus , in in sulam esse
tran smissa , n ec deinde ab his postea visa . Rex
cognoscendi plura cupidin e a ccen sus , rursus eos
terram legere jubet , don ec ad Euphratem appelle
ren t classem ; inde adverso amn e Babylon em subi
turos . Ipse a n imo infin ita complexus sta tuerat ,omn i ad Orien tem maritima region e perdomita, ex
Syn a petere Africam , Karthagin i infen sus ; inde
Numidia solitudin ibus p eragra tis , cursum G ades
dirigere ibi n amque column a s Herculis esse fama
vulgavera t ; Hisp an ia s deinde , quam Iberiam G rmci
a fiumin e Ibero vocaban t , adire et praetervehi
Alpes , Ita limque oram , nude in Ep irurn brevis cur
sus est . Igitur Mesopotamia praetoribus imp eravit ,
ma teria in L ibano mon te C&sa devectaque ad ur
bem Syrias T hapsa cum , sep tingenta rum carin a s
n avium pon ere ; septiremes omn es esse , deducique
Babylon iam : Cypriorum regibus imp eratum, ut
aes stup amque et vela praeberen t.
6 . D ea th cy“Alexa nder .
[Book X. Chapter
In tuen tibus lacrimae obortae praebuére speciem
jam n on regem sed funus ejus visen tis exercitfis .
Maeror tamen circumstan tium lectum emin eba t .
0410 8 ut a spexit , Inven ietis inquit cum execs
sero , dignum ta libus viris regem ? In credibile
dictuaudituque , in eodem habitu corporis in quem
se composuera t chm admissum s milites esset, du
78 LAT IN'READER.
rasse , donec a toto exercitu illud ultimum p ersa lu
ta tus est : dimissoque vulgo , velut omn i vitae debito
liberatus , fatiga ta membra rejecit : propiusqueadire jussis amicis ( 11am et vox deficere jam cospera t) , detra ctum a nulum digito Perdicoes tradidit ,
adjectis ma ndatis ut corpus suurn ad Hammon em
ferri juberen t . Oy aeren tibus his cui relinqueret re
gnum ? respondit ,"e i qui esset optimus ; ceterum
providere jam se , oh id certamen magnos fun ebres
ludos para ri sibi .” Rursus Perdicca in terrogan te“
quan do coelestes hon ores haberi sibi vellet ? dixit ,turn velle , cum ipsi felices essen t .
”Suprema haec
vox fuit regis , et paulo post exstinguitur .
Ao primo ploratu lamen tisque et p lan ctibus tota
regia person aba t : mox ve lut in va sta solitudin e
omn ia tristi silen tio muta torpeba nt , ad cogita tion es
quid deinde futurum esset do lore converso . Nobiles
pusri , custodia; corporis ejus a ssueti , n ec dolorismagn itudin em cap ere
’
n ec se ipsos in tra vestibulum
regiae ten ere potuerun t ; vagique et furen tibussimiles totam urbem luctuao maerore compleveran t ;
nullis questibus omissis quos in ta li ca su dolor
suggerit .
Ergo qui extra regiam a stiteran t Macedon es p a
riter barbarique con currun t , n ec poteran t vieti a
victoribus in commun i dolore discern i . Persas justissimum ac mitissimum dominum , Macedon es opti
mum a c fortissimum regem invocan tes , certamen
quoddam maeroris edeban t . Nec maestorum so lum ,
sed etiam indigna n tium voces exaudieba n tur , tam
viridem ,
‘
et in flore aeta tis fortun aeque , invidia defim
erep tum esse rebus human is . Vigor ejus et vultus
educen tis in proelium milites , obsiden tis urbes , eva
80 LAT IN READER .
c is Euphratem tan ti ma li fama pervasera t . Ad
Da rii quoque matrem celeriter perla ta est . Absc isa
rgo veste qua induta era t , lugubrem sump sit ; la
cera tisque crin ibus humi corpus abjecit . Assideba t
c i a ltera ex n ep tibus , nup er amissum Hephae stion em
cui nupsera t lugen s.propria sque causa s doloris in
commun i mae stitia retra ctaba t . Sed omn ium suo
rum ma la S isygambis un a cap ieba t . Illa suam ,
illa n ep tium vicem fleba t . Recen s dolor etiam p ra
terita revocavera t . Crederes modo amissum Da ri
um , et pa riter m iserm duorum filiorum exsequia s
esse ducen da s . Fleba t simul mortuos vivosque .
Oy em en im puella rum a cturum esse curam ? quem
a lium futurum Alexa ndrum ? iterum esse se capta s ,iterum exc idisse regn o . Q g i mortuo Dario ip sa s
tueretur , reperisse qui post Alex a n drum respiceret ,
utique n on rep ertura s . Subiba t in ter hmc a n imum ,
octogin ta fra tres suos eodem die ah Ocho saevissimo
regum truc ida tos , adjectumque stragi tot filiorum
p a trem e septem liberis , quos genuisset ipsa , unum
superesse ipsum Barium fioruisse p aulisper , ut
crudelius posset extingui . Ad ultimum dolori suc
cubuit , obvolutoque c apite a ssiden tes gen ibus suis
n ep tem n epotemque aversa ta , c ibo pariter abstinuit
et luce . CLuin to postquam mori sta tuera t die ex
tin cta est . Magnum profec toAlexan dro indulgen
tiae in ea rn , justitiaeque in omn es cap tivos , documen
tum est mors hujus : qua chm sustinuisset post
Barium vivere , Alexan dro e sse sup erstes erubuit .
Et (hercule ) just‘e aestiman tibus regem liquet ,
bon a n a turm ejus fuisse ; vitia vel fortun es , vel acta
tis . Vis in credibilis a n imi laboris pa tien tia propemodum n imia ; fortitudo non in ter reges modo
oy IN'
rUS CURT IUS . 8 1
exce llen s , sed in ter illos quoque quorum haec sola
virtus fuit libera lita s S&pe majora tribuen tis quam
a diis p etun tur ; c lemen tia in devictos ; tot regn a aut
reddita quibus ea demp sera t bello , aut dono da ta ;
mortis , cujus metus ceteros ex an ima t , perpetua con
temptio ; gloria laudisque ut justo major cupido ,
ita ut juven i et in tan tis admittenda rebus ; jam p ie
ta s erga paren tes , quorum Olympiada immorta lita ti
con secrare decrevera t , Philippum ultus era t ; jamin omn es fer
‘e amicos ben ign ita s , erga milites ben e
volen tia ; con silium p ar magn itudin i an imi , et quan
tam vix potera t aeta s ejus c apere , sollertia modus
immodica rum cup idita tum—ingen tes profectodotes
eran t . Illa fortun es : diis acquare se , et ca lestes
honores a ccersere , et ta lia suaden tibus ora culis cre
dere ; et dedign an tibus ven erari ipsum vehemen tiusquam p a r esset ira sc i in externum habitum mutare
corporis cultum ; imita ri devicta rum gen tium mores ,
quos a n te victoriam sprevera t . Nam ira cun diam et
cup idin ern vin i sicuti juven ta irritavera t , ita sen ec
tus mitiga re potuisset . Fa tendum est tamen , cump lurimum virtuti debuerit , plus debuisse fortun es ,
quam so lus omn ium morta lium in potesta te habuit .
Og oties illum a morte revocavit ? quoties temeré in
pericula vectum perpetua felicita te protex it ? Vitae
quoque fin em eumdem illi quem gloria sta tuit . Ex
sp ectavére cum fa ta , dum Orien te p erdomito , adito
que Ocea no , quidquid morta lita s cap ieba t , imp leret .
Itaque nomen quoque ejus , et fama rerum , in totum
prop emodum orhem reges a c regn a difi’
udit ; Claris
simique sun t habiti , qui etiam min imae parti tanta
fortunes adhaeserun t .
CORNELIUS NEPOS .
L I F E O F H A N N I BA L .
(B.C. 247
Hann iba l , H amilcaris filius , Karthagin ien sis . Si
verum est , quod n emo dubita t , ut populus Romanus
omn es gen tes virtute superarit , n on est infitia ndum ,
Hann iba lem tan to prwstitisse ceteros imp era tores
pruden tia, quan to populus Romanus an tecedat forti
tudin e cuneta s n a tion es . Nam quotiescumque cum
eo congressus est in Ita l1a , semper discessit superior.
C d n isi domi c ivium suorum invidia debilita tus
esset , Romanos videretur superare potuisse . Sed
multorum obtrecta tio devicit un ius virtutem .
Hic autem , velut hereditate relictum , odium pa ternum erga Roma nos sic con servavit , ut pn us a n i
mum quam id deposuerit qui quidem , chm pa triapulsus esset , et a lien arum opum indigeret, numquam
destiterit an imo bellare cum Roma n is .
Nam , ut omittam Philippum , quem absen s bostem
reddidit Roman is ; omn ium his temporibus potentissimus rex An tiochus fuit . Hun e tan ta cup idita te
in cendit bella ndi , ut usque a Rubro mari a rma co
n atus sit in ferre Ita lia . Ad quem chm lega ti ven issen t Roman i , qui de ejus volun ta te exp loraren t,
daren tque operam con silus cla ndestin is , ut Ha n n i
ba lem in susp icion em regi adduceren t , tamquam ah
ip sis corruptum a lia a tque an tea sen tire ; n eque id
CORNEL IUS NE p os. 83
frustra fecissent , idque Han n iba l comperisset , seque
ab in terioribus con siliis segregari vidisset ; tempore
da to adiit ad regem , eique cum multa de fide sua et
odio in Roma nos commemorasset, hoc adjunxitPa ter meus inquit Hamilcar, puerulo me , utpote
n on amplius n ovem anuos n a to , in H isp a n iam im
p era tor profic iscen s Karthagin e , Jovi Optimo Maxi
mo hostias immolavit . ( luae divin a res dum confi
c ieba tur, qua sivit a me , vellemn e secum in ca stra
p roficisci ? Id chm liben ter a ccepissem , a tque ab
eo petere coep issem n e dubitaret ducere , turn ille‘Fa ciam ,
’inquit
‘si fidem mihi quam postulo dede
ris .
’Simul me ad aram adduxit , apud quam sacri
fica re in stituera t ; eamque ceteris remotis ten en tem
jurare jussit , numquam me in amicitia cum Roma
n is fore . Id ego jusjurandum pa tri datum usque ad
han c ae ta tem ita con servavi , ut n emin i dubium esse
debea t quin reliquo tempore eadem men te sim futu
rus . Og ere , si quid amic‘e de Roman is cogitabis ,
n on impruden ter feceris si me celaris ; cum quidem
bellum parabis , te ipsum frustraberis 31 n on me in
eo p rin cipem posueris .
”
Hac igitur qua dix imus es ta te , cum pa tre in Hi
sp a n iam profectus est : cujus post obitum, Ha sdruba le
impera tore sufi'
ecto , equita tui omn i praefuit . Hoc
quoque in terfecto , exercitus summam imperii ad cum
detulit . Id, Karthagin em de la tum , publice comproba tum est . S ic Hann iba l , min or quinque et vigin ti
a n n is n a tus , impera tor fa ctus , proximo trienn io
omn es gen tes H isp an iae bello subegit : Sagun tum
foedera tam c ivita tem vi expugn avit ; tres ex erc itus
maximos comp a ravit. Ex his unum in Africam
misit , a lterum cum Hasdruba le fra tre in H ispa n ia
84 LAT IN READER .
re liquit , tertium in Ita liam secum duxit . Sa ltumPyren aeum transiit . Og acumque iter fec it , cum
omn ibus in colis conflixit ; n emin em n isi victum di
misit . Ad Alpes posteaquam ven it , qua Ita liam ah
G a llia sejungun t , qua s n emo umquam cum exerc itu
a n te eum , praeter Herculem G ra ium , tra n siera t (quofa cto is hodie sa ltus G ra ius appella tur) , Alp icoscon a n tes prohibere tra n situcon c idit ; loca p a tefec it ;itin era mun iit ; efi
'
ecit ut ea e lephan tus orn a tus ire
posse t, qua a n tea unus homo in ermis vix potera t
repere . Ha c copia s tradux it , in Ita liamque p er
ven it .
Conflixera t apud Rhodanum cum P . Corn elioScipion e con sule , eumque p epulera t .
’
Cum hoc
eodem Cla stidi apud Padum decern it , sauciumque
inde a c fuga tum dimittit . T ertio idem Sc ipio , cum
collega T iberio Longo , apud T rebiam adversus eum
ven it : cum his manum con seruit ; utrosque profli
gavit . Inde p er L igures Ap en n inum tran sit , p eten s
Etruriam . Hoc itin ere adeo gravi morbo afiicitur
oculorum , ut postea numquam dextro aequ‘e ben e
usus sit . 01 12 va letudin e cinn etiam nun c premere
tur, lecticaque ferretur , C. Flamin ium con sulem
apud T ra simenum cum ex ercitu in sidiis circumven
tum occidit ; n eque multo post C . Cen ten ium pree
torem , cum delecta manusa ltus occup an tem . Hin e
in Apuliam p erven it . Ibi obviam c i ven erunt duo
con sules , C . T eren tius et L . Paulus fEmilius . Utri
usque exerc itus uno p roslio [Can n en si] fugavit ;
Paulum con sulem occidit , et a liquot praeterea con
sulares , in his C11 . Servilium G eminum , qui a n n o
superiore fuera t con sul .
Hac pugn a pugn ata Komam profectus est , nullo
CORNEL IUS NEPOS . 85
resisten te . In prop inquis urbis mon tibus moratus
e st . Ciun a liquot ibi dies castra habuisset , et t e
verteretur Capuam , Q Fabius Maximus dicta tor
R omanus in agro Fa lern o se ci objecit . Hic c laususlo corum angustiis , n ocra sin e ullo detrimen to exer
c itfis se exp edivit : Fabio , c a llidissimo impera tori ,dedit verba : n amque obducta nocte , sarmen ta in
c om ibus Juven corum deliga ta in cendit , ejusque gen eris multitudin em magn am disp a la tam immisit .
0310 repen tin o objecta viso , tan tum terrorem injecitex ercita i Romanorum , ut egredi extra va llum n emo
sit ausus . Ha n c post rem gestam n on ita multisdiebus , M . Minuc ium Rufum magistrum equitum ,
p a ri a c dicta torem imperio , dolo productum in pros
lium , fugavit . T i . Sempron ium G ra cchum , iterum
co n sulem , in Lucan is absen s , in in sidia s induc tum
sustulit . M . Claudium Ma rcellum , quinquies con
sulem , apud Venusiam pari modo in terfecit . Lon
gum est enumera t e proelia .,O~uare hoc unum sa tis
c rit dictum , ex quo in telligi possit quan tus ille fuerit : quamdiuin Ita lia fuit , n emo c i in a c ie restitit
n emo advershs cum , post Can n en sem pugn am , in
c ampo ca stra posuit.H in o invictus , p a triam defe
‘
n sum revoca tus, bellum
g essit adversus P . Scip ion is filium quem ipse pri
mfim apud Rhodanum , iterum apud Padum , tertio
a pud T rebiam fugarat . Cum hoc , exhaustis jam
p a triae fa culta tibus , cup ivit impraesen tiarum bellum
c omponere , quo valen tior postea congrederetur. In
c o lloquium conven it ; condition es n on conven erun t .
P o st id fa ctum paucis diebus , apud Zamam cum eo
d em conflix it : pulsus ( in credibile dictu) biduo et
duabus n octibus Adrumetum p erven it , quod abest a
86 LAT IN READER .
Zama circiter milia p a ssuum trecen ta . In hac fuga
Numidae , qui simul cum eo ex a cie excesseran t , in
sidia ti sun t e i ; quos n on soliim efi'
ugit , sed etiam
ipsos oppressit . Adrumeti reliquos e fuga collegit ;
n ovis delectibus paucis diebus multos con trax it .
Cum in appa rando a cerrime esset occup atus , Kar
thagin ien ses bellum cum Roman is composuerun t .
Ille n ihilo secifis exerc itui postea praefuit , resque in
Africa gessit , itemque Mago fra ter ejus , usque ad P .
Sulp ic ium et C . Aurelium con sules . His en im
magistra tibus lega ti Karthagin ien ses Komam ven e
run t , qui sen a tui populoque Roman o gra tia s agerent ,
quod cum his pa cem fec issen t , ob eamque rem cc
rona aurea eos don aren t , simulque p eteren t ut oh
sides corum Fregellis essen t , captivique redderen tur.
His ex sen a tfis—con sulto respon sum est : munus eo
rum gra tum a ccep tumque esse ; obsides quo loco
roga ren t futuros ; c aptivos n on remissuros , quod
Han n iba lem , cujus opera susceptum bellum foret,
in imicissimum n omin i Roma no , et nun c cum imperio apud exercitam haberen t , itemque fra trem ejusMagon em. Hoc respon so Karthagin ien ses cogn i
to , Hann iba lem et Magon em domam revocarun t .
Huc ut rediit prmtor fa ctus est , postquam rex
fuerat an n o secundo et vigesimo : ut en im Roma:
con sules , sic Karthagin i quotan n is a nnui bin i reges
creaban tur . In eo magistra tu pari diligen tia se
Han n iba l praebuit , a c fuera t in bello . Namque
efi'
ecit , ex n ovis vectiga libus n on soli1m ut esset
pecun ia quae Roman is ex foedere p enderetur , sed
etiam superesset , qua in aerario pon eretur . De inde
an no post praeturam , M . Claudio L . Furio con suli
bus , Roman i lega ti Ka rthagin em ven erun t . Hos
88 LAT IN READER.
t aret . Vidit autem vir omn ium ca llidissimus magn o
se fore periculo , n isi quid providisset , propter ava ri
tiam Creten sium magh am en im secum p ecun iam
portaba t , de qua sc ieba t ex isse famam . Itaque ca
p it ta le con silium amphora s comp lures comple t
plumbo ; summa s op erit auro et a rgen to . Ha s ,
praesen tibus prin c ip ibus , depon it in templo Dia n a ;
simula n s se sua s fortun a s illorum fidei credere .
His in errorem inductis , sta tua s wn ea s qua s secum
portaba t omn i sua pecun ia complet , ca sque in p ro
pa tulo domi abjicit . Gortyn ii templum magna curé
custodiun t , n on tam a ce teris quam ah Han n iba le ,
n e ille in sc ien tibus his tolleret , secumque duceret .
Sic con serva tis suis rebus , Poanus illusis Creten
sibus omn ibus ad Prusiam in Pon tum p erven it
apud quem eodem a n imo fuit erga Ita liam ; n eque
a liud quidquam egit , quam regem a rmavit e t exer
cuit adversus Roman os . Q i em cum videre t dome
sticis op ibus minus esse robusturn , con ciliaba t octet os
reges , adjungeba t bellicosa s n ation es . Dissidebat
ah eo Pergamenus rex Eumen es , Roman is amicissi
mus , bellumque in ter eos gereba tur et mari et terra
quo magis cup ieba t cum Ha n n iba l opprimi ; sed
utrubique Eumen es plus va leba t propterRoma norum
societa tem : quem si removisset , fa c iliora sibi cetera
fore arbitraba tur. Ad hun c in terficiendum , ta lem
in iit ra tion em . Cla sse paucis diebus era n t deere
turi superaba tur n avium multitudin e : do lo erat
pugn andum , cum p a r n on esset armis . Imperavit
quam p lurima s ven en a ta s serpen tes viva s colligi ,
casque in va sa fictilia conjici . Harum cum confe
CiSSet magn am multitudin em , die ipso quo fa cturus
erat n ava le proclium classiarios convoca t , hisque
CORNE L IUS NEPOS . 89
praecip it omn es ut in un am Eumen is regis con cur
ran t n avem , a ceteris tan tum sa tis habean t se defeu
dere id fa cile illos serpen tium multitudin e con secu
turos : rex autem in qua n ave veheretur , ut sciren t
se fa cturum quem si aut cepissen t aut in terfecissen t ,
magno his pollicetur pracmio fore .
T a li cohorta tion e militam fa cta, c la ssis ahutrisque
in proelium deducitur . Q 1arum a cie con stituta,
priusquam signum pugn ae daretur , Ha nn iba l , ut
pa lam fa ceret suis quo loco Eumen es esset , tabe l
la t ium in scapha cum caduceo mittit ; qui ubi ad
n aves adversariorum p erven it, ep istolamque osten
den s , se regem profe ssus est quaerere , sta tim ad
Eumen en deduc tus est , quod n emo dubitaba t a liquid
de pace esse scriptum . T abellarius , ducis n ave
decla ra ta suis , eodem un de era t egressus se recep it .
At Eumen es , soluta epistola, n ihil in ea rep erit , n isi
quod ad irridendum cum p ertin eret ; cujus etsi cau
s am miraba tur , ( n ec rep erieba tur , ) tamen proclium
s ta tim committere n on dubitavit . Horum in con
cursuBithyn ii Ha nn iba lis prmcep to un iversi n avem
Eumen is adoriun tur : quorum vim rex chm sustin ere
n on posset , fuga sa lutem petit ; quam con secutus
n on esset , n isi in tra sua pra sidia se recep isset quas
in proximo litore eran t co lloca ta .
R eliquae Pergamen as n aves cum adversa rie s pre
meren t a crius , rep en té in ea s va sa fictilia , de quibus
supra men tion em fecimus , conjici coepta sun t ; quae
ja cta in itio risum pugn an tibus excitarun t ; n ec
quare id fieret potera t in telligi . Postquam autem
n aves completa s con spexerun t serpen tibus , n ova re
perterriti , ci1m quid potissimum vitaren t non vide
ren t , pupp es verterun t , seque ad sua ca stra n autica
90 LAT IN READER .
retulerun t . Sic Han n iba l con silio arma Pergame
n orum superavit : n eque tum solii rn , sed seepe a lias
p edestribus cop iis pa ri pruden tia p epulit adversarios .
Q ue dum in Asia gerun tur, a cc idit ca suut lega tiPrusia Romae apudL . Q l inctium Flamin inum
sularem coen aren t ; a tque ibi de Han n iba le men tion e
fa cta, ex his unus diceret cum in Prusia regno esse .
Id postero die Flamin inus sena tui detulit . Pa tres
con scrip ti , qui Hann iba le vivo numquam se sin e
in sidiis futuros ex istima ren t , lega tos in Bithyn iam
miserun t , in his Flamin inum , qui a rege p eteren t n e
in imicissimum suum secum haberet , sibique dederet.
His Prusia s n egare an sus n on est : illud recusavit ,
n e id a se fieri postula ren t quod adversii s jus hosp itii esset : ipsi si possen t comprehen deren t : locum
ubi esset fa c ile inven turos . Ha nn iba l en im un o
loco se ten eba t in ca ste llo quod ci ab rege da tum
era t mun eri ; idque sic aedificara t , ut in omn ibus
partibus aedific ii ex itum sibi haberet , semper veren s
n e usueven iret quod a cc idit. Huc ci1m lega ti Ro
ma norum ven issen t , a c multitudin e domum ejus circumdedissen t , puer ah ja nua prospicien s Han n iba li
dixit, p lures prae ter con suetudin em a rmatos appa
rere ; qui imp eravit ci , ut omn es fores aedificii cir
cumiret , a c propere sibi renun tia ret num eodem
modo un dique obsideretur. Puer chm celeriter quid
esset renun tiasset , omn esque exitus occup a tos osten
disset , sen sit id non fortuito fa ctum , sed se peti ,n eque sibi diutiii s vitam esse retin endam . Q i am
n e a lieno a rbitrio dimitteret , memot pristin arurn vir
tutam , ven enum quod semper secum habere cousue
vera t sump sit . S ic vir fortissimus , multis va riisque
perfunctus laboribus , an no a cquievit septuagesimo .
92 LAT IN READER.
primus aut in primis ferire ; p lurumum facere , minu
mum ipse de se loqui . Q fibus rebus Mic ip sa
tametsi in itio lae tus fuera t , ex istuman s virtutem
Jugurtha regno suo glories fore ; tamem postquam
homin em adulescen tem , exa cta sua estate , parvis
liberis , magis magisque crescere in tellegit , vehe
men ter n egotio p ermotus , multa cum a n imo suo
volveba t . T erreba t cum n a tura morta lium , avida
imperi et prmcep s ad exp lendam a n imi cup idin em
praeterea opportun ita s sua que liberorumque ae ta tis ,
ques etiam mediocris viros spe praedee tran svorso s
agit : ad hoc studia Numidarum in Jugurtham a c
cen sa ; ex quibus , si ta lem virum dolis in terfecisset ,
n e qua seditio aut bellum oriretur auxin s era t .
His difficulta tibus c ircumven tus , ubi videt n eque
p er vim n eque in sidiis opprimi posse homin em tam
a ccep tum popularibus , quod era t Jugurtha manu
promp tus et adpeten s gloriae militaris , sta tuit eum
objectare periculis , et eo modo fortun am ten ta re .
Igitur , bello Numan tin o , Mic ip sa chm populo Romano equitum a tque p editum auxilia mitteret , speran svel osten tando virtutem , vel hostium saevitia fa c ilecum occa surum , p raefec it Numidis quos in Hispan iam mitteba t . Sed ea res longé a liter a c ra tus era t
even it . Nam Jugurtha , ut era t impigro a tque a cri
ingen io , ubi n a turam P . Scip ion is , qui tum Roman is
impera tor era t , et morern hostium cogn ovit , multo
labore multaque cura, praeterea modestissumé p a
rendo et saspe obviam cundo periculis , in ta n tam
c laritudin em brevi p erven era t ,ut nostris vehemen ter
carus , Numan tin is maxumo terrori esset . Ac sane
quod difficillumum in primis est , et proelio strenuus
era t , et bonus con silio ; quorum a lterum ex provi
SALLUST . 93
den tia timorem , a lterum ex auda cia temeritatem ,
adferre p lerumque solet . Igitur impera tor omn is
fere res a spera s p erJugurtham agere , in amicis ha
bere , magis magisque in dies amp lecti : Quippecujus n eque consilium n eque in cep tum ullum fru
stra era t . Huc a ccedeba t mun ificen tia a n imi et ia
gen i sollertia , quis rebus sibi multos ex Roman is
familiari amicitia conjunxerat .Ré tempesta te in exerc itunostro fuére comp lures
n ovi a tque n obiles , quibus divitiae bono hon estoque
p otiores eran t , fa ctiosi domi , poten tes apud socios ,
c lari magis quam hon esti ; qui Jugurthae n on medi
o crem an imum pollic itan do a ccendeba n t , sz’
M'
czf sar ex occz
'
d'zlsset , f ore uti solus z
'
mf erz'
o Numz’
d’z’
wp oti
r eta r ; z'
n ij so ma xumam vz’
r tutem , R oma? omm’
a
vmn a lz'
a esse . Sed postquam Numa n tia deleta P .
S c ipio dimittere auxilia et ipse revorti domum de
c revit , don a tum a tque lauda tum magn ific‘e p ro con
c ion e Jugurtham in praetorium abdux it : ibique
secreto monuit , uti potius publice quam priva timam ic itiam populi Roma n i coleret ; n euquibus la rgit i
in suesceret ; p ericulosé a pauc is emi quod multorum
esset ; si perman ere vellet in suis a rtibus , ultro illi
e t gloria rn e t regnum ven turum ; sin properan tiusp ergeret , suamet ipsum pecun ia praecip item ca
sururn .
”
Sic locutus , cum litteris qua s Mic ipsae redderet
dimisit . Ba rum sen ten tia haec era t :“
Jugurthae tui
be lloNuman tin o long‘e maxuma virtus fuit quam
rem tibi certo scio gaudio esse . Nobis ob merita
sua ca rus est ; ut idem sen a tui populoque Roma n o sit
summa ope n itemur . T ibi quidem pro n ostra ami
c itia gra tulor : en habes virum dignum te a tque
0 4 LAT IN READER .
A ”avo suo Masin issa . Igitur rex , ubi ea quae fama
a ccep era t ex litteris impera toris ita esse cognovit ,
c ii rn virtute tum gra tia viri p ermo tus , flex it a n i
mum sun tu, etJugurtham ben efic iis vin cere adgres
sus est sta timque eurn adoptavit , et testamen to
pariter cum filiis hae redem in stituit .
Micipsa paucis diebus moritur . Postquam illi ,more regio , justa magn ific
‘e fecera n t , reguli in unum
conven erun t , ut in ter se de cun ctis n egotiis dis
cep taren t . Sed H iemp sa l , qui minumus ex illisera t , n a tura ferox , etiam a n tea ignobilita tem Jugurthee (quia ma tern o gen ere impa r era t ) desp ic ien s ,dextra Adherba lem adsedit , n e medius ex tribus ,
quod apud Numida s hon ori duc itur , Jugurtha foretdein tamem, ut aeta ti con cederet , fa tiga tus a fra tre ,
vix in pa rtem a lteram tra n sductus est . Ibi cummulta de admin istra n do imperio dissereren t , Jugurtha in ter a lia s res ja cit , ap artere quz
'
nquenm'
con
sulta omm’
a et decreta r escz'
ndz'
; n am f er eutemf or a
confectum amzz'
s M'
cip sam f a rz‘mz am
’
mo va luz'
sse .
Tum idem Hiemp sa l p la cer e sz’
bz’
respondit ; n am
ip sum illam trz'
bus p roxumz'
s a nm’
s a dof ta tion e z'
n
regmmzp ervem'
sse . Q i od verbum in pectus Jugurthae a ltius quam quisquam ra tus era t descendit .
Itaque ex eo tempore , ira et metu auxin s , moliri ,
pa ra re , a tque ea modo cum a n imo habere , quibus
H iemp sa l p er dolum c aperetur . Q ue ubi tardiusprocedun t , n eque len itur a n imus ferox , sta tuit quovismodo in ceptum perficere .
Primo conven tu, quem ah regulis fa ctum supramemoravi , propter dissen sion em , pla cuera t dividi
thesauros , fin isque imperi singulis con stitui . Itaque
tempus ad utramque rem decern itur , sed maturius
96 LAT IN READER .
aha praeda capit , aedificia in cendit , p leraque loca
hostiliter cum equitatu a ccedit . Deinde cum omn i
multitudin e in regnum suum convortit , existuman s
Adherba lem do lore p ermotum injuria s sua s manu
vindica turum , eamque rem belli caussam fore . At
ille , quod n eque se pa rem arm is ex istumaba t , et
amic itia populi Roma n i magis quam Numidis fra tus
era t , lega tos ad Jugurtham de injui' iis questum
misit : qui tame tsi con tumeliosa dicta retulerun t ,
priii s tamen omn ia pa ti decrevit quam bellum su
mere ; quia ten ta tum a n tea sechs cessera t . Neque
tamen eo magis cupido Jugurthae m inueba tur ;
quippe qui toturn ejus regnum an imo jam inva sera t :
Itaque n on , uti an tea, cum p raeda toria manu, sed
magno exerc itucompa ra to , bellum gerere coep it , et
aperte totius Numidim imperium petere . Ceteriim ,
qua pergeba t , urbis , agros va sta re , praeda s agere
suis a n imum , terrorem hostibus augere .
Adherba l ubi in tellegit eo processum , uti regnum
aut relinquendum esset , aut a rmis retin endum ,
n ecessario copia s para t , et Jugurthae obvin s proce
dit . In terim haud longé a mari , prope Cirtam
oppidum , utriusque ex erc itus con sedit et quia diei
extremum era t , proclium n on in cep tum . Sed ubi
p lerumque n octis processit , obscuro etiam tum ln
min e , milites Jugurthin i , sign o da to , ca stra hostium
invadun t ; semisomn os partim , a lios arma sumen te s ,
fugan t fundun tque . Adherba l cum pauc is equitibus
Cirtam profugit ; et , ui multitudo toga torurn fuisset ,
quae Numida s in sequen tes moen ibus prohibuit , uno
die in ter duos reges coep tum a tque p a tra tum be llum
fore t. Igitur Jugurtha oppidum c ircumsedit vin cis
turribusque , et ma chin is omn ium gen erum , expu
SALLUST . 97
gn are adgreditur ; maxumé festin an s tempus lega
torum an tecapere , quos , a n te p roclium fa ctum, ah
Adherba le Romam missos audivera t .
Sed postquam sen a tus de bello corum a ccepit ,
legan tur in Africam majores n a tu, nobiles , am
plis honoribus usi : in quis M . Scaurus , con sula ris ,et tum sen a ti prin ceps . Ri , quod res in invidia era t ,
simul et ah Numidis obsecra ti , triduo n avim a seen
dére cic in brevi Utica rn adpulsi littera s ad Jugurtha rn mittun t , quam oczissumé a d prown cz
'
am a cceda t
segue a d cum a b sen a tu missas . Ille ubi a ccep it
hom in es cla ros , quorum auctorita tem Romae pollere
audivera t , con tra in ceptum suum ven isse ; prime
commotus metua tque lubidin e divorsus agitaba tur .
T imebat iram sen a tfis ui pa tuisset lega tis : porro
a n imus cup idin e cae cus ad in cep tum scelus t apie
ba tur . Vic it tamen in avido ingen io pravum cousi
lium . Igitur , exercitucircumda to ,
’
summa vi Cirtam
irrumpere n ititur , maxumé sp eran s , diducta manu
hostium , aut vi aut dolis sese ca sum victoriae inven
turum . Q i od ubi seci18 p rocedit , n eque ( quod in
tendera t) efiicere potest , ut prius quam lega tos
conven iret Adherba lis potiretur ; n e , amplius mo
ra ndo , Scaurum , quem plurimiim metueba t , inoch
deret , cum paucis equitibus in provin ciam ven it .
Ac tametsi sen a ti verbis min es graves nun tiaban
tut , quod oppugn ation e non desisteret ; multa tamen
ora tion e con sump ta, legati frustra discessére .
Ea postquam Cirtae audita sun t , Ita lic i , quorum
virtute moen ia defen saban tur , confisi , dedition e fa cta,
propter magn itudin em populi Roman i inviola tos sese
fore , Adherba li suaden t , uti seque et oppidum Ju
ga rthee trada t : tan tum ab eo vitam p a cisca tur , de
7
98 LAT IN READER .
ceteris.sen atui curae fore . At ille , tametsi omn ia
potiora fide Jugurthae reba tur ; tamen quia penes
eosdem , si advorsaretur , cogendi potesta s era t , ita
ut cen sueran t Ita lici , dedition em fa c it . Jugurtha inprimis Adherba lem excrucia tum n eca t ; de in omn is
puberes Numida s a tque n egotia tores promiscue, uti
quisque a rmatis obvius fuera t , in terfecit .
d postquam Roma cog nitum est , et res in
sen a tuagitari coep ta , eidem illi min istri regis in ter
pellando , a c seepe gra tia, in terdum jurgus , trahendotempus , a trocita tem fa cti len ieban t . Ac n i C. Mem
mius , tribunus p lebis design a tus , vir‘
a cer et in festa s
poten tiw nobilita tis , populum Romanum edocuisset,
z’
d agz’
, a t f er p aucosf a ctz'
osos ?ugurthae scelus con
don a retu-
r, profecto omn is invidia prola ta ndis con
sulta tion ibus dilap sa foret . T a n ta vis gra tiae a tque
pecun iae regis era t ! Sed ubi sen a tus , de licti con
scien tia, populum timet , lege Sempron ia provin c iae
futuris con sulibus , Numidia a tque Ita lia , decretae :
con sules declara ti P . Sc ipio Na sica , L . Bestia Ca l
purn ius : Ca lpurn io Numidia , Scipion i Ita lia obve
n it . Deinde exercitus , qui in Africarn porta retur,
scribitur : stipendium, a liaque , qua bello usui forent
decernun tur.
3 . ?ugurtha in Rome .
[Chapters 32
Durn haec Romae gerun tur , qui in Numidia
relicti a Bestia exercitui praeerant , p lururn a et
flagitiosissuma facin ora fecére . Fuere qui , auro
corrup ti , elephan tos Jugurthae traderen t ; a 111 p er
fuga s vendere ; pars ex p a ca tis praeda s ageba n t .
T an ta vis avaritiae in amimos corum , veluti tabes ,
1 0 0 LAT IN READER .
paullo in con sultms Ma ssivam adgreditur : illum oh
trun ca t ; sed ipse deprehen sus , multis horta n tibus et
in primis Albin o con sule , indic ium profitetur. Fit
reus magis ex a quo bon oque quam ex jure gen tiumBomilcar , comes ejus qui Romam fide publica ve
n era t . At Jugurtha , manufestus tan ti sceleris , non
prius omisit con tra verum n iti , quam an imum ad
vortit , supra gra tiam a tque p ecun iam suam invidiam
facti esse . Igitur , quamquam in priore a ction e ex
amicis quinquagin ta vades dedera t , regno magis
quam vadibus con sulen s , c lam in Numidiam Bomil
carem dim ittit ; veritus , n e reliquos popularis metusinvaderet p arendi sibi , si de illo supp lic ium sum
ptutn foret . Et ipse pauc is diebus eodem profectus
est, jussus a sen a tuIta lia decedere . Sed postquam
Roma egressus est , fertur , S&pe eo ta citus respi
c ien s , postremo dix isse : 0 a rhem ven d lem , ci ma
mré Iberz'
turam sz’
emp torem z'
nven erz'
t !
4 P olitica l P a rties in Rome.
[Chapters 45
Ceteriim mos p artium popularium et sen aths
fa ctionum , a c deinde omn ium ma larum artium, p au
c is a n t‘e an n is Romae ortus est , otio et abundan tia
carum rerum , quae prima morta les ducun t . Nam
an te Karthagin em deletam populus et sen a tus Ro
manus pla c ide modestéque in ter se rempublicam
tra ctaban t ; n eque glories , n eque domin a tion is cer
tamen in ter civis era t : metus hostilis in bon is artibus
civita tem retin eba t . Sed ubi illa formido men tibusdecessit , sc ilicet ea , quas secundae res ama nt , la scivia a tque superbia in cessére . Ita , quod in advorsis
SALLUST . IOI
rebus Optavera n t otium , postquam adepti sun t , a s
p erius a cerbiusque fuit . Namque coepére n obilita s
dign ita tem , populus liberta tem in lubidin em vortere
s ibi quisque ducere , trahere , rapere . Ita omn ia in
dua s pa rtis abstra cta sun t : respublica , quae media
fuera t , dila cera ta . Ceterum n obilita s fa ction e magis
polleba t plebe i vis soluta , a tque dispersa in multi
tudin e , m inus potera t ; paucorum a rbitrio be lli
domique agitaba tur ; pen es eosdem ae ra rium , pro
vin c iae , magistra tus , gloriw triumphique eran t ;
populus militia a tque inopia urgueba tur ; pra da s
bellica s impera tores cum pauc is dirip ieban t ; in ter
e
'
a pa ren tes , aut parvi liberi militum , ut quisque
poten tiori confin is era t , sedibus pelleban tur. Ita
cum poten tia ava riti a sin e modo modestiaque inva
dere , polluere et va sta t e omn ia ; n ihil pen si n eque
san cti habere , quoad semet ipsa praec ip itavit . Nam
ubi primhm ex n obilita te reperti sun t , qui vet am
gloriam injustae poten tiw a n tepon eren t ; moveri c ivi
ta s , et dissen sio c ivilis , qua si permix tio terree , oriri
coep it .
Nam postquam T iberius et C. G ra cchus , quorum
m ajores Pun ico a tque a liis bellis multum re ipublica
a ddideran t , vindicare p lebem in liberta tem et p auco
rum scelera p a tefa cere coepére ; n obilita s n oxia ,
a tque eo p erculsa , modo p er socios a c n omen La ti
num , in terdum per equites Romanos , quos spes so
c ieta tis a plebe dimoverat , Gra cchorum a ction ibus
obviam iera t ; et primo T iberium , dein p aucos post
a nuos eadem ingredien tem Ca ium , tribunum a lte
rum , a lterum triumvirum colonus deducendis , curn
M . Fulvio Fla cco ferro n ecavera t . Et sa ne Gra c
chis , cup idin e victories , haud sa tis modera tus an imus
1 0 2 LAT IN READER .
fuit . Sed bono vin c i sa tin s est , quam ma lo more
injuriam vin cere . Igitur ea Victoria n obilita s ex
lubidin e sua usa , multos morta lis ferro aut fuga ex
tin x it ; p lusque in reliquum sibi timoris quam poten
tiae addidit . Q l ae res p lerumque magn a s civita tes
p essurn dedit ; durn a lteri a lteros vin cere quovis
modo , et victos a cerbius ulc isci volun t . Sed de
studiis p artium , et omn is c ivita tis moribus , si sin
gulatim aut pro magn itudin e parem disserere , tem
pus quam res ma turifis deserat. Q l amobrem ad
incep tum redeo .
5. The Camp a ign qf Metellus .
[Chapters 46
Interea Jugurtha diffidere suis rebus , a c tum de
mum veram dedition em fa cere con a tus est . Igitur
lega tos ad con sulem cum supp liciis mittit , qui tan
tummodo ipsi liberisque vitam p eteren t, a lia omn ia
dederen t populo Romano . Sed Metello jam an tea
exp erimen tis cogn itum era t genus Numidamm infi
dum , ingen io mobili , novarum rerum avidum esse .
Itaque lega tos a lium ah a lio divorsos adgreditur ; a c
p aulla tim ten ta ndo , postquam opportunos sibi cogn o
vit , multa pollicendo p ersuadet,"uti Jugurtham
maxumé vivum , sin id parum procederet , n eca tum
sibi traderen t ceterum pa lam , quae ex vo lun ta teforen t , regi nun tiari jubet . Deinde ipse pauc isdiebus , in ten to atque in festo exercitu, in Numidiam
procedit : ubi , con tra be lli fac iem , tuguria plen ahominum , pecora cultoresque in agris cra n t z ex
opp idis et mapa libus praefecti regis obvii procedeban t , parati frumen tum dare , commeatum portare ,
1 0 4 LAT IN READER .
ac se suis artibus ten ta t i a n imadvortit , —quippe cui
verbis p ax nuntiaba tur , ceterum t e be llum a sp erru
mum era t , urbs maxuma a lien a ta ,’
ager hostibus
cogn itus , a n imi popularium ten ta ti , coa ctus rerum
n ecessitudin e , sta tuit armis certa re . Igitur explora
to hostium itin ere , in sp em vic tories adductus ex
opportun ita te loc i , quam maxuma s copia s potest
omn ium gen erum pa ra t , a c p er tramites occultos ex
erc itum Metelli a n teven it . Erat in ea parte Numi
diae , quam Adherba l in division e possedera t , flumen
orien s a meridie , nomin e Muthul ; a quo abera t
mon s fermé milia p a ssuum xx tra cta pa ri , va stus ab
n a tura et huma n o cultu sed ex eo medio qua si
co llis orieba tur , in immen sum p ertingen s , vestitus
o le a stro a c myrtetis , a liisque gen eribus arborum ,
ques humi a rido a tque a ren oso gignun tur . Media
autem p lan ities deserta penuria aquae, prae ter flumin ipropinqua loca ea con sita a rbustis pecore a tque
cultoribus frequen taba n tur .
Igitur in eo colle , quem tra n svorso itin ere porrectum docuimus , Jugurtha ex tenua ta sn orum a c ie
con sedit , elephan tis et pa rti cop ia rum p edestrium
Bomilca rem praefec it , eumque edocet qua ageret ;
ipse propior mon tem cum omn i equita tuet p editibus
dilectis suos colloca t : de in singula s turma s et ma
n ipulos c ircumien s mon et a tque obtesta tur ,"uti me
mores pristin as virtutis et vic tories sese regnumque
suum ah Romanorum ava ritia defenda n t : cum e is
certamen fore , quos a n tea victos sub jugum mise
rin t : ducem illis , n on ammum muta tum : quas ah
impera tore de cuerin t , omn ia suis provisa ; locum
sup eriorem , ut pruden tes cum imp eritis , n e pauci
ores cum pluribus , aut rudes cum bello melioribus
SALLUST . 1 0 5
manum consereren t : proinde parati in tentique
essen t , signo da to , Roman os invadere : illum diem
aut omn is labores et victoria s confirma turum , aut
maxumarum aerumn arum in itium fore .
”Ad hoc
viritim, uti quemque oh militare fa cinus pecunia aut
hon ore extulera t , common efa cere ben eficii sui , et
cum ipsum a liis osten tare : postremo, pro cujusqueingen io , pollicendo , min ita ndo , obtestando , a liuma lio modo ex citare : cum i n terim Mete llus , ign arushostium , mon te degredien s .cum exercita con spica
tur , primo dubius quidn am in solita fa cies ostenderet
( 11am in ter virgulta equi Numidaeque con sederan t,
n eque plane occultati humilita te arborum , et tamen
in certi quidn am esset , cum n a tura loci , tum doloipsi a tque sign a militaria obscura ti ) , dein , brevi co
guitis in sidiis , p aullisper agmen con stituit . Ibi com
muta tis ordin ibus , in dextro la tere , quod proxumum
hostis era t , trip licibus subsidiis a ciem in strux it ; in ter
man ipulos funditores et sagitta rios dispertit ; equita
tum omn em in com ibus loca t a c pauca pro tem
pore milites horta tus , a ciem , sicuti in struxera t , tran s
v0 1'
5 1s pr mmpus , l n planum deducit .
S ed ubi Numida s quietos , n eque colle degredi
an imadvortit , veritus ex a n n i tempore et in opia
aquae , n e siti conficeretur exercitus , P . Rutilium le
ga tum cum exp editis cohortibus et parte equitum
preemisit ad flumen , uti locum castris an tecaperet :
existuman s hostis crebro impetuet tran svorsis pros
liis iter suum remora turos , et quon iam a rmis diffi
deren t , la ssitudin em et sitim militum ten ta turos .
Deinde ipse pro t e a tque loco , sicuti mon te desceu
derat , p aulla tim procedere ; Ma rium post prin c ipia
habere ; ipse cum sin istrae a las equitibus esse , qui in
agmin e prin cipes fa cti eran t .
1 06 LAT IN READER .
At Jugurtha , ubi extremum agmen Metelli pri
mos suos praetergressum videt , praesidio qua si duummilium p editum mon tem occup a t , qua Metellus de
scendera t , n e forte ceden tibus advorsariis recep tui
a c post mun imen to foret : dein , repen té signo da to ,
hostis invadit . Numidas a lu postremos caedere ;
pars a sin istra a c dextra ten ta re ; in fen si adesse a t
que in stare ; omn ibus loc is Roma n orum ordin es
con turba re : quorum etiam qui firmioribus an imis
obvii hostibus fueran t , ludifica ti in certo proelio , ipsimodo eminus sauciaba n tur ; n eque con tra feriundi ,
aut con serendi manum , copia erat. An tea jamdocti ah Jugurtha equites , ubi Romanorum turma
in sequi coep era t , n on confertim , n eque in unum sese
recip ieban t , sed a lius a li0 quam maxumé divorsi .
Ita numero priores , si ab p ersequendo hostis deter
rere n equivera n t , disjectos ab tergo aut la teribus
c ircumven ieban t : sin opportun ior fugae collis quamc ampi fueran t , ea vero con sueti Numida rum equi
fa cile in ter virgulta evadere : n ostros a sp erita s et in
solen tia loci retin eba t .
Ceterum fa c ies totius n egoti varia , in certa , foeda
a tque miserabilis : dispersi a suis!
pa rs cedere , a liiin sequi ; n eque sign a , n eque ordin es observa re ; ubi
quemque periculum cep era t , ibi resistere a c propul
sa re ; a rma , tela , equi , viri , hostes a tque c ives p er
mixti ; n ihil con silio n eque imperio agi ; fors omn ia
regere . Itaque multum die processera t , cum etiam
tum even tus in in certo era t . Den ique o mnibus
labore et sestu languidis , Metellus , ubi videt Numida s minus in sta re , p aulla tim milites in umutucon du
c it , ordin es restituit , et cohortes legion a ria s qua tt’
iibr
advorsum p edites hostium colloc'
a t . Eorum magn a
1 0 8 LAT IN READER .
madvortun t ; n am prospectum ager , arbustis cousi
tus , prohibeba t . Et primo ra ti humum aridam ven to
agita t i ; post ubi wquabilem ma n ere , et , sicuti a cies
moveba tur , magis magisque adprOp inqua re viden t ,
cogn ita t e , p rop eran tes a rma capiun t , a c p ro c a stris
sicuti imperaba tur con sistun t . Deinde , ubi p ropiusven tum est , utrimque magn o c lamore con curritur.
Numidas tan tumm0 d0 remora ti , dum in elepha ntis
auxilium putan t , postquam eos imp editos ramis ar
borum , a tque ita disjectos c ircumven iri viden t ,
fugam fa ciun t : a o plerique , abjectis a rmis , collisaut n octis quae jam adera t auxilio , in tegri abeun t.Elepha n ti quattuor capti ; reliqui omn es , numero
quadragin ta , in terfecti .
At Roma n i , quamquam itin ere a tque opere ca s
trorum et proelio fessi lactique [Victoria] era n t ; tamen , qu0d Metellus amp lius opin ion e moraba tur ,in structi in ten tique obv1am procedun t : n am do lusNumidarum n ihil la nguidi n eque t emissi p a tieba tur.
Ac primo, obscura n octe , postquam haud p rocul in
ter se era n t , strep itu, ve lut hostes adven ta ren t , a lteri
a pud a lteros formidin em simul e t tumultum fa cere :
et p aen e impruden tia admissum fa c inus miserabile ,ui utrimque p reemissi equites rem exploravissen t .
Igitur pro metu repen té gaudium exortum ; milites
a lius a lium la ti adpellan t ; a cta edocen t a tque audi
un t ; sua quisque fortia fa cta ad cae lum fert . Q i ippe
res huma n ae ita sese haben t : in Victoria vel ign avis
gloriari licet ; advorsae res etiam bon os detrecta n t.
Metellus , in e isdem ca stris quatriduo morara s , sau
c ios cum cura refic it , meritos in proeliis more mili
tim don a t , un iversos in con cion e lauda t , atque agit
gra tia s : horta tur , ad cetera , quae levia sin t , pa
SAL LUST. 1 09
rem an imum gera n t : pro Victoria satis jam pugn a
tum , re liquos labores pro p raeda fore T amen
in terim tra n sfuga s et a lios opportun os , Jugurtha
ubi gen tium , aut quid agita ret , cum p aucisn e esset ,
an exerc itam haberet , ut sese victus gereret , exp lo
ra tum m isit . At ille sese in loca sa ltuosa et n a tura
mun ita recepera t : ibique cogeba t ex ercitum numero
hom inum ampliorem , sed hebetem infirmumque ,
agri a c pecoris magis quam belli cultorem . Id ea
gra tia even ieba t, qu0d prmter regios equites n emo
omn ium Numida ex fuga regem sequitur : quo cu
jusque an imus fert , e0 discedun t ; n eque id flagitiummilitim ducitur : ita se mores haben t .
Igitur Metellus ubi videt regis etiam tum an imum
ferocem esse ; bellum renova t i , quod, n isi ex illin s
lubidin e , geri n on posset ; praeterea in iquum certa
men sibi cum hostibus ; minore detrimen to illos
vin c i quam suos vin cere : sta tuit n on prcn liis , n eque
a c ie , sed a lio more bellum gerundum . Itaque in
Numidia: loca opulen tissuma p ergit ; agros va sta t ;
multa castella et oppida , temeré mun ita aut sin e
prae sidio , capit in cenditque ; puberes in terficit ; a liaomn ia militum praedam esse . Ré formidin e multimorta les Roman is dediti obsides ; frumen tum et a lia
quae usui foren t adfa tim p raebita ; ubicumque res
postulaba t , praesidium impositurn . Q ue n egotia
multo magis quam proelium ma le pugn a tum ab suis
regem terreba n t : quippe cujus spes omn is in fuga
sita era t , sequi cogeba tur ; et qui sua loca defenderen equivera t , in a lien is bellum gerere . T amen ex
copia quod op tumum videba tur con silium c apit : ex
erc itum p lerumque in e isdem locis opp eriri jubet ;ipse cum delectis equitibus Metellum sequitur , 110
I IO LAT IN READER .
cturn is et av11s itin eribus ign ora tus Roman os pa la ti
tis repen t‘e adgreditur. Eorum p lerique in ermes
c adun t , multi cap iun tur ; n emo omn ium in ta ctus
profugit . Et Numida , prlusquam ex ca stris subve
n iretur, sicuti jussi era n t , in proxumos collis dis
cedun t .
6 . Ca ins Ma r ius .
[Chapters 63,
Per idem tempus Uticas forteC. Mario per hostias
de is supplican ti , magn a a tque mirabilia portendi”
ha ruspex dixera t : “
pro inde , quae an imo agitaba t ,
fretus deis ageret ; fortun am quam saep issumé expe
riretur ; cun cta prospera even tura .
”At illum jam
an tea con sula tfis ingen s cupido exagitaba t , ad quem
cap iundum , praeter vetusta tem families , a lia omn ia
abundé cra n t z in dustria , probita s , militias magn a
sc ien tia , an imus be lli ingen s , domi modicus , lubidi
n is et divitiarum victor , tan tummodo glories avidus .
Sed is n a tus et omn em pueritiam Arp in i a ltus , ubi
primhm ae ta s militias pa tien s fuit , stipendiis fa c iun
dis , non Grae ca fa cundia, n eque urban is munditiis
sese exercuit : ita in ter a rtis bon a s in tegrum inge
n ium brevi adolevit . Ergoubi primhm tribun a tum
milita rem a populo petit , p lerisque fa c iem ejus ign oran tibus , factis notus , per omn is tribus declara tur .
De inde ah eo magistra ta a lium post a lium sibi peperit semp erque in potesta tibus eo modo agitaba t , ut
amp liore quam gereba t dignus haberetur . T amen
is ad id locorum ta lis vir ( n am postea ambition e
praecep s da tus est) con sula tum adp etere n on aude
ba t . Etiam tum a lios magistra tus plebes , con sulatum nobilitas in ter se p er manus tradeba t . Novus
I I 2 LAT IN READER .
G ym omn ia illis eo firmiora videban tur, quod diu
turn ita te belli res familia ris corrup eran t , et an imo
cup ien ti n ihil sa tis festin a tur.
7 . The D esp a ir of ?ugurtha .
[Chapters 70
Per idem tempus Bomilcar , cujus impulsu Jugur
tha dedition em , quam metu deseruit , in ceperat , su
sp ectus regi , et ipse cum susp ic ien s , nova s res
cupere : ad pern iciem ejus dolum quaerere ; die no
ctuque fatiga re an imum . Den ique omn ia ten tando ,
socium sibi hdjungit Nabda lsam , homin em n obilem ,
magh is op ibus , earum a ccep tumque popula ribus
suis ; qui p lerumque seorsum ab rege exercitum
ducta re , e t omn is res ex sequi so litus era t , quae
Jugurthae fesso , aut majoribus adstricto , superava
ran t ; ex quo illi gloria op esque inven tae . Igitur
utriusque con silio dies in sidiis sta tuitur : cetera , uti
res posceret , ex tempore parari p la cuit . Nabda lsa
ad exercitum profectus , quem in ter hibern a Roma
norum jussus habeba t , n e ager inultis hostibus
va staretur . Is postquam , magn itudin e fa cinoris
p erculsus , ad tempus non ven it , metusque rem impedieba t ; Bomilcar , simul cupidus in cepta p atran di , ettimore socii auxin s , n e omisso vetere con silio n ovum
quaereret , littera s ad cum per homin es fidelis mittit,
in quis mollitiem socordiamque viri a ccusa re , testa t i
deos per quos juravisset"n e pracmia Metelli in
p estem converteret ; Jugurthae exitium adesse ; cete
rum suan e a n virtute Metelli periret , id modo agi
tari ; pro inde reputaret cum an imo suo , preemia , an
crucia tum ma llet .”
SALLUST . 1 1 3
Sed chm eae litterae'
adla tae ; forte Nabda lsa , ex
erc ito corpore fessus , in lecto quiesceba t : ubi ,cogn itis Bomilcaris verbis , primo cura , de inde uti
wgrum an imum so let somnus cepit. Era t c i Numi
da quidam n egotiorum cura tor , fidus a ccep tusque ,et omn ium con siliorum n isi n ovissumi particeps .
Q i i postquam adla tas littera s audivit, ex con suetu
din e ra tus opera aut ingen io suo opus esse , in tabern a culum in troiit ; dormien te illo ep istulam , supercaput in pulvin o temeré positam , sumit a c p erlegit
de in propere, cogn itis insidiis , ad regem pergit.
Nabda lsa , post paullo experrectus , ubi n eque ep i
stulam reperit , et rem omn em uti a cta era t cognovit ,
primo indicem persequi con a tus : postquam id fru
stra fuit , Jugurtham p la candi gra tia accedit : dicit
qua ipse p aravisset fa cere , p erfidia clien tis sui preeven ta ; lacruma n s obtesta tur p er amic itiam , per
que sua an tea fideliter a cta , n e super ta li scelere
susp ectum sese habere t.
Ad ea rex , a liter a tque a n imo gereba t , pla ciderespondit . Bomilcare a liisque multis , quos socios
in sidia rum cogn overa t , in terfectis , iram oppressera t
n e qua ex eo n egotio seditio oriretur. Neque post
id locorum Jugurthae dies , aut n ox ulla'
quieta fuit
n eque loco , n eque morta li cuiquam , aut tempori
satis credere ; civis , hostisque juxta metuere ; cir
cumspectare omn ia , et omn i strep itup avescere ; a lio
a tque a lio loco , sa pe con tra decus regium , n octu
requiescere ; in terdum somn o experrectus , a rreptis
armis , tumultum fa cere . Ita formidin e , qua si vecor
dia, exagitari .
Amissis amicis , quorum p lerosque ipse n ecavera t,
ceteri formidin e , pars ad Romanos, a lii ad regem8
1 1 4 LAT IN READER .
Bocchum profugeran t , cum neque bellum geri sine
admin istris posset , et n ovorum fidem in ta n ta p erfi
dia veterum experiri periculosum duceret , va rius
in certusque agitaba t : n eque illi res, n eque cousi
lium , aut quisquam hom inum sa tis p laceba t ; itin era
praefectosque in dies mutare ; modo advorsum ho
stes , in terdum in solitudin es p ergere ; saepe in fuga,
a c post paullo in a rmis spem habere ; dubitare , vir
tuti a n fide popularium min t s crederet : ita , quo
cumque in tendera t , res advorsae eran t. S ed in ter
ea s moras repen te sese Metellus cum exercituo sten
dit . Numidae ah Jugurtha pro tempore parati ia
structique : dein proelium in cipitur. 0 3 5 in parte
rex adfuit , ibi a liquamdiu certa tum ; c'
eteri ejusomn es milites primo con cursupulsi fuga tique . Ro
man i signorum et a rmorum a liquan to numero , ho
stium p aucorum potiti . Nam fermé Numida s in
omn ibus p roeliis pedes magis ,'
quam a rma tutata
sun t.
E5 fugaJugurtha impen s1us modo rebus suis dith
den s , cum perfugis et pa rte equita tfis in solitudines ,
de in T ha lam perven it , in oppidum magnum a tque
opulentum , ubi plerique thesauri filiorumque ejusmultus pueritiaa cultus era t . Q ue postquam Me tellocomperta sun t , quamquam in ter T ha lam flumenque
proxumum , in spa tio milium quinquagin ta , loca
a rida a tque va sta esse cognoverat tamen spe pa
traudi be lli , si ejus oppidi potitus foret, omn is a spe
rita tes supervadere , a o n a turam etiam vin cere
adgreditur . Igitur omn ia jumen ta sa rc in is levari
jubet , n isi frumen to dierum decem ; ceteriim utres
mod0 , et a lia aquae idon ea porta ri . Pra terea con
quirit ex agris quam p lurumum potest domiti peco
1 1 6 LAT IN READER .
super aggerem impositis turribus , opus et adminis
tros tuta ri . Con tra haec opp idan i festin a re , pa ra re
prorsus ah utrisque n ihil reliquum fieri . Ben ique
Roman i , multo a n té labore proeliisque fa tigati , post
dies quadragin ta quam eoven tum era t , oppido modo
potiti : praeda omn is ah p erfugis corrupta . Ri , post
quam murum arietibus feriri , resque sua s adflicta s
viden t , aurum a tque a rgen tum , et a lia quae prima
ducun tur , domum regiam comportan t : ibi vino et
epulis on era ti , illaque et domum et semet ign i cor
rumpun t ; et qua s vieti ah hostibus poan as metuerant ,eas ipsi volen tes pependére .
8 . Ma rius before the P eop le .
[Chapters 84- 86 ]
At Marius , ut supra dix imus , cup ien tissuma plebecon sul fa ctus , postquam c i provin ciam Numidiam
populus jussit , a n tea jam infestus n obilita ti , tum vero
multus a tque ferox in stare ; singulos modo, modo
un iversos lmdere ; dictitare ,"sese con sula tum ex
victis illis spo lia cep isse a lia praeterea magn ifica
pro se , et illis dolen tia . In terim , quas bello opuseran t, prima habere ; postula re legion ibus supplemen tum ; auxilia a populis et regibus soc iisque
a rcessere ; p rae terea ex La tio fortissumum quemque
p lerosque militias , p aucos fama coguitos a cc it e , et
ambiundo cogere homin es emeritis stip endus secum
profic isci . Neque illi sen a tus , quamquam advorsus
era t , de ullo n egotio abnuere audeba t ; ceterfim
supp lemen tum etiam laetus decrevera t : quia n eque
plebi militia volen ti putabatur , et Ma rius aut belli
usum , aut studia volgi amissurus . Sed ea res'
frua
SALLUST . 1 1 7
stra spera ta : tan ta lubido cum Mario eundi p leros
que inva serat ! Sese quisque praeda locup letem fore ,victorem domum rediturum , a lia hujuscemodi an imistraheban t . Et eos non p aullum ora tion e sua Ma
rius a rrexera t : 11 am postquam , omn ibus quas postulavera t decretis , milites scribere volt , horta ndi caussasimul , et n obilita tem (uti con suevera t) exagitan di ,
con tionem populi advocavit . Deinde hoc modo
disseruit :
Sc io ego , Q uirites, p lerosque n on e isdem a rtibus in
p erium a vobis petere , et , postquam adepti sun t , gerere ;p rimb industrios, subp licis, modico s esse ; de in p er ign a
viam et sup erbiam zeta tem agere . Set mihi con tra ea
videtur : n am quo p luris est un ivorsa respublica quam
con sula tus aut p rze tura , eo majore cura illam adm in istrari
quam haec peti debere .
Neque me fa llit, quan tum cum maxumo vostro ben i
fic io n egoti sustin eam . Bellum para re simul, e t aerario
pa rcere ; cogere ad m ilitiam , quo s n olis obfendere ; domiforisque omn ia cura t e ; et ea agere in ter invido s, occur
san tis, fac tio so s,— opin ione , Q uirites, a sp erius est. Ad
hoc , a li i si de liquére , ve tus n obi lita s, majorum fa c ta fortia ,cogn a torum e t a dfin ium Op e s, multae clien telas , omn ia
haec p rac sidio adsun t ; m ihi Sp es omnes in memet sitae ,
qua s n ecesse e st e t virtute e t in n ocen tia tuta ri : n am a liainfirma sun t .
“ E t illud in te llego , Q uirites, omn ium ora in me con
vorsa esse ; aequo s bonosque favere , quippe mea bene
fa cta re ipublicze p rocedun t ; n obilita tem locum invadendi
quasrere . Q uo m ihi act 1us adn itendum est, uti n eque vos
c ap iamin i , et illi frustra sin t . Ita ad hoc ae ta tis a pueritia
fui , uti omn is labores et p ericula con sueta habe am . Q ue
a n te vostra ben ific ia gra tuitb fa c iebam , ea uti a c cep ta
m ercede deseram , non est co n silium , Q uirites . Illi s difl‘ic ile est in p o testa tibus tempera re , qui p er ambitionem
LAT IN READER
s ese probos simulavére m ihi , qui omnem zeta tem in
op tumis a rtibus egi , ben e fa cere jam ex con suetudin e in
n a turam vortit.
Be llum me gerere cum Jugurtha jussistis ; quam rem
n obilita s aegerrume tulit. Q uaaso , reputa te cum a n imis
vo stris, num id muta re melius sit , si quem ex illo globon obilita tis ad hoc aut a liud ta le n ego tium mitta tis, homi
n em veteris pro sap iae a c multa rum imaginum , e t nulliusstip endi : sc ilicet ut in ta n ta t e , ign arus omn ium , trep i
de t , festin et , suma t a liquem ex populo mon ito rem oflic i
sui . Ita p lerhmque even it, uti quem vos inp era torem jussistis, is sibi inp era torem a lium qua ra t.
Atque ego sc io , Q uirites, qui , p ostquam con sule s fa cti
sun t, et a cta majorum e t G re corum milita ria p raecep talegere ccep erin t : p raep o steri homin es ; 11am gerere quam
fieri temp ore posterius, t e a tque usu prius est. Co np a
ra te nunc , Q uirites, cum illorum sup erbia me hom in em
n ovom . Q m illi audire e t legere so len t, eorum p a rtern
v idi , a lia egomet gessi quae illi litteris, ea ego m ilita ndodidic i .
Nunc vos ex istuma te , fa cta a n dicta p luris sin t. Con
temnun t novita tem me am , ego illorum ignaviam ; mihi
fortun a , illis p robra obic iun tur. Q uamquam ego n a turam
un am et communem omn ium existumo , set fortissumum
quemque generosissumum . Ac, si jam ex p a tribus A lbin i
aut Bestia quaari po sse t, men e a n illo s ex se gign i ma luc rin t ; quid respon suro s creditis, n isi , sese libero s quamop tumos vo luisse PQ uod si jure me de 5p i0 i11n t ,fa c ia n t idemmajo ribus suis, quibus,uti m ihi , ex virtute nobilita s cmp it.
Inviden t honori meo : ergo invidea n t labori , in n ocentiae , p ericulis etiam me is, quon iam p er hzec illum cep i.
Verhm homin es con rup ti superbiz‘i ita aeta tem agun t, qua si
vostros honores con temn a n t ; ita hos p etun t, qua si hone
ste vixerin t . Né, illi fa lsi sun t , qui divorsissuma s res p a
riter exsp ectan t , ign aviae vo lup ta tem , et p raem ia virtutis.
Atque etiam chm apud vos aut in sen a tuverba faci
I 20 LAT IN READER .
turp em famam ; hiemem e t ae sta tem juxta pa ti hum i te
quie scere ; eodem tempore inop iam et laborem to lerat e.
E is ego p raecep tis m ilites hortabor : n eque illos a ret‘e co
lam , me opulen ter ; neque gloriam meam , laborem illorum fa c iam . Hoc est utile , hoc c ivile inp erium . N am
que 0 11m tute p er mo llitiem aga s, exerc itum subp licio
cogere , id est dom inum , n on imp era to rem e sse .
H ae c a tque ta lia majores vostri fa c iundo , seque rem
que publicam ce lebravére . Q uis nobilita s fre ta , ip sa dis~
sim ilis moribus, n os illorum aemulos con temn it ; e t omn is
hon ores no n ex merito , sed qua si debitos, a vobis rep etit.
Ceterum homin e s sup erbissumi p rocul erran t . Majores
co rum omn ia , quas liceba t, illis re liquére , divitia s, ima
gin es, memoriam sui p rae cla ram virtutem n on reli
quére , n eque p o tera n t : ea sola n eque da tur dono , n eque
a cc ip itur.
Sordidum me e t incultis moribus a iun t ; quia parumsc it
‘e convivium exorno , n eque histrion em ullum , n eque
p luris p rec i co cum quam villicum habeo . Q uae m ih i lubetconfiteri , Q uirites. N am ex pa ren te meo et ex a li is sa n
etis viris ita a ccep i , munditia s mulieribus, viris laboremconven ire ; omn ibusque bon is 0 p ortere plus glories , quamdivitia rum esse ; a rma , n on sup ellectilem , deco ri esse .
Q uin ergo quod juva t , quod ca rum mstuman t , id semperfa c ia n t : amen t ; po ten t ; ubi adulescen tiam habuére , ibi
sen ec tutem aga n t in convivi is, dediti ven tri et turpissumae p a rti corporis : sudorem , pulverem , et a lia ta lia t e
linqua n t n obis, quibus illa epulis jo cundiora sun t .
V eri1m n on ita est . N am ubi se omn ibus flagiti is
dedecoravére turp issumi viri bonorum p raemia erep tum
cun t. Ita injustissumé luxuria et ign avia , p essumae a rte s,
illis qui co luére ea s n ihil obficiun t ; re ipublicae in noxiac ladi sun t.
Nun c quon iam illis qua n tum me i mores, n on illorum
flagitia p o sceban t, respondi , pauca de republica loqua t .
Primhm omn ium de Numidia bonum habetote a n imum ,
SALLUST I 2 I
Q uirites. Nam quas ad hoc tempus Jugurtham tuta ta
sun t , omn ia removistis , ava ritiam , inp eritiam , sup erbiam .
De inde exerc itus ibi est, locorum sc ien s ; se t, mehercules,magis strenuus quam felix . N am magn a p a rs ejus ava
ritiz‘i aut temerita te ducam adtrita est. Q uamobrem vos,
quibus milita ris aeta s est , adn itim in i mecum , e t cap e ssite
rempublicam : n eque quemquam ex ca lam ita te a liorum
aut inp era torum superbia me tus cep erit. Egomet in agm ine aut in p roelio con sultor idem , e t soc ius p ericulis
vobiscum adero ; meque vosque in omn ibus rebus juxta
geram .
E t p rofec tb de is juva n tibus omn ia ma tura sun t , Vioto
ria , p raeda , laus : quze si dubia aut p roen l essen t, tamen
omn is bono s re ipublicae subven ire deceba t. E ten im n emo
ign avia inmorta lis fa c tus est : n eque quisquam pa ren s liberis uti ae tern i foren t op tavit ; m agis, uti bon i hon estique
vitam ex igeren t . P lura dicerem , Q uirites, si timidis virtu
tem verba adderen t : ti am strenuis abunde dic tum puto .
”
Hujuscemodi ora tion e habita, Ma rius postquam
plebei an imos arrectos videt , propere commea tu,
stipendio , armis , a liis utilibus n avis on era t ; cum his
A . Ma n lium lega tum profic isc i jubet . Ipse in terea
milites scribere , n on more majorum , n eque ex c la ssi
bus , sed uti cujusque lubido era t , capite cen sos p le
rosque . Id factum a lii inopia bonorum , a lii p er
ambition em con sulis memoraba n t : quod ab eo ge
n ere celebra tus auctusque era t , et bomin i poten
tiam quas ren ti egen tissumus quisque opportun issu
mus ; cui n eque sua cara , quippe qua: nulla sun t , et
omn ia cum pretio hon esta viden tur . Igitur Ma rius
cum majore a liquan to numero quam decretum era t
in Africam profectus , pauc is diebus Utic am advehi
tur . Exerc itus ei traditur a P . Rutilio lega to n am
M etellus con spectum Marii fugera t , n e videret ea ,
quae audita a n imus tolera t e n equivera t .
I 2 2 LAT IN READER .
9 . Ma rius in the Field .
[Chapters 87
Sed consul , exp letis legion ibus cohortibusque
aux iliariis , in agrum fertilem et praeda onusturn p ro
ficiscitur . Omn ia ibi capta militibus don a t . Dein
ca stella et Oppida , n a tura et viris parfim mun ita , ad
greditur ; proelia multa , ceterfim levia , a lia a liis
locis fa cere . In terim n ovi milites sin e metu pugn aa
adesse ; videre fugien tis capi , occ idi ; fortissumum
quemque tutissumum ; a rmis liberta tem , pa triam ,
p a ren tesque , et a lia omn ia tegi ; gloriam a tque divi
tia s quaari . Sic brevi spa tio n ovi veteresque c oa
luére , et virtus omn ium aequa lis fa cta .
Ma rius imp igr‘e pruden terque snorum et hostium
res pa riter adtendere : cogn oscere quid bon i utris
que , aut con tra esset ; exp lorare itin era regum ;
con silia et in sidia s corum an teven ire ; n ihil apud se
remissum , n eque apud illos tutum pa ti . Itaque et
G ae tulos , et Jugurtham , ex sociis n ostris praedam
agen tes , seepe adgressus in itin ere fudera t , ipsumqueregem haud proen l ah oppido Cirta arm is exuera t .
Era t in ter ingen tis solitudin es oppidum magnum
a tque va len s , n omin e Capsa , cujus conditor He r
cules L ibus memoraba tur. Bjus c ives apud Jugurtham immun es , levi imperio , et ob ea fidelissumi
habeban tur ; mun iti advorsum hostis n on ma mibus
modo, et armis a tque viris , veriim etiam multo magis
locorum a sperita te . Nam , prae ter oppido propinqua ,
a lia omn ia va sta , in culta , egen tia aquae , in festa ser
p en tibus , quarum vis , sicuti omn ium fera rum , in op l a
c ibi a crior . Ad hoc n atura serpen tium , ipsa pern i
1 24 LAT IN READER .
usui forent : den ique sexto die , cum ad flumen ven
tum est , maxuma vis utrium cfi’
ecta . Ibi ca stris levi
mun imen to positis , milites c ibum capere , a tque uti
simul cum occa su so lis egrederen tur p ara tos esse
jubet ; omn ibus sarcin is abjectis , aqua mod0 seque
et jumen ta on era re . De in postquam tempus visum,
c astris egreditur , noctemque totam itin ere fa cto con
sedit : idem proxuma fa c it : dein tertia, multo ante
lucis adven tum , perven it in locum tumulosum , ah
Capsa n on ampliii s dufim milium in terva llo ; ibique
quam occultissumé potest , cum omn ibus cop 11s oppe
ritur. Sed ubi dies caep it , et Numidas , n ihil hostile
metuen tes , multi oppido egressi ; repen te omnem
equitatum, et cum eis veloc issumos p edites cursu
tendere ad Cap sam , et porta s obsidere jubét : de indeipse in ten tus propere sequi , n eque milites praedari
sin ere . Q ue postquam oppidan i cognovére , res
trep idae , metus ingen s , ma lum imp rovisum , ad hoc
pars c ivium extra moen ia in hostium potesta te , coé
gere uti dedition em fa ceren t . Ceterum oppidumin cen sum ; Numida puberes in terfecti ; a lii omn es
venum dati ; pra da militibus divisa . Id fa c inus
con tra jus belli , non ava ritia n eque scelere con sulis
admissum sed quia locus Jugurthae opportunus ,n obis aditu difficilis ; genus hominum mobile , infidum , n eque ben eficio n eque metucoércitum .
Postquam ta n tam rem Marius sin e ullo suorum
in commodo efi'
ecit , magnus et c larus an tea, major a t
que clarior haberi coep it . Omn ia non ben e con sultain virtutem traheban tur : milites , modesto imperiobabiti , simul et locupletes , ad caelurn ferre ; Numida
m agis quam morta lem timere postrem0 omn es , so
c ii a tque hostes , credere illi aut men tem divinam
SALLUST . 1 25
esse , aut deorum nutucun eta portendi . Sed con sul ,ubi ea res ben e even it , ad a lia oppida pergit : pauca ,repugn a n tibus Numidis , capit ; p lura , deserta pro
pter Capse n sium miseria s , ign i corrump it : luctua t
que caede omn ia complen tur .
Ben ique multis locis potitus , a c plerisque exer
citu in cruen to , a liam rem adgreditur , n on eadem
a sp erita te qua Capsen sium , ceteriim haud sechs
difiicilem . Namque haud longé a flumin e Muluchw,
quodJugurthee Bocchique regnum disjungeba t , era tin ter ceteram plan itiem mon s saxen s , mediocri ca
ste llo sa tis pa tens , in immen sum editus , un o pera n
gusto aditurelic to : 11am omn is a n a tura velut opere
a tque con sulto praeceps . Q 1em locum Marius , qu0d
ibi regis thesauri eran t , summa vi capere in tendit .
Sed ea res forte quam con silio mehus gesta . Nam
ca ste llo virorum a tque armorum satis, magn a vis
frumen ti et fon s aquae ; aggeribus turribusque et
a liis ma chin a tion ibus locus importunus ; iter ca ste l
lan orum angustum admodum , utrimque praecisum .
Vin eae cum ingen ti periculo frustra ageban tur : n am
cum eae paullo processeran t , ign i aut lapidibus cor
rumpeban tur ; milites n eque pro opere consistere
propter in iquitatem loci , n eque in ter vin ca s sin e peri
culo admin istrare ; op tumus quisque cadere aut sau
ciari ; ceteris metus augeri .
At Marius , multis diebus et laboribus con sumptis ,
anx ius trahere cum an imo suo , omitteretn e in cep
tum , quon iam frustra era t ; an fortun am Opp eriretur,
qu'
a seepe prosperé usus fuera t . Q ue chm mul
tos dies noctesque ae stuan s agitaret , forte quidam
L igus , ex cohortibus aux ilia riis miles grega rius ,ca strie aquatum egressus , haud proen l ah la tere
1 26 LAT IN READER .
castelli , quod avorsum proclian tibus erat , an imum
advortit in ter saxa repen tis cochle a s ; qua rum 011m
un am a tque a lteram , dein plures peteret , studio
legundi p aullatim prope ad summum mon tis egres
sus est . Ubi postquam solitudin em in tellex it , more
ingen i human i , cupido difii c ilia fa ciundi a n imum
vortit . Et forté in eo loco gra ndis ilex co a luerat
in ter saxa , p aullum modo pron a , dein flex a a tque
aucta in a ltitudin em , quo cun eta gign en tium n a tura
fert ; cujus ramis mod0, mod0 emin en tibus saxis.n isus L igus , ca stelli plan itiem perscruta tur , qu0d
cun cti Numida: in ten ti praelian tibus adera n t . Ex
p lora tis omn ibus quas mox usui fore duceba t , eadem
regreditur , n on temer‘e , uti escendera t , sed ten ta n s
omn ia et circumsp icien s . Itaque Ma rium proper‘e
adit ; a cta edocet ; horta tur ab ea pa rte qua ipse de
scendera t ca ste llum ten tet ; po llicetur sese itin eris
pe riculique ducem . Marius cum L igure , promissa
ejus cogn itum , ex praesen tibus misit ; quorum uti cu
jusque ingen ium era t , ita rem difiic ilem aut fa cilem
nun tiavére . Con sulis a n imus tamen p aullum arree
tus . Itaque ex copia tubicinum et corn icinum nu
mero quinque quam velocissumos delegit , et cum eis ,
praesidio qui foren t , milites p aucos , et qua ttuor cen
turion es omn isque L iguri pa rere jubet , et ei n e
gotio proxumum diem con stituit .
Sedubi ex praecepto tempus visum , p ara tis com
positisque omn ibus , ad locum p ergit . Ceten‘im illi
qui escen suri praeeran t , praedocti ah duce , a rma or
n a tumque mutaveran t , capite a tque pedibus nudis,
uti prospectus n isusque per saxa fa c ilius foret ; super
terga gladii et scuta ; ver1‘1m ea Numidica ex coriis ,
ponderis gra tia simul , et ofi'
ensa quo levius strepe
1 28 LAT IN READER .
1 0 . Lucius Corn elius Sulla .
[Chapters 95- 1ox.]
Ceterhm , dum ea res geritur , L . Sulla quaestor
cum ' magno equita tu in ca stra ven it quos uti ex
La tio et a sociis cogeret Romae relictus era t . S ed
quon iam n os tan ti viri res admonuit , idon eum visum
est de cultuque ejus paucis dicere .
Igitur Sulla gen tis pa tric ias n obilis fuit , famil1a
propejam ex stin ctamajorum ign avia litteris G ra cis
a tque La tin is juxta atque doctissum‘e eruditus ; an imo
ingen ti ; cupidus volup ta tum , sed gloria cup idior ;
otio luxurioso tamen ah n egotiis numquam volupta s remora ta ; fa cunda s , ca llidus , et amic itia fa cilis ;
a d simula n da a c dissimulanda n egotia a ltitudo inge
ui in credibilis multa rum rerum , a c maxumé p ecu
n iae , largitor a tque illi felic issumo omn ium an te
c ivilem victoriam , numquam super industriam for
tun a fuit ; multique dubitavére , fortior an felicior
esset . Nam postea quae fecerit , in certum habeo
pudea t magis a n p igea t disserere .
Igitur Sulla uti supra dictum est , postquam in
Africam a tque in ca stra Mari cum equita tu ven it,
rudis an tea et ign arus be lli , sollertissumus omn ium
in pauc is tempesta tibus fa ctus est . Ad hoc militesben igne adpellare ; multis rogan tibus , a liis per se
ipse da re ben eficia , invitus a cc ipere ; sed ea properan tius quam aes mutuum reddere : ipse ab nullo t e
petere ; magis id labora re , ut illi quam plurimi
deberen t joca a tque seria cum humillumis‘
agere ;
in agmin e a tque ad vigilia s multus adesse : n eque
in terim , quod prava ambitio solet, consulis°
aut cu
SALLUST . 1 29
jusquam bon i famam laedere ; tan tummodo n equecon silio n eque manupriorem a lium pa ti ; p lerosquea n teven ire . Q i ibus rebus et artibus brevi Ma rio
militibusque carissumus fa ctus .
Q i arto den ique die , haud longé ab oppido Cirtaundique simul specula tores citi sese ostendun t ; qua
t e hostis adesse in tellegitur . Sed quia divorsi re
deun tes , a lius ah a lia parte a tque omn es idem si
gn ificaban t , con sul in certus quon am modo a c iem
in strueret , nullo ordin e commuta to , advorsum omn ia
para tus , ibidem opp eritur. In terim Sulla , quem p ri
mum hostes adtigera n t , cohorta tus suos , turma tim et
quam maxumé confet tis equis , ipse a liique Mauros
invadun t : ceteri in loco ma n en tes ah ja culis eminusemissis corpora tegere , et si qui in manus ven eran t
obtrun ca t e . Dum eo modo equites proelian tur , Boc
chus cum peditibus quosVolux filius ejus adduxera t ,n eque in priore pugna, in itin ere morati , adfueran t ,
postremam Romanorum ac iem invadun t . Turn Ma
rius apud primos ageba t , quod ibi Jugurtha cum plurumis era t . Dein Numida , cogn ito Bocchi adven tu,
clam cum paucis ad p edites convortit : ibi La tin é
( n am apud Numan tiam loqui didicera t) exclama t
nostros frustra pugn a re ; paullo an t‘e Ma rium sua
manuin terfectum simul gladium sa nguin e oblitum
osten dere , quem in pugna, sa tis imp igré occ iso pe
dite n ostro , cruen tavera t . Q i odubi milites a ccepére ,magis a trocita te rei quam fide nun tii ternen tur : si
mulque ba rba ri amimos tollere , et in p erculsos Ro
ma n os a cri1‘1 s in cedere . Jamque p aullhm a fuga
abera n t , chm Sulla , profliga tis e is quos advorsumiera t , redien s ab la tere Mauris in currit . Roccha s
sta tim avortitur . At Jugurtha , dum susten ta t e suos
9
1 30 LAT IN READER .
et prope jam adep tam victoriam retinere cupit , circumven tus ah equitibus , dextra sin istra omn ibus
occ isis , solus in ter te la hostium vitabundus erump it.
Atque in terim Ma rius , fuga tis equitibus , a ccurrit
auxilio suis , quos pelli jam a ccepera t . Den ique
hostes undique fusi . Tum specta culum horribilecampis p a ten tibus : sequi , fugere occidi , capi ;equi a tque viri adflicti ; a c multi voln eribus a ccep tis
n eque fugere posse , n eque quietem pa ti ; n iti modo,
a c sta tim con cidere postremo omn ia , qua visus era t,
con stra ta telis , armis, cadaveribus ; et in terea humusinfecta sanguine .
?ugurtha z'
s B etrayed a nd Caj tured.
[Chapters 1 0 5
Q fibus rebus cogn itis , Bocchus per littera s a
Mario p etivera t , uti ad se mitteret Sullam ; cujusa rbitra tude commun ibus n egotiis con suleretur . Is
m issus cum p rae sidio equitum atque p editum , item
funditorum Ba learium : praaterea iere sagittarii et
cohors Pelign a cum velita ribus armis , itin eris pro
p erandi caussfi; n eque e is secii s a tque a liis armis
advorsii s tela hostium , qu0d ea levia sun t , mun iti .
S ed in itin ere , quin to den ique die , Volux , filius
Bocchi , rep en té in campis p a ten tibus cum mille n on
amp lius equitibus sese ostendit ; qui temer‘e et efi
'
usé
eun tes , Sullae a lusque omn ibus et numerum ve ro
amp liorem , et hostilem metum efii cieba n t. Igitur
se quisque expedire , a rma a tque tela ten tare , in
tendere ; timor a liqua n tus , sed spes amplior , quippevictoribus, et advorsii s eos quos sa pe viceran t . In
1 32 LAT IN R EADER .
rit , ah in ermis pedibus auxilium petere , in maxumo
metu nudum et cae cum corpus ad hostis vortere .
”
Deinde Volucem , quon iam hostilia fa ceret , Jovemmaxumum obtesta tus ut sceleris a tque p erfidim Boc
chi testis adesset , ca stris abire jubet . Ille la cru
man s orare ,"n e ea crederet : n ihil dolo fa ctum,
magis ca llidita te Jugurthae , cui vide licet speculan ti
iter suum cogn itum esset ; ceterum quon iam n eque
ingen tem multitudin em haberet , et spes opesque
ejus ex pa tre suo penderen t , credere illum n ihil pa
larn ausururn , ci1m ipse filius testis adesset : qua re
optumum fa ctuvideri , per media ejus ca stra pa lam
transire sese vel praemissis vel ibidem relictis Mau
ris , solum cum Sullfiiturum .
”Ea res , uti in ta li ne
gotio , proba ta , a c sta tim profecti : quia de improviso
a ccidera n t , dubio a tque haesita n te Jugurtha, in columes tra n seun t . De inde paucis diebus quo ire
in tendera n t perven tum est .
Ibi cum Boccho Numida quidam , Aspar nomine ,
multum et familia riter agebat p reemissus ah Jugurtha, postquam Sullam a ccitum audiera t , ora tor et
subdole specula tum Bocchi con silia : prae terea Da
bar , quem Bocchus , fidum esse Roma n is multis an tea
tempesta tibus expertus , illice ad Sullam nun tia tum
mittit ,"
p a ra t um sese fa cere quae populus Romanus
ve llet : co lloquio diem , locum , tempus ipse deligeret ; con sulta sese omn ia cum illo in tegra habere ;
n euJugurthae lega tum p ertimesceret ; quo res
commun is licen tius gereretur ; 11am ah in sidiis ejusa liter caveri n equivisse .
”Sed ego comp erior Boc
chum , magis Pun ica‘ide quam oh ea quas praedica
ba t , simul Roma nos et Numidam spe pa cis adtinu
isse , multumque cum a n imo suo vo lvere solitum , Ju
SALLUST. 1 33
gurtham Roma n is , an illi Sullam traderet : lubidi
nem advorsum nos , metum pro nobis suasisse .
Rex postero die Asparem , Jugurthae lega turn ,
adpella t , dicitque : sibi p er Babarem ex Sulla co
gn itum , posse condition ibus be llum compon i : quam
ob rem regis sui sen ten tiam exquireret .”Ille lae
tus in ca stra Jugurthae proficiscitur : deinde ab illo
cun cta edoctus , propera to itin ere , post diem octavum
redit ad Bocchum , et ci denun ciat ,“
Jugurthamcupere omn ia quae impera ren tur fa cere ; sed Ma rio
parum fidere ; seepe an tea cum impera toribus Ro
man is pa cem conven tam frustra fuisse . Ceteriim
Bocchus si ambobus con sultum et ra tam pacem vel
let , daret operam ut una ah omn ibus , qua si de pa ce ,colloquium ven iretur, ibique sibi Sullam traderet
cum ta lem virum in potesta tem habuisset , tum fore
uti jussusen a ths aut populi Roman i fmdus fieret
n eque homin em nobilem, non sua ign avia, sed oh
rempublicam , in hostium potesta te relictum iri .”
Haec Maurus , secum ipse diu volven s, tandem
promisit : ceterhm do lo an ver‘e cun cta tus , pa rum
comperimus . Sed pleriimque regiw volun ta tes , ut
vehemen tes , sic mobiles , seepe ip saa sibi advorsae .
Postea, tempore et loco con stituto , in colloquium uti
de pa ce ven iretur, Bocchus Sullam modo, modo Ju
gurthae lega tum adpellare , ben ign‘e habere , idem
ambobus polliceri .
Illi pariter lwti a c sp ei bon as p len i esse . Sed n octe
ea qua proxuma fuit an te diern colloquio decretum ,
Maurus , adhibitis amic is , a c sta tim immuta ta vo lumta te , remotis ceteris , dicitur secum ipse multum
agitavisse , corpore pa riter a tque a n imo varius , quae
scilicet ta cen te ipso occulta pectoris p atefec isse .
1 34 LAT IN READER .
T amen postremc‘) Sullam a ccersi jubet , et ex illins
sen ten tia Numidae in sidias tendit . Deinde , ubi dies
adven it , et ci nun tia tum est Jugurtham haud procul
abesse , cum pauc is amic is et quaestore nostro , quasi
obvin s honoris caussa, p rocedi t in tumulum fa c illu
mum visuin sidia n tibus . Eodem Numida cum p le
risque n ecessariis suis , in ermis , ut dictum era t ,
a ccedit ; ac sta tim , sign o da to , undique simul ex in
sidiis invaditur . Ceteri obtrun ca ti ; Jugurtha Sulla:vin ctus traditur , et ah cc ad Marium deductus est .
Per idem tempus advorshm G a llos ah duc ibus
nostris Q Caep ion e e t Cn . Man lio ma l‘e pugn a tum
quo metuIta lia omn is con tremuit . Illimque usque
ad mostram memoriam Roma n i sic bahners , a lia em
n ia virtuti sum pron a esse : cum G a llis pro sa lutenon pro gloria c erta ri . Sed postquam be llum in
Numidia confectum , et Jugurtham vin ctum Romam
adduci nun tia tum est , Marius con sul absen s fa ctusest , et ci decreta provin cia G a llia : isque ka lendis
Januariis magna gloria con sul triumphavit . Et eh
tempestate spes opes civita ti s in illo sitae .
1 36 LAT IN READER .
Saeculaque , et positae sp a ti is aequa libus Hora
V erque novum staba t, c in ctum floren te corona
Staba t nuda E sta s, et spicca serta gereba t.
Stabat et Auctumnus, ca lca tis sordidus uvis,
Et gla c ia lis H iemp s, ca nos hirsuta capillos.
Inde loco medius, rerum n ovita te p aven tem
S0 1 oculis juvenem , quibus adsp ic it omn ia , Vidit.
Q uaaque via: tibi causa ? Q uid hac ,”a it, a rce p etisti,
Progen ies, Pha'
e‘
thon , haud infitia nda parenti ?”
Ille refert : O lux immen si publica mundi,Pha abe pa ter, si da s hujus m ihi n omin is usum ,
P ignora da , gen itor ; p er ques tua vera propagoCreda r, et hun c a n im is errorem detrahe nostris.
Dixera t . At gen itor c ircum caput omn e mican tes
Deposuit radios ; p rop ihsque a ccedere jussit :Amp lexuque da to , Nec tumeus esse negari
Dignus es ; et Clymen e veros,”a it, edidit ortus.
Q 10que minhs dubites, quodvis pete munus ; et illud,Me tribuen te , feres : p romissi testis adesto
Dis juranda pa lus, oculis in cogn ita nostris.
V ix bene desiera t : currus petit ille pa ternos,Iuque diem a lip edum jus et moderamen equorum.
Pcs n ituit jurasse p a trem . Q ui terque qua terqueConcutien s illustre caput, “ T emeraria ,
”dixit,
Vox mea fa cta tua est. Utin am p romissa liceret 50
Non da re ! Confiteor solum hoc tibi, n a te , n ega rem.
D issuadere licet. Non est tua tuta volun ta s.
M agn a petis , Pha e thon , et quas nec viribus istis
Mun era conven ia n t , n ec tam puerilibus an n is.
Sors tua morta lis : non est morta le quod opta s.
P lus etiam , quam quod superis con tingere fa s sit,Nesc ius afi
'
ecta s. P la cc a t sibi quisque licebit ;Non tamen ign ifero quisquam con sistere in axe
Me va let excep to . Va sti quoque rector Olymp i,
Q ui fera terribili ja cula tur fulmina dextra,Non aga t hos currus : et quid Jove majus habemus ?
OVID
Ardua prima via e st , et qua vix ma ne recen tes
E n ita n tur equi medio est a ltissima oxalo ,
U nde ma re et terra s ipsi mihi saep e videre
F it timor, et pavida trep ida t formidin e pectusU ltima prona via est, e t eget moderamine certo .
T unc etiam, que me subjectis exc ip it undis,N e ferar in p raecep s, T ethys, so let ipsa vereri.
A dde , qubd adsidufirap itur vertigine cae lum ;
S ideraque a lta trahit, ce lerique volumin e torquet.N itor in adversum nec me , qui ce tera , vinc it
Impe tus ; et rapido con tra rius evehor orbi .
F inge da tos currus. Q uid ages ? p oterisn e rotatis
O bvin s ire polis, n e te c itus aufera t ax is ?
Forsita n e t lucos illic , urbesque , domosque
Con c ip ia s a n imo : de lubraque ditia don is
E sse . Per in sidia s iter est , forma sque fera rum.
t ue viam ten ea s, nulloque errore traha ris,
P er tamen adversi gradieris cornua T auri ,
H aemon iosque a rcus, vio len tique ora Leon is,
S zevaque c ircuitucurva n tem bra chia longo
S c orp ion , a tque aliter curva n tem bra chia Cancrum.
N ec tibi quadrup edes an imo sos ign ibus illis,Q uos in pectore haben t, quos ore e t n a ribus efila n t,
In p romp turegere est . V ix me p a tiun tur, ut a cres
In ca luére a n imi cervixque repugn a t haben is .
A t tu, fun esti ne sim tibi muneris auc tor,
N a te , cave : dum resque sin it, tua corrige vo ta .
Sc ilicet, ut n ostro gen itum te sa nguin e creda s,
P ign ora certa pe tis . Do pign ora certa timendo
E t pa trio pater esse metuprohor. Adsp ice vultus
Ecce meos : utin amque oculo s in pectora possesIn serere , et p a tria s in tus deprendere cura s !
Den ique , quidquid habet dives, c ircumsp ice , mundus
Eque tot a c ta n tis c ae li , terraaque , ma risque
Posce bon is a liquid : nullam p a tiere repulsam .
Dep recor ho c unum quod vero n omine puma ,
1 38 LAT IN READER .
Non honor est. Poen am, Pha ethon , p ro munere , poseis.
Q uid mea co lla tenes bla ndis, ign a re , la certis ?Ne dubita , dabitur (Stygia s juravimus unda s)Q uodcumque op tfiris : sed t usap ien tihs opta .
Fin iera t mon itus. D ictis tamen ille repugn a t
Propo situmque premit ; flagra tque cup idine currfis.
Ergo , qua licuit gen itor cun cta tus, ad a ltos
Deduc it juven em , Vulca n ia mun era , currus.
Aureus a xis era t, temo aureus, aurea summas
Curva tura ro tae radiorum a rgen teus o rdo .
Per juga chryso lithi , p o sitaaque ex ordine gemme ,
Cla ra repercusso reddeba n t lumin a Phcebo .
Dumque ea magn a n imus Phaéthon m ira tur, opusque 1 10
Persp ic it : ecce vigil n itido p a tefec it ah ortu
Purpurea s Aurora fore s, e t plen a ro sa rum
Atria . D ifi'
ugiun t stellae : quarum agmin a cogit
Luc ifer, e t Ca li sta tion e n ovissimus ex it.
Q ua p etere ut terra s, mundumque rubescere vidit,
Comuaque extrema: ve lut eva n escere Lunas,
Jungere equos T ita n veloc ibus imp era t H oris.
Jussa deae ce leres p eragun t : ign emque vomentes,
Ambrosia : succo sa turo s, p'
raasep ibus a ltis
Q uadrup edes ducun t ; addun tque son a n tia fra
Tum pa ter ora sui sa cro medicamin e n a ti
Con tigit ; et rap idae fec it pa tien tia flammae .
Impo suitque coma : radios : praesagaque luctfis
Pectore sollic ito rep eten s susp iria , dixit
Si po tes hic sa ltem mon itis pa rere pa rentis,Pa rc e , puer, stimulis ; e t fortihs utere loris.
Spon te sua prop era n t : labor est inhibere vo len tes.
Nec tibi direc to s p la cea t via quinque p er arcus.
Sectus in obliquum est la to curvamin e limes,
Zon a rumque trium con ten tus fin e : p o lumque
Efl'
ugito austra lem , jun ctamque aquilon ibus Arcton .
Hac sit iter : ma n ifesta ro tae ve stigia cem es.
t ue feran t a quos e t ca lum e t terra ca lores,
1 40 LAT IN READER .
Tum p rimhm rad11s ge lidi ca luet e T riones,Et ve tito frustra ten tarun t aequore tingi .
Q uaeque po lo posita est gla c ia li prox ima Serpen s,Frigore pigra p rihs, n ec formidabilis ulli ,In ca luit : sump sitque n ova s fervoribus ira s.
T e quoque turba tum memora n t fugisse , Boote ;
Q ua rnvis ta rdus era s, et te tua p laustra ten eba n t .Ut verb summo desp ex it ah ae there terra s
Infe lix Phaethon , p en iths p en ithsque ja cen tes ;Pa lluit, et subito genua in tremuére timore
Sun tque oculis ten ebrae p er ta n tum lumen obortae .
Et jam ma lle t equos numquam tetigisse pa ternos :
Jam cognésse genus p iget, et va luisse roga ndo
Jam Merop is dic i cup ien s ; ita fertur, ut a cta
Praac ip iti pinus Borea, cui vieta remisit
Fraen a suus rector, quam dis votisque re liquit.
Q uid fa c ia t ? multum cae li post terga re lictum
An te o culos plus e st . An imo me titur utrumque .
Et modh, quos illi fa tum con tingere non e st,
Pro sp ic it occa sus : in terdum resp ic it ortus.
Q uidque aga t ign arus, stup e t : e t n ec fraen a remittit,Ncc retin ere va le t : n ec nomin a n ovit equorum .
Spa rsa quoque in vario pa ssim m ira cula caalo ,
Va sta rumque videt trep idus simula cra fera rum .
Est locus, in gemin os ubi bra chia concava t arcus
Scorpios ; et cauda flex isque utrinque la certiPorrigit in spa tium sign orum membra duorum.
Hun c puer ut n igri madidum sudore ven en i
Vuln era curva ta m in ita n tem cuspide Vidit ;
Men tis in op s, gelida form idin e lora remisit.
Q uae postquam summum te tigére ja cen tia tergum,
EXSp a tia n tur equi nulloque inhiben te per aura s
Igno tas region is eun t ; quaque impetus agit ,Hfic sine lege ruun t : a ltoque sub ae there fixis
In cursan t ste llis, rap iun tque p er avia curtum.
Et modh summa p etun t, modo p er decliva , via sque
OVID
P raec ip ites spa tio terraa p rop iore ferun tur.Inferiusque suis fra terno s currere Lun a
Adm ira tur equos : ambustaque nubila fuma n t.
Co rrip itur flammis, ut quasque a ltissima , te llus ;Fissa que agit rima s, et succ is a re t ademp tis.
P abula can escun t : cum frondibus uritur a rbo s
M a te riamque suo p raebet sege s a rida damn o .
P a rva queror. Magn ae p ereun t cum maan ibus urbes
Cumque suis to ta s p opulis in cendia gen tes
In c in erem vertun t . Silvae cum mon tibus a rden t .
Nc c p rosun t Scythim sua frigora : Cauca sus ardet,O ssaque cum Pindo , majorque ambobus OlympusA e riaeque A lpes, et nubifer Ap enn inus.
T un c verb Phaéthon cunctis e p a rtibus orhem
Adsp ic it a ccen sum n ec ta n to s sustin et ae stus :
Fe rven tesque aura s, ve lut e forna ce profunda,O re trahit, currusque suos ca ndescere sen tit.
E t n eque jam c ineres ejecta tamque favillamFe rre p o test : ca lidoque involviturundique fumo .
Q ubque ea t, aut ubi sit, picea ca ligin e tectusNe sc it ; et arbitrio vo lucrum rap ta tur equorum .
S a nguin e tum credun t in corpora summa vocato ,
E thiopum populo s n igrum tra x isse co lo rem .
Tum fa cta est L ibye , rap tis humo ribus aestu,
A r ida tun c Nymphae pa ssis fon tesque la cusqueD eflevére comis. Q uwrit Baaotia D irceu,A rgos Amymon en , Ephyre Piren ida s unda s.
N e c so rtita loco dista n tes flumin a ripa sT uta ma n en t : mediis T a n a 1s fumavit in undis :
E stua t Alpheos : rip a : Sperchei’
des a rden t
Q uodque suo T agus amn e vehit , fluit ign ibus, aurum
E t , quasMaeon ia s celebrfira n t c a rmine rip a s,
F lum in eae vo lucres medio ca luére Caystro .
N i lus in extremum fugit perterritus orhem ,
O c culuitque ca put, quod adhuc la te t . Ostia sep tem
Pulverulen ta vaca n t, sep tem sin e flumin e va lles .
1 41
1 42 LAT IN READER .
D issilit omne solum ; p en etra tque in T a rta ra t imis
Lumen , et infernum terre t cum conjuge Regem .
Et ma re con trahitur : siccaaque est campus a ren a ,
Q uod modh pon tus era t ; quosque a ltum texera t aequor,
Exsistun t mon te s, e t sp a rsa s Cyc lada s augen t.
Ima p etun t pisces : nec se super aequora curvi
T o llere con sueta s auden t de lphin es in aura s :
Corpora phocarum summo resupin a profundoExan ima ta ja cen t : ipsum quoque Nerea fama est, 250
Doridaque , et n a ta s, tep idis la tuisse sub an tt is.
T er Nep tunus aquis cum torvo brachia vultu
Exserere ausus era t : ter n on tulit a éris ae stus.A lma tamen T e llus, ut era t c ircumda ta ponto ,
In ter aqua s pe lagi , con tra ctos undique fon tes,Q ui se condidera n t in opa cas viscera ma tris,
Sustulit omn iferos collo tenus a rida vultusOpp osuitque ma num fron t i magn oque tremore
Omn ia con cutien s p aullfim subsedit ; et infra,
Q uam so let esse , fuit : siccaque ita voce locuta est
Si pla ce t hoc , meruique , quid O tua fulmin a cessa n t,
Summe defim ? Licea t p eriturae viribus ign is,Igne perire tuo ; clademque auctore levare .
V ix equidem fauces hae c ip sa in verba resolvo ,(Pressera t ora vapor,) tostos en adsp ice crines,
Iuque oculis ta n tum , tan tum sup er ora favillae .
Hosn e m ihi fructus, hun c fertilita tis honorem
Oflic iique refers ; qubd adun c i vuln era ara tri ,
R a strorumque fero , totoque exerceor a nn o ?
Q uod pecori fron des, a limen taque m itia , fruges,Huma no generi , vobis qubd thut a m in istro ?
Sed tamen ex itium fac me meruisse quid undae ,
Q uid meruit fra ter ? Cur i lli tradita sorte
q uot a decrescun t, et ah ae there longihs absun t ?
Q ubd si n ec fra tris, nec te mea gra tia ta ngit ;
At caeli miserere tui . Circumsp ice utrumque ;Fuma t uterque po lus : quos si vio laverit ign is,
I44. LAT IN READER.
Praebeban t ; a liquisque ma lo fuit usus in illo .
At Clymen e , po stquam dix it quaecunque fuerunt
In ta n tis dicenda ma lis, lugubris et amens,
Et la n ia ta sinus, to tum p ercen suit orhem
Exan imesque artus p rimb, mox ossa requiren s,Repp erit o ssa tamen peregrine. condita ripa,In cubuitque loco : nomenque in ma rmore lec tum
Perfudit la crymis, et aperto pectore fovit.Nec m inhs H eliades fietus et ( in an ia morti
Mun era ) da n t la cryma s : et cae sa pectora p a lmisNon auditurum misera s Pha e thon ta querelasNocte dieque voca n t : adsternun turque sepulcroLun a qua ter jun ctis imp léra t com ibus orhemIllae more suo ( 11am morem fecera t usus)Pla ngorem dedera n t. E quis Pha éthusa , sororum
Max ima , chm vellet terras p rocumbere , questa est
Deriguisse pedes : ad quam con a ta ven ire
Ca ndida Lamp e tie , subita radice reten ta est .
T ertia , ci1m crin em ma n ibus lan iare p araret,Ave llit frondes. Haec stipite crura ten eri,Illa do le t fieri longos sua bra chia ramos.
Q uid fa c ia t ma ter ? n isi , qub traha t impetus illam,
Huc ea t, atque illuc ? et, dum licet, oscula junga t !Non sa tis est. T run c is ave llere corp ora ten ta t ;
Et ten eros man ibus ramos abrump ere : a t inde
Sanguin eae man an t, tamquam de vulnere , gutta .
Parce , precot , ma ter,”
quaecunque est saucia , clama t : 340
P a rce , p recor : n ostrum la cera tur in arbore corpus.
Jamque va le .
”Cortex in verba novissima ven it.
Inde fluun t la crimae : stilla taque sole rigescun tDe ramis e lectra n ovis : quae luc idus amn is
Exc ip it, et, nuribus mittit gestanda La tinis.
OVID .
2 . The Mon th of Ma rch.
[Fasti, Book III.]
BELL ICE , depositis c lipeo p aulisp er et ha sta,
Ma rs, ades, et n itida s ca sside so lve coma s .
Forsita n ip se roges, quid sit cum Ma rte poete ?A te , qui ca n itur, n omin a men sis habet .
Ip se vide s man ibus p eragi fera be lla Min erva .
Num minfis ingenuis art ibus illa va ca t ?
Pa lladis exemp lo ,p on endze tempora sume
Cuspidis : inven ies et quod in ermis aga s.
The 2732 1” of R omulus.
Ma rtia ter senos pro les adolevera t a n nos,Et subera t flavae jam n ova barba comas.
Omn ibus agricolis a rmen torumque magistris
Iliadaa fra tre s jura p e tita daba n t.
Seepe domum ven iun t p ra edonum sanguin e la ti ,E t redigun t a ctos in sua rura boves.
Ut genus audierun t, a n imos pa ter editus auget,E t pudet in p auc is nomen habere ca sis :
Romuleoque cadit trajectus Amulius ense ,Regn aque longaevo restituun tur avo .
Ma n ia condun tur ; qua quamvis p arva fuerun t,
Non tamen exp ediit tran ssiluisse Remo .
Jam m0 d0 qua fueran t silvas p ecorumque recessus,
Urbs era t, mternae cum pa ter Urbis a itArbiter armorum, de cujus sa nguin e n a tus
Credor, et ut credar, pignora multa dabo ,A te prin c ipium Romano dic imus a nno
P rimus de pa trio nomine men sis erit .”
V ox ra ta fit , p a trioque voca t de n omin e men sem.
D ic itur haac p ieta s gra ta fuisse deo .
IO
1 45
1 46 LAT IN READER .
Et tamen a n te omn es Ma rte rn co luére priores.
Hoc dedera t studiis be llica turba suis.
Ma rs La tio ven era ndus era t , quia p ra esidet a rmis.
Arma ferae gen ti remque decusque daba n t.
Nec totidem veteres, quot nun c , habuére Ka lenda e.Ille minor gemin is men sibus a n nus era t.
Nondum tradidera t victa s vic toribus a rtes
G rasc ia , fa cundum , sed ma le forte genus.
Q ui bene pugn aba t , Roma n am n overa t a rtem
M ittere qui p o tera t pila , disertus era t.Libera curreba n t e t inobserva ta p er an num
Sidera : con staba t sed tamen e sse deo s .
Non i lli cae lo laben tia sign a ten eba n t ,
Sed sua , quae magnum perdere crimen era t.
Illa quidem faeno ; sed era t reveren tia faeno
Q uan tam nun c aquila s cern is habere tua s.
Pertica suspen so s p ortaba t lo nga ma n ip los,
Unde ma n ip la ris nom in a miles habet.Ergo an imi indoc iles et adhuc rat ion e ca ren tes
Men sibus egerun t lustra minora decem .
An nus era t, dec imum cum lun a recep era t orhem.
H ic numerus magno tun e in honore fuit.
The Tea r of Numa .
Primus, o liviferis Romam deductus ah arvis,
Pompilius men ses sen sit abesse duos
S ive hoc a Samio doctus, qui po sse rena sci
No s puta t , Egeria sive mon en te sua.
Sed taman erraba n t etiam tun c tempora , donecCae saris in multis haac quoque cura fuit.
Non haac ille deus ta n taeque p rop agin is auctor
Credidit offic iis esse minora suis,Prom issumque sibi vo luit p raanoscere cae lum,
Nec deus ignota s hosp es in ire domos .
Ille mora s solis, quibus in sua signa rediret,
T raditur exactis disposuisse notis.
1 48 LAT IN READER .
Indolui, p a triamque dedi tibi , Komule , men tem.
’
Po lle preces,’dixi : quod petis arma dabun t.
’
Festa para t Co n so—Con sus tibi cetera dicet,Illo fa cta die dum sua sa cra canes.
In tumuére Cures, et quo s do lor a ttigit idemTum p rimi1m generis in tulit arma socer :
Jamque fe te rap tae ma trum quoque nomen habeba n t,
T ractaque era n t’
longé bella propinqua mora.
Conven iun t nup te dictamJunon is in aedern ,
Q ua s in ter me a sic est n a tus orsa loqui
O pa riter rap tae, quon iam hoc commun e tenemus,Non ultra len té possumus e sse p ie .
Stan t a cies : sed utra di sin t p ro parte rogandi,
Eligite : hin c conjunx , hin c pater arma ten et.
Q uwrendum est, vidua fieri ma limus, a n orba .
Consilium vobis forte p iumque dabo .
’
Con silium dedera t . Pa ren t, crinesque resolvunt,Me staque fun erea corpora veste tegun t .
Jam stetera n t a cies ferro mortique pa ra tec ,Jam lituus pugnae sign a da turus era t
Cum rap tae ven iun t in ter p a tresque virosque ,Inque sinun a tos, pign ora ca ra , tenen t.
Ut medium campi sc issis te tigére cap illis,
In terram po sito procubuére genuEt quasi sen tiren t, blando c lamore n epotesT endeban t ad avos bra cchia parva suo s.
Q ui po tera t , clamaba t avum, tunc den ique visum ;
E t qui vix p otera t, po sse coactus era t .
T ela viris a n imique cadun t ; gladiisque remotis
Dan t soceri generis a cc ip iun tque ma nus,Lauda ta sque ten ent n ata s, scutoque n ep otem
Fert avus : hic scuti dulc ior usus era t .
Inde diem, quas prima , mea s celebra t e Ka lendae(Rha lie mau'
es non leve munus habent.”
OVID . 1 49
Faunus a n d Ficus.
Q p is mihi nunc dicet, qua re caelestia Martis
Arma feran t Sa lii , Mamuriumque can a n t ?
Nympha , mone nemori stagnoque opera te. Dianae ,Nympha , Numa conjunx , ad tua fa cta ven i .
Va llis Aric in ae Silva p raec in ctus op a caE st la cus, a n tiqua relligione sa cer.
Hic la tet H ippo lytus furi is direp tus equorum ;
Unde nemus nullis illud aditur equis.
Lic ia dependen t, longa s ve lan tia saep es,
Et posita est merita multa tabe lla deae .
Saep e p oten s voti , fron tem redimita coron is,
Fem in a lucen tes porta t ah Urbe fa ces.
Regn a tenen t forte s ma n ibus, p edibusque fugaces,Et perit exemplo p o stmodo quisque suo .
Defiuit in certo lap idosus murmure rivus :
Saap e , sed ex iguis haustibus inde bibi .
Egeria est, quze p rzebet aqua s, dea gra ta Camenis.
Illa Numze conjunx con siliumque fuit.
Princ ipio n imihm p romp tos ad bella Q uiritisMo lliri p la cuit jure defimque metu
Inde da te leges, n e firmior omn ia posset ;Cmp taque sun t pure tradita sacra coli .
Exuitur ferita s arm isque p oten tius aequum est,
Et cum c ive pudet con seruisse manus.
Atque a liquis, m0 d0 trux , visa jam vertitur ara,Vin aque da t tep idis sa lsaque fa rra foc is.
E cce dehm gen itor rutila s p er nubila flamma sSp a rgit, et efi
'
usis aethera sicca t aquis.
Non a lias missi cec idére frequen tihs ignes.
Rex p avet, et volgi pectora terror habet.Cui dea Ne n imiiun terrere ! p iabile fulmenEst
”a it e t szevi flectitur ira Jovis.
Sed poterun t ritum P icus Faunusque p ia ndi
T radere , Roma n i numen utrumque soli .
1 50 LAT IN READER .
Nec sin e vi tradent : adhibeto vin cula cap tis
Atque ita , qua p ossin t, erudit, arte capi .Lucus Aven tino subera t n iger ilic is umbra,
Q uo po sses viso dicere Numen z’
n est l
In medio gramen , muscoque adop erta viren ti
Man aha t sa xo ven a peren n is aquae .
Inde feré so li Faunus P icusque bibeba n t.
Huc ven it, e t fon ti rex Numa ma cta t ovem
Plen aque odora ti disp on it p ocula Ba cchi ,
Cumque suis an tro conditus ipse la te t.Ad so litos ven iun t silve stria numin a fon tes,Et re leva n t multo pectora sicca mero .
V in a quies sequitur : ge lido Numa p rodit ah an tro ,
Vin c laque sopita s addit in a rcta ma nus.
Somnus ut abscessit , pugn ando vincula temp ta n t
Rump ere : pugn a n tes fortihs illa ten en t .
Tunc Numa Di nemorum , fa ctis ign osc ite nostris,
Si scelus ingen io sc itis abesse meo ,
Q uoque modo possit fulmen , monstra te , piari .S ic Numa . Sic qua tien s cornua Faunus a it
Magn a petis, n ec quaa mon itutibi discere nostro
Fa s sit : haben t fines numin a n ostra suos.
Di sumus agrestes, e t qui dominemur in a ltisMon tibus : arbitrium est in sua tela Jovi.
Hun e tun on p o teris p er te deducet e caelo
At poteris nostra forsita n usus op e .
”
Dixera t ha ec Faunus ; p a r est sen ten tia Pici.
Deme tamen nobis vin cula ,”P icus a it
“Jupp iter huc ven iet, va lida p erduc tus ab arte .
Nubila p romissi Styx m ihi testis crit .”
Emissi laque is quid aga n t, quae carmin a dica nt,
Q uaque traba n t superis sedibus a rte Jovem,
Sc ire n efa s bomin i . Nobis concessa ca n en tur,
Q uaeque p io dic i va tis ah ore licet.Elic iun t cae lo te ,Jupp iter : unde minoresNun c quoque te celebran t, E liciumque vocan t.
1 52 LAT IN READER.
Con stitit, a tque caput n iveo ve la tus amictu
Jam bene dis nota s sustulit ille ma nus ;Atque ita , T empus adest p rom issi mun eris, inquit :
Po llic itam dictis,Jupp iter, adde fidem .
”
Dum loquitur, totum jam so l emovera t orbem ,
E t gravis aathereo ven it ah axe fragor.
T er tonuit sine nube deus, tria fulgura misit.Credite dicenti : mira , sed a cta , loquor.
A media caelum region e dehiscere ccep it :
Submisére oculos cum duce turba suo .
Ecce levi scutum versa tum len iter aura
Dec idit : a populo clamor ad a stra ven it.
T ollit humo munus cae sa p rihs ille juven ca,Q ue dedera t nulli colla p remenda jugo ,
Atque a nc ile voca t, qubd ab omn i pa rte rec isum est ;
Q 1£1que notes oculis, a ngulus omn is abest .
Turn , memor imperii sortem con sistere in illo ,Consilium multae ca llidita tis in it .
Plura jubet fieri simi li cae la ta figura,Error ut an te oculo s in sidia n tis ea t.
Mamurius, morum fabraan e exa c tior artis,
D ifii c ile est, illud, dicere , c lausit opus.
Cui Numa mun ificus Fa cti pete p rwmia dixit
S i mea nota fides, irrita nulla petes.
”
Jam dedera t Sa liis a sa ltunom in a dicta ,
Armaque et ad certos verba c auenda modos.
Tum sic Mamurius Merces m ihi gloria detur,Nom in aque extremo ca rm in e nostra sonent.
”
Inde sa cerdotes operi p romissa vetusto
Praemia p erso lvun t, Mamuriumque vocan t.
°
The I nf a n t yupi ter .
Un a nota est Ma rti Non is, sa cra ta qu0d illisT empla putan t luco s Vejovis a n te duos.
Romulus ut saxo la cum c ircumdedit a lto ,Q uilibet huc inquit confuge , tutus eris.
OVID .
O quam de tenui Roma nus origin e crevit
Turba vetus quam non invidio sa fuit !
Ne tamen ign a ro novita s tibi n omin is obstet,
D isce , quis iste deus, curve vocetur ita .
Jup p iter est juven is, —juven a 1is a sp ice vo ltusAsp ice de inde , ma nufulm in a nulla tene t.
Fulm in a po st ausos caelum adfec ta re giga n ta s
Sump ta Jovi : primo tempore in ermis era t.Ign ibus Ossa n ovis et Pelion a ltius Ossa
Arsit, et in so lida’
i fixus Olympus humo .
Sta t quoque c ap ra simul nymphae pavisse ferun turCretides ; infan ti la c dedit illa Jovi .
Nun c vocor ad nomen : veg ra n dz’
a fa rra co lon ae
Q uas ma le creverun t, vesca que pa rva voca n t.
V is ea si verbi est, cur n on ego Vejovis aedem
[ Edam non magn i susp icer esse Jovis ?
B a cchus a nd A r i a dn e .
Jamque , ubi cae ruleum va riabun t sidera caelum,
Susp ice G orgon e i colla videbis equi .
Creditur hic cassas gravide’
i cervice Medusae
Sa nguin e resp ersis p rosiluisse jubis.
Huic supra nubes et subter sidera lapsoCae lum p ro te t ra, p ro pede pin n a fuit.
Jamque indign a n ti n ova fren a recep era t ore ,
Cfim levis Aon ia s ungula fodit aqua s.
Nun c fruitur caelo , quod p inn is an te p e teba t,E t n itidus stellis quinque decemque mica t.
Pro tinus a sp ic ies ven ien ti no cte Co t on am
G n osida T heseo crim in e fa cta dea est.
Jam ben e perjuro mutara t conjuge Ba cchum ,
Q uae dedit ingra to fila legenda Viro .
Sorte tori gauden s Q uid flebam rustica ?”dixit
Utiliter nobis perfidus ille fuit .”
Interea Liber dep exo s crin ibus Indo s
Vicit, ct coo dives ah orbe redit.
1 54 LAT IN READER .
In ter captivas fac ie pre stan te puella sG ra ta n imis Ba ccho filia regis era t .
Fleba t ama n s conjunx , sp a tia taque litore curvo
Edidit in cultis ta lia verba comis
En iterum , fluctus, similes audite querella s !Euiterum lacrima s a cc ip e , a ren a , mea s !
Dicebam , memin i , perj ure ez‘p erfide Theseul
Ille abiit ; eadem crim in a Ba cchus habet .
Nun c quoque nulla m'
ro c lamabof emz’
n a creda t l
Nomin e muta to causa re la ta mea est
O utin am mea sors , qua p rimhm cmp era t, isset,
Jamque ego prae sen ti temp ore nulla forem !
Q uid me desertis p erituram , L iber, a ren is
Servabas? potn i dedo luisse seme l.Ba cche levis, leviorque tuis, quas tempora cingun t,Frondibus, in la crima s cogn ite Ba cche mea s,
Heuubi pa cta fides ? ubi , quae jurare so leba s ?
Me m iseram , quo tien s ha c ego verba loqua t ?
T hesea culpaba s, fa lla cemque ip se vocaba sJudic io p ecca s turp iii s ipse tuo .
Ne se ia t hoc quisquam, ta c itisque do loribus urar,Ne totien s fa lli dign a fuisse puter.
Illa ego sum , cui tuso litus p rom ittere ce lum.
E i mihi , p ro cwlo qua lia don a fero
Dixera t : audiba t jamdudum verba queren tis
L iber, ut a tergo forte secutus era t.
Occup a t amp lexu, la crima sque p er o scula sicca t,
Et Pariter cae li summa p e tamus a it .
Tum ihi jun cta toro mihi jun cta vocabula sumes
Nam tibi muta tze L ibera nomen erit.
S in tque tuae tecum fa c iam monumen ta coron ae ,
Vo lcanus Veneri quam dedit, illa tibi .”
Dicta fa cit, gemma sque n ovem tra nsforma t in ignes.
Aurea per stellas nunc micat illa novem.
1 56 LAT IN READER .
T ertia nuda nda s a ccepera t a rea messes,
Inque cavo s iera n t tertia musta la cus
Pe llitur An n a domo , la crima n sque sororia linquit
M(Bn ia ; germa n e justa da t a n te suas.
Mixta bibun t mo lles la crim is unguen ta favillas,Vertice liba ta s a cc ip iun tque coma s .
T erque Va le ! dix it, c in eres ter ad ora rela tosPressit, et est illis visa subesse soror.
Na nc ta ra tem comitesque fugae , p ede labitur aequo ,
Ma an ia re 3p ic ien s, dulce sororis opus.
Fertilis est Me lite sterili Vic in a CosyraeInsula , quam L ibyc i verbera t unda freti .
H a n c p e tit , ho sp itio regis confisa vetusto
H 0 $p es opum dives rex ibi Ba ttus era t .
Q ui p ostquam didic it ca sus utriusque sororis,
Haec inquit tellus qua n tula cumque tua est.
Et tamen hosp itii servz’
isset ad ultima munus l
Sed timn it magn a s Pygm a lion is op es.
S ign a rece n suera t bis so l sua : tertius iha t
An nus, et ex ilio terra pa ra nda n ova e st.
Fra ter adest be lloque petit. Rex a rma p ero sus
No s sumus imbe lles, tufuge so sp es 1”a it .
Jussa fugit, ven toque ra tem comm ittit et undis.
Asp erior quovis aequore fra ter era t.
Est p rope p iscoso s lap ido si Cra thidis amn es
Pa rvus ager : Cameren in co la turba vo ca t.
Illuc cursus era t , n ec long1us afuit inde ,
Q uam qua n tum n ovies m ittere funda po test.Vela ca dun t prim0, e t dubia libra n tur ah aura
Findite rem igio mavita dix it aqua s
Dumque p a ra n t torto subducere ca rba sa lin o ,
Percutitur rapido pupp is adun ca No to ,
Iuque p a ten s aequor, frustra pugn a n te magistro,
Fertur, e t ex o culis visa refugit humus.
Adsiliun t fluctus, imoque a gurgite po n tusVe rtitur, e t ca n a s a lveus haurit aqua s.
OVID
Vinc itur a rs ven to : n ec jam modera tor haben is
Utitur, aut vo tis his quoque p o sc it 0 p em .
Jacta tur tumida s exsul Phe n issa p er unda s,
Humidaque opp osita lumin a veste tegit.
Tun c p rim ii rn D ido felix est dicta sorori ,
Et quaecumque a liquam co rpore p ressit humum. 41 0
Figitur ad Lauren s ingenti flamin e litusPupp is, et exp o sitis omn ibus hausta perit .
Jam pius E n ea s regno n a tfique La tin i
Auctus era t, populo s m iscuera tque duos.
Litore do ta li so lo comita tus Acha te
Secretum nudo dum pede ca rp it iter,
Asp ic it erra n tem , n ec credere sustin et Ann am
Esse —Q uid in La tios illa ven iret agros ?
Dum secum zEn e a s, An n a est exclama t Acha tes
Ad nomen vo ltus sustulit illa suos.
Q wfugia t ? quid aga t ? quo s terras quasra t hia tus ?
An te oculos miseraa fa ta sororis era n t.
Sen sit, et adloquitur trepidam Cytherei'
us heros ;
Flet tamen admon itumotus, E lissa , tui .
An n a , p er ha nc juro , quam quondam audire soleba s
T ellurem fa to p rosp eriore dari ,
Perque deos com ites, ha c nup er sede loca tos,
Seepe mea s illos in crepuisse mora s.
Ncc timui de morte tamen : me tus afuit iste .
E i m ihi credibili fortior illa fuit.Ne refer : a sp ex i n on illo pectore dign aVo ln era , T a rta rea s ausus adire domos.
A t tu, seura tio te nostris ap pulit oris,S ive deus, regn i commoda carpe me i
Multa tibi memores, n il n on debemus Elissae
Nom in e gra ta tuo , gra ta sororis, eris.
”
T a lia dicen ti n eque en im sp es a ltera resta t
Credidit , errores exp osuitque suo s.
t ue domum intravit Tyrio s induta p a ra tus,In c ipit E n ea s ce te ra turba sile t
1 58 LAT IN READER.
Ha nc tibi cur tradam, p ia causa , Lavin ia conjunx ,Est mihi : con sump si n aufragus hujus opes.
Orta Tyro est, regnum Libyca po ssedit in 0 15.
Q uam preco t ut caras more sororis ames.
”
Omn ia p romittit, fa lsumque Lavin ia vo lnus
Men te premit ta cita, dissimula tque fremens.
Don aque cum videa t praeter sua lum in a ferriMulta pa lam , mitti c lam quoque multa putat.
Non habet exa c tum , quid aga t : furia liter odit ,
E t pa ra t in sidia s, et cupit ulta mori .
Nox era t : a n te torum visa est adsta re sororis
Squa len ti Dido sa nguino len ta coma
Et Fuge , n e dubita , mae stum , fuge dicere tectum.
Sub verbum querula s impulit aura fore s.
Exsilit, et velox humili super arva fen estra
Se ja c it : auda cem fecera t ipse timor.
Q uaque meturap itur, tun ica vela ta rec in ctfi
Gurrit, ut auditis territa damma lupis.
Corn iger ha n c cup idis rapuisse Num icius undis
Creditur, et stagn is occuluisse suis .
Sidon is in te rea magn o clamore p er agros
Q ueeritur : appa ren t sign a no tasque pedum.
Ven tum era t ad rip a s : ineran t vestigia t ipisSustinuit ta c ita s con sc ius ama is aqua s
Ipsa loqui visa est P la cidi sum nympha NumiciAmn e peren n e la ten s An n a Peren n a vocor.
”
Murder oj’
Cwsa r .
Praeteriturus eram gladios in prin c ipe fixes,Cfim sic a ca stis Vesta lo cuta foc is
Ne dubita memin isse meus fuit ille sa cerdos
Sa crilegaa telis me p etiére manus.
Ipsa virum rapa i , simula craque nuda re liqui
Q uae cec idit ferro , Caesaris umbra fuit .”
Ille quidem ca lo positus Jovis a tria vidit,Et tenet in magno temp la dica ta foro .
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Ut sa tyri levisque sen ex tetigére saporem,
Q ue reba n t fiavos p er n emus omn e favos.
Audit in exesa stridorem examin is ulmo ,Adsp ic it e t cera s dissimula tque senex
t ue piger pa ndi tergo resideba t a selli,App lica t hun c ulmo cortic ibusque cavis.
Con stitit ipse super ramo so stip ite n ixus,
Atque avide trun co condita mella petit.M ilia crabronum coéun t, e t vertice nudo
Spicula defig un t, oraque sima notant.
Ille cadit p raecep s, e t c a lce feritur aselli ,In clama tque suos, aux iliumque roga t.
Con currun t sa tyri , turgen tiaque ora p aren tis
Ri den t : p ercusso c laudica t ille genu.
Ri det e t ipse deus, limumque in ducere mon stra t.H ic paret mon itis, et lin it ora luto .
Melle pa ter fruitur ; liboque infusa ca len ti
Jure repertori candida mella damus.
R i tes of'
M n erva .
Un a dies media est, e t fiunt sa cra M inervae ,Nomin a quas jun ctis quinque diebus habent.
Sa nguine prima va ca t, n ec fa s con currere ferro
Causa , quod estma n a ta M in erva die .
Altera tresque super ra sa ce lebra n tur a rena
En sibus exsertis bellica lasta dea est.
P a llada nunc puet i ten eraeque ora te puellae
Q ui ben e p la carit Pa llada , doctus et it.P a llade pla c a te. la n am mollire puella
D iscan t, et plen a s exonera t e colos.
Illa e tiam sta n tes radio p ercurrere tela sErudit, et rarum pectin e den set opus.
H a n c co le , qui la sis ma cula s de vestibus aufersH an c cole , ve lleribus quisquis a e n a pa ra s.
Nec quisquam invita fa c ie t bene vin cula pla n taePa llade , sit Tychio doctior ille licet.
OVID.
Et licet a n tiquo man ibus co lla tus Ep eo
Sit prior, ira ta Pa llade ma ncus crit.
Vos quoque , Phe bea morbos qui p ellitis arte ,Mun era de vestris pauca referte deae .
Nec vo s, turba feré cen sufrauda ta , magistri ,
Sp ern ite : disc ipulos a ttrahit illa novos.
Q uique moves cae lum , tabulamque co loribus uris,
Q uique fac is docta mo llia saxa ma nu.
Mille dea e st operum : certé dea ca rmin is illa e st
Si mereor, studiis adsit amica me is.
Cae lius ex a lto qua mon s descendit in aequum ,
H ic ubi no n pla n a est, sed prope pla n a via ,Parva licet videa s Capta de lubra M in ervas,
Q uae dea n a ta li cmp it habere suo .
Nomin is in dubio causa est . Cap ita le vocamusIngen ium so llers : ingen io sa dea est.
An quia de capitis fertur sine ma tre pa tem iVertice cum c lipeo p rosiluisse suo ?
An quia perdomitis ad nos c aptiva Fa liscisVen it ? et ho c ip sum littera prisca docet.
An qubd habet legem , cap itis quae pendere pe na s
Ex illo jubea t furta reperta loco ?A quacumque trahis ra tion e voc abula , Pa lla s,Pro ducibus nostris aegida semper habe !
The Golden F leece .
Summa dies e quinque tuba s lustrare can oras
Admonet, et forti sa crifica re dea .
Nun c potes ad so lem subla to dicere vo ltu,H ic here Phrixea—zvellera p ressit ovis.
Sem in ibus to stis sce lera ta fraude novercae ,
Sustulera t nulla s, ut so le t, herba coma s.
Mittitur ad trip oda s, certa qui sorte rep orte t,
Q uam sterili terras De lphicus eda t 0 p em .
H ic quoque , corrup tus cum sem in e , nun tia t HellesEt juven is Phrix i funera sorte p eti .
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t ue recusan tem cives et tempus et InoCompulerun t regem jussa n efa nda pa ti ,
Et 80 1 0 1 e t Phrixus, ve la ti tempora vittis,Stant simul an te ara s, jun ctaque fa ta gemunt.
Asp ic it hos, ut forté pependera t e the t e , ma ter,
Et fet it a tton ita p ec tora nuda manu
Iuque dra con igen am n imbis comitan tibus a rhem
Desilit, et n a tos erip it inde suos.
t ue fugam cap ian t, aries n itidissimus auro
T raditur ille vehit p er freta longa duos.
Dicitur infirma cornutenuisse sin istra
Femin a , ci1m de se n omin a fecit aqua .
Paene simul p eriit, dum volt succurrere lapsa ,
Frater, et exten ta s porrigit usque ma nus.
Fleba t, ut amissfigemin i consorte perieli ,Caeruleo jun ctam n esc ius esse deo .
Litoribus ta ctis aries fit sidus : a t hujusPerven it in Co lcha s aurea la na domos.
T res ubi Luc iferos ven ien s p raemiserit Eos,T empora nocturn is a qua diurn a feres.
Inde qua ter p a stor saturos ubi clauserit haedos,Ca nuerin t herbw rore recen te qua ter,
Janus adora ndus, cumque hoc Con cordia mitisEt Roman a Sa lus, a raque Pa c is erit.
Luna regit men ses : hujus quoque tempora mensisFin it Aventino Luna colenda jugo.
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E t p rocul : 0 gemitun on frustra exterrita ta nto ,
Cyren e soror, ipse tibi , tua max ima cura ,
T ristis Aristaeus Pene i gen itoris ad undam
Sta t la crima ns, et te crude lem n om in e dicit .
Huic p ercussa nova men tem form idin e ma ter,
Duc , age , duc ad nos ; fa s illi lim ina divfimT a ngere ,
”a it. Simul a lta jubet d iscedere la te
Flumina , qua juven is gressus inferret : a t illum
Curva ta in mon tis fa c iem c ircumstetit unda
Accep itque sinuva sto misitque sub amuem .
Postquam est in tha lam i p enden tia pumice tectaPerven tum , et n a ti fletus cognovit in a nes
Cyrene , ma n ibus liquido s dan t ordine fon tes
Germa na , ton sisque ferun t man te lia villis ;
Pa rs epulis on era n t men sa s, et plen a repo nun t
Foca la ; Pan chae is ado lescun t ign ibus a rse ;
Et ma ter, Cape Maeon ii carchesia Ba cchi
Ocea n o libemus,”a it . S imul ipsa preca ta r
Ocea numque p a trem rexum , Nympha sque so rores,
Cen tum quas silva s, cen tum quas fiumin a serva nt .
T e t liquido a rden tem perfudit n ectare Vestam,
T er flamma ad summum tec ti subjecta re lux it .
Omine quo firma n s a n imam , sic in c ipit ipsaEst in Ca rp a thio Nep tun i gurgite va tes
Caeruleus Proteus, magnum qui p iscibus wquor
Et ja noto bip edum currumetitur equorum .
H ic nunc Ema thiae portus p a triamque revisit
Pa llen en : hunc et Nympha ven eramur, et ipseG ra ndaevus Nereus ; n ovit n amque omn ia va tes,
Q uae sin t, quae fuerin t, quae mox ven tura trahan tur
Q uipp e ita Nep tuno visum est, imman ia cujusArmen ta et turp es p a sc it sub gurgite phoca s.
Hic tibi , n a te , p ri1‘1s vin clis cap iendus, ut omn em
Exp edia t morbi caussam , even tusque secundet .
Nam sine vi non ulla dabit p rze cep ta , n eque illumOrando fiectes : vim duram et vincula capto
VIRG IL .
T ende ; doli circum haec demum frangen tur in a n es.
Ip sa ego te , medios cum so l a ccenderit aestus,Cum sitiun t herbae , et pecori jam gra tio t umbra ,
est ,
In secre ta sen is ducam , qu0 fessus ab undis
Se re c ip it, fa c ileut somno aggredia re ja c en tem .
Verhm ubi correp tum ma n ibus vinc lisque ten ebis,
Tum va rize e luden t spec ies a tque ora fera rum .
Fiet en im subitb sus horridus, a traque t igris,
Squamo susque dra co , e t fulva cervice leaen a ;
Aut a crem flammae so n itum dahit, a tque ita vin clis
Exc idet, aut in aqua s tenue s dilap sus abibit.
Sed qua n to ille magis fo rma s se verte t in omn es,
T a n to , n a te , magis con tende ten a c ia vin c la ,
Don e c ta l is erit muta to corp ore , qua lem
V ideris, in cep to tegere t chm lum in a somno .
Hae c a it , e t liquidum ambrosiac difi'
undit odorem,
Q uo to tum n a ti corpus p e rdux it ; a t illi
Dulc is comp ositis sp iravit crin ibus aura ,
Atque habilis membris ven it vigor.
E st sp ecus ingen s
Exe si la tere in mon tis, qub p lurima ven to
Cogitur, inque sinus sc indit sese unda reduc tos,Dep ren sis o lim sta tio tutissima n a n tis ;
In tus se va sti Pro teus tegit obice saxi.
H ic juven em in la tebris aversum a lumin e NymphaCo lloca t ; ip sa p roen l n ebulis obscura re sistit .
Jam rap idus torren s sitien te s Sirius Indos
Ardeba t cae lo , et medium sol ign eus orhem
H ausera t ; a reba n t herbae , e t cava flum in a sicc is
Fauc ibus ad limum radii tep efa cta coqueba n t
Cum Proteus con sueta p eten s e fluctibus a n tra
Iha t ; cum va sti c ircum gen s hum ida pon tiExsulta n s t orem la te disp ergit amarum .
Sternun t se somno diversas in lito re pho cae
Ip se , ve lut stabuli custo s in mo n tibus o lim ,
Vesp er ubi e pa stuvitulo s ad tec ta reduc it,
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Auditi sque lupos a cuun t ba la tibus agn i,
Con sidit scopulo medius, numerumque recenset.
Cujus Aristaeo quon iam est obla ta faculta s,V ix defessa sen em pa ssus compon ere membra ,
Cum clamore ruit magno , man ic isque ja cen tem
Oc cup a t. Ille suze co n tra n on immemor artis
Omn ia tran sforma t sese in mira cula rerum ,
Ign emque , horribilemque feram , fiuviumque liquen tem.
Verhm ubi nulla fugam rep erit fa lla c ia , victusIn sese redit, a tque homin is ta ndem ore locutus
Nam quis te , juvenum confiden tissime , n ostra s
Jussit adire domos ? quidve hinc petis ? inquit. A t illeSc is, Pro teu, sc is ipse ; n eque est te fa llere quicquam
Sed tudesine velle . Defim p rae cep ta secuti
Ven imus, hin c la ssis quaesitum ora cula rebus.
T a n tum efi'
a tus. Ad haec va tes vi den ique multaArden tes oculos in torsit lumin e glauco ,E t graviter frenden s sic fa tis ora resolvit
Non te nullius exercen t num in is iras .
Magn a luis comm issa : tibi ha s m iserabilis Orp heus 1 15Haudquaquam ob meritum puma s, n i Fa ta resista n t ,
Susc ita t, e t rapta graviter p 1 0 conjuge saevit.
Illa quidem , dum te fugere t p er fium in a p rzecep s,Imman em an te pedes hydrum moritura pue lla
Serva n tem ripa s a ltfinon Vidit in herba.
At chorus aequa lis Dryadum clamore supremos
Imp lérun t mon tes ; flérun t Rhodop ei’
ae a rces,
Altaque Pangaea , et Rhesi Mavortia te llus,Atque G eta , a tque Hebra s, et Acti a s Orithyia .
Ip se , cava solan s aegrum testudin e amorem,
T e , dulc is conjux , te so lo in litore secum,
T e ven ien te die , te deceden te ca neba t.
T aen aria s etiam fauces, a lta ostia D itis,E t ca ligan tem n igra formidine lucum
Ingressus, Ma n esque adiit, Regemque tremendum ,
N esciaque human is p rec ibus man suescere corda .
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Septem illum totos p erhiben t ex ordine menses
Rupe sub a éria deserti ad Strymon isundam
Flevisse , et gelidis haec evolvisse sub antt is,
Mulcen tem tigres et agen tem ca rmine quercus ;
Q ua lis populea maerens Philomela sub umbra
Amissos queritur fetus, quos durus a ra tor
Observa ns n ido implumes detrax it ; a t illa
Flet noctem, ramoque seden s miserabile carmen
In tegra t, et ma stis la te loca questibus imp let.Nulla Venus, non ulli a n imum flexére hymenae i
So lus Hyp erborea s gla c ies T a na imque n iva lem
Arvaque Rhip aeis numquam vidua ta p ruin is
Lustraba t, raptam Eurydicen a tque irrita B itis
Don a querens ; spreta Ciconum quo mun ere ma tres
In ter sa cra defim nocturn ique orgia Ba cchi
D iscerp tum la tos juven em sp a rsére per agros.
Tum quoque marmorea caput a cervice revulsum
Gurgite c i1m medio p orta n s ( Eagrius Hebrus
Vo lveret, E urydz’
cen ! vox ipsa et frigida lingua ,Ah mz
’
semm E urydz'
een ! a n ima fugien te vocaba t ;E urydz
’
cen l toto refereba n t fiumine ripa .
”
H aec Proteus : et se ja c tudedit wquor in a ltum ,
Q uéque dedit, spuma n tem undam sub vertice torsit.
At non Cyrene ; n amque n ltro adfa ta timen tem :
Na te , licet tristes a n imo deponet e cura s :
Haec omn is morbi caussa ; hin c miserabile Nympha ,
Cum quibus illa choros luc is agitaba t in a ltis,Ex itium misére ap ibus. Tumunera supp lex
T ende , pa tens pa cem , et fac iles venerare Napaeas ;Namque dabunt ven iam votis, ira sque remittent.
Sed, modus orandi qui sit, p ri1‘1 s ordine dicam.
Q ua ttuor eximios p reesta n ti corpore tauros,Q ui tibi nun c viridis dep a scun t summa Lyca i,Delige , et in tacta to tidem cervice juvencas.
Q ua ttuor his ara s a lta ad delubra dearumCo n stitue , et sa crum jugulis demitte cruorem,
VIRG IL .
Corporaque ip sa boum frondoso deset e luco .
Post, ubi nona suos Aurora ostenderit ortus,Inferia s Orphe i Letha a p ap avera mittes,Et n igram ma ctabis ovem, lucumque revises ;
Pla ca tam Eurydicen vitula ven erabere ca sh.
”
Haud mora : con tinub ma tris p rmcep ta facessit
Ad delubra ven it ; mon stra tas exc ita t ara s ;
Q ua ttuor eximios p raestan ti corpore taurosDuc it, et in ta c ta totidem cervice juven ca s.
Post, ubi nona suos Aurora induxera t ortus,Inferias Orphe i mittit, lucumque revisit.
Hic verb subitum a c dictumirabile monstrum
Asp ic iun t, liquefa cta boum per viscera toto
Stridere apes tle et raptis eHew ere costi s,
Immen sa sque trahi nubes, jamque arbore summa
Confluere et len tis avam demittere ramis.
M T ITYRE , tup a tulae recuba n s sub tegmine fag-i
Silvestrem tenui Musam meditaris avena ;
Nos pa tria fines et dulc ia linquimus a rvaNos p a triam fugimus ; tuT ityre , len ta s in umbra,Formosam resona t e doces Ama ryllida silva s.T . O Me libce e , deus nobis hae c o tia fec it
Namque erit ille mihi semper deus ; illius aramSaep e ten er nostris ah ovilibus imbuet agnus.
Ille mea s erra re boves, ut cern is, et ipsumLudere , quae vellem, ca lamo p ermisit agresti .M Non equidem invideo ; mit or magis : undique
Usque adeo turbatur agris. En , ipse capella sPro tinus aeger ago ; ha n c eti am vix , T ityre , duco .
Hie in ter den sa s corylos mod0 n amque gemellos,
Sp em gregis, ah ! silice in nuda conn ixa reliquit.
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Saspe ma lum hocnobis, si men s non laeva fuisset,De ca lo ta cta s memin i p raedicere quercus ;
Seepe sin istra cava p rmdix it ah ilice corn ix .
Sed tamen , iste deus qui sit , da , T ityre , nobis.
T . Urbem, quam dicun t Romam , Melibaae , putavi
Stultus ego huic no stra: similem , qub sa pe so lemus
Pa stores ovium teneros dep ellere fetus.
Sic ca n ibus ca tulos sim iles, sic ma tribus haados
Nbram , sic parvis componere magna solebam .
Verhm hae c tan tum a lia s in ter caput extulit urbes,
Q uan tum lenta solen t in ter viburna cupressi .
M E t quaa tan ta fuit Romam tibi caussa videndi
T . L iberta s ; qua sera , tawen resp exit inertem ,
Candidior postquam tonden ti barba cadeba t ;
Resp exit tamen , et longo post tempore ven it,Postquam nos Amarylli s h abet, G a la tea reliquit .
Namque , fa tebor en im , dum me G a latea teneba t,Nec spes liberta tis era t, n ec cura peculi.
Q uamvis multa me is ex iret victima saep tis,P inguis et ingra ta p remeretur ca seus urbi ,Non umquam gravis a re domum mihi dextra redibat .
M Mirabar, Quid maesta deos, Amarylli, voca r'
es,
Cui pendere sufl p a tereris in arbore poma
T ityrus hinc abera t. Ip sae te , T ityre , pinus,Ipsi te fon tes, ipsa haec a rbusta vocaban t.
T . Q uid facerem ? n eque servitio me exit e liceba t,
Nec tam praesen tes a libi cognoscere divos.
H ic illum vidi juvenem , Melibwe , quota nn isBis senos cui nostra dies a ltaria fuma n t.
H ic m ihi respon sum primus dedit ille peten tiFa sc ite , ut a n te , boves, puet i ; submittite tauros.
”
M - Fortun a te senex , ergo tua rura manebun t,Et tibi magna satis, quamvis lapis omn ia nudus
L imosoque pa lus obduca t pa scua jun co !Non in sueta graves temp tabun t p abula feta s,Néc ma la vicin i pecoris con tagia lmdent.
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3. Pollio.
[Ed ogue , 1V.]
SICELIDES Muse , paullo majora canamus !
Non omn es a rbusta juvan t, humilesque myricae ;
S i can imus silvas , silvas sin t Con sule dign a .
Ultima Cumae i ven it jam carmin is e ta s ;
Magnus ah in tegro saeclorum n asc itur ordo .
Jam redit et V irgo , redeun t Sa turn ia regn a ;
Jam n ova progen ies cae lo demittitur a lto .
Tumodo n a scen ti puero , quo ferrea p rim1‘1m
Desinet, a c to to surget gen s aurea mundo ,
Ca sta fave Luc ina : tuus jam regn at Apollo .
T eque adeb decus hoc aevi , te Con sule , in ibit,
Pollio ! et in c ipien t magn i procedere men ses :
T e duce , si qua ma n en t sceleris vestigia nostri ,
Irrita p erpe tua so lven t formidin e terra s.
Ille defim vitam a cc ip ie t divosque videbit
Permixtos hero a s et ip se videbitur illis,Pa ca tumque reget p a triis virtutibus orhem .
At tibi prima, puer, nullo munuscula cultu
Erran tes hedera s pa ssim cum ba ccha re T ellus,M ixtaque riden ti coloc a sia fundet a ca n tho .
Ip sae la cte domum referen t disten ta cap ellee
Ubera , n ec magn os metuen t a rmen ta leones.
Ip sa tibi bla ndos funden t cunabula flores.
Occ ide t et serp en s, et fa llax herba ven en iOcc idet ; Assyrium vulgb n a sce tur amomum .
A t simul be t oum laudes et fa cta p aren tis
Jam legere , et quas sit poteris cogn o scere virtus,Molli p aulla tim flavescet campus arista,In cultisque ruben s p endebit sen tibus uva ,Et durae quercus sudabun t rosc ida mella .
Pauca tamen suberunt p riscae vestigia fraudis,
Quae temp ta re Thetim fa tiha s, quas c ingere murisOppida , quae jubean t telluri infindere sulcos.
Alter crit tum T iphys, et a ltera qua veha t Argo
Delec tos heroa s ; crun t eti am a ltera bella ,Atque iterum ad T rojam magnus m ittetur Achilles.H in e , ubi jam firma ta virum te fecerit aetas,
Cedet et ipse ma ri vector, nec n autica pinusMutabit merces : omn is feret omn ia tellus.
Non ra stros p a tietur humus, non vin ea fa lcem ;
Robustus quoque jam tauris juga so lvet ara tor ;
Nec varios discet men tiri lana coloresIp se sed in pra ti s a ries jam suave rubenti
Murice , jam croceo mutabit vellera luto ;Spon te sua sandyx p a scen tes vestiet agno s.Ta li a swcla , suis dixerun t, currz
’
te l fusis
Con cordes stabili fa torum numin e Parcae .
Aggredere O magnos— aderit jam tempus—honores,
Cara defim subo les, magnum Jovis incrementum l
Adsp ice convexo nuta n tem pondere mundum ,
T erra sque tra ctusque ma ris ca lumque profundumAdsp ice , ven turo laeten tur ut omn ia saec lo !
O mihi tam longae manea t pa rs ultima vitae,
Spiritus et, quan tum sa t erit tua dicere fa cta !
Non me ca rmin ibus vincet n ec T hrac ius Orpheus,Nec L inus, huic ma ter quamvis a tque huic pa ter adsit,Orphe i Ca lliop ea , L ino formo sus Apollo .
Pan etiam Arcadia mecum si judice certet,
Pa n etiam Arcadia dica t se judice victum.
In c ip e , parve puer, risucogn oscere ma trem l
Ma tri longa decem tulerun t fa stidia men ses ;
Inc ip e , pa rve puer : cui non g iset e pa ren tes,Nec dens hunc mensa, dea nec dignata cubili est.
PLAUTUS
Mercury in D i sgui se.
[Amphitruq Act I. Scene
SOSIA, serva n t of Amphz'
truo MERCURY, disguised a s Sost'
a .
S . Ibo , ut, herus quod imp eravit, Alcumen ae m’
mtiem .
Sét quis hic est homo, quem a n te aedis video hoc noc tis ?
non pla cet'
.
M Ndllu’st hoc me ticulo sus é qué . S . Q uom re cogito ,
Illic homo hoc meum denn o volt pallium detéxere .
M T ime t homo : deltidam ego illum . S . Périi ! den tes
p n iriun t .
Cért‘e adven ien tem hic me hosp itio pugn eo a ccep tlirus est .
Credo misericors est : nunc p rop térea quod me meus
herus
Fec it ut vigilarem , hic pugn is fac iet hodie ut dorm iam .
Opp ido in terii : obsecro hercl‘e quan ta s et quam validus
est !
M Clare adyorsum fabulabor : H ic auscultet quas loqua t .Igitur demum magis majorem in sese con c ip iét metum .
Agite , pugn i : jam diu’st quom ventri victum non da tis
Jam p ridem videtur fa ctum , heri qu0d hom in es quattuor
In sop orem con locastis nudos. S . Form idoma leNé ego hic nomen méum conmutem , e t Q uinctus fiam e
sesia.
Q uattuor viros sopori sé dedisse hic a lituma t ;
Metn o n e numerum afigeam illum .—M Hem ! mine
jam ergo : sic volo .
S . Cingitur, certé expedit se . M Non feret quin
vapulet.
S . Q uis homo P M Q uisquis homo htic p rofecto vénerit, pugnos edet.
1 76 LAT IN READER .
M Op tumé cecum incédit ad me . S . T imeo : totus
torp eo .
Non edepol nunc tibi terrarurn sim sc io , si quis roget
Neque m iser me conmovere possum prae formidin e .
Ilicet : ma ndata heri p eriérun t, una e t Sosia .
Vérum certum’st confiden ter h1in c homin em con tra adlo
qui ,
Q ui p ossim vidéri huic fortis, a me ut abstineat manum .
M Q ub ambula s tu, qui Vo lca num in cornu con clusum
geris ?
Q dd id exquiris t1i , qui pugn is 0s exossa s homin ibus ?
M Sérvo sn e es a n liber ? S . t uomque an imo con
lubitfim’st meo .
M Ain tu ver0 ? S . A io en imvero .—M Verbero .
S . Men tire nun c .
M At jam fa c iam ut vérum dica s di cere . S . Q uid
co’st opus ?
M Possum sc ire qub p rofectus, quoin s sis, aut quid
véne ris ?
H tic eo : me i heri sum servos. Numquid nunc es
cértior ?
M Ego tibi istam hodié scelestam conp rimam lingn am .
S . Ha t'
1 potesBene pudicéque adserva tur. M Pérgin
’a rgutarierP
Q uid aput ha sce aedis tibi n egoti’st P S . Immo quid
tibi’st ?
M Rex Creo vigiles n octurnos singulo s semper loca t .S . Bén e fa c it : quia nos eramus péregri , tuta tfi
’st dom i
At nun c abi sa ne, adven isse familia ris dic ito .
M Nésc io quam tu familiaris sis : n isi a ctutum hin c
abis,
Familia ris acc ip iere faxo haufamiliariter.
S . H ic , inquam , habito ego , atque horunc sum servos.
M At sc in’
quomodo ?
Fac iam ego hodie té superbum, n i hino abis. S . Q uonam modo ?
PLAUTUS . 1 77
M Afiferere , non abibis, si ego fustem sump sero .
S . ( l ulume esse hujus fam ilia i fam ilia rem p raedico .
M V ide sis, qui m wox vapula t e vis, n isi a ctutum hin c
abis !
S . Tun ’domo p rohibere p eregré me adven ien tem p é
stula s
M Heecc ine tua domti’st ?—S . Ita , inquam .
—M Q uisherus est igitur tibi
S . Amphitruo , qui nunc T heba n is p re fectu’st legion ibus
Q uicum nup ta’stAlcumen a . M Q uid a is ? quid nomen
tibi’st ?
S . Sésiam vocan t T haba n i, Davo p rogn a ti im pa tre .
M Na : tu istic hodié ma lo tuo conp o sitis mendac iis
Adven isti , audac ia i’
columen , con sutis dolis.
S . Immo equidem tun ic is con sutis huc adven io , non
do lis.
M At men tiris étiam : certb pedibus, non tun icis ven is.
S . Ita p rofec tb. M Nun c p rofectb vapula oh mendar
c ium.
S . Non edepo l vole p rofec tb. M At p01 p rofectb in
grati is.
Hoe quidem p rofécté certurn ’st , non e st a rbitrarium .
S . T ti am fidem obsecro l—M Tun’te audes Sésiam
esse dicere ,
Q ui ego sum S . Peru M A t parum etiam , precut
futurum’st, p raadica s .
Q uoins nun c es S . Tuus n am pugn isusufec isti tuum .
Profidem , T heban i c ives l—M E tiam c lama s, carnufex ?
Loquere , quid ven isti P S . Ut esset, quém tu pugn is
caedcres.
M Q uoius es ? S . Amphitruon is, inquam , Sosia .
M Ergo istoc magis,
Q fla va n iloquu’s, vapulabis : ego sum, n on tu, Sosia .
S . Ita di fa c ian t , li t tupotihs sis, a tque ego te ut vérberem .
M E tiam muttis ? S . Jam ta cebo .—M Q uis tibi
beru’st ? S . Q uem tn voles.
1 2
1 78 LAT IN READER .
M Q uid igitur ? qui mine vocare P S . Nemo ; n isi
quem jti sseris.
M Amphitruon is te esse a ieba s Sésiam . S . Pecca
ve t am
Nam illut Amphi truo'
m'
s saci am me esse volui dicere .
M Sc ibam equidem nullum esse nobis, n isi me , servom
Sé siam .
Fugit ra tio té. S . Utin am istuc p1igui fec issént tuiM Ego sum Sosia ille , quem tududurn esse a iebas m ihi .
S . Obsecro ut p er pacem licca t te adloqui , ut n e vapulem .
M Immo indutia'
e p a rump er fian t, si quid vi s loqui .
S . Non loqua t n isi pace fa cta, quando pugn is phi s va les .
M Dic , siquid vis : non nocebo . S . Tum fide credo ?
—M Me ta .
S . Q g id, si fa llesP—M Turn Mercurius Sosia ira tti s
siet .
S . An imum advorte : utin e licet m i liberé quidvis loqui .Amphitruon is ego sum servo s Sosia . 111 . E tiam dénuo ?
S . Pacem fec i , fmdus fec i , véra dico . M Vépula .
S . Ut lubet, quod tibi lube t fa c , qdon iam pugn is phi s
va les.
Verum , utut factliru’s, hoc quidem berele haud reticebo
tamen .
M T 1i me vivo s hodie numquam fac ie s, quin sim Sosia .
S . Cérte edepo l, tume alien abis nfimquam , quin n oster
siem
Néc nobis p rae tér me quisquam’st alius servos Sesia .
M H ic homo sa n a s non est. S . Q uod mihi pré dica svitium , id tibi
’st.
Q uid, m a lum ! non sum ego servos Amphitruon is Sosia ?
Nonn e ha c n o ctunostra n avis h1i c ex portuPérsicoVen it, que me advéxit ? non ne me huc herns misit meus ?
Non ne ego nunc sto an te aedis nostra s ? non mist la ternain manu?
Non loquor .? non Vigilo ? non hic homo me pugn is con
tudit ?
1 80 LAT IN READER .
S . Pér Jovem juré med e sse : n éque me fa lsum dicere .
M At ego p er Mercurium juro , tibi Jovem non crédere
Nam injura to scio plus credet mihi , quam jura té tibi .S . Q uis ego sum sa ltém , si n on sum Sosia ? te in terrogo .
M Ubi ego Sosia esse no lim , tuesto sane Sésia .
N 1'
1n c qua ndo ego sum , vapulabis, n i hin c abis, igndbilis.
S . Cérté edepo l, quom illtim con templo , et férmam co
gno scé meam,
Q uemadmodum ego sum ( sé p e in speculum in sp éxi )n im is sim ili
’st me i .
Itidem habe t p eta sum , ac vestitum : tam con simili’st
atque ego .
Sura , p e s, sta tlira , ton sus, oculi , ma suru, vel labra ,Make , men tum , barba , co llus totus ! quid verbis opu
’st P
Si tergum c icatricosum , n ihil hoc sim ili’st sim ilius.
Set quom cogito , équidem certo idem sum qui semper fui .
Novi herum : novi é dis n o stra s : sén é sapio e t sén tio .
Non ego illi obtémp ero quod loquitur ; pultabé foris .
M Q ué agis te S . D0m1'
1m .- M Q uadriga s sf nun c
in scendas Jovis,Atque hin e fugia s, ita vix p oteris écfugere infortun ium .
S . Non herae mcaemin tia re'
, quod herus 1n eus jussit , licet ?M T 1133, si quid vis min tia re : ha n c nostram adire non
sin am .
Nam si me in ritfissis, hodie lumbifragium hinc auferes.
S . Abeo p o tius : Di Inmorta les, obsecro vostrarn fidem !
Ubi ego peru? ubi inmuta tus sum ? tibi ego formam
pérdidi ?
A11 egomet me illic reliqui , si forte oblitus fui ?Nam hic quidem omn em imagin em meam , qua; an teha c
fuera t , p 0ssidet.
Vivo fit, quod numquam quisquam mortuo fa c iét mihi .
Ibo ad po t tum , a tque haec uti sun t facta , hero dicam meo .
N isi etiam is quoque me ignorabit ; quod ille fax it Juppiter,
Uti ego hodie , raso capite , calvo s cap iam pileum .
T ERENCE.
The Self? Tarmen tor .
(Hunt , Act 1 . Scene L]
Mmmmmvs , the Seq: Tormen tor ; Cm m s , a n elderlyFriend.
Qua nquam haec in ter nos nup er notitia ad modum’st,
Inde adeo qu0d agrum in prox imo hic mercatus es,Nec rei feré sa ne amp lius quicquam fuit :
T amén ve l virtus tua me , vel vic in ita s,
Quod ego in propinqua parte amic itiae puto ,Fa c it , ti t te audacter moneam et fam iliariter
Q ubd mihi videre praeter ee ta tém tuam
Facere , ét praeter quam rés te adhorta tur tua .
Nam , p réh Defim a tque hom inum fidem l quid vis tibi ?
Q uid qué ris ? annos séxagin ta natus es,An t plus, ut conjic io : agrum in his region ibus
Me liérem , n eque preti majoris, nemo habet :
Servos n on p lures : p ro inde qua si n emo siet,
Ita ti'
1te a tten té illorum offic ia flingere .
Numquam tam ma ne egrédior, n eque tam vesperiDomum revortor, quin te in fundo con sp icer
Fodere , a t’
1t a rare , aut aliquid ferre dén iqueNulhim remittis témpus, n eque te résp ic is.
Haec n 6n vo lup ta ti tibi esse , sa tis certé sc io
At en im , me , qua n tum hic dperis fia t, p oen itet.
Q uod in dp ere fa c iundo 0perm con sum is tua ,
Si sfima s in illis éxercendis, phis aga s.
M Chremé , ta n tumne ab ré tua est o ti tibi,
Alién a ut cures, éa quas n ihil ad te attinent ?
1 82 LAT IN READER .
C. Homo sum : human i n ihil a me a lienum puto .
Ve l me mon ere hoc , vél p ercont a ri puta :
Rectfim’st ? ego ut fa c iam non e st ? te ut detérream.
M Mihi sic e st usus : tibi ut opu’st fa eth, fa ce .
C. An quoiquam est usus bomin i , se ut cruc iét ?—MM ihi .
C. Si quid laboris,nollern : sed quid istuc ma li est ?
Q uae so quid de te tantum meruisti P M Ofe i‘
l
C. Ne lacruma , a tque istuc , quicquid est, fa c me ti t
sc iam.
Ne rétice : n e verére : crede , inquam, mihi,
Aut con sola ndo , aut con silio , aut t e , j1'
1vero .
M Sc ire hoc vis —C. Ha c quidem cafisa, qua dixi tibi .M D icétur.
— C. At istos rastros in terea tamen
Appon e , n e labora .—M M in ime.
—C. Q uam rem agis ?
M S ine me, va c ivom tempus n e quod dem mihiLaboris. C. Non sin am, inquam .
—M Ah, non aaquom
fa c is.
C. Hui , tam graves hos, qua SO P—M S ic meritum’
st
meum .
C. Nun c loquere .- M Filiumun icum adulescén tulum
H abeo : ah, quid dixi ? habére me ? immo habui , Chreme :
Nun c habeam necne , in cértum’st.—C. Q uid ita istuc ?
M Sc ies.
Est é Corin tho hic Advena a nus pauperculaBjus flliam ille amare caep it virgin em ,
Prope jam ti t p ro uxore habéret : haec clam me omn ia .
Ubi rérn resc ivi , empi non human iths,Neque ut an imum decuit aegrotum adulescéntuli
T ra ctare ; sed vi , et via p ervolga tfipa trum.
Q uotidie a ccusébam H em tibine haec diutius
L icere sp era s facere , me vivo pa tre ,Amfcam ut habeas prope jam in uxoris loco ?Erras, si id credis, ét me ignora s, Clin ia .
Ego té meum esse dic i ta n tispér volo ,Dum , quéd te dignum
’st, fac ie s : sed si id non fac is,
1 84 LAT IN READER .
Fac1und0 fa c ile sdmp tum exercerén t suum,
Omnes p rodux i a c véndidi in scrip si i llicoE des mercede : quasi ta len ta ad quindec im
Goegi agrum hun c mercatus sum : hic me exérceo.
Decrévi , ta n tisp ér me m inus injurias ,Chremé , meo gn a to facere , dum fiam m iser ;
N ec fas e sse ulla me vo lup ta te 11 10 frui,
N isi ubi ille huc sa lvus rédierit meus particeps.
C. Ingen io te e sse in libero s le n i puto ,
E t illum 0bsequen tem , si quis rec t‘e aut commode
T ra ctare t . Verum n éque illum tusa tis novera s,
Nec te ille hoc ubi fit, ibi n on veré vivitur.
Tu ilhim numquam ostendisti qua n ti pendere s,Nec tibi ille
’
st credere a ti sus qua est a quém pa tri .
Q uod si esse t fa ctum , hae c numquam even issén t tibi .
JV] . Ita rés est, fa teo r : p écca tum a me maxumum’st .
C. Men edéme , a t porro rect‘e sp ero : et illlim tibi
Sa lvum adfuturum e sse hic co nfido p rop ediem .
M Utin am ita D i fax in t . C. Fac ien t . N11 110 , si com
modum ,
D ionysia hic sun t, hodie apud me sis vo lo .
M Non possum . C. Cur non ? quesso , ta ndem a li
q li a n tulum
T ibi parce idem absen s facere te ho c vo lt filius.
M Non conven it, qui illum ad laborem impéllerim ,
Nun c meip sum fugere . C. Sicc in e e st sen ten tia ?
hf . Sic . C. Bén e va le .—M E t tu. C. Lacruma s
excussft mihi,M iserétque me ejus : sed, ut die i tempus e st,Monére op orte t me hun c vic inum Phan iam ,
Ad cén am ut ven ia t : ibo , visam si dom i est .
N ihil opus fuit mon itore jamdudum dom i
Pra sto ap 1’
1d me esse a iun t : egomet convivas moror.
C ICERO .
1 . Cz’
eero’s E x ile a nd Return .
Per idem tempus , P . Clodius , homo nobilis , disertus , audax , qui n eque dicen di n eque fa c ien di ullumn isi quem vellet n0sset modum , ma lorum propositorum executor a cerrimus , — cu1n graves in imicitias
cum M . Ciceron e exerceret , (quid en im in ter tam
dissimiles amicum esse potera t ?) et a p a tribus ad
p lebem tran sisse t , — legem in tribun a tu tulit : 12m"cz
'
vem Roma num z'
ndemn a tum z'
n teremz’
sset , ez'
a gud
et zlgm’
z’
n terdz’
ceretur . Cujus verbis etsi n on n omi
n aba tur Cicero , tamen so lus p eteba tur : ita vir optime meritus de Republica con serva tee pa triae pretium ,
ca lamitatem ex ilii tulit. Non ca ruerunt suspicion es
oppressi Ciceron is Caesar et Pomp e ius : hoc sibi con
trax isse videba tur Cicero , quod in ter xx viros divi
dendo agro Campa no esse n o luisset . Idem in tra
bienn ium , sera Pompeii cura, verum , ut coep it , in
ten ta, votisque Ita lias , a c decretis Sen a tfis , virtute
a tque a ction e Amn ii Milon is , tribun i plebis , dign ita ti
p a triaeque restitutus est : n eque , post Numidici ex
ilium aut reditum , quisquam aut expulsus invidiosius ,aut receptus est laetiii s ; cujus domus , quam in feste
a Clodio disjecta era t , tam spec iose a Sema tu res
tituta est . - VELL . PAT ERC . H . R . II. 45.
1 86 LAT IN READER .
1 . Ci cero to his I!s e a n d Chi ldren .
l4‘a 39 1 3 °C 58
Ego minhs seepe do ad vos littera s quam possum , propterea qubd, chm omn ia m ihi tempora sun t m isera , tum
verb, c i1m aut scribo ad vo s, aut vestra s lego , confic ior
la crim is sic ut ferre n on p o ssim . Q uod utin am m inhs
vitae cup idi fuissemus ! cert‘e n ihil, aut non multum , in
vita ma li vidissemus. Q ubd si no s ad a liquam a licujuscommodi a liqua ndo recupe ra ndi Sp em fortun
'
a reservavit ,
m inus e st erra tum a n obis ; sin haec ma la fixa sun t, ego
verb te quam p rimhm , mea vita , cup io videre , et in tuo
comp lexu emori quo n iam n eque D ii , quo s t uc a stissime
co luisti , n eque hom in es, quibus ego servivi , n obis gra tiam
re tulerun t .
Nos Brundisu apud M . Laen ium Fla ccum dies x i i i
fuimus,—virum optimum , qui periculum fortun a rum e t
capitis sui prae mea sa lute n eglex it , n eque legis imp robissimae poena deductus est, quom inus ho sPitii et am ic itiaa
jus offic iumque p raasta ret . Huic utin am a liqua ndo gra
tiam referre p ossimus ! H abebimus quidem semper.
Brundisio p rofec ti sumus prid. Ka lenda s Ma ia s. Pe r
Ma cedon iam Cyz icum p etebamus. 0 me p erditum !
O afii ic tum ! quid nun c rogem te , ut ven ia s, mulierem
a gram , e t corpore e t a n imo confectam ? Non rogem ?
S in e te igit ur sim ? Op inor, sic agam : si e st spes n ostri
reditfis, eam confirmes et rem adjuves ; sin , ut ego me tuo ,tra n sa ctum est, quoquo modo po tes, ad me fa c ven ia s.
Unum hoc sc ito ; si te habebo , non mihi videbor planeperisse .
Sed quid Tullio la mea fiet ? Jam id vos videte ; mihi
deést co n silium . Sed certe, quoquo modo se re s habebit ,illin s m isellze et ma trimon io e t famae serviendum est .
Q uid ? Cicero meus quid aget ? Iste verb sit in sinu
semp er e t comp lexumeo . Non queo p lura jam scribere
impedit ma ror. Tu quid egeris, n esc io , utri1m a liquid
1 88 LAT IN READER .
2 . To his brother Q uin tus.
[June 1 3
M i fra ter, mi fra ter, m i fra ter, tun e id veritus es, ne
ego ira cundia a liqua adductus puero s ad te sin e litteris
m iserim ? aut e tiam ne te videre noluerim ? Ego tibi
ira scerer ? tibi ego p ossim ira sc i ? Sc ilicet , tu en im me
afil ix isti ; tui me in im ic i , tua me invidia , a c non ego te
m iseré p erdidi . Meus ille lauda tus con sula tus mihi te ,
liberos, p a triam , fortun a s, tibi velim n e quid eripuerit ,
prae ter unum me . Sed certé a te m ihi omn ia semp er
hon esta et jucunda cec iderun t ; a me tibi luctus me te
ca lam ita tis, metus tua , desiderium , mes t or, so litudo . Ego
te videre no luerim ? Immo vero me a te videri no lui
non en im vidisses fra trem tuum ; n on eum quem re li
quera s ; non eum quem n éra s n on cum , quem flen s fien
tem , p rosequen tem p rofic iscen s dimisera s ; n e ve stigium
quidem ejus, n ec simulacrum , sed qua ndam efiigiem sp ir
a n tis mortui .
A tque utin am me mortuum p r1us vidisses, aut audisses !
utin am te non so lum vitae , sed e tiam dign ita tis meae sup er
stitem re liquissem Sed testor omn es deos, me ha c un a
voce a morte esse revoca tum , qubd omnes in mea vita
pa rtem a liquam tua vitae rep ositam esse diceba n t. Q ua repeccavi scelera téque fec i . Nam si occ idissem, mors ipsameam p ieta tem amoremque in te fa c ilé defendere t . Nun c
commisi , ut me vivo ca reres, vivo me a liis indigeres ; me a
vox in domestic is p ericulis p otissimhm occ ideret, quae
saep e a lien issimis p rae sidio fuissetfi“
Nam qubd ad te pue t i sin e litteris ven erun t, quo
n iam vides n on fuisse ira cundiam in causa, certe p i
gritia fuit, e t quaedam infin ita vis la crima rum e t do lorum .
H&c ipsa me quo fletu puta s scrip sisse ? Eodem , quo
te legere cert0 sc io . An ego p ossum aut non cogitare
Ip sum en im Ca til in am , co n sula tfis compe tito rem et a dver
sa riam , defen dere cogitavera t Cicero V id . Ad Attz'
cum, I. 2 .
CICERO . 1 89
a liqua ndo de te , aut umquam sin e la crimis cogita re ?
Chm en im te desidero , fra trem so lum de sidero ? Ego
vero suavita te prope aequa lem ,obsequio filium , con silio
p a t en tem . Q uid m ihi sin e te umquam , aut tibi sin e me
jucun dum fuit ? Q uid, qubd eodem tempore desidero
filiam ? qua pieta te , qua modestia, quo ingen io ! efligiem
oris, sermon is, a n im i me i ? Q uid filium venustissimum ,
mihique dulc issimum ? quem ego ferus a c ferreus e com
p lexu dim isi meo , sap ien tio rem puerum quam vellem
sen tieba t en im miser jam, quid ageretur. Q uid verb
tuum filium , imaginem tuam , quem meusCicero e t amaba t
ut fra trem , et jam , ut majorem fra trem , vereba tur ? Q uid
quod mulierem miserrimam , fide lissimam conjugem , me
p ro sequi non sum pa ssus, ut e sse t qua : reliquia s commu
n is ca lam ita tis, commun es liberos tueretur ?Sed tamen , quoquo modo p o tui , scrip si , et dedi littera s
ad te Philogono , libe rto tuo , qua s credo tibi postea red
dita s esse ; in quibus idem te ho rtor et rogo , quod puet i
tibi verbis me is nun tifirun t , ut Romam p rotinus p erga s et
properes. Primhm en im te p rae sidio esse vo lui , si qui
essen t in imic i , quorum crude lita s n ondum esset nostra
ca lam ita te sa tia ta . De inde congressfis no stri lamen ta
tion em p ertimui ; digressum verb non tulissem ; a tque
etiam id ipsum, quod tu scribis , metuebam, n e a me
distrahi no n posses. H is de ca n sis hoc max imum ma lum ,
quod te non vidi , quo n ihil ama n tissim is et conjun c tissim is fra tribus a cerbius a c m iserius videtur a cc idere
po tuisse , minhs a cerbum , m in 1‘1 s m iseram fuit, quam
fa isset chm congressio , tum vero digre ssio n ostra .
Nun c , si potes, id quod ego , qui tibi semper fortis videba r, n o n possum , erige te et co nfirma , si qua subeunda
dim ica tio erit. Spero , si quid mea spes habet auctori
ta tis, tibi et in tegrita tem tuam e t amorem in te c ivita tis,
et a liquid etiam miserico rdiam no stri praesidii la turam .
Sin eris ah isto periculo va cuus, ages sc ilice t, si quid agi
p osse de n obis putabis. De quo scribun t ad me quidem
1 90 LAT IN READER .
multi multa , e t se Spera re demon stra n t ; sed ego , quid
sp erem , n on disp 1c 10 , cum 1n 1m 1c 1 p lurimhm va lea nt,
amic i partim deseruerin t me , pa rt im etiam p rodiderin t,
qui in meo reditu forta sse rep rehen sion em sui sceleris
p ertimesc a n t.
Sed ista qua lia sin t, tu velim p ersp ic ia s m ihique de
c la res. Ego tamen , quamdiu tibi opus erit, si quid
p ericuli subeundum videbis, Vivam . D iutihs in ha c vita
e sse non p o ssum . Neque en im tan tum vit ium habet ullaaut pruden tia aut doctrin a , ut ta n tum dolorem p ossit
sustine re . Sc io fuisse et honestius moriendi tempus e t
utilius ; sed n on hoc so lum , multa a lia p raeterm isi , quas si
queri velim p rae terita , n ihil agam , n isi ut augeam do lorem
tuum , indicem stultitiam meam . Illud quidem n ec fa c ien
dum est, n ec fieri po test, me diutius, quam aut tuum
tempus aut firma spes p ostulabit , in tam m isera tamque
turp i vita commora ri ut, qui modo fra tre fuerim, liberis ,
conjuge , cop iis, gen ere ip so p ecun iae bea tissimus, digui
ta te , auctorita te , existima tion e , gra tia’
i non inferior quam
qui umquam fuerun t amp lissimi , is nun c in ha c tam
afii icta p erditfique fortuna n eque me n eque meos lugerediutihs possim .
Q uare quid ad me scrip sisti de p ermuta tion e ? qua si
verb nun c me n on tuae fa culta tes sustin ea n t . Q ua in t e
ipsa video m iser et sen tio , quid sceleris admiserim , ci1m
de visceribus tuis et fili i tui sa tisfa cturus sis, quibus
debes, ego a ccep tam ex aera rio p ecun iam tuo n omin e
frustra dissiparim . Sed tamen et M . An ton io , qua n tum
tuscrip sera s, e t Caap iori i tan tumdem so lutum est ; m ihi ,
ad id quod cogito , hoc quod habeo sa tis est. Tu, si
forte quid erit mo lestias, te ad Gra ssum et ad Ca lidium
confera s, cen seo .
Q uan tum Hortensio credendum sit, n esc io . Me summa
simula tione amoris, summaque a ssiduita te quo tidianfi,sce lera tissime in sidiosissiméque tra ctavit , adjun c to quo
que Arrio ; quorum ego con siliis, p rom issis, p raecep tis
1 92 LAT IN READER .
tulisse , p lurimumque Operas, studu, diligen tiae , laboris ,ad confic iendum reditum meum con tulisse .
Itaque hoc tibi ver‘
e afii rmo , in max ima laetitia et exop
ta tissima gra tula tion e unum a d cumulandum gaudium
con sp ectum aut p o tihs comp lexum m ihi tuum defuisse ,
quem semel n a ctus numquam1 dim isero , a c , n isi e tiam
p raeterm isso s fruc tus tuae suavita tis omn es exegero , p ro
fectb ha c restitution e fortun es me ip se n on sa tis dignum
judicabo .
No s adhuc in n ostro sta tu, quod diffic illime recupera t ipo sse a rbitra ti sa mus, sp lendorem n ostrum illum foren
sem , a t in sen a tuauc torita tem , et apud viro s bonos gra tiam ,
magis quam op tz’
iramus con secuti sumus . In t e autem
fam ilia ri (qua quemadmodum fra cta , dissip a ta , direp ta sit,
n on ignora s) va ldé laboramus, tua rumque n on tam fa cul
ta tum , qua s ego n o stra s e sse judico , quam con siliorum
ad colligenda s e t con stituenda s re liquia s n o stra s indi
gemus.
Nunc , etsi omn ia aut scrip ta esse a tuis a rbitror,
aut e tiam nun tus a c rumore p erla ta , tamen ea scribam
brevi , quas te puto p otissimhm ex me is litteris ve lle cog
n o scere .
Pridie Non a s Sext. , Dyrrha chio sum p rofectus, ip so
illo die , quo lex est la ta de n obis. Brundisium ven i
Non is Sext . ; ibi mihi Tullio la mea fuit prae sto, n a ta lisuo ip so die , qui ca su idem n a ta lis era t et Brundisium
co lon ias e t tua vic in ae Sa lutis. Q ua res, a n imadversa a
multitudin e , summaBrundisin orum gra tula tion e celebra tae st . An te diem vi . Id. Sext. cogn ovi , chm Brundisii
e ssem , litte ris Q uin ti fratris, m irifico studio omn ium
wta tum a tque ordinum , in credibili con cursuIta lize , legemcom itiis cen turia tis e sse p e rla tam . Inde , a Brundisin is
hon estissimé orn a tus, iter ita fec i , ut undique ad me cum
gra tula tion e lega ti conven erin t . Ad urbem ita ven i , ut
n emo ullius ordin is homo n omen cla tori n otus fuerit , qui
m ihi obviam n on ven erit, p rae ter eo s in im ico s, quibus id
CICERO . 1 93
ipsum non liceret aut dissimulare aut n ega t e . Chm
ven issem ad portam Cap en am , gradus temp lorum ab
infima plebe comp le ti era n t ; a qua p lausumax imo ci1m
esset m ihi gra tula tio sign ifica ta , similis et frequen tia et
p lausus me usque ad Ca p itolium ce lebravit, in foroque et
in ipso Cap ito lio miranda multitudo fuit.Postridie in sema tu, qui fuit dies Non . Sep tembr.,sen
a tui gra tia s egimus. E0 biduo chm esset a n nonae summa
ca rita s, e t hom in es ad thea trum primo, de inde ad sen a tum
con currissen t impulsuClodii , mea opera frumen ti inop iam
esse clamaren t, cilm p er eos dies sen a tus de an nona ha
beretur, et ad ejus procura tionem sermone n on s0 11‘1m
p lebis, veu‘1m et iam bonorum Pomp e ius vocare tur, idque
ip se cuperet, multitudoque a me n om in a tim , ut id decer
n erem , p o stula ret ; fec i e t a ccura te sen ten tiam dix i , chm
abessen t con sula t es, qubd tuth se n ega ren t posse sen ten
tia rn dicere , p ra ter Me ssa lam et Afra n ium . Fa ctum est
sen a tfis con sultum in me am sen ten tiam , ut cum Pompeioageretur, ut eam rem susc ip eret, lexque ferretur ; quo
sen a tfis consulto rec ita to , chm con tinuomore hoc in sulsoet n ovo p lausum , meo nomin e rec ita ndo , dedisset, habui
con tion em ; omn es magistra tus p rassen tes, p rmter unum
p rze torem et duos tribun os p lebis. dederun t .
Postridie sen a tus frequen s et omn es con sula t es n ihilPompe io postulan ti n egarun t. Ille lega tos quindec im
chm p ostula ret, me prin c ip em nom in avit, et ad omn ia
me a lterum se fore dixit. Legem con sules con scrip se
run t, qua Pomp e io p er quinquen n ium omn is p o testa s re i
frumen ta riw toto orbe terra rum da retur ; a lteram Messius,
qui omn is p ecun iae da t po te sta tem , et adjungit c la ssem et
exerc itum , et majus imperium in p rovin c iis quam sit
corum qui ea s obtinea n t. Illa n ostra lex con sularis nunc
modesta videtur, hae c Messii n on ferenda . Pompe ia sillam velle se dic it, familia res ha n c . Co n sula res, duce
Favon io , fremun t ; n os ta cemus, e t eo magis, quod de
domo nostra n ihil adhuc p on tifices resp onderun t . Q ui
1 94 LAT IN READER .
si sustulerin t religionem , a rc am p raecla ram habebimus ;
sup erfic iem con sules ex sen a ths con sulto aestim abun t ;
sin a liter, demo lien tur, suo n om in e locabun t , rem totam
wstimabun t .
Ita sun t res n ostrae , ut in secundis fiuxae , ut in adversis
bon as . In t e familiari va ldé sumus, ut sc is, p erturba ti .
Pra terea sun t quaedam domestica , quas litteris non com
mitto . Q uin tum fra trem , in sign i pieta te , virtute , fide
p raeditum , sic amo ut debeo . T e exsp ecto , e t 0 1 0
ut ma tures ven ire , coque a n imo ven ia s, ut me tuo con
silio egere non sin a s. A lterius vita quoddam in itium
ordimur. Jam quidam , qui nos absen tes defenderun t,in c ip iun t p rae sen tibus o cculte ira sci , aperte invidere .
Vehementer te requirimus.
2 . The D ea th qf T211152 .
1 . Sulp z'
cz'
us to Ci cero .
[April, B.C.
Posteaquam mihi renun tia tum est de obitu Tullia ,
filiaa tuae , sa ne quam p ro eo a c dehui graviter mo lesteque
tuli , commun emque ea rn c a lam ita tem existimavi qui , si
istic afi'
uissem , n eque tibi defuissem , coramque meum
do lorem tibi decla rassem . E tsi genus hoc co n so la tion is
miseram a tque a cerbum e st ,—p rop terea quia , p er quos
confieri debet p 1 0 p inquos a c fam iliaris, i i ipsi pa ri molestifi affic iun tur, n eque sin e la crimis multis id con a t i
p ossun t , uti magis ipsi videa n tur a liorum con so la tione
indige t e quam a liis posse suum ofiic ium p ra sta re ,
tamen quas in praesen tia in men tem m ihi ven erun t , decrevi
brevi ad te p erscribere non qu0 ea te fugere ex istimem ,
sed qu0d forsita n dolore imp editus minus e a p ersp ic ia s.
Q p id est, qu0d tan to opere te commovea t tun s dolorin testina s ? Cogita , quemadmodum adhuc fortun a n obis
cum egerit ea nobis erep ta esse ,quze hom in ibus n on m int s
quam liberi cara esse deben t, p a triam, honesta tem, digui
1 96 LAT IN READER.
imperio populi Roma n i ta n ta deminutio facta est ; omn es
p rovin c iam: conqua ssa tze sun t : in un ius mulierculae a n i
mula si ja ctura fa cta est, ta n to op ere commoveris ? quae
si hoc temp ore n on diem suum obisset, pauc is post a n n is
tameh e i moriendum fuit , quon iam homo n a ta fuera t.
Etiam tuab hisce rebus a n imum a o cogita tionem tuam
avoca , a tque ea potin s remin iscere , quae digna tua per
sona sun t : illam , quamdiu e i opus fuerit , vix isse ; una
cum t e publica fuisse ; te , p a trem suum, p raetorem , con
sulem ,augurem vidisse
‘
; adolescen tibus p rimariis nup tam
fuisse ; omn ibus bon is prope p erfun ctam esse ; ci1m res
publica oc c ideret , vita excessisse . Q uid est, quod tu aut
illa cum fortuna hoc n om in e queri p o ssitis ?
Ben ique noli te oblivisci Ciceron em esse , et cum , qui
a li is con suéris p raec ip ere et dare conc ilium ; neque im i
ta re ma los medicos, qui in a lien is morbis p rofiten tur
ten ere se medic in ae sc ien tiam , ipsi se cura re n on p ossun t
sed p otius, quae a liis tute p rae c ip ere so les, ea tute tibi
sub'
ice , a tque apud a n imum p ropon e . Nullus do lor e st,
quem n on longinquita s temp oris minua t a o mollia t. Hoc
te exspecta re tempus tibi turpe est, ao n on c i rei sap ien tia
tua occurrere .
Q ubd si qui e tiam inferis sen sus est, qui illin s in te
amor fuit, p ieta sque in omn es suos, hoc certé illa te fa cerenon vult. Da hoc illi mortn as ; da ceteris am ic is a c
fam ilia ribus, qui tuo do lore masren t ; da pa tt ies ,ut, si quain re opus sit, opera et con silio tuo uti po ssit . Ben ique ,
quon iam in ea rn fortun am deven imus, ut e tiam huic re i
n obis serviendum sit, noli committere , ut quisquam te
putet non tam filiam quam re i publica tempora et a li
orum victoriam lugere .
Plura me ad te de ha c t e scribere pudet, n e videar
p ruden tiaa tuae difii dere : qua re , si hoc unum p rop osuero ,fin em fa c iam scribendi . V idimus a liquo ties secundam
pulcherrime te ferre fortun am , magn amque ex ea re te
laudem ap isc i : fac a liquando in telligamus, adhersam
CICER0
quoque te aequ‘e ferre posse , n eque id majus quam debea t
tibi onus videri ; n e ex omn ibus virtutibus haec un a tibi
videa tur deesse .
Q uod a d me a ttin et , chm te tranquilliorem a n imo esse
cognbro , de us rebus quas hic gerun tur, quemadmodum
que se provin cia habea t, certiorem fa c iam . Va le .
2 . Cicero to Sulp z'
cz'
us .
[Written in May, a t Astura ]
Ego verb, Servi , vellem, ut scribis, in meo gravissimo
casu afi'
uisses. Q ua n tum en im praesen s me adjuva t e
potueris, et con sola ndo et prope seque dolendo , fa c ile ex
eo in telligo , quod, litteris lectis, a liqua n thm a cquievi .
Nam et ea scrip sisti quae levare luctum p ossen t , et in me
con so la ndo non mediocrem ip se a n im i do lorem adhi
buisti . Servius tamen taus omn ibus ofli c iis, quae illi
tempe ri tribui p o tuerun t , dec la ravit, e t qua n ti ipse me
faceret, e t quam suum ta lem erga me a n imam tibi gra tum
puta ret fore ; cujus ofii c ia jucundiora licet saep e m ihi
fuerin t, numquam tamen gra tiora .
Me autem n on ora tio tua solum et soc ieta s p aen e aegri
tudin is, sed etiam auctorita s con so la tur. Turpe en im
esse existimo , me non ita ferre ca sum meum , ut tu, ta lisap ien tia p raeditus, ferendum puta s. Sed op p rimor in ter
dum , et vix resisto dolori , qubd ea me sola tia defic iun t ,quae ceteris, quorum mihi exempla p rop ono , simili infortuna non defuerun t. Nam et Q Max imus, qui filium
con sularem , c la rum virum et magn is rebus gestis, amisit,
et L . Paullus, qui duo septem diebus, et vester G a llus,et M . Ca to , qui summo ingen io , summa virtute filium
p erdidit, iis temp oribus fuerun t ,ut corum luctum ip sorum
dign ita s con solaretur ea , quam ex re publica con seque
ba n tur. M ihi autem , amissis orn amen tis i is, quae ip se
commemora s, quasque eram max imis laboribus adep tus,
unum ma n eha t illud so la tium , quod erep tum est. Non
amicorum n egotiis, non re i publicas p rocura tione imp edie
1 98 LAT IN READER.
ba n tur cogita tiones me te ; n ihil in foro agere libeba t ;
adsp icere curiam n on p oteram ; ex istimabam , id quod
era t, omn es me et industriae meae fructus et fortunes p er
didisse .
Sed, chm cogitarem haec m ihi tecum e t cum quibus
dam esse commun ia , et 0 11m fra ngerem jam ip se me ,
cogeremque illa ferre to lera n ter ; habebam quo confu
gerem , ubi conquiescerem , cujus in sermon e e t suavita te
omn es cura s do loresque dep on erem . N11 110 autem , hoc
tam gravi vulnere , etiam illa quas con sa nuisse v ideba n tur
recrudescun t . Non en im ,ut turn me a t e publicamaestum
domus exc ip ieba t , quae leva re t, sic nun c domo mae rens
ad rem publicam confugere po ssum , ut in ejus bon is
a cquie scam . Itaque et domo absum et foro , qubd n ec
cum do lorem , quem a t e publica cap io , domus jam 00 n
so la ri potest , n ec domesticum re s publica .
Q y o magis te exsp e cto , teque videre qa hm p rimhm
cup io . Major m ihi leva tio afi'
erri nulla p o test , quam
co njun ctio con sue tudin is sermonumque n ostrorum quam
quam sp erabam tuum adven tum— sic en im audiebam
— approp inqua re . Ego autem chm multis de c a n sis te
exop to qa hm p rimi1m videre ; tum etiam ,ut a n te com
men temur in ter n os, qua ra tion e n obis traducendum sit
hoc tempus, quod est to tum ad un ius vo lun ta tem a ccom
moda ndum , et p ruden tis , et libera lis, et (ut p ersp ex issevideor) n ec a me a lien i , et tibi am ic issim i . Q uod 011 11 1
ita sit , magn ae tamen est delibera tion is, quas ra tio sit
ineun da n obis, non agendi a liquid, sed illius con cessu e t
ben efic io quiescendi .
2 00 LAT IN READER
munus meum qua ndoque ambitu corrump eretur, ut a cc i
dere multis in loc is video , in quibus p raecep tore s public‘e
conducun tur. Huic vitio occurri un o rem edio p o test, si
p a ren tibus solis jus conducendi re linqua tur, isdemque
re ligio rect‘e judicandi n ecessita te co lla tion is adda tur.
Nam qui forta sse de a lieno n egligen tes, c erté de suo
diligen tes crun t ; dabun tque op eram n e a me p ecun iam
n on n isi dign a s a cc ip ia t , si a ccep turus et ah ip sis crit .
Pro inde con sen tite , con sp ira te , majoremque a n imum ex
meo sum ite , qui cup io esse quam p lurimum , quod debe am
conferre . N ihil hon estius p rae sta re liberis vestris, n'
ihil
gra tin s p a triae , p o testis. Educen tur hic qui hic n a scun tur,
sta timque ah infa n tia n a ta le solum ama re freque n ta re
con suesca n t . Atque utin am tam c la ro s p raecep tore s induca tis, ut fin itim is opp idis studia hin c p e ta n tur ; utque nun c
liberi vestri a lien a in loca , ita mox a lien i in hun c lo cumconfiua n t !
’
H aec putavi a ltlus et qua si a fon te rep etenda , quo
magis sc ires quam gra tum m ihi foret , si susc ip ere s quod
injungo . Injungo autem , e t p ro re i magn itudin e rogo ,
ut ex coPia studio sorum , quee ad te ex adm ira tion e
ingenu tui conven it, c ircumsp ic ia s p raacep tores quos so l
lic ita re possimus ; sub ea tamem condition e , n e cui fidem
meam obstringam . Omn ia en im libera p a ren tibus servo .
Illi judicen t, illi eliga n t : ego m ihi curam ta n tum et in
p endium vindico . Pro inde , si quis fuerit rep ertus qui
ingen io suo fida t , ea t illuc , ea lege ut hin c n ihil a liudcertum quhm fiduc iam suam fera t. Va le .
2 .—L etter to Ta cz
'
tus , on his Un cle’s dea th by the
E rupt ion oj’
Vesuvius , A .D . 79 .
Petis ut tibi avun culi me i ex itum scribam , quo venus
tradere p o steris p o ssis. G ra tia s ago : n am video morti
ejus, si ce lebretur a te , immorta lem gloriam e sse propositam . Q uamvis en im pulcherrima rum clade terra rum,
PL INY. 2 0 1
ut populi , ut urbes, memorabili ca su qua si semper victurus o cc iderit , quamvis ip se p lurima opera et ma n sura
condiderit ; multum tamen p erp etuita ti ejus scrip torum
tuorum ae tern ita s a ddet. Equidem bea tos puto quibus
deorum ma n ere da tum est aut fa cere scribenda , aut scri
bere legenda ; bea tissimos verb quibus utrumque . Horum
in numero avun culus meus e t suis libris et tuis crit.
Q uo liben t1us suscip io , dep osco etiam quod injungis.
Era t Misen i , c la ssemque imperio p raesen s regeba t .
Nonum Ka l . Sep tembre s, hora feré sep tima, ma ter mea
indica t c i app arere nubem inusita ta e t magn itudin e e t
sp ec ie . Usus i lle so le , mox frigida, gustavera t ja cen sstudeba tque : p o sc it so lea s, a scendit locum ex quo max
ime m ira culum illud con Sp ic i p o tera t . Nubes, in certum
p roen l in tuen tibus ex quo mon te (Vesuvium fuisse p ostea
cogn itum est) orieba tur, cujus sim i litudin em e t formam
n on a lia magis a rbor quam p inus exp resserit. N am
longissimo velut trun co e la ta , in a ltum quibusdam ram is
difi'
undeba tur,— cred0 , quia recen ti sp iritu evecta , de in
sen escen te eo , destituta aut e tiam p on dere suo vieta , in
latitudin em va n esceba t : c a ndida in terdum , in terdum sor
dida e t ma culosa , p rout terram c in eremve sustulera t.
Magnum p ropmsque noscendum , ut e ruditissimo viro ,
visum . Jubet L iburn icam ap ta ri m ihi , si ven ire una
ve llem , fa c it 0 0piam : resp ondi studere me m a lle ; e t forteipse quod scriberem dedera t . Egredieba tur domo : a cc i
p it codic illo s Rectinae T a sc i imm in e n ti p ericulo exterritae
( n am villa ejus subja ceba t, n ec ulla n isi n avibus fuga ) :ut se ta n to discrim in i erip eret oraba t . Vert it ille con
siliam , et quod studioso a n imo in choavera t obit max imo .
Deduc it quadriremes, a scendit ip se , n on Rec tin ae modb
sed multis ( era t en im frequen s amoen ita s orae ) la turus
aux ilium . Prop era t illuc unde a lii fugiun t, rec tumque
cursam , recta gubern a cula in periculum ten e t, a deb so lu
tus metu ut omn es illin s ma li mo tus, omn es figura s, ut
dep rendera t o culis, dicta ret en ota retque .
2 0 2 LAT IN READER
Jam n avibus c in is in c ideba t, quo p rop 1us a ccederen t,
ca lidior et den sior ; jam pum ices e tiam , n igrique e t
ambusti et fra cti ign e lap ides, jam vadum subitum , m ina
que mon tis litora obsta n tia . Cun cta tus p aulhm a n retro
flecteret, mox gubern a tori ut ita fa cere t mon en ti For t es
inquit f or tun e: j uva t : P omp on i cmum pete . Stabiis
era t, diremp tus sinu medio ; n am sen sim c ircuma ct is
curva tisque litoribus mare infunditur. Ibi , quamquam
nondum p ericulo appmp inqua n te , con spicuo tamem, e t
chm cresceret, p rox imo , sarc in a s con tulera t in n ave s ,
certus fugae, si con tra ria s ven tus resedisse t ; quo tun c
avun culus meus secundissimo invectus, comp lectitur tre
p idan tem , con so la tur, horta tur, utque timorem ejus sua
securita te len ire t, deferri in ba lineum jubet : lotus a ccu
ba t, cen a t aut bila t is, aut (quod est aequé magnum )similis hila ri .In terim e Vesuvio mon te pluribus in loc is la tissimae
flammae a ltaque in cendia re luceba n t, quorum fulgor et
c la rita s ten ebris n o ctis exc itaba tur. Ille , agrestium trep i
da tion e ignes re licto s deserta sque villa s p er so litudinem
a rdere , in remedium form idin is dictitaba t. Tum se
quieti dedit, et quievit verissimo quidem somno . N ammea tus a n imae , qui illi propter amp lit udinem corporisgrav ior e t son a n tior era t, ah iis qui limin i obversaba n tui‘
audieba tur. Sed a rea ex qua diae ta adiba tur ita janic in ere m ixtisque pum ic ibus opp leta surrexera t ut, si
longior in cubiculo mora , ex itus n ega retur. Exc ita tus
procedit , seque Pomp on ian o c eterisque qui p ervigilavera n t reddit . In commun e con sulta n t , in tra tecta subsista n t, a n in aperto vagen tur. Nam crebris va stisquetremoribus tecta nutaba n t, et qua si emota sedibus suisnun c huc nun c illuc abire aut refert i videba n tur.
e legit . Et apud illum quidem ra tio ra tion em , apud a lio s
timorem timor vicit. Cervica lia cap itibus imp o sita lin te is
20 4 LAT IN READER .
deren tur. Irrump it cubiculum meum ma ter : surgebam,
invicem , si quiesceret, exc ita turus. Residimus in a rea
domfis, quae ma re a tectis modico sp a tio divideba t .
Dubito con sta n tiam voca re a n inp ruden tiam debeam ;
agebam en im duodevicesimum a n num : p osco librum
T iti L ivi , et qua si p er o tium lego , a tque etiam , ut empe
ram , excerp o . E cce , amicus avun culi , qui nup er ad cum
ex H ispa n ia ven era t , ut me e t ma trem seden tes, me verb
e tiam legen tem videt, illin s p a tien tiam , securita tem meam
corrip it : n ihilo segmus ego in ten tus in librum .
Jam hora die i prima , et adhuc dubius et qua si la n
guidus dies. Jam qua ssa tis c ircumja cen tibus tec tis,
quamquam in ap erto loco , a ngusto tamem, magnus et
certus ruin ae metus. Tum demum excede re oppidovisum sequitur vulgus a tton itum , quodque in p avore
sim ile p ruden tiae , a lienum con silium suo p raefert , ingen
tique agmin e abeun tes prem it et imp e ll it . Egressi tecto
con sistimus . Multa ibi m ira nda , multa s fo rmidine s p a timur. Nam vehicula quae produc i jusseramus, quamquamin p la n issimo camp o , in con tra ria s p a rtes ageba n tur, a c
n e lap idibus quidem fulta in eodem vestigio quiesceba n t .
Prae terea ma re in se resorberi , e t tremore terras qua si
repe lli videhamus. Cert‘e p roce ssera t litus, multaque
a n ima lia ma ris sicc is ba ren is detin eba t . Ab a ltero la terenubes a tra et ho rrenda , ign e i sp iritiis tortis V ibra tisque
discursibus rup ta , in lo nga s flamma rum figura s dehisce
ba t : fulguribus illae et sim ile s et majores eraht .Tum ver0 idem ille ex H isp a n ia am icus a cr1us et
in sta n tius S i fra ter’inquit tuus, tuus avun culus vivit,
vult esse vos sa lvo s ; si p eriit, sup erstites voluit ; p ro inde
quid cessa tis evadere Respondimus n on comm issuros
n os, ut de sa lute illius in certi n o stras con suleremus .
No n mora tus ultra, p rorip it se , efl'
usoque cursu periculoaufertur. Ncc multo p o st , illa nubes deséendere in terra s,
o perire ma ria : c in xera t Ca p rea s et abscondera t : M isen i
quod p ro currit abstule ra t . Tum ma ter o ra re , hortari,
PL INY. 20 5
jubere quoquo modo fugerem ; p osse en im juvenem, se
et a n n is e t corpore gravem be n e morituram , si mihi causamortis n on fuisset. Ego con tra, sa lvum me n isi una n on
futurum : de in manum ejus amp lexus, addere gradumcogo . Pa ret aagre, in cusa tque se quod me moretur.
Jam c in is, adhuc tamen ra rus : respic io ; den sa ca ligo
tergis immin eba t, qua n os torren tis modo in fusa terrae
sequeba tur.
‘Deflectamus ’inquam ,
‘dum videmus, n ain via stra ti comita n tium turbé in ten ebris obtera
'
mur.
’
Vix con sideramus, e t nox , n on qua lis illun is aut nubila ,sed qua lis in lo c is c lausis lum in e extin c to . Audires
ulula tus femin a rum , in fan tfim quirita tus, c lamores viro
rum : a lii p a ren tes, a li i libero s, a lii conjuges voc ibus
requireban t , voc ibus n o sc itaba n t : hi suum ca sum , illi
snorum m iseraba n tur : era n t qui metu mo rtis mortem
prec a ren tur : multi ad deos manus to llere , p lure s nusquam
jam deos n llos, mtern amque illam et novissimam noctem
mundo in terp re taba n tur.
Ne c defuerun t qui fictis men titisque terroribus vera
p ericula augeren t . Adera n t qui M isen i illud ruisse , illud
a rdere fa lso, sed creden tibus nun tiaba n t . Pa n l1‘1m re lux it :
quod n on dies nobis sed adven ta n tis ign is indic ium vide
ba tur. E t ign is quidem longihs substitit, ten ebrae rursus,c in is rursus multus et gravis. Hun c iden tidem adsa r
gen tes excutiebamus : op erti a lioqui a tque e tiam oblisi
pondere essemus . Fossem gloria ri non gemitum m ihi
no n vocem p ar1‘1m fortem , in ta n tis p ericulis exc idisse ,
n isi me cum omn ibus, omn ia mecum p erire , m isero ,
magno tamen morta lita tis so la c io credidissem .
T a ndem illa ca ligo , tenua ta qua si in fumum n ebulamve ,discessit : mox dies verus, so l e tiam efi
'
ulsit, luridus
tamen , qua lis e sse chm defic it so le t. Occursaba n t tre .
p ida n tibus adhuc oculis muta ta omn ia , a ltoque c in ere
tamquam n ive , obduc ta . Regre ssi M isenum , cura tis
utcumque corporibus, susp en sam dubiamque n oc tem sp e
se metu exegimus . Metus p raeva leba t : n a rn e t tremo r
20 6 LAT IN READER.
terras perseveraba t, et p lerique lympha ti terrific is va tici
n a tion ibus et sua et a liena ma la ludificaba n tur. Nobis
tamen n e tun c quidem, quamquam et expertis p ericulume t exp ecta n tibus, abeundi con silium , don ec de avun culo
nun tius. Haec nequaquam historia dign a n on scrip turus
leges, et tibi , sc ilice t qui requisisti , imputabis, si dign a
n e ep istula quidem videbun tur. Va le .
4. L etter to Tr aj cm , con cern ing the Chr i st ia ns .
[A.D .
So llemn e est mihi , domin e , omn ia de quibus dubito
ad te referre . Q uis en im po test mehus vel cun cta tionem
meam regere , ve l ignora n tiam exstruere ?
Cogn ition ibus de Christia n is in terfui numquam : ideh
n esc io quid et qua tenus aut pun it i so lea t, aut qumri .
Nec mediocriter haesitavi , sitn e a liquod discrimen ae ta tum ,
a n quamlibet teneri n ihil a robustioribus difl'
eran t ; detur
p aen iten tiae ven ia , an c i qui omn ino Christianus fuit
desisse non prosit ; nomen ipsum , si _ fiagit11s ca rea t, a n
flagitia cohaeren tia nom in i pun ian tur.
In terim in iis qui ad me t amquam Christian i defere
ba n tur, hun c sum secutus modum . In terrogavi ipsos a n
e ssen t Christian i . Confiten tes iterum a c tertib in ter
rogavi , supp lic ium m in a tus : p ersevera ntes duc i jussi .Neque en im dubitabam , qua lecumque e sset quod fa te
ren tur, p ertin a c iam certe et infiex ibilem obstin a tion em
debere pun iri . Fuerun t a li i similis amen tias , quos, quia
c ive s Roman i eran t, adn otavi in urbem remittendos.
Mox ip so tra cta tu, ut fieri solet, difi'
unden te se crim ine ,
p lures spec ies in ciderun t. Propositus est libellus sine
auctore , multorum nomin a con tinen s. Q ui n egaba n t essese Christianos aut fuisse , chm p rmeun te me deos appe lla ren t, e t imagin i tuae (quam p ropter hoc jusseram cum
simula cris numinum adferri) ture ac vino supp lica ren t ,
p re tereama lediceren t Christo quorum n ihil posse cogi
20 8 LAT IN READER .
5.—The R eply of Traj a n .
Actnm quem debuisti , m i Secunde , in excutiendis
c an sis corum qui Christia n i ad te dela ti fueran t, secutus
es. Neque en im in un iversum a liquid quod qua si certamformam habea t con stitui potest . Conquirendi non sun t :
si defera n tur et a rguan tur, pun iendi sun t ; ita tamen ut
qui n egaverit se Christia num esse , idque t e ip sa man i
festurn fecerit, id est supplica ndo diis nostris, quamvis
susp ectus in p rae teritum , ven iam ex p aen iten tia impetre t .
S ine auctore vero , p rop ositi libelli in nullo crimin e 10
cum habere xdeben t. Nam et pessim i exempli n ec nostr i
saeculi est.
T A C’
I T U S .
The Conflagra tz’
on qf Rome , a nd First P ersecu
tion qf the Chr i stia ns .
(Annals. xv. 38-
44. A.D.
Sequitur clades , forte an dolo prin cip is in certum
( 11am utrumque auctores p rodidére ) , sed omn ibus
quae huic urbi per violen tiam ign ium a cc iderun t
gravior a tque a trocior . In itium in ea pa rte c irci
ot tum , quae P a la tino Cae lioque mon tibus con tigua
est , ubi per tabern a s , quibus id mercimon ium in era t
quo flamma a litur , simul coep tus ign is , et sta tim
va lidus a c ven to c itus longitudin em circi corripuit .
Neque en im domus mun imen tis saep tae , vel templamuris cimeta , aut quid a liud morae in terja ceba t .Impetup ervaga tum in cendium plan a primhm , de in de
in edita adsurgens et rursus in feriora populando ,
an teiit remedia velocita te ma li , et obn ox ia grbe
artis itin eribus , hucque et illuc flexis a tque enormi
bus vicis , qua lis vetus Roma fuit .
Ad hoc lamen ta p aven tium femin arum , fessa
[es ta te ] aut rudis [pueritiae ] aeta s , quique sibi qui
que a liis con suleban t , dum trahun t inva lidos aut
opperiun tur, pars mora, pars festin an s , cun eta impe
dieba n t . Et saspe , dum in tergum respecta n t , la teri
bus aut fron te circumven ieban tur ; vel si in proxima
eva sera n t , illis quoque ign i correptis , etiam quae
2 IO LAT IN READER.
longinqua credidera n t in eodem casu reperiebant.
Postremo, quid vita ren t quid peteren t ambigui , com
plere via s , stern i per agros ; quidam , amissis 0m
n ibus fortun is , diurn i quoque victfis , a lii caritate
suorum , quos erip ere n equiveran t , quamvis pa tente
efi‘
ugio in teriére . Ncc quisquam defendere audebat ,
crebris multorum min is restinguere prohiben tium,
et quia a lii pa lam fa ces ja cieban t , a tque esse sibi
auctorem vociferaban tur , sive ut raptus licen tiii s
exerceren t , seu jussu.
E0 in tempore Nero , An tii agen s , non a n t‘e in
urbem regressus est quam domui ejus , qua P a la tiumet Maacen a tis hortos con tinuavera t , ign is propin
qua ret . Neque tamen sisti potuit , quin et P a la tium
et domus et bun cta circfim hauriren tur. S ed sola
c ium populo exturba to a c profugo campum Ma rtis
a c monumen ta Agripp ae , hortos quin etiam suos
p a tefec it , et subitaria aadificia exstrux it , quae multitudin em in opem a ccip eren t ; subvectaque uten silia
ah Ostia et prOp inquis mun ic ipiis , pre tiumque fru
men ti minutum usque ad tern os nummos . Q im,
quamquam popula ria , in in riturn cadeba n t , quia
p erva serat rumor , ipso tempore flagra n tis urbis ,
in isse eum domesticam scaen am , et cecin isse T ro
janum excidium , praesen tia ma la vetustis c ladibus
adsimulan tem .
Sexto demum die , apud ima s Esquilia s fin is in
cendio fa ctus , prorutis p er inmen sum aadific iis , ut
con tinua violen tiae campus a t velut va cuum c aelurn
occurreret . Necdurn positus metus , et rediit haud
levihs rursum gra ssa tus ign is p a tulis magis urbis
locis , coque strages hom inum minor : delubra defimet porticus amoen itati dica tae la tifis proc idére . P lus
2 I 2 LAT IN READER.
que ordine et rei familiaris copus , fin ivitque tempus
in tra quod efi'
ectis domibus aut in sulis ap isceren tur .
Ruderi a ccip iendo Ostien ses pa ludes destin aba t ,
utique n aves , quas frumen tum T iberi subvectavis
sen t , onustaa rudere decurreren t , aedific iaque ipsa
certa sui parte sin e trabibus saxo G abino Albanove
solidaren tur, quod is lapis ign ibus imp ervius est ;
Jam aqua priva torum licen tl a in tercepta , quo la rgior
et pluribus locis in publicurn flueret , custodes , e t
subsidia reprimendis ign ibus in prop a tulo quisque
haberet n ec commun ion e p a rietum , sed propriis
quasque muris ambiren tur . Ea , ex utilita te a ccepta ,
decorem quoque n ovae urbi a ttulére . Eran t tamen
qui crederen t , veterern illam formam sa lubrita ti
magis condux isse , quon iam a ngustiee itin erum e t
a ltitudo tectorum n on perinde so l is vapore p errum
p eren tur a t nun c p a tulam la titudin em , et nulla
umbra defen sam , graviore aestua rdescere .
Et haec quidem huma n is con siliis provideba n tur .
Mox petita a dis pia cula , aditique S ibullae libri , ex
quibus supplica tum Vo lca n o et Ceret i Proserpin a
que , a c propitia ta Jun o p er ma tron a s , primiim in
Capitolio , de inde apud prox imum ma re , unde hausta
aqua templum et simula crum deae persp ersum est ;
et sellistern ia a c pervigilia celebravére femin ae qui
bus ma riti eran t .
Sed n on ope humana, n on largition ibus p rin cipis ,
aut defim p lacamen tis decedeba t in famia , quin jussum in cendium crederetur . Ergc
‘) abolendo rumori
Nero subdidit reos , et quae sitissimis poen is adfec it ,
quos per flagitia invisos vulgus Christianos appella
ba t . Auctor n omin is ejus Christus , T iberio imperitan te , per procuratorem Pon tium Pilatum supplicio
TACIT US 2 1 3
adfectus era t ; repressaque in prmscn s exitiabilis
sup erstitio rursum erumpeba t , non m0d0 p er Ju
daeam , origin em ejus ma li , sed per urbem etiam ,
quo cun cta undique a trocia aut pudenda confluun t
celebra n turque . Igitur primiim correp ti qui fa te
ban tur deinde , indicio corum , multitudo ingan s haud
perinde in crimin e in cendii quam odio human i ge
n eris convicti sun t . Et pereuntibus addita ludibria ,
ut fera rum tergis con tecti lan ia tu canum in teriren t ,
aut crucibus adfix i , aut flammandi , a tque ubi defe
cisset dies , in usum nocturn i lumin is ureren tur .
Hortos suos ci spectaculo Nero obtulera t , et c ir
cen se ludicrum edeba t , habitu aurigae permixtusplebi , vel curriculo in sisten s . Unde quamquam ad
versus soutes , et n ovissima exempla meritos , mi
sera tio orieba tur , tamquam n on utilitate publica sed
in sa vitiam un ius absumeren tur.
2 16 LAT IN READER .
he dep arted, saying, The third foot in this verse , n an p 6th is
a dactyl , which in iambic metre has the ictus on the second syl
lable .
4. a c erb am, se .
‘uvam.
5 . qui and quas. 48 , 1 11 . first remark ; qui is subject of ele
van t.while its an tecedent ( i i ) is subject of deb ebun t ; qua is
object of fa c ere , and its antecedent ( ea ) , of elevan t ; facere
depends upon p osaun t .
6 . d eb ebun t : we should say ought, but the La tin expresses
the relation of future time more precisely than the English idiom
requires.— a dscribere, 58 , Iv.
—sib i , 1 9 , 11 . end.
FABLE II ( IV .
1 . simul a c : as soon as 43 , 9) The position of ca llidas
makes it emphatic, and gives it some such force as, tf he is shrewd.
2 . a lterius : the other, i .e . , the p erson nearest him (mother
would be anus . The first foot is an anapaest , rép éri .
3. dec idisseh § 62 , 1 . end.—1m c1a , 5 47, v1 ., without
knowing it .
al tiore , 1 7 , v . 1 .
6 . e sse t , 6 7 , 1 . 1 .—an : whether.
7 . c op iosus , 44 , IV . 3 .—flla se . dix it .
9. p ossi t , 6 5 , 1 .
10. b a rb a tus , 44, IV . 4.—vul p ecul a , 44 , 1 . 2 .
11 . put eo , 54, v1 . com i bus , 54, abl. of means.
12 . vado , 55 , 11 1 . 5 , end : sha llowwa ter, p ool .
FABLE HI (I.
1 ven eran t ,
2 . sup eri or : above.—compulsi , —stab a t, 1 .
3. fauc e imp roba , savagej aw,belongswith
4. jurgi i , - in tul i t : brought up .
6 . b ib en ti , as I um drinking.— lan ige1 , § 44, VL ;
1 0 , 8 . The descriptive adject ive is used like ba rbams, in the
last fable , for the noun , 47 , 111 . timens , fearing at the time,
not timid as a characteristic .
7 . Qui z how. quod , 52 , 1 . first note : what youcomp la in
about .
9 This is an abbrevia tion for sci li ce t, (sc ire l icet ), mean ing understa nd .
2 18 LAT IN READER .
t ib i : for or in rega rd to yourself ; not to.
addiderts , 6 3 , 11 .
in gra ti am : to good terms .
la don di , 73 , 11 .
to, obj . of n ecare.—gen eris , 50 , 1 . 2.—a.n ima1, 46 .
bibere depends upon de lec taris : in drinking.
10. Op tem ,—vel : even .
1 1 The third foot is a da ctyl, t t'
im vén I
12. n ocona , used as an adjective : mischievous.
13. puma , 54 , IV .
FABLE VIII (IV.
3. con tra se : to his own 1033.
4. ut zwhen .
6 . imp rob is. 51 , v .
FABLE IX ( I .
1 . commutando , 7 3 and v . sa p ius : quite qften .
5 . Is refers to sen ex .
6 . fugere depends upon sua deba t ; the regular construction
would be , ut fugeret .
7. len tus : stolidly.—num, 71 and 1 .—bin as , 1 8 , 11 . 2.
8. imp os iturum, se . esse .
9. me a , 50 , IV . 4, first note .
10. 0 111, 51 , m .—p orten1 , 6 1 , 3.—meas : mine and no
more.
co
ca
ca
uh
go
FABLE X (I .
1 . p ret ium : p ay.—meri ti, 47 , Iv. 1 .
3. Begin with de inde : in the m t p lace, § 41 , 11. 4.—jamnon ,
41 , 11 . 2.
5. s ingulos : one afier another.
7. jurejuran do , 1 4 , 11. 2.
8. com longitudin em ; a graphic expression for longum0 0 1mm.
10. quo refers to the act performed by the crane. p a c tum,
from p ango : which had been agreed up on.
2 2 0 LAT IN READER .
7. n egarun t = n egave 1un t , 33 , 1 11 . 1 . This word is used
for dico n on : say no.
8. Quiz : uter, which qf the two, would be more correct .
bovem, se. esse maj orem.
9 . n oviss ime : a t last, § 41 , 1 .
10. corp ore , 54, x .— ja cui t : fell dead.
FABLE XV ( I.
1 . A then a ,Athens many names of towns in Latin are p lural,
and take a plural verb but in English theyrequire a singular verb.
2. mis cui t : mixed up or disturbed.
4. fa c ti onum p artibus , 50 , 1 . 3 : when p arty factions were
formed ( abl. absolute) .5. Pisis tra tus : a tyrant ofAthens, 560. The word tyrant
meant merelyusurp er, and did not imply oppressive or harsh rule.
Pisistratus was, on the whole , a mild and popular ruler ; but
his sons were less discreet , and were expelled by a revolution
(B.C. when the government ofAthens became a democracy.
6. A tt ic i : Attica was the coun try belonging to Athens.
7 . qui a and quoni am, 43 , 6.
8. in suet is : da tive after grave .
9. rettuli t : the t is doubled in order to make the e long ; see
7 8 , note.
12. c omp escere t , 64, 1 .
14. quod refers to t lgi llum.—vad.is , 51 , 1 1.
16. diutius : a good whi le, 1 7 , V . 1 .
18. exp lora to , 7 2 , 11 . after sm tin izing the king.
20. sup ra governs 115110 111 ; by poetical usage , it here follows
the word it govern s.
22. roga n tes : i .e. messengers.
23. esset , 6 3 , its subj. is is understood.
26. fugi tan t , 3 6 , m .— 1n ertes : the fools.
27. M ercufio : Mercurywas the messenger of the gods.
28. amic tis, 5 1 , V. con tra , an adverb : in rep ly.
30. c ives, 53 . a i t , se. E sopus .
FABLE XVI (V.
1 . labi : go astray.
2. p ro , etc. : while they defend the error of their judgment.3. pmn i ten dum , 73 , IV. agl depends upon so len t .
5. cun e ta s , a contraction of conjun ctos : a ll together.
NOTES PHE DRUS o 2 2 I
6. qui sque is subj. of p osse t , but the English idiom requires
that it should be connectedwith ooten deret : that each should show
7. laudis limits c artami n a .
8. sal e : sa lt = wi t urba n o sa l e : neat wit.
10. p ro la tum foret esse t ) 6 7 , 11.
1 1 . c ivi ta tem, used as
'
a collective noun : the citizens.
12. P aullo an te qualifies va cua .
13. con s t i t it , 5 7 , 111. first n ote.
14. a djutoribus , 54, x. : render with no assistants.
15. ip s a : very or mere, 20 , 11 . near the end.
16. sinum : the p al lium was a Greek garment , like a large
shawl ; it hung in loose folds over the breast , forming a kind of
bag, called s inus , bay.
17. sua , se. voce .
18 . verum, sc. p orc ellum. p ani c , 5 1 , v.
19. excut i, se. p allium, 6 7 , 1 . end.- aimu1, sc. a tque : as
soon as .
21. p rosequun tur : i.e., as he leaves the stage.
26 . d erisuri , 64, v. 5.
28. p lausus : used for the singular, app lause, because it ex
presses many acts.
29. s ese , 5 2, v1. vesflmen tis , 54, 1 .
30. quod refers to p orc ellum ob tigere : as in fact he did.
31. la tens : undiscovered.
32. 170 1 0 , 51 , 1. ( dat. com. et of a rea l p ig see v. 18.
FABLE XVII (II .
ven a torum, 44, m . 1 ; subjective genitive.
H ie , adverb. la ten ti , sc. cervo .
cucurreri s , 63 , 11 .
vos : youa t least, § 49 , 11 .
occ asion s da ta : when an op pm'tunity is given.
1 vi c es : the turn , or cha nge. exc ip inn t : follows.
1 N ee ille , etc. : and he, too, saw nothing.
15. qui efis : i.a ., whichhad hgvt silent.—agere gra t ias : return
p
o
co
oo
-Q
pa
gmw
17. qui dem : to be sure.
18. me , subj. ofven erlt. veneri t , 57 , m.
2 2 2 LAT IN READER .
19. vertetur = = wit l be.
21 . corrup tos : grown thin.—frouais limits p arum , § 50 , n . 4.
26. fam il ial : slaves.
FABLE XVIII (APPENDIX, II.
1 . m at ic i ,
'
sc. mum , limits c avo .
2 . glan ds ,54 , 1. after c en a t .
4. rebus ,54 , VI .
5. The fifth foot is a dactyl, -tfir r&ll —renqui is , g54 , m.
p erfmun tur, 57 , 111 . second note.
7. 0 11 0 agrees with strep ita .
1 1 . U t when. qua refers to ea understood, which is gov
14. pra metu: forfear.16. fercul is : the courses at a meal , i.e., the dishes. fruamur,6 8 , 1.
17 rure properly meansfrom the country, but stands here for
nu'
l , in the country ; 55 , 111 . and 3, note.—qm m , 6 0 , 2.
18. qui , subj. of n esc is .
19 . 9 1: conn ects securum and liberum.
20. mm vivere is subj. of p re sta t .
21 . carp i : to be worn out.
FABLE XIX (IV.
1 . doc tus ; teamed, or, rather , educated.
2. Simonides, one of the greatest of the Greek poets, born in
the island of Ceos, in the sixth century B.C. egregium , from o
and grex : one out of the herd, i.e . , distinguished for excel lence.melon : a Greek noun in the neuter gender ; used here for the
plural, songs ; the English word melody is derived from this.
3 sus t in eret , 64 , depends upon ca p i t c ircumi re .
4. scan c irc’ire . n ob i les , from n osc o : welt-known or
famous .
5. c an on s : we should say, receiving p ayfor singing. vic
tomm , i.e. , in the public games, which were established among
the Greeks, for races, contests of strength, skill, etc . See Eh. 1 12.
9. quam refers to n avem , and is governed by dissolvi t.
10. medi a , 47 , vm . ; the middle of the sea.12. subs idium ,
46 .
13. curi os ior : with some curiosity.
2 24 LAT IN READER .
IV. An attack from the Germans on northern Gaul is repulsed ;
and Cwsar follows them, by a bridge of timber hastily built , across
the Rhin e . Returning, he crosses to Britain in the early autumn ,
for a visit of exp loration .
V. The partial conquest of Brita in ( second invasion ) is fol
lowed by various movemen ts in n orthern Gaul, in which the
desperate condition of the Roman garrisons is relieved by the
pruden t and brave conduct ofLabienus and Quin tus Cicero .
VI. Caesar makes a brief expedition across the Rhin e , against
the Germans. Some gen eral disturbances are quelled, and
northern Gaul is reduced to peace .
VII. Vercingetorix , a brave and high-spirited chief of southern
Gaul , effects a consp iracy of the whole coun try, which is at length
subdued. Vercingetorix , in brillian t equipment , surrenders him
self, to secure the quiet of the coun try, and is taken in cha ins to
Rome , where he is afterwards put to death in Caesar’s triumph.
VIII. Slight in surrections, breaking out here and there , are
easily subdued ; and the subjugation of Gaul is made complete .
It was the custom of Caesar, in the in tervals of these
campaigns, to pass the win ter in Italy, or to visit his provinceof Illyria , keeping himself informed of the politica l affa irs ofRome, and the movemen ts ofPompey, who held the chiefpowerthere, and was a t one time the sole consul. At the close
of the Gallic war, being jea lous of Caesar’s power, the party
of Pompey required tha t he should disband his army. This
he refused to do, un less Pompey should make an equal
surrender of military force. From these demands grew the
suspicion of fa lse play on each side , until the Civil War
broke out and Pompey fled to Greece, where he
was defea ted the following year a t Pharsalia .
The first expedition to Brita in was in the fourth year of
Caesar’s command in Gaul, 55. The early pa rt of the
summer was occupied with campa igns in Northern G aul and
Germany. It was known to Caesar tha t the Gauls received
aid, or a t least sympa thy, from their kindred in Brita in ; be
determined, therefore, a lthough it was too la te for a regularcampa ign, to pay a visit to the isla nd, of which very little
was known beyond the fact tha t it was inhabited, like Gaul,
NOT E S—JULIUS CE SAR . 2 25
by Ce lts. His object was to obta in a persona l acqua intance
with the coun try, its chiefs and people ; to thrust himself insome way into their affa irs, and establish such rela tions with
them as might afford a conven ient pretex t for further inter
ference a t a future time.
”
(Meriva le .)The Cel ts of Southern Brita in were of the Cymric bran ch
of the race, now represen ted by the remnan ts of the ea rlyBritons sti ll occupyingWales and Cornwa ll . It would appear
tha t the Celts of Belgium and Armorica were also Cymric ;while the rest of the Gauls, like the inhabitan ts of Ireland,belonged to the Gaelic branch of this race.
PAGE
1 1 0 6. p a rte , 54, X.
9. c on ten di t , 5 8 , L—be llj s 55 , 1 .—submin istra ta , se .
ess e , 34, 11 .
10 . in d e , i .e . a Brit a n n ia .
1 1 . d efic ere t , § 5 7 ; should be inswfiicien t.12. usui , 5 1
, VII . we should say, of grea t service.- fore has
for its subject the substan tive clause 3 1 c ogn ovisset .
13. a disset , 5 7 , 5 8 , we should say, should vis it.
14 . {ere does not mean a lmost (which is p rop e ) , but for themost p art .
15 . N eque ; 43 , 10 and 1 1 .—temere , without sp ecia l oly
’
ect.
16 . his ip s is , dat . after n o tum.
18 . G al lia s , plural , because of the subdivision into Gallic and
Belgic .—vo c a t is , 7 2 , 3 ; having ca lled .
19 . n eque n eque , nei ther nor.—esset 6 7 , 1 . 1 ) de
pends upon rep erire .
21 . in s ti tut is , 54, m .
22. ad depends upon idon e i , 5 1 , note. maj orum
navium, i .e . , ships of war , etc.
24. c ogn osc en da , 7 3 , and lv. fa c ere t , 6 2 , 11 . 1 ; before
27 . 3 9 refers to the subject of the principal clause , Caesar .
quam p rimam, 17 , v. 5, as soon as p ossible.—reverta tur ,
70 , 1 .
1 2 . 1 . M orin os : theMorin i inhabited Flanders andArtois, justwhere Gaul is nearest Britain .
2 26 LAT IN READER .
1 9 . 8. quam c lassem , 48 ,m ., 2d. note.—sup eriore,former .
4. a d,for the war with the Vené‘ti , who lived on the coast
ofBrittany, had been chiefly n aval.
5 . jube t , 6 8 , ao. c lassem.
6. p er merc a tores , 54, 1. end.
7 . p o lli c ea n tur, 64, p o lli cean tur is here followed bythe pres. inf. an unusual con struction , see 6 7 , 11 1 . and 2.
10 . domum, 5 5 , 11 1 . 2.
1 1 . remi t tit , 57 , 11 . Comm ium ; Saulcy is of opin ion tha t
these negotia tion s were not in good fa ith, and tha t Commius
himself had a secret understanding with the Briton s.
12. ib i , i.e . , in A treb a tibus ; the Atrebates were east of the
Morin i .
13. quem , 6 7 , 1 . 2.
14. in his region ibus , i .s . , Brita in .
15. ma gn i, 54, 1x . 1 .—huic , 5 1 , 111 .
16. p osa it , 6 6 , 11 .— ad ea t , 64, IV .
—c ivita tes , 52 , 11 . 1 .
17 fidem , fa ith, and so a promise of fa ithful protection ; to
follow or accep t the protection of the Roman people , is to submi t
themselves to them. se , i .e . , Caesar .
19. quan tum, sc . t an tum , 22 , as much as.— e i, to one ,
20 , 11 .
20. an derat , 6 3 , 11 . There is a slight reproach in thi s
subjun ctive.
21 . di e , 55 , 1 .
24. vigi li a : the Roman night , between sunset and sunrise , wa s
divided, for military purposes, into four watches ; the third watch
therefore would average 3 A .M . at this season , somewhat earlier .
so lvi t , sc . n aves . Portus Itin s, from which the expedition
sailed, is identified by the Emperor Napoleon III. withBoulogn eby Merivale and Saulcy, with Witsand, a village between Bou
logue and Cala is. Witsand (white sa nd) was during the middle
ages the chief port of embarcation for England ; but its harbor is
now blocked up with sand. The name Itius is probably con
n ected with i tus the ha rborfor tra nsit.
27 ess et , 62, 1 .—hora ; the day, between sunrise and sun
set , was divided into twelve hours ; the fourth hour at this season ,
would be between 8 and 9 A .M .
30 . Cujus , 48 , Iv.
31 . a ngust ia , i .e . , near the shore.
2 28 LAT IN READER .
32 . tormen t is ; the Roman armies carried with them on
gines for hurling stones , darts, &c . , so efficient that theymaybe
fa irly reckoned as a substitute for modern artillery.
33. quas reg 48 , v .
1 4 . 1 . n ost ris , 47 , 111 . note , and v. note .
3. con sti terun t , were checked. a o, and more than that 43.
p aulum modo , a very little.
5 . qui relates to is understood, subj . of inqui t .—a qui lam,
the silver eagle , introduced byMarius as standard of the legion ;
carried by the chief cen turion , or primip ilus (Hb.
6. 19 510 111, 51 , 1. Da tivus commodi et incommodi .
7 . Desi li te , 5 8 , 111 .—vul tu, 5 5 9 , 1 . 11 . and note , 1 11 .
8 . c erts , 41 . 11 . 3.
9. p ra est ltero , 57 , i .e . , will be able to say that I have
done my duty.
12. in ter se , one another.—un iversi (un i versi , all turned
into one) , al l with one a ccord.
13. p rox imis p rimis , the nearest ships of thefirst line.
14. subsecut i. i .e . , those on board.
16 . Pugn a tum est , the battle was fought, or thefight went on ,g39 , 5 .
18 . anus a lia ex n avi, onefrom one ship , anotherfrom a nother,
47. 111 .
19. quibus cumque, § 21 .1 . n ote ; its anteceden t is i is (sign is )understood, depending on aggregab a t .
26 . sp ecul a toria n avigia ; swift boats , used for exp loring and
reconnoitring.
27 quos his , 548 , 111 . end. Notice the use of the imperfect
tense through this descrip tion , indicating that these circumstances
took place aga in and again .
28. simul, sc . a tque , as soon as , 43 , 9.
30. n eque p o tuerun t , but were not able.
31 . insul am c ap ere , reach the isla nd ; the transports contain
ing the cavalry had been deta ined.
1 5 . 3. The omi ssion of the conjunction 01: [after mis erun t;] isvery common imp erasse t stands for imp eraverit ( fut . perf.)in Ora tio Recta ; it becomes plup . subj . by 5 7 ( after p o lli citlaun t ) and 6 7 , 11 . ( after fa c turos esse ) .
- faoturos, 6 7 , 111 . 2.
5 . quem, 52 , VI .
NOT ES—JUL IUS CE SAR . 2 29
7 . ora toris modo , in the character of an ambassador.
9. in p e ten da p a ce , 7 3 , v.
11 . a t ign osoeretur, se . 113 . tha t p ardon should be given them,
51 , m . second note ; ign osc o govern s the dat . (ut ign osc eretiis) , and therefore cannot be used personally in the pass . ; ut
ignosc eren tur would be bad Latin .
14. mthlissen t , a lter quod, 6 3 , 1 .—ign oscere , se . se , 6 7 ,
1 . end.
15 . imp eravit , sc. tis , demanded of them, 51 . 11 1 . end.
quorum, 50 , 11 . 1 .
16 . arcessltam, which had to befetched, 72 , 1
21 . p ost quam , 5 6 , it might also be di s quarto
postquam ; see 55 , 1 . n ote .
23. sup ra , 5 6 , 1 1 . end ; see p . 12 .
25 . ex sup eriore p ortu, the cavalry had sa iled from a point
eight miles east of that from which the infa n try had started.
27 . earum, 50 , 11 . 2 .—p osset , 5 6 5 , 1 .
— a li a e a li a s ,
22 , 11 .
29. o c c asum, 5 6 , 11 . 1 .
30. sui , 1 9 , 11 . and 11 1 . 50 , 111 . to themselves . adven a
noct e , 54 , a lthough the n ight was unfavorable.
32 . ut esset , 70 , 11 . this full moon has been determined byastronomical calculations to have been on the n ight of August 30.
33. mama ; it will be remembered tha t there are n o tides in
the Mediterranean , so tha t this phenomenon was strange and
appalling to the Roman s .
1 6 . 2 . tran sp ortan dum curavera t , had had the army con
7 . essen t , 6 3 , 111 .
1 1 . N eque ; it is often best in tran sla ting to divide this word
et n on ) and join the nega tive with some other word ; for on
the one hand there were no other, etc .
1 1 . p ossen t , 6 5 , 1v . 2 .
13. c ons ta b a t , i t was an established fa ct ; its subject is
hiemari Op ort ere ; that of op ort ere is hiemari in G all i s .
14. his in lo c is ; the preposition often stands after thefirst word
it governs, when this is a pronoun agreeing with a n oun .
20. hoc ,54 , 1 . for this reas on .
22 . fac t a , 74 , 11 . dux erun t . thought, has for its subject,
p rin c ip es .
2 30 LAT IN READER .
24. res has a great varietyofmean ing in different connections ;here hostilities .
25 . in feren dl , 73 , In . first note .
31 . even tu,fa te.- ex eo quod ,from this ( thefact) , that.
32 . id is subject of fore .
33. susp ic ab a tur , began to susp ect.
1 7 . 3. ea rum , 48 , 111 . top of p . 58 .
6 . admin istraretur, 6 3 , 1 11 .
7 . re liqui a p osset , 70 ; a substantive clause governed
by efl'
ec i t .
9. frumen ta tum , 74 , 1 ,—n eque , 543 , 1 . note .
10 . b e ll i , 50 , 11 1 . 1 .
12 . ven ti taret , 3 6 , 11 1 .
14. quam c onsuetudo ferret , than was customa ry.
15 . p artem , 48 , 11 1 .
16 . cons i li i , 50 , 11 . 3 ; some new des ign .
17 The cohort was the tenth part of a legion , containing six
hundred men (Hb. 158) one cohort was posted at each of the
four ga tes of the camp (Hb. 160)26 . d isp ersos oc cup a tos , while they
'
were scattered, etc .
28. in c ert is ordin ibus , 54 , x . expressing the reason .
32 . equorum , 50 , 1 .
33. insinuaverun t , 5 7 , 111 .
1 8 . 3 . i ta ut , in such a way that. - i1li , the warriors.
6 . p ra s ta n t , they disp lay or un ite.
8 . in c i ta tos , a tfull sp eed. brevi , in a moment .
1 1 . rebus , under these circumsta nces . n ostri s , 51 , 11 .
18 occup a t is , while our men were busy, so that they could not
a ttend to matters , the country-
people [see p . 17 , l . 1 1] left theirhomes, and got out of their reach.
20 . di es , 55, 1 .
21 . con t in eren t, 6 5 , 1 . such as kep t , &c.
25 . sui , 7 3 , 11 . note .
30. The substantive clause a t effulgeren t is in apposition
with idem , which is the subject of fore .
1 9 . 3. sp a ti o , 55 , 11 . end.
10. e quin oc tii ; the season of the equinox is usually stormy.
15. eosdem quos, the same a s . reliqui , sc . c ep era n t . The
masc . is here used by Synes is .
NOT E S JULIUS SAR . 2 33
26. a tque ii s , and these too ; the first cohort of each legion was
made up of p icked men , and stood higher in rank than the others.
27 . in t er se belongs with in termiss a ; the object of this close
order wa s to preven t the essedi from penetrating between the
cohorts. c on st it issen t , 6 1 , 2 .
29 . p errup enm t , i . e . the enemy.
30. Q . Laberius Durus, 1 5 .
3 1. submissis , sent up ,i .e . , sent a s a id.
2 4 . 1 . p ro , in front of ,not in defence of.
4. ess e , were, 5 7 , IV .
9. Eques tr is , etc. ; moreover, the mode offighting with horsesfor chariots) brought p recisely the same p eril up on them
when retrea ting as wel l as when purs uing.
1 1 . A cc e'
d eb a t huc ut , besides ; the subject of a c c ed eb a t isn t , etc.,
7 0 , li terally, there was added to this , tha t .
12. s ta ti on es , relays.
13. dein c ep s ex c ip eren t , relieved one af ter the other.
2 1 . legi on i busque , i .s . , theyfollowed the foragers quite
to the ma in army.
81 . con si li o , i .e., of n ot coming aga in to a gen eral engagemen t .
33 . a t que hoc a gro , and that with dificulty.
2 5 . 2. in struc tas is here a participle , not an infin it ive , 34 ,
1 1 . end.
3 . p ra fix is , dr iven in , in front of the bank.
8 . The swimming and fording of rivers were among the
regular exercises of the Roman legionary. Though immersed upt o his chin in water , he was expert in plying his hatchet aga inst
the stakes which opposed his progress , while he held his buckler
over his head not less steadily than on dry land. Behind him a
con stant storm of ston es and darts was impelled again st the enemyfrom the engines which always accompanied the Roman armies
(Merivale)9 . The cavalry did not form a part of the legion , but were
Gallic auxiliaries
15 . servab a t , wa tched. ex vi a ex c edeb a t , kep t out of theroad .
24. dis c edi , 3 9 , 5 ; tha t any on e should dep a rt.
26. hos t ibus , 51, 111 . second note .
29. his , the inhabitan ts ofKent .
30 . ca stra n ava li a , see p . 21 . do imp roviso , unexp ectedly.
2 34 LAT IN READER .
2 6 . 7 . ex trahi ; dragged out, wa sted.
8 . in a n n os s ingul os , ea ch yea r . vec t iga lis , 50 , 11 . 3.
13. deduc t is , launched.
15 . c omme a t ibus , p assages .
17 to t n aviga t i on i bus ablative absolute , a lthough, etc .
The passage from the Sixth Book of the Ga llic War,
describing the people of Gaul and Germany, is one of the
ea rliest a nd most importan t sources of informa tion in regard
to these races.
2 7 . 9. red e a t , 64 , 1 . sha ll be referred.
10 . n e egeren t , 7 0 ; in apposition with ejus rei.
1 1 . aux il ii , 5 0 , IV . 5 .—egeret , 57
, 1 . second note.
12 . fa c i a t , 5 9 , IV . 3.
14. summ a , the constitution .
15 . The passage omitted speaks of the two great faction s of
Gaul , at the head of one of which had stood the E dui , of the
other the Sequan i ; in this con test the E dui had succeeded in
gett ing upon their side the decisive influen ce ofRome .
18 . 10 0 0 , in the p osition .
19. nul lo c on s ili o , are summoned a t n o consulta tion , i .e .
a re con sulted upon no occasion ; in English, the collective n oun
common p eop le requires a plural verb . ae re a li en o , a nother’s
money, i .e . , debt
22 . in hos , over these, i .e . , p la t i que . domi n is ( sc . aun t ) .
23. duobus ; see lin e 17 .
25. re ligi on es , the doctrin es of religion .
28. c o s , the Gauls .
30. a dm i ssum , committed ; a frequent meaning of this word.
32 . si qui , 21 , 11 1 . end ; the usual form would be qui s , when
used without a n oun ,21 , 11 .
33 . d ecre t o , 54, in a ccordance with their decision .
sa crific i is , 54 , VI . 80 . eo s , theyforbid them the samfices .
2 8 . 5 . in c ommodi limits quid .
12. Carnfitum , a tribe south—west of Paris, in the n eighbo
hood of Cha rtres and Orlea ns ; this p art of Fran ce abounds a t the
presen t day in druidical rema ins .
16 . Brit an n i a ; this is taken as a proof of the Cymric origin
of Dx'uidism .
— rep erta ,67 , IV. 1 ; it might equally well be
d isc ip li n am rep ertam esse .
2 36 LAT IN READER .
9. sup ra han o memori am , before our day.
1 1 . jus ti s , comp lete i .e . , thi s was n ecessary to the complete
ness ; translate , to render theirfun era l ri tes comp lete.
14. san c tum , established, i .a . , the clause which follows .
15 . re pub li ca , p ublic afia irs.—rumore aut fama , vague
rumor or defin ite rep ort.20. qua vis a aun t ; wha t it seems good, so. oc cul ta re .
22 . p er c oncilium , in the way of a regula r assembly.
24. This paragraph is taken from Book Iv . ch. 5 .
31 . quorum , 50 , W . 3.—in vest igi a , a t once.
3 2 . 7 . ah p arvul is ,from boyhood.
9. in te r suos , among their comp an ion s.
14 . The join t proprietorship of land, here described, with its
annual distribution , huds its an alogies in India , Russia , and other
coun tries of the Aryan ra ce (See Ma ine’s Anc . Law. oh. VIII .)
17 qua n tum agri ; howmuch land and in wha t loca l ity.
19. The true cause is probably that the property belonged to
the clan , n ot to individua ls.
20 . gerun di , 1 ; top of p . 2 . a gricul tural ,for agriculture
the ablative is the usual construction Wi th verbs of changing .
21 . p arare , a cquire.
23. vi t an d os , $47 , 11 .
27 The name of the Suevi is generally supposed to mean wan
dering ( sway back and forth) from it is derived t he modern
Swabia (Baden andWiirtemberg) . The two p aragraphs which
follow are from the first and second chapters of the Fourth Book.
29. s in gul a , 1 8 , 11 . 1 .
3 3 . 4 . p artem , in grea test p a rt.
7 . omoto ,54 , render, a ccustomed to .
8. omn in o , with n egatives, mean s a t a ll.—faoian t , 6 3 ,
it is the explan ation given of the word liberta te .
10. addux erun t , § 27 , 111 . 3.
13. et corresponds to n eque above . lavan tur , 3d. conj . here.
14. a o , 54 , for this reason .
16 . Quin et i am , nay even .
18 . p ret io ,54 , 1x .
20. sun mi lab oris , cap able of , etc . , 50 , 1 . 2 .
33 . ex pul so s agrees with fin i t imos , which is subj .°
of c adere .
—virtutis , 50 , 1 11 . 4.
17 . rerum limits ti des ; confidence in resp ect to a ll things , etc .
NOT E S ol'
rus CURT IUS 2 37
3 4 . 3 . T acitus in his German ia ( ch. V 11 . ) says Rages ex
n obili ta t e , duc es ex virtute sumun t .
” In ch. x1 . he speaks
more in deta il of the power of the p rin c ip es .
12 . qui , etc . ,
“ who wish to follow, let them p resent them
selves , 6 7 , 1 1 . 1 . T acitus , eh . xiii . , describes this custom of
person al a tta chmen t to a chief, which was one of the prin cipal
elemen ts of the feudal system.
20 . sa n c tos , inviolable.
26 . The Hercyn ian Forest was the gen eral name for the
moun ta in region of Swabia , Thuringia , and Bohemia , which
separates the waters of the Danube from those of the North Seaand Ba ltic .
32 . P rovin ci a , i .e . , Gallia Transalp ina , the modern Provence
and neighboring provin ces .
35 . 2 . ip s i , the Gauls ; i l lis , the German s.
4 . ex p edi to ,for onewith no incumbra nce, i .s . , a good wa lker ;
at the presen t day, di stances are measured in Switzerland, and
often in Germany, by hours , not miles .
8. rec ta regi on e , a long the course.
12 . hujus G erman i a , i .e . , which we are acquainted with.
17 p rod en d a , deserving to be, etc .
19. Probably a hearsay descrip tion of the reindeer .
25 . a loes elks ; the Latin 0 was probably sounded like It
26 . v ari e t as , i .e . , the changes at differen t seasons .
27 mut ila refers to the blun ted horns of these an imals .
3 6 . 3. summa sp ec ies , every app ea ra nce.9
6 . uri ; from these the Swiss can ton of Uri is thought to have
taken its n ame , a s Bern did from the bear .
7 . sp e c ie ,54 , 11 . the limiting gen itive t auri serves the
purpose of an adjective .
1 1 . ad o lesc en t es , 3 6 , while growing up .
15 . ma n suefieri , § 37 , vn . end.
18. a h labrie , a round the rims .
Q UINTUS CURTIUS RUFUS.
The precise da te of the life of Q uin tus Curtius is not
known ; but it is supposed tha t he lived in the first cen turyafter Christ : he was p robably a rhe toricia n , who selected the
2 38 LAT IN READER .
ca reer of Alexander as a suitable subject for a piece of com
position . As a history his work has little value ; but from
the grace and brillian cy of its style it has always been a
favorite . The first two books are wan ting ; the third com
mences with the yea r 333, when Alexander, after his
victory on the Gran icus, is about to push on aga inst the
Persian empire .
The period of Grecian glory under the supremacy of
Athens, Spa rta , and Thebes was past. Philip of Macedon ,
fa ther of Alexander, bad overthrown the liberty of Greece
in the ba ttle of Chaeronea , 338, and was about to take
up anew the old heredita ry war aga in st P ersia , when he wasassa ssin a ted and succeeded by his son Alexa nder,then a youth of twen ty years. Alexander, who had gen ius
a nd Spirit, a t once took up his fa ther’s pla ns. In 334 he
ga ined a victory over Da rius on the river Granicus, a nd
then advanced through Asia Minor. Early the nex t yea r,he entered Cilicia ; and now Darius abandoned his defensive
p’
olicy, left his advan tageous position in Mesopotamia , and
advan ced to meet the invader. This change of'
policy provedhis ruin , as it would have been ea sy to preven t Alexa nder
from crossing the moun ta ins which separa te Cilicia from
Syria . The following extract begins with the en tra nce of
Alexander in to Cilicia .
3 7 . 1 . Ab is t amen e , 54. x . Ca p p adoc iae , 5 1 , v.- 3.
Cas tra Cyri : a local name , like the English n ames, Win ches ter,&c . ( ofwhich the root is c as tra ) , dating from the Roman occupa
t ion of Britain .- 4. Crcssus was overthrown by Cyrus, 546.
—6 . ah a di tu, 54, VI . note .—7 . mun imen ta , obj . of imi
t an t e , which is abl. abs. with s i tu. 10 . Memnon ( the best.
gen
eral of Darius, and the origin ator of hi s former defen sive po licy)had just died, an irrep arable loss to the King.
—quo n d am
qualifies sa lub re . 14. fuit , it would have been , 59 , note“
.
19 . p ra sid eren t , 64, 1 . 20. p o pul a t or 46 ) p opul ans
terram .—vin d ic are d ebuera t , he ought to have defended 57 ,
IV . note) : as we cannot form any past ten se of ought, we are
obliged to use the perfect infinitive in English.—21 . qui , those
who , 48 , 1 1 1 . l st note .
240 LAT IN READER .
of p ronun c ia t i , depending on jussera t : this statemen t is hardlyin keeping with the amiable character ofDarius .
4 l . 6. puero c omes , 51 , 1 . note ; his comp a n ion when a boy.
ut , as . 8 . n on p rwc ep s sed s trenuum , not violen t, butp ower
ful.—se leva turum ess e , 6 7 , 111 . 1 . 10. Nulli , 5 1, 1 11 .
p ra ter ip sum , etc . , excep t the very one a t whose p eril he p romised
it . 14. in a o , i.e . , si p o tuisse t . id ip sum , even this ; i .e . ,
quod sump turus esset , 6 6 , 1 . 40 , 1 .—22. in utramque
p artem , on either side of the question . 24. p erseverem , 6 0 ,
3.- 25 . da tum fueri t , 5 7 , 1 . end.
—n e videa tur ; wha t
ever shall have happ ened will not even seem to have occurred unde
servedly, i .e . it will be the consequence ofmy rashness. 27 A t ,
43, 2 .
- 32 . assump to , having p assed.
4 2 . 6 . p osse , sc . s e .- 10. ab isto o re ; i .e . , as depending
upon thy life .- 1 1 . is to , 22 , n .
—p an'io i dii ; i .e . , because
the King is the father of his coun try ; the same word is app lied to
the murder of any n ear rela tive , or to treason to one’s country.
12 . sen a tus , 72 , ifyou a re p reserved. 14. p a tera , 5 8 ,
1 11 . 15 . laxa a n imum , relieve your mind. so ll i c itud in e , 44 ,
1 1 . 16. mo leste sedul i,too ofiicious . 1 9 . p ermi s issen t ,
59 , IV . 2 .- 20. an imum, disp osition , i .e . , towards you. a lio ,
sc . modo .
26 . a djuverin t , 57 , first n ote .- 31 . ut p rimum, when
first, as soon as. 32 . ma tris , 5 0 , IV . 1 ; sum is omitted .
4 3 . 3. exsp ect a t ion e , 54, v .- 4. p o st , etc the third day
after , 5 6 , 111 . 8. gra tes hab eb an t , exp ressed tha nks.
9 . genu, 51 , v . ; inborn in tha t ra ce.— 1 1 . regis , 5 0 , m . ,
limiting a dmira t ion i and c ari ta te . ut ique , esp ecia lly. vel ,
whether it was tha t, 43 , 3.
Darius was a t this time in Mesopotamia , where he had
in tended to awa it the advance of Alexander ; but havingchanged his plan , after the dea th of Memnon , he moved in to
Syria , and from thence to Cilicia, in order to oppose the ad
vance ofAlexander.
26. celefit a te , sc . tan ta —grave , unwieldy.—27 . s o , i .e . , its
banks . 31 . cujus , 54, 111 . n ote . 50 , IV. 6. mn lta
n omin e , as a fine.
4 4 . 1 . o t ium , a ha lt .— 3 . ZEsculap ius was the god of heal
ing : Alexander showed his confidence in his own fortune , by
NOT E S Q UINT US CURTIUS . 241
instituting games to him, instead of to the god of war. 4. sp ec
ta n t i , to him while looking on .—6. tra c tus ejus , of that section .
sum fa c ta diot ionis , were reduced under his p ower , 5 5 0 ,note ; 80 . esse . 9. a lterls c a s tris, by a second day
’s march.
12. Isson n omin e , Issus by n ame. ejus , i .e . sal tus .
14. quoque , 41 , 11 . 1 .—15 . deturba t is , sc i ls. 17 idem
P a rmen io ) a t a t once.
19. ubi , 48 , IV . ; a nd here.- utrumn e eu, 71 , the
double form utrumn e is hardly found, except in poetry. p ra
gredien dum fo re t 40 , 7 3 , whether it was best to ad
van ce . 22. cons tab a t has for subj . , quos adven ta re .
23. p reelio the usual spelling iswith <3 . Dariuswas in Syria ,with a great superiority in numbers , as well as position ; for his
army consisted largely of cavalry, for which this broad pla in gave
great advan tages. If the Greeks‘
w'
slited where they were , on the
other hand, the Persian s would be able to bring no larger forces
into battle than they themselves, on account of the n arrowness of
the ground. 25 . ip s is , the Greeks. 26 . c ircumlri. 52 , 11 . 2 .
—an c ip iti , on two sides. 27 t imere , ao. se . 28. vin c e
ren tur, 64, 11 1 . the n on does not belongwithno, but corresponds
to sed.
4 5 . 1 . sede, abl . of price ; we should say, had excha nged his
n a tive homefor exile ; see note on p . 32 , l . 20. n ob ili ta t e , 5 54 ,
1V .—12 . in i t i , 72 , 2 ; of having entered up on . 13. redde
retur, 6 2, 11 . 3.- 14. cam, subj . of dari — s igmo , 54, x .
2 1 . sp es, in appos. with mil it es .— 24 . damn a ret , 57 : in
Oratio Recta , this would be s i damn et. by 59 , W . 1 .
28. se. esse ; this is the reason ing of the courtiers.—n on
oh al iud , not on any other a ccount.—29. velle , sc . G ra c os .
30. diverse, to the enemy. c ommissum se. sibi. 33. futuros,
in order that theymight be 64, V. 5.
4 6 . 1 . sa n ctus , holy ( not sacred) , or conscientious. n ega t
is generallyused for a negative assertion ; Darius declares tha t he
will not or, refuses, etc .—4. sib i , 5 1
, 1 11 . end and Iv .
credi tm'um , 67 , 11 . 2 . 5 . imbui sse t , 57 , 111 . n emin em ,
subject of debere .—6. c ap ite , 5 0 , Iv. 2, end .
—Defuturos ,
etc . ,there would be nobody to advise 8 . ip sos , the courtiers .
9 . fide i , 5 0 , 1 . 2 .—hab eri , sc. eum 48 , 111 . note) .
1 1 . ip sum quidem , he for his p art. 13. P ama , etc . , wa rs
dep end up on rumor. 17 . vex a ta agrees with regi on e . 18.
242 LAT IN READER.
serva to more : if the custom of the a ncients were kep t.
20 . ob tul erin t , 6 6 , who [as they asserted] , etc .— 21 . an te a
qualifies terrib i lem ; et connects terrib i lem and e la tum .
regem Alexa nder) , subj . ofde l ituisse . sua , s e , and ip sum
refer to Darius . 22. cautum , etc . , becoming Alexander]cautious instead of rash.
—30. varius,
47 , V1I . 32 . Damas
cum , 55, 111 . 2 .
4 7 . 6 . t a llota , 1 0 , 2 .— fugeren t , 6 5 , 11 were flying,
not would fly; the Persians had made a flank movement past the
Macedon ians , and taken the town of Issus , which Alexander had
just left .—8 . ex cep t i , left behind. 10 . s a evi en t ium agrees
with purpura torum . c ircumduc i has quos for subj . , and de
pends on ja sa i t ; so with nun tia re . 14 . ut c redeba t qualifies
fugien tium — l 9. a d esse t , se . utrum 7 1 , 11 . note) . 22 .
camp is , 55 , 1 11 . 5 . cum : a lthough.— inoon di ta : undis
cip lined.—27 . lmtus dec ern en dum esse , glad that he was to
fight : an accusative with the infin itive often depends upon a n oun
or adjective which imp lies thought or assertion . quo d , as a
relative , referring to the clause that follows . 31 . qua as p ira n ts ,
54 , by whose favor.—32 . n ec iniuri a : a nd not without reason .
33 . esset , 57 , V . : we should say howficlcle she is.
4 8 . 2 . majora , sc . es se — p ericu1is , 54 , V . 3. sicut
dubium es se t : as it was doubtful, 6 6 , 1 .—an : this use of an
for num , in a single dep enden t question , is not common in
prose . 10. The tub a was a long stra ight born , with a harsh
sound, used for infa ntry. 23. The s ta dium , or distan ce marked
out for foot-races , was a Greek measure of about one eighth of a
mile . 14. p rmmi ss i , those who had been sen t forwa rd. The
agmen ( from ago , 44 , 111 . 3) is the armymarching ; a c ies , the
army in line of battle .
16 . Alexanderwas now retracinghis steps towards Issos, and each
army was facing towards its own conmtry. 17 . creden t i agrees
with Dario . e t i am , se . eos,subj . of o c currere . 18 . n on
mediocri s : immodera te this is the figure called Litotes, by which
a thing is affirmed by denying its opposite .—21 . discurren t ium,
i.e . , to give orders and take their position s .—25 . n ee connects
d isc ors and in t en tus .—27 . e t a fron t e , 43 , 8.
—30. vigin t i
mi li a , sc . mili tum , subj . of tran s ire and obj ic ere .
4 9 . 2 . dest in a t a , § 47 , 1V . 1 1 . m i l ibus , used as a noun
in appos. with p edit i bus 1 8 , 1 . 1 2 . Fo r the Macedon ian
244 LAT IN READER.
in cavalry, which was the weak point of the Greeks and Romans.
The ba ttle upon the Greek left was vigorously contested.
5 2 . 2 . dextrum : can this mean la vum We have seen
(p . 50, l. 10) that the enemy had been driven on Alexander’s
right. 8 . c onjun gl , 23 , 3.— ip sl, i .e., the troops of Par
men io , on the left centre.— in medium P ersarum ; the usual
construction would be medic s P ersas 47 , vm .) 12. simul ,se . a tque 43 , —in eosdem, etc. , being a imed a t the same
on es , they [tela ] interfered with one another. 15. Fighting at
a distance , with arrows, javelins, etc . , was called eminus ( e
ma nus ) ; with the sword, oominus . It will be remembered that
the Greek mercena ries of Darius were upon this wing, towards
the sea , so that Greek met Greek .
” 20. d imi c aren t , 6 1 , 1 .
27 Alexander is here described as making for Darius himself,in the centre of the line ; but the romantic deta ils given here byCurtius are not substan tiated by the best authorities. 28. Op i
mum , in allusion to the spo li a op ima , Hb. 56.
5 3 . 2. in p arc iss imis , one of a few.—6 . s imilis N in a , as if
they had been swep t down . 9 . a dverso corp ore , in fron t.27 in illud oornu: on tha t wing ; the fight had been severe at
this point , until Darius himself fled. Meanwhile , the Thessalians,
on the Greek left , had likewise succeeded in putting their an tago
n iste to flight . 28. serie lamin arum ,p la te a rmor. 30. agmen
mo lieban tur,formed in to column .
5 4 . 10 . ha nd sa n e , etc . , n a t a t a ll like, &c . ; i .e , in good order,—12 . qua , 55 , IV. 15 . d iti a agrees with ma . 18 . in
c omp a ra t io n e me liorum , in comp arison with better things.
20. p erven tum era t , 39 , 5 : they had come.—qui bus , 51 .
v . , note .—quo : in p rop ortion as understand s o with v i o len tius
54 , v . , end.) 26 . imp o ten tis ( sc . sui , powerless over itself)a rroga nt. 30 . it a very frequen tly is used withut following ; it
need not be translated at all . 31 . a t ex c ip eren t , 70 and
1 1 .—33. s emet : met is an emphatic addition 1 9 , 1 11 . end) .
5 5 . 1 . il la , the former ; haec , the latter 20 , 1 1 .— 5 . a h
num . obj . of egressum 52,11 .
— 8 . il lin s,i .e . , a nnus .
1 1 . decari s , from decor ( not deobris , from decus ) . veris
quon dam is contrasted with tun e al ien is . 13. c al ami ta t is ,
5 5 0 , IV . 1 . 21 . imp en dio , 54,1x .
- ste t i t : cost. 25 . as
suevera t , was intima te. 32 . p avoris , p anic fear is t imor ;dread, metus .
NOT ES O‘LJINTUS CURT IUS 245
5 0 . 10. S ard is , 1 . 2 .— p rimo , § 41 , 11 . 4 . 15. vivum ,
a living man , obj . of l amen t ari . 17 . The subj . of nun ti a ri is
missam se a rege . 18 . a c tnm est means it is a ll .over .
21 . p o ssen t , 6 3 , 11 .— 28. I ta que , 43 , 5 .—31 . omc io ,
54 , 111 . 33. a p p ara tu° in resp ect of the sp lendor.
5 7 . 3. cum oura qualifies sepul t is , which is abl . abs .
5. hab eri , to be rendered.- 6 . sep el iret , 64 , 1v . , after p er
mi tti .—7 . p ro habi tu, in a man ner suited to the condition .
1 1 . just is , regula r or due ceremon ies . 14 . It is certain (fromthe extract now rema in ing of this letter [written by Alexander
after the battle] ) that he n ever saw, nor ever enterta ined the idea
ot’
seeing, the captive wife of Darius , said to be the most beautiful
woman in Asia ; moreover, he even declined to hear encomiums
upon her beauty.
”(Grote .) 17 . e t hie ; referring to their
close in timacy.—22 . ex c a p t ivis follows S isygamb is . 28. n i l ,
52 , IV .—31 . vellon , 6 0 , 2 , note .
5 8 . After the ba ttle of Issus, Alexander proceeded
332) with his army towards the south, keep ing nea r the sea .
Phoen icia , now a province of the Persian empire, was the
chief n ava l power of the Mediterranean ; and there was
danger lest an a ttack might be made on the coast-towns of
Greece and Macedon ia . Tyre, a strong isla nd-fortress, was
reduced by a siege of seven mon ths ; the rema in ing cities
offered no long resistan ce. The conqueror wen t n ext to
Egypt, where he founded the great commercial city of Alexa ndria , a nd where he was saluted as the son of JupiterAmmon . In the Spring of 331 , he return ed eastward ;
crossed the Euphra tes and T igris and, in October, defea ted
the vast army ofDarius at Gaugamela ; following the pursuitas far as Arbela , fifty miles dista n t from the battle-field.
Darius was assassina ted soon after ; and the royal cities,
Babylon , Susa , and Persepolis, surrendered without a blow.
Alexander had now a rrived a t the the height of human
power ; but, in becoming an Asia tic sovereign , he lost the
generous a nd noble qua lities of his youth, a nd became a
passiona te and treacherous tyrant. H is trea tmen t of his
ea rly friend, Clitus, the brother of his nurse, in 228, is
an illustra tion of this cha nge of charrcter. His army had
246 LAT IN READER .
pen etra ted far to the east of the Caspian Sea , to Maracanda ,
the modern Samarcand.
8. ven an t ium , gen . limiting rec ep ta cula , which is in app .
with turres . 9 . wta t i bus , genera tions , 5 5,1 . 2 . 12. Lysi
machus was one of the genera ls of Alexander , who divided bis
emp ire after his dea th ; he became king of Thrace . 14 . quo ,
i .e . Lysimachus. 15 . a dj ec i t , added. t am , as well. 20 . e i
(5 1 , 1 11 . end) , we should say, up bra iding him with this .— 2 1 . N am ,
43 , 4.—24. orediderim , 6 0 , note , and 2 .
—26 . defun c tus
era t , 6 1 , 2 , note .—sc ivere , decreed. 27 . p ed es , 46 , on
foot. 31 . M ara c an da , a neuter plural .
5 0 . l . p rov in c iam : this was the importan t satrapy of Sogdiana , now T artary, the district east of the Caspian Sea .
2 . The battle on the river Grani cus was the first great vic
tory gained by Alexander over the Persians , 334. 5 .
b a lli ote , 44,IV . 2 . 10. in p os terum , for the n ext day.
13. gravis , ofi‘
ensive .— l 6 . Chwron eam ; see note on p . 51 ,
l . 1 1 .—op eris ; the result of his labors .
— 17 . s ib i , from him ;
dative of disadvan tage , 5 1 , 1 . n ote .— 21 . n on a li as, etc . , i .e . ,
p rotected on ly by the pretence, &c . 24. inv i tum deb en t em ,
unwilling to owe, 47 , VI . 29. It would appear that , while Alex
ander was away upon this expedition , Philip visited the island of
Samothrace , famed for the peculiar and myterious rites of the
Cabiri , and was in itiated in to their mysteries, in i t i a .
0 0 . 2 . cub ab an t : this refers to the custom of reclin ing a t
meals : they lean ed upon the left elbow, and the n eighbor towards
whom any one’s face was turn ed was sa id to be in fra eum.
3. Euripides‘was a great tragic poet ofAthens of the fifth cen tury ,
— 5 . regum limits n omin a . 12 . p ra sen t ibus , i .e . , the
exploits of Alexander. 14 . quis refers to e a understood , object
of audiret ; this form of the dative and abla tive is frequen t in
later writers . 16 . videretur, etc ; the English construction is
impersonal , it seemed tha t he would comma nd his temp er, if, &c.
17 p roc a oit er qualifies orto .— remi tt en te , understand eo
Clito ) . 19 . Parmen io , the genera l of Alexander who had don e
such good service in the battle of Issus, had been shortly before
assassin a ted by the king’s order . de , over . 21 . a n im i p rava
c on t en t ion s , a violen t outbreak of temp er ; he had long con cealed
his.
indign ation at the in solence and injustice of Alexander .
22. st morien dum es t , 7 3 . 1 if a ny one must d ie. 24. arb i
248 LAT IN READER.
India , crossed the river Indus, and arrived on the banks of
the HydaSpes, now the Jelum.
0 4 . 6 . rob ore , 54 , 1 1 .— 8 . gravioribus quam, etc too
heavy to be shot. 12 . sa p ien t i a , se. ta n ta era t .
15 . diflusus ; this word, wi th e lisus below, takes the gender
of ama is Hyda sp es , implied in flumen , the ma sculine, imp lying the vigor and force of the living stream. 17 N ec imp etum
ooerc eb a t , nor did it check its swiflness, as might have been ex
pected. 19. 0 118 118 , with broken course rap ids . 23. d e in
dustria irfit a ta , purp osely made furious. 25 . p ec t ora is obj .
of p ercuss eran t , and so of exp ert a ; sp e i limits c a p a c ia , which
agrees with p ec tora 31 . p a rva re i d iscrimin e , by the test ofa slight skirmish.
0 5 . 6 . Notice the tenses ; tran sn avere simply states a past
action . t an aha t describes the condition of the island .
18 . ea dem , a lso , t egen di s , 7 3 , 11 1 . 19 . rip a , 54 , VI
the common usage would be a ri p a . 22 . o p p ortun i ta t is , 5 0 ,
111 .— 27 . quam , etc . , whichhe [Ptolemy] p retended to be a iming a t .
0 0 . 1 . ut ique , a t lea st.—2 . ip sum p raesid ere depends
on sp ec iem. 14. momen ta , 55 , 1 . 2 . 17 . n ox , da rkn ess ;
oae lo ,the sky.
— 18. ho sts o ccup an ts , while the enemywere p erhap s a lready holding.
31 . humani in gen ti vit io , by a weakness of human na ture.
33. c onven era t , it had been agreed.
0 7 . 5 . s in gul i , se . currus .—The shield-bearers were to pro
teet the archers .
12. in equi t ab il is , imp assable for the horses. 20. efl’usis hab
en is , a tfull ga llop . 32 . moveb an tur, se . the elephan ts .
0 8 . 2 . gesamtes , sc . ia.—5 . i llo , i .s . , Hercules , who had
visited India among other p laces .—hoste , when he was a n enemy.
18 . There is some confusion here and below between right and
left ; as it reads, both Alexander and Coenus a ttacked the enemy’s
left ; probably it was Coenus. 22 . invehemin i ; the future is
uséd here , as is frequently the case , as n early equivalent to an
imperative . like sha ll in English.—27 . in suos a crius furi t , it is
more da ngerous to its own side .
0 9 . 4. s ta tuerun t , they have rested, 5 7 , 11 1 . 5 . imp onun t ,
fix up on the string.—6 . mo li en t es i c tus , while p rep a ring to shoot.
8. turb a t is , 51 , 111 . 10 . jun gers depends upon jub eb an t .
NOT E S Q&JINT US CURTIUS . 249
12 . in medium, in common . 13. p o tior fuers t , had had moreinfluence . 14. co lli ga t e depends on p ergi t:.
19. p aul o a n te vic to res , those who just before were victors, i .e . ,
the Macedon ians. 21 . oon curs a t i on e , in a sudden a tta ck.
28. manu, i ts trunk.— 29 . sup er s e , over their heads .
—31 . inmul tum di e i , un til la te in the day. 33 . cOp idas ; cop ia , a
Greek word for sword or scimitar , 1 1 , 1 11 . 3, end.
7 0 . 3. It is questioned whether mort is and sup p li c i i limit
quidquam or t imor ; probably it is best to conn ect them with
timo r ;“nor did their fear, not on ly of dea th, but of fresh tor
ments in death, leave anything un tried in self-defen ce . 1 1 . ex
pos itus, exp osed, i .e . , by being left alon e , as well as by his con
sp icuous size . 17 . fluen t ibus ,relaxed.
23 . regis , in appos . with T a x i lis ; Taxiles was an Indian king,
who had allied himselfwith Alexander .
7 1 . 3. resis ten tibus ,51 , 11 1 . second remark. 18. malum ,
a kind of oath, the mischief ! 19 . rerum mea rum , of my p ower ,belli , in war ; an example of two gen itives, subjective and objective , limiting the same word, fame . 20. in dedi tos follows
c lemen t im, which limits ex emp lum . 18 . Curtius here differs
from Art ian , who says (v. 19, that Porus answered that
youtreat me like a king.
” 25 . be lli , 5 5, 111 . 3 .
7 2 . 1 . a grum,while sick. 2 . c on tra sp em belongs with
oonfirma tum . 4. 1 3 511 0 ,51 , 11 . end.
—6. s immi c ius , more
imp a rtia lly.—9. quo , sc . a o ,
54 , v . end : so much the more i llus
trions in p rop ortion as those were grea ter, &c.
After the victory over Porus, Alexander desired to pushon to the Ganges, but was dissuaded by the reluctan ce of his
soldiers, and the unfavorable character of the omens ; he
therefore followed the Indus down to its mouth, and then
returned to the west.
17 . p ec orum , § 50 , 1 . 3 .—18. amn ia , 50 , 111 . after
p eri t i s . 19. en a tum , p roduced by alluvial deposits ; the delta
of the Indus .—20. so c o rdius asserv a t l , too ca relessly wa tched.
— 22. 11 3 0 rep ert is , a nd n on e being found.—23 . ut , so tha t.
26 . omn ium , for omn ium l o c orum or re rum ; an exception to
47 , IV . 1 , n ote . 28 . p a t i en s ,na vigablefor.
2 50 LAT IN READER.
7 3 . 1 . ip sos for so ; quite common in Curtius. 8. inc og
n lta , etc . , unknown excep t to the immortals .— 20. flumlni , da t .
after mixtum ; adhuc qualifies len i . 22. evect i , carried p ast.
23. reverberab a tur , bea ten ba ck. 24. securi , rega rdless.
26 . vic e , 1 4 , 1 . 3 ; the dwellers on the Mediterranean were
n ot accustomed to tides : see note on p . 15 , l . 33. 31. cern ere
videba n tur, they supp osed they discerned.
7 4 . 1 . The ships had been drawn up on land, according to the
custom of the an cients. 5 . p rohib eban t ; i .e . , by pushing with
poles, theypreven ted the oars from beingused, and so got aground.
Quidam. etc. ; since they lacked their full crews, their move
ments were languid. 9. n on rec ep era n t , were not able to con
ta in , govern s tuan tes .—14. Op is , 1 4 , 11 . 1 . 19 . duorum ,
sc. exerc i tuum . 22. ad ma nus , to blows.
27 sub sederan t , had been formed, existed. 31 . magn o
tra ctu, with a strong movement.—33. desti tut a , lefl aground.
sen tibus , ete things more terrible tha n these, which should follow.
- 8. a stum re la turum [esse ] depends upon ign arl.
29. mlrabundi , 44 , V . 1 . 32 . o ccup a ret , take advantage
of. —33. os , governed by evec tus , 52 , m . 2 .
7 0 . 2 . locorum , the la nd.—4. al tero ,
the second.
20. The paragraph which follows is taken from the ten th book ,
chap . the in terven ing passages describe the land march of
Alexander to Carmania , upon the Persian Gulf. 22 . qua dam ,
etc . , some things by hearsay, others from observa tion . 23. sub
j ec tam, lying below.—24. ah , from, not by.
—26 . a stu se
cundo , by theflow of the tide . 28 . sequi , 6 5 , 11 . note .—cnm
connects st rep i tuwith subisse .—29. cetera ,
52 , IV . note .
7 7 . 5. his : we should expect se .—10. omn i , etc . : when a ll
the sea-coast should have been subdued. 14. quam ,48 ,
there were two provin ces of Spa in . 18 . Lib an o : Mt . Lebanon
was famed for its timber, as in the time of Solomon .
After his return from the Indian expedition , Alexander
was deeply afflicted by the loss of his friend Hepbwstion ; a t
whose funeral obsequies he indulged in an unmeasured revel
a nd intoxica tion , followed by a violen t fever. It wa s soon
manifest tha t he could not recover, and the soldiers wereadmitted to see him for the last t ime .
2 52 LAT IN READE R .
17 . mut a t e , 24, v . 3 .
26 . s t a tui t , se . Fortun a .
30 . difludi t ; this refers to the division of his empire.
CORNELIUS NEPOS.
CORNELIUS 573 3 0 8 wa s an historian and biographer of the
time of Cicero. The volume of Lives of Illustrious Oom
ma nders which passes under his name ( excep ting the life of
Atticus, and perhaps tha t of Ca to, which a re genuine) , is a t
best only an abridgment of his writings.
Ca rthage was a grea t commercia l city in Africa, a Phoen ic ian colony, situa ted near the presen t site of Tunis. In
264 it engaged in a war with Rome , which had just then
made i tself sovereign of Ita ly. After three obstina te wa rs,
ca lled the three Pun ic Wa rs (Foeh ns Phoen ician ) , Carthage was destroyed, 1 46. The First Pun icWa r ( ending
241 ) had resulted in giving to Rome the isla nds of
Sicily, Sardin ia , and Corsica . T o make good their losses,
the Ca rthagin ia ns took possession of Spa in, which was
govern ed for some yea rs by Hamilcar, as governor. Some
time after his dea th, his son H ann ibal succeeded to the
governmen t, and proved the ablest and bitterest enemy tha tRome ever had.
82 . 6 . ut sup erari t ; 57, 70 , 11 . The usual construction
after verum eat is the accusat ive with the infin itive . cum eo ,
i .e . , p opulus Romanus .—quod n is i , 52 , 1v . , unless then .
16 . erga usually expresses a friendly feeling.—qui refers to
Hann ibal ; a nd indeed he.—cun1 R om a ni s , 54 , 11 . third rem.
20. Philip V king of Ma cedon ia , made war upon the R0
man s during and after the Second Pun ic War. An tiochus was
the king of Syria , with whom Han n ibal took refuge after his
ban ishmen t . Rubro m a xi ; this was the Indian Ocean with its
gulfs . daren t op eram , emp loy.
27 . read tamquam eum (un derstood) ; on the ground tha t he,&0 . tamquam often has this mean ing in late writers : 3 11 111 is sub
jcet of s en t ire ; al i a a tque , 43 , 9 ; the subjun ctives tha t follow,
fe c is sen t and vidisse t;, like ven i s s en t , follow cum.
254 LAT IN READER .
26. Karthagin i , 7 , 7 ; 5 5 , 111 . 3.—réges : the correct
name of these magistrates was sufié tes .
31 . in mrario ,5 6 , I . 1 , note .
87 . 10. Cyrén a is the modern Barca , west ofEgypt. It was a
Grecian colony.—A n t io chi , 50 , 1 .
— cui ; An tiochus .
20 . sc rip tum agrees with the clause a eum .
27 The island of Rhodes was at this time a very important
maritime power. quo , se . p ro lio .
31 . An tiochus was vanquished by Lucius Scip io , in the ba ttle
of Magnesia , 190. Cre t an ; names of small islands follow
the rules of names of towns : 5 5 , 11 1 .
88 . 25 . Prusias was King ofBithyn ia , a country on the n orthern
coast of Asia Mmor ; Pon tus was further east . Eume’
n es was
king of Pergiimum , and his domin ions comprised most of the
west coast of Asia Minor ; he was a sagacious king and a patron
of litera ture and art , and main tain ed a close alliance with the
Roman s .
30. c o lligi , 6 8 , 1 11 . note .
80 . 2 . a c e teris follows defen dere .—id , i .e . , se defen ders .
se fa c turum , he would bring i t a bout, govern s ut sc iren t , etc .
1 1 . The c a duc eus , or rod of Hermes, was the badge of a
herald. sui s, da tive . This absurd story is on e of the many
that were fabricated in relation to this great man .
28. cosp ta aun t , 3 8 , 1 . 1 .
0 0 . 4. Luc iusFlamin inuswas brother of the Roman general who
overthrew Philip , king ofMacedon , 197
8 . P a tres c on scri p t i , the sen a tors : the origin al p atric ian
senators were ca lled p a tres , and the plebeian s added to the
sena te were called con scrip ti . ex is timaren t , 6 3 , 11 .
12 . suum and s ibi refer to the Roman s, se to Prusias ; an
unusual in con sistency. The laws of hospita lity were held in
peculiar honor among the an cien ts.
20. usu, by exp erience, in fa ct.The year of the death of Hann ibal is uncertain : we have given
the usually assumed, 183, date .
256 . LATIN READER .
Syphaxwas king of the western Numidian s, and had a ssisted Cars
thage in the war.—magnum ,
52 , W .—urb is = urb es . T . 2 , 6 .
24. luxu; the da t . in u is frequen t in Sa llust ; the historica l
infinitive 49 , as equi ta re , is also common with him.
0 2 . 1 . p lurumum ; for this archa ic form, see top of p . 2 ; ex is tu
man s is a similar form .—in te l légi t is an old form of the perf.
( from 1630 , légi ) ; the form in te llex i became afterwards more
common . sua lib erorumque , his own age and tha t of his chil
dren ; this combination of a gen itive and a possessive qualifyingthe same word is common .
—medi ocris , of moderate passions .
t ran svorsos , astray ; archai c form, for tra nsversos . ex qui
bus , i .e . , studi a .
16 . n eque p er vim n eque in s idii s ; most writers would prefer
two similar con struct ions ( as v i or p er ins idia s ) Sallust , like
T acitus , is fond of varying his con struct ion s.—Numan tia was a
town in Spain , which wa s captured by Scip io the younger. E mili
a nus, 133, after a siege of ten years.—Romam
'
s ; a com
mon use of the dat . after words denoting an othee ; see example
in 5 1, 1 . note .
-
p eri culi s a lter obvi am , by analogy to 5 1, v .
a lt erum a lterum , the la tter , theformer .
0 3 . 6 . era t ; we should expect es se t , by 6 3 , the ind . is
common in Sa llust in such clauses .—huc a oc ed eb a t ; the subject
is mun ific e'
n t ia , etc . 49 , 1 . n ote ; the adv. huc = huic re i .
10. n ov i a tque n ob iles ; the nobles at Rome were those whose
ancestors had held othee of dign ity in the sta te , and who therefore
belonged to the rul ing cla ss ; those who reached position by their
own exertion s, like Marius and Cicero , were . ca lled n ovi homi
n es (Hb . 1 2 6 ) —The so c i i were the Italians in a lliance with
Rome , who were kept in a posit ion of inferiority by the Romans .
—fore , etc 5 6 7 , 111 . 1 ; thismight a lso be p o t i tum irl or fore ;
p ro c on c ion e , in the p resence of the a rmy. The p ra e torium ,
headqua rters (Hb . was so ca lled because the con sul , who
commanded in war , origin ally bore the title p ra e t or .—publloe ,
etc . e .g. rather by public services than priva te intrigues.—n eu
(n eve ) qui bus , 21 , 111 . end.—a ,from it was p erilous to buy
from a few, &0 .—u1t ro , without his seeking.
0 4 . 7 . The death ofMicipsa was 1 18 .— jusm, the p rop er
rites .—1gn ob ilimtem ; Jugurtha was of illegitimate birth .
d ex tra , sc . manu, on his right hand. 5 2 , 11 .
NOTES—SALLUST .
‘
257
properly it is governed bythe preposition ad , next to.
a lt eram p arum, i .e . , to the left.
22 . ip sum mum , i .e . , Jugurtha .—cum animo , in his mind.
31 .39 , 3.
-fin is , 52 , V1 .
05 . 4. p rox imus lic tor ; the lictors were oficers who went
before certa in Roman magistrates (Eh . 1 30 ) the Numidian kinghad similar attendants . The hindmost of these was next to the
magistrate , and therefore highest in rank .—min istram , 46 .
refereb an tur , notice the imperf. c eterum , moreover ; usua lly
it means but.
After the dea th of H iempsal , 1 18, war broke out be
tween Jugurtha a nd Adherbal ; Adherba l was defea ted, a nd
took refuge in Rome . Jugurtba also sen t ambassadors thither,and succeeded by bribery in bringing about the appoin tmen t
of a commission to divide the kingdom between the two
cousin s ; this division was made in such a way as to give
Jugurtha the best parts of the coun try, while Adherba l hadthe best cities and harbors, in cluding the capita l, Cirta , now
Consta n tin e.
22 . con t ra t imoran , in sp ite of his app rehensions .
00 . 1 1 . soon : c ep era t , it had come of badly.
28 . p a rt im = p axtem or a li os .— toga tomm ; the toga , a long,
woollen unbleached shawl , of a semi- elliptica l shape , wa s the dis
tinct ive dress of a Roman cit izen here , however, all the Italia n s are
mean t . The vin ea were movable sheds, which were pushed up
near the walls to protect the so ldiers fighting and working un der
them ; the tun es were high, and were moved on wheels near the
wa lls, and used to throw darts, &c . , in to the city besieged.- ma
chh a ; these were engines for hurling stones and darts.
0 7 . 5 . maj ores n a tu, elders, 1 7 , 111 . end.—usi , having en
j oyed hon ores is the word used for public offices.—Marcus
E miline Scauruswas formanyyears the leadingman in the Roman
state ; he was dign ified and sagacious, but , it would appea r, shared
the prevailing corrup tion of the times . sen a ti , this form of the
gem , of the second declen sion ,is common in Sallust for this and
one or two other nouns of the fourth declen sion . The p rin c ep s
sen a tus was the person recogn ized by the censors as the leader of
the body, as being the most emin en t man in the state (Hb. 139)
258 LAT IN READER .
—in invi di a , was a source of grea t scanda l .—Ut ic a was thechief town of the Roman provin ce Africa ( now Tun is)19 . didn c ta , i .e . , by the a ttack on all sides.
cha nce or occa sion . Adherb a li s , 54, 111 . note .
without atta in ing their purp ose.
0 8 . 1 . omn ia p o t iora , tha t a ny thingwa s better, i .e . , more trust
worthy.- ded i ti on em ; this was 1 12 .
9. in terp ella n do and t rab a n do qgalify leni eb a n t ; gra t ia and
jurgiis (by fa ir mea ns orfoul) qua lify txah en dm—Caius Mem
miuswas probably the one who was murdered twelve years la ter by
a sedi tious mob he is called byNiebuhr one of the most en erget ic
and right-minded men of tha t age . ut con don a re tur is not a
final clause (denoting purpose) , but a substantive clause , in appo
sitiouwith id . Jugurtha ,dative of advantage .
18. The Sempronian Law, carried thrpugh by Cains Sempron ius
Gracchus, aimed to lessen the power of the senate and the oppor
tun ity for corruption in assign ing provin ces, by providi ng tha t the
a ssignation should be made before the election of the con suls ; tha t
is, the sen ate determined beforehand what the con sular provin ces
should be , and thesewere then divided by lot or agreemen t between
the two consuls .—s crib it:ur, levied .
Bestia proceeded to Africa, and shortly brought Jugurthato terms ; but was bribed by him to grant an advan tageous
peace, disgraceful to Rome. But the tribune Memmius, the
boldest an tagon ist of the corrupt nobility, persuaded the peo
ple to reject the trea ty, and to send Cassius, a man pure in
a corrupt time (Niebuhr) , to summon Jugurtha to Rome,to answer for his crimes .
30. e lep han tos ; i .a ., those.which Jugurtha had surrendered .
0 0 . 1 . Roga t ion e ; a proposition for a law was called roga t io ,
because the people were asked whether theywould accept it . ex
c on sc i en t i a ,from a bad conscience.—vi.m ; i .e . , that he would
useforce if he did not submit himself to their mercy. mi n oris ,54 , 111 . 1 . In Rome , Jugurtha bribed one of the tribunes, by
whose intercession he escaped the n ecessity ofmswering the ques
tion s put to him byMemmius .
1 1 . This was 1 10.—Ga lussa was -brother of Micipsa .
metu; i .e . , the anx iety of the Romans as to Jugurtha’s future
course .
2 60 LAT IN READER .
eminent as a statesman ; their mother Cornelia was daughter of
the great Scip io .—p e rmix tio tet ra , a chaos.
25 . p a tefaoere , 5 3 7 , VII . note .—The 8 0 0 11 were the Italian
nations in n ominal a lliance with Rome ; the n omen La t inum ,
the Latin cities and colonies which were debarred from full
politica l privileges, but possessed certa in rights ofRoman citizen
ship ; both these classes held portion s of the public domain which
were affected by the laws of Gracchus, and therefore Opposed his
measures. Later reformers undertook to extend full cit izenshipto a ll the inhabita nts of Ita ly. The equi tes were those who
were en titled by their wealth to serve in the cavalry, receiving a
horse from the state ; by a law of Cains Gracchus , a ll possessinga specified amoun t of property received certain privileges, which
constituted them a class by themselves, equa tor ordo : thus
setting up an aristocracy of wealth 19 balance the hereditary
aristo cracy of the nobles . soc iemfis means a share in the
privileges of the senate . eadem , the same p olicy. trium
virum ; Ca in s Gracchus failed in his third election to the tribune
ship , but still held the office of triumvir [member of a committee
of three] for p la nting colon ies 7 3 , 111 . note ) , when he waskilled, 121 .
—et sa n e , and to be sure.
1 0 2 . 3. Three thousand are said to have been sla in with
Gracchus and Flaccus . timori s , i .e . , they feared the opposite
party, whom they had treated with such barbarity.—p arem ,
5 9 , W . 1 .
After the return of Jugurtha , the war was conducted bySpurius Albinus and his brother Aulus. The la tter was
forced by Jugurtha to agree to a dishonorable peace, whichwas a t once rejected by the Romans ; and the consul of theyear 109 took command, although late in the year. Q uintusCaecilia s Metellus, afterwards called Numidicus, was one of
the most eminen t and respectable members of the aristocracy,belonging to an old and distinguished family. H iswigilantand judicious measures soon excited the alarm of his an tagon ist, and his success induced the sena te to reta in him in
command as proconsul for the following years.
18. an tes exp erimen tis , p revious exp erience, i .e., ofBestia and
Albinus ; 47 , 111 . end. maxima , if‘
p ossible.
NOT ES SAL LUST . 2 6 1
1 0 3 . 4. insidi is , etc. , depends upon 0 redere .-CaiusMarius
was a soldier of low bir th and no education , who by courage and
ability had risen to a high military position , and who afterwards
became a dictator in the state .— lega tus , see note on p . 13, l. 2.
—t ribun ls , 5 1 , 11 .—The legions of the Roman army, com
manded by tribunes , are contrasted with the cohorts of the Italian
allies, commanded by p raj esti . The Roman legion was divided
in to ma n ip les , combin ed afterwards into cohorts byMarius (Hb.
158) al though even at this W e a combination of three man ip les
was ca lled a cohort ( see page 106 , line veli tes , light
16 . V a cc a , a town south-west of Utica . forum , a market
town ; the regular term for a class of towns larger than mere vil
lages .—c elebra tum , frequented .
— simul, a t ; both, and . s!
p a teren tur , whether theywould endure, depends upon ten ta ndi .
26. modo , even.
33. composuit , comp ared ; this word may also be followed by
the dative .
1 0 4 . 12 . Muthul ; the posit ion of this river is doubtful.
t ra c tu p ad , p a ra llel va stus , barren.—ex 0 0 medi a , i .e . ,
from the middle of the mounta in range , which Metellus was
crossing. The hill stretched to the river, a t right angles to both
river and moun ta in .—hum.i , 50 , 1 1 . 3.
20. t ran svorso i t in ere , a t right a ngles ; i te r here means
direction .—mon t em , § 56 , 11 . 1 . cum , consisting qf.
—Tu1m a
was the n ame for the subdivisions of cavalry ; the man ip les were
of infantry these were properlyRoman terms.— illi s , the Roman s.
qua , etc. ; refers to omn i a ; every thing which i t becomes a
commander to see to. p rud en t es cum imp erit is , as thoseforewarned wi th those taken by surp rise.
1 0 5 . 13. n eque , ct t amen , one the one hand not, and yet.
p lan e , entirely.— in c erfi agrees with equi Numida que ; as se t
is attracted to agree with its predicate qui dn am ; indistinguish
able wha t it was that was seen . cum tum , § 43 , 8. obscura t i
agrees with ip s i , taking the masculine in preference to the n euter,
although referring also to s ign a .
16. c ommut a t is o rdin i bus . The accoun t of Metellus’s
manmuvres is very con fused and blind ; it app ears to be some
what a s follows. He drewup his army in line ofba ttle , facing the
26 2 LAT IN READER .
right ( in d extro la t ere ) , for the enemywere on that flank, below ;the regular order for battle was in three lines , trip li c ibus sub
s idi is (Hb. Then they must wheel , t ra nsvors is p rin c i
p ije , and fa ce the river, in order to descend in to the pla in .
25. Publius Rutilius Rufus wa s one of the most virtuous men
of the day. He was afterwards unjustly ban ished on a fa lse
charge of oppressing the citizens of Asia , 111 which province hehad served as ofli cia l. tra nsvorsis p rmli is , a ttacks on thefla nk.
p ro re a tque loc o , agreeably to circumstances and the na ture
of the ground. p rin c ip es , in the van .
1 0 0 . 1 . p rimos , i.e., the first to whom the Roman s came .
quas i , about. adesse is frequen tlyused with the mean ing come
up .— ludific a t1 , eluded ; then in con sequen ce emi n a s sa n c ia
b an tur. cop i a , op p ortun i ty. p riores sup eriores , i .e . , the
Numidians ; host is , the Roman s. in s t an t agrees with the
n ea rer subject.— ea , in this direction , 5 5 , IV.
22. a suis belongs with di sp ersi , sep ara ted from their com
rades .— di e , gen itive , an old form.
— e orum , the Numidian s.
1 0 7 . 3. i llis , the Romans.—quos , i.e ., the en emy.
16 . di e , 50 , 11 . 4. a dvorso c one ev a dun t , cha rge up the
hill — tuta t a ,47 , 1 1 .
—quie tus , i.s. , Bomilcar.—ub ique
e t ub i . a c c ep i t , he learn ed.
33. pulveris v im . It is amusing to find in this La tin ex
pression the exact equivalen t of a familiarAmericanism .
”(Butler.)
1 0 8 . 16. [v iot ori a ] a word thus en closed in brackets is a
doubtful reading. amp lius Op in i on e , longer tha n their exp ecta
tion .— in t er se , from one a nother, that is the main armyunder
Metellus and the detachment of Rutilius ; a l te ri a pud a lteros ,
ea ch with theother p a rty.— a dmissum , sc . era t , committed , § 5 9 ,
IV . 2. note. This was a ba ttle which testified a s unmistakably to
Jugurtha’s rare military talent , a s to the in exhaustible bravery
of the Roman infan try, which alone had turned the strategic defea t
in to a victory.
”(Mommsen .)
30 . qua triduo , 5 5 , 1 . 2.- meri to s , thosewho have done good
service.
1 0 0 . 3. Jugurtha gereret is object of exp lora tum .—ut ,
how. e a gra t i a , on this a ccount . ex fuga , afterflight.15 . ex i ll i ns lubidin e , a ccording to his p lea sure, i .e . Jug
urtha’s ; that of Mete llus would be sua .— suos ; subject of
Vin oe re .—p rmd am , in app . with omn ia , predica te after esse .
2 64 LAT IN READER .
1 1 4 . 1 . Bocchus was king ofMauretania , west ofNumidia .—in
di es , da y by day.— flde , da t . c eteri ejus omn es , the rest
of the soldiers a ll . (Long.) — ferme ,for the most p art.
23. flliorum limits puerit i a , which limits cul tus , care.
33. 11o p eooris , tra ined ca ttle, 50 , 11 .
1 1 5 . 1 . so ,up on these; a frequentuse of adverbs of place , refer
ring to persons.
6 . quam , 548 , 11 .—ea modo , this alone.
—sioutt , etc . , a s
those newly surrendered are wont. religion e ,from sup ersti tion .
p luvia , se . aqua , 54 , vn : i .e ., rather than river-water.
21 . in fec tum , imp racticable.—un o die , 54 , v . an exception
to the following remark.—ta l ia c a p i ; a consideration in the mind
ofJugurtha , and for this reason taking the ace . with the inf.—ex
cop ia , as circumstances p ermitted.
1 1 0 . 8. reliquum fierl , lefl undone. ariefibus ; the batteringramwas a swinging beam with a metal ram’
s-head , with which the
walls were butted, and so gradually broken to p ieces. ah host
ibus belongs with metuera n t .
After these reverses, Jugurtha took refuge with his fa ther
in -law, Bocchus, king ofMauretania , and a newwar seemed to
threa ten . Meanwhile Marius was elected consul for 107 ;
aga inst the bitter Opposition of the nobles, and by a vote of
the people, he was given the province of Numidia, which the
sena te had before decreed to Metellus. It is not possible to
determine whether he actua lly took command in the year of
his consulship ; his active opera tions were ma in ly in the fol
lowing year, 106.
20. sp o l i a , 46 .—qua , 54 , VII . note .
—p 0 pul is et reg
lbus . i .e . , foreign .- soc i.is , i .e . , Italian .
—mili t1a , in service,
5 5 , 111 . 3, qua lifies c oguitos ; most he knew personally, a few byreputation . sti p en dium is the term for a soldier’s pay, and came
afterwards to mean the time of service for which the paywas re
ceived ; emereri s tip endium is therefore to serve out the time,”
and those who were s t ip en diis emeri t is 54 , 11 . the p articip le
here used passively, § were those who had served out the ir
t ime as soldiers . p leb i , se . esse ; i t was thought tha t serviéewas
not a ccep table to thep eop le. usum , the requisites .
NOTES—SALLUST . 265
1 1 7 . 10. Quin ton was the title borne by the Romans as citizens,and used in public addresses.
—1n p eriu1n = imp erium ; an unu
sual number of archaic spellings occur in this speech ofMarius .
subp l ic is sup p l icos . se t sed . quo , 54 , v. end
p luris , 54 , 111 . 1 .—Tbe subject of deb ere is il lam , etc.
17 vost ro ben ifioi o (ben e yourfavor. n olis , one is un
will ing ; the second person singular is often used for an indefin ite
subject . Op in i on s aspori n a , more painful than you can sup
pose .
”(Long.) n obilitas , feca l , etc . are subject of adaun t .
com a , were blood rela tives ; adfln es , connections bymarriage .
c l ien tele ; the clien ts were person s who were person ally and
especially attached to some nobleman , ca lled patron . (Hb.
27 illud is commonlyused rather than ha t: or id when a follow
ing clause ( omn ium em ) is in apposition .—reipub llc a ,
da t . of advan tage . in vad en di , ao . me .—c ap iami n i , i .e . , in the
net . i llis limits dlfioil e .—temp era re , sc. sib i.
1 1 8 . 8. veteris prosa p i a , of old stock ; an old-fashion ed word
used byMarius in derision .—1mag num : it was the privilege of
the nobility to keep waxen images of their ancestors in their halls ;
these were carried in funeral procession s.
13. qui , men who. p ra p osteri , placing thatfirst which should
be las t .— gerere is the subject of est .—temp ors , in time.
— re
a tque usu, in a ction and exp erience.
22 . Quamquam at the beginn ing of a senten ce should be ren
dered, and yet . fortissimum quen gue gen erosissumum,who
ever is brave, and in p rop ortion to his bravery is also well born ;
p oss et , 59 , IV . 2 .—ma1uerin t is used, in viola tion of the
sequen ce of ten ses, to express the time of the question . fa c ia n t
idem , i .e . , let them desp ise their own ances tors ; for every founder
of a n ew house was himself a newma n .
33. hos , i .e . , hon ores ; they live as if they cared nothing for
honors, but are as greedyfor them as if their liveswere honorable .
No , verily.—fa ls i , deceived .
1 1 0 . 6 . cuius rei , i .e . , n obility.
13. velin t , § 59 , IV . 2 . c omp osi tam , well-arranged. 0 11m ,
since.—modest i am , etc . , should construemymodesty as conscious
ness of guilt. - ex an imi sen ten t ia , as I am convinced .—ben e
p ra dic en t , sp eakwell of , se . ut .—fa ls a , obj . of sup era n t .
266 LAT IN RE ADER .
21 . qui refers to the gen . imwied in the possessive vostra ;
§ 1 9 , 111 . Rem. et iam at xe eti am , aga in and aga in . fidei ,
110W confidence —H a ,47 . V . note .
—rel.ic ta agrees with
n ob ili tas .—p arvi , 54 , 1x . 1 .
33 . p arum p la ceba t , I did not care. doc tori bus the Greeks
were slaves of the Romans .—ill a , 52 , 111 . note .
1 2 0 . 3. arote 0 0 111111 , to act n igga rdly.—meam and illorum
do not qualify their n oun s directly, but stand after esse under
stood.—c ivi le , befitting citizens . tute ; to is the intensive
enclitic .
9. Quis , i.e. , what their an cestors did.
19 . p rec i = p re t1 ; c ocum = co quum , 1 , foot of p . 1 ; they
paymore for a cook than a steward ; actors, secretaries, tutors,
&c . were generally slaves .— i ta is frequentlyused to emphasize or
poin t out a clause which follows. mun di ti a s , etc . this is called
the chiastic order of expression ; mun di t ias , fopp ery, is con
trusted with laborem , and separated from it by the two other
con tra sted words, mul ieribus and viris . Qui n qui (why,21 , with n o ; whynot? or come, then .
1 2 1 . 2 . avarlt i am , etc . ; the corruption of Besti a , the unskilful
ness of Albinus, and the pride of Metellus . mehercules , sc .
juva t , Hercules help me ! a common oath.—mi l ita r1s a te s ; this
was from 17 to 46 .—c ap er“, 6 8 , 1 . (Cf. 5 8 , 111 . n ote) .
idem , at once, or both.
14. deoeb a t , 5 9 , IV . n ote at end .— 1nmort a lis ;
“ ‘im
mortal means remembered for ever.’ The Roman immorta lity
is posthumous fame .
”(Long.) quisquam is usuallyused sub
stan tively ; here it stands for ullus . These words, with um
quam andusquam , are only used to express negative ideas ; see
T able 6 .
23 . The change made byMarius in the mode of rai sing troops
was itself a revolution . Before this, none had served who did
not belong to the classes (Hb . 125) in virtue of possessing property ; the c ap it e c en s l , counted by the head, were those who
belonged to no class.—b on orum , 50 , 111 . 2 ; the good
”were
the aristocrat ic .—ogen t issumis , see note to p . 1 18, l. 24.
—sun ,
their own p ossessions . omn i a cum p ret io , every thing p a idfor .
1 2 2 . 3. legion i bus , etc. ; see note to p . 103, l. 9.—tegi ,
2 68 LAT IN READER .
31 . fa ofl ius , 47 , 111 . end.—os , i .e . , the shields ; the scutum
was an oblong shield of wicker work covered with leather ; the
c lip eus , a round metal shield. ofiensa , in case they should hitaga inst any thing.
1 2 7 . 7 . n i su, § 74 , 11 .—p 0 fl ss1mus , chief qf a ll .—diy
'
e
di ens , stepping aside, to leave room for the others. ab ea p art s ,
on tha t side.
16 . See note on p . 13, l . 32 ; p . 20 , l . 23.—sagittarii s ; this is
an exception to 54 , 1 . end.— s a ep e , etc . this is the cause of
what follows, n on , etc.— seoun dis rebus , 54 , x . , from their
success .
25 . his and illi s are abl . abs. with oertan t ibus , which is fol
lowed by p ro , etc . ,51 , 1 . note . ca n ere is here neuter, having
sign a for subject .— t a n tummodo sauc i a re , i .e . , they were in
too grea t haste to kill them. ex cul p a , for what was rea lly
1 2 8 . Lucms CORNELIUS SULLA, born 138, was afte r
wa rds the grea t rival ofMarius in a bloody c ivil war. Marius
was merely a soldier ; but Sulla was also a sta tesman and a man
of lette rs, on e of the grea test men whom Rome produced,
but sta in ed with licen tiousness, avarice , and cold-bloodedcruelty. The office of Quaestor was tha t of treasurer in the
city, paymaster in the army. (Hb.
4 . quos relates by Synesis , to the indivis implied in
10. jux ta , a t the same time, qualifies Gra d s a tque La t in is
a tque.doc t issume , and very thoroughly too .
—s imu1a n da a o
d issimul an da . pretending a nd concea ling. vi ctori am : 82 ,
Sulla obta ined a fin al victory over the party of Marius (who
had died four years before) , and ruled as perpetua l dicta tor , until
he la id down his power in 79, shortly after which he died.
fec eri t , 5 70 , note .
25 . a li is p er se ip se, i .e . , n on rogan t ibua — a s mutuum,
borrowed money ; he would rather give away money than pay his
debts.— rep etere , i .e . , a s mutuum —ml, for sibL—jooa , a
not un common plural of joons . mul tus formul tum ; on ha nd.
1 2 0 . After the events above described, Marius returned to
win ter quarte rs to Cirta.
NOT ES SALLUST . 269
6 . specul a tores , his own scouts .—a lius , 47 , sub
ject of si gn ific ab an t with omn es ; redeun tes agrees with the
subj .—0 eterl , i .e . , the infan try.— ln ma nus , to close quarters .
- n eque ,43 ,
1 . note .
1 3 0 . 3. v i tabun dus , dodging.—p a t1, § 49 , 11 1 . ( not depend
ing on p osse ) .—n i t1, sc . surgere .
—visus , a n oun .
Bocchus being a t last tired of the wa r, en ters in to nego
tia tions with Marius, and secretly concludes a peace with theRomans, with the in tention of betraying Jugurtha into their
hands, immun ity being promised to himself.17 arb i tra tu, i .e . , with full powers. The inhabitan ts of the
Balearic Isles were famed as slingers . The Pelignians were one
of the brave races of cen tral Italy ; the ve lltan‘
a arma were
lighter tha n the arms of the legion s (Hb. 157) - se cus a tque ,
less tha n ; i .e . , these were as good as any for this purpose .
30. vic t oribus ,5 1 , VI .
1 3 1 . 17 con a tos esse , to get their supp ers fin ished, dependson jub et .
—vigi l ia , see note on p age 12 , lin e 24 . metab a tur,
se . c a stra . a pud mum ; a way of saying that he would have
done the bad deed, and kep t the fruit of it .”(Long.)
30 . st ren n is , 5 1 , VIII . note .
1 3 2 . 1 . in ermis ,from in ermus , a form quite a s common for
the nom. as in ermis (Klotz) .—nudum , etc . i .e the back,
which is unprotected .— fa c ere t , 6 3 , 1 .
- ejus and il lum refer
to Jugurtha , who is also subject of hab ere t ; suo , to Volux .
ut i in ta l i n egot io , considering the circumstances they were in .
a cc idera n t , they had come up on him ; this word is not often
used of persons.
26 . d eligeret , 6 7 , 1 1 . 1 .— sese , Boccbus ; illo , Sulla ; cum
il lo depends upon c onsul ts , referring to some former in terview ;
in tegra hab ere , ma inta in unimp a ired . It is gen erally supposed
tha t a few words have been lost after p ert imesc eret , to the effect
tha t he ( the ambassador) had been invited with des ign . n equi
visse , 6 7 , IV . 2 ; oaveri is a lso imperson a l .— oomp erior , I
am convinced ; this verb is deponent only in two instances, both in
the Jugurtba . Pun i c a fide ; want of fa ithwas a favorite charge
of the Roman s aga in st the Carthaginians (Pmn i )1 3 3 . 3 . Rex ,
i .e . , Bocchus.- convenham , agreed up on
con sul tum , etc . , a p la n and the establishment of p eace.
270 LAT IN READER.
omn ibus ven i retur omn es ven iren t in p otes ta tem ; the
idea is, should have got him into his p ower. fore ut i fiere t ,
6 7 , this is a more common way of expressing a fut . inf.
pass . than that with iri ( as reli c tum iri , below) .- n on sua
ignavia sed oh rempub li c am ,54
, 1 . first note ; they qualify
in p o tes ta te .
22 . ut , etc . , as ( they were) imp etuous , so ( too, they were)
fickle ; sib i a dvorsm, contradictory.
31 . di c itm'
, 6 7 , IV . 1 .—quae is subject of p a tefec isse ,
depending on sc ili c et ( sci li ce t ) ; which things of course dis
closed, &0 .
1 3 4 . 1 1 . This wa s the famous invasion of the Cimbri and
T eutones, Celtic and German hordes , which in vaded Italy,
and kept it in a state of terror for several years . Caspio and
Manlius were defeated 105, the year in which Jugurtha wascaptured. Marius was chosen con sul for five successive years,and at last cut them to pieces in two great battles .
— i111m , an old
form of il lin c , from tha t time. c on sul ; this is incorrect ; he
was at this time proconsul . triump havi t (Hb.
OVID.
PuBLIUs Ovmms Na so was born in Sulmo, a town of the
P elign i, 43. He was a highly endowed and voluminous
poet, and for a long time enjoyed favor a t the court of
Augustus, but wa s suddenly ban ished by him, from some
unknown cause, to the n orthern coast of the Eux ine Sea ,where he died, A .D. 1 7. H is principal work is the M M
morp hoses, a collection of mythical fables, told in hexameterverse .
Phae thon was son of Phoebus and Clymene . His ma tes
having refused to credit his being the son of a god, he goes
to his fa ther to ask for a certain proof.
1 3 6 . 1 . so lis , § 1 .—sub limibus , id. 11 . 3.
—c la 1'
a ,
id. 111 . 5, VI . ; 11 . 5 .—auro , ia. 11 . 8 .
— imi ta n te , id. 11 . 6 .
n i ti dum, id. 111 . 6, 1 .—ten eba t , id. 111 . 2 .
—argen ti , id. 11 . 7 .
lumin e , id. 111 . 5, v .—sup eraba t even sumassed, id. 111 . 6 ,
11 . 4 .—a quora , id. 111 . 1 , exc.
2 72 LAT IN READER .
78. a t , al though. adversi ,fronting you.—Ha mon ios , i .e . ,
Thessa lian ; the archer was represen ted as a cen taur , a race
which had its home in Thessaly. al it er , in another direction.
igni bus limi ts an imosa s . in p romp tu, ea sy.—ut , when .
89. san guin e , 54 , vm .- timan do , i .e . ,for your safety.
1 00 . n o dub i ta ,58 , m .
—qua l icui t , a s long as it wa s p er
mitted. summa ro ta , the outside of the wheel . t ho
Bo le ; this is the figure ca lled metonymy, by which a wor d is put
for another to which it stands in some relation , as of cause and
effect , or here that of ruling and guiding .
1 13. agmin e c ogit , bring up the rea r . Luc ifer, the morn ingstar. qua , subject of p etere , depending on vi di t , which
agrees with Tita n t bus ; the T itans were an early race of
gods, and Phoebus was son of the Titan Hyperion . ex trema ,
fading. ambrosia ; the food of the gods, and so of their horses.
121 . ora , the countena nce ; p a t ien ti a agrees with it , able to
endure.—nammae , § 50 , 11 1 . direc t os , stra ight a cross thefive
circles ; i .e . , the equator , trop ics, and poles ; the sec ta s in
obliquum limes is the Ecliptic , which touches only the torrid and
temperate zones. que , after p olum , both.
134. p reme ( a lso p resea n below) means to bear down , so as
to be towards the horizon .— juva t , 6 8 , 11 . n ote —Aurora ,
goddess of the morn ing.—qua relates to lum in a ; da re depends
on sine ( from sin o )150 . con tin gere ; the regular construction after gaude t would
be con t ingere , by 70 , or quod con t in git , by 7 0 , IV .
The n ames of the horses mean fiery, of the dawn , burning,flam
ing. rep ag'
a la , the barriers of a race-course . cop ia , p ower
over or entra nce to. euros (Hb .
165 . in an i , se . currul . quo ordin e refers to 0 0 understood,48 , 111 . n ote .
—si sc ia t ; we should expect the imp . sc iret , 559 ,
IV . 2 .
170. Tri on es ( sep tem) the seven stars which mark the con
stellation of the Great Bear ; it had been forbidden Callisto , who
was changed into this con stella tion , ever to rest .—Boo tes , now
Arcturus, a constella tion near the Great Bear .
174. p eni tus p en i tusque , deep er and deep er below.— ten e
bra , i .e . , from dizzin ess.—M erop is , ao. filius ; Merops was the
husband of Clymene .—p 1nus , i .e . , n avis , by synecdoche ; see
n ote on a x e , v. 58 .— fren a ; this is a metap horical use of the
word, the ship being spoken of as a horse .
Nor s s—ovm . 2 73
195. que connects cauda and la cert ls ; the Scorpion originally
occup ied double space ; afterwards Libra was in serted where its
claws had been . madidum ; heated by the sun , and sweating
poison ; cusp i de , the pointed tail, where the sting lies . exp a
t ian tur , leave the road. qua and ha o,sc . via , 5 5 , IV .
207 . Lun a ; Artemis (Diana ) was goddess of the moon , as her
brother Apollo of the sun . ut quo que whatever (parts)Te llus , a poetical word mean ing the earth a s a heavenly body
arbos ; the figure bywhich one part of a word is used for another
(here the sing. for the pl . ) is ca lled ena llage.
216 . S cythia , Tartary ; Cauc asus , the mounta ins between the
Euxine and Caspian Seas . Ossa , Pindus, and Olympus are in
Thessaly.—A p enn inus ; this is a spondaic verse , 5 82 , 1 . note .
0 1111110 , § 45 , v . 2 .
227 . 111 co rp ora summa , to the smface of the bodies . p as
sis from p a ndo ; dishevelled. Dirce , Amymdne , and Piréne are
founta ins in Thebes, Argos, and Cori n th ( the old n ame of which
was Ephyre) —so rti ta , p ossessing (by lot) . - T a n i is , Don ;
the Alphéos and Sperchéos are rivers in Greece . The Tagus, in
Spa in , was a gold-bearing stream.
—Mwon ia was the an cient nameof Lydia , the chief river of which was the Cayster, famed for its
swans . The source of the Nile was a problem to the ancients,
as it has remain ed un til our own day.
243. Regem , Pluto . The Cyclades are a group of islands in
the E gean Sea , so called because they form a rude circ le about
the sacred island Delos . Cyc la dés , De lphin és ; these are
Greek endings , see 7 8 , n ote ; final as and as are usua lly longby 7 8 , 1 1 . 3.
—Nereus was the husband of Doris .—a quis ,
54 , VI .
255 . ta n tos , 546 . viscera , 42 , 111 . 0 0 110 ,5 6 , 1 . 5.
Op posui t ma num , i .e . , to shield her face .—1nfra 111161111 11,
i.e . , crouching.—p eri tura , se . mihi . auc tore ; it would be a
consola tion to perish by the thunderbolt of Jove .
271 . vob is , i .e . , D1s .— fa 0 , yrant.
—fra ter , se. tuus , i .e . ,
Pose idon (Neptun e) . Quod , 52 , IV .— fra tr1s limits gra t i a .
—mea , 50 , 11 . 1 , end.- utrumque , in each direction .
278. A t l as , one of the T itan s, who susta in ed the heaven s on
his shoulders . n eque en im ; i .e . , she spoke no more , for , &c.
os , 7 8 , 11 . 2 . M a n ibus '; thema n os were the sp irits of the
departed, and are put bymetonymy for the infern al regions.
291 . nubes ; the clouds and showers had been all dried up1 8
2 74 LAT IN READER .
ex puli t ; thisword properly applies only to t ot is (put by synecdoche for curru) the figure bywhich it is joined also withvi ta (withwhich p rivavit would be the right word) is ca lled zeugma .
305 . diverse , i .e . , in the west . r - Eridanus, the Po ; it has
also been identified with the Rhone . N ai des (n a i a des ) , rivernymphs ; Hesp erla was the poetic name of Italy. c orp ora , by
enal lage for corpus .—s1
'
rvs ; v and uwere the same letters
ancien tly.
318 . moz , 1 .e . , when the limbs themselves had perished.
324 . H elia des fromH elias , daughter of the sun ; a femin ine patronymic , 44 , 1 . 3 . morti put for mortuo by metonymy.
a dstem n tur, 23 , 3, p rostra te themselves .—jun 0 t1s com ibus ,
i .e . , the crescent had join ed its horns and become the full moon .
Pha ethusa and Lamp et ie ; these names , signifying bright and
shin ing, are well suited to the daughters of the sun . max ima ,
1 7 , 11 1. end. cum vellet , wishing ; the subjunctive with cum
may often be rendered by the presen t participle .
337 . fa c la t , 6 0 , 3 .— trehe t , 6 6 , 1 1 .
—ea t , 59 , Iv . 1 .
so le qualifies rigescun t . e lec tra ; mythology divin ed the
true origin of amber, as a gum from trees, which was long a puz
zle to naturalists . ges t a n d a ; amber was a favorite material for
n ecklaces,&c . among the Roman ladies ; they carried balls of it in
their hands for coolness.
The Fasti of the Romans,”says Ramsay, corresponded
very closely to a modern a lmanac, and the Fasti of Ovid may
be considered as a poe tica l Year-Book
’oor Compan ion
’to the
Roman Almanac.”This work was commenced before Ovid
’s
ban ishmen t ; whether it was ever completed is uncerta in, asonly six books are exta n t. Ea ch of these is devoted to one
mon th, describing the festiva ls of the months, and in terweav
ing much historica l andmythica l ma tter. The Fasti did for
Roman mythology what the Metamorphoses did for Greek.
The metre of the Fasti is the E legiac 82,
Book 111 . of the Fasti, devoted to the month of March, is
here given, with such omissions as bring it within reasonable
limits ; it contains, complete, eight hundred and eighty-four
verses.
The following is the calendar of thismonth,—the first daybe ingthe Kalends , the seventh the Nones, and the fifteenth the Ides :
276 LAT IN READER .
19. quamvis properlymeans however much, and takes the subj.
by 6 1 , 2 ; but in the later writers it was used for quamquam ,
a lthough, with the indic. tran ss iluisse ; when Remus jumped
over his brother’s wa lls in derision , he was killed by his brother.
— p a ter , Romulus.—0redor , 6 7 , Iv. 1 .
—a n n o , dat ive.
29. e t t amen , not but tha t ; Mars wa s in the earliest times the
chief god ofLatium. ho e ; the supremacy ofMars .
33. to ti dem k al endas ; the Roman year originally con sisted
of on ly ten mon ths . mens ibus ,54
, v . end. fa cun dum ,
eloquent, from fi -ri , to speak and termination 0un dus .— p ila ;
tbe p i lum , a short heavy javelin , was the distin ct ive Roman
weapon .
39. They had not yet noticed that twelve moons made a sidereal
year . sign a ; a playupon this word, which in verse 41 means
constel la tions , and in the n ext mil itary standa rds . ten eb an t ,
observe. fmn o , 54, here expressingma terial : the first stand
ard was a wisp of hay.
47 . an imi , 50 , 1 . 4.— ra t ion 0 , not rea son , but rea son ing .
men s ibus dec em , 54 , v . end : the lustrum wa s a period
of four years ; but here , and in a few other cases, it is con sidered
to have been five years, an irregularitywhich may probably be
traced to the irregularity with which the sacrifice of the lustrum’
was performed .
”(Ramsay. )
52 . P omp ilius ; Numa Pomp ilius, the second king of Rome ,
who was invited from Cures, a Sabine town . To him most of the
religious institutions of the city are ascribed. deduc tus ; this
word means escorted with ceremony.—h0 0 , 52 , 111 . ( 1 ) note .
S amio Pythagoras, a philosopher of Samos, taught the
transmigration of souls ; he lived, however, a long time after the
alleged re ign of Numa .—Bgeria , a nymph, was fabled to ha ve
been the wife of Numa , and to have taught him much wisdom.
55 . en ab a n t ; the'
year consisted of 355 days, and it was the
rule that every other year a mon th was in tercala ted, of al tern a tely23 and 22 days. This interca lat ion was left , however, to the
caprice of the pon tifices ; and the result was a degree of un cer
ta in ty and confusion , to which we can find no para llel in the his
tory of a civilized people . Accordingly, when Caesar became
dicta tor , the year wa s about two mon ths in advan ce of the season s.
To take a single example . Cicero , in on e of his Epistles to
Atticus (X . says tha t a t the time when he was writing, his
journ ey was delayed by the Equinox . The da te affixed to this
letter is XVII. Kal . Jnu. , i .e . , 16th ofMay. In order to remedythese defects , it was found necessary to add sixty
-seven days to
the yea r , 46 This was in tbe dictatorship of Caesar , who
proceeded to guard against such trouble in future , by reformingthe calendar : the year was to be of 365 days, with a day (Feb. 29)in tercala ted every year which can be divided by 4. This is the
Julian Calendar . This was still not quite accurate , however ; and
Pope Gregory XIII. , in the sixteen th cen tury of our era , estab
lished the Gregorian Calendar, by which the in tercalation is
omitted in each year which can be divided by 100 , but not
by 400.
56 . 111 mult is, in his ma ny duties .—ille deus ; Julius Caesar,
like his successors, was deified after his death.—p 1
'
0 p agin ls ;
Augustus, in whose reign this was written , was the adopted son
of Julius . dens and hosp es , 46 ; nor, when a god, to enter as
a stranger, &c . mores , the p eriods of time .
64. e p len o , etc .—out of a full day (made up of the extra
hours in the three in terven ing years) constructed thefourthp eriod,or leap
-
year . lus trum here stands properly for the period of
four yea rs.
67 . The poet here addressesMars Gradivus (going in to battle)the festiva l M a tron a li a , celebrated by matron s, fell on the first
day of March.—vi rfl ibus ; Ma rs is connected with mas , as
'
Apm‘ is with (Paley.) —D10 , 33 , 111 . 2 .
— l.n n ova c as
tra ; i .e . , into an unaccustomed fie ld.
79 . hujus , se. Roma ; i .e . , which now ex ists.—oredi ta , be
lieved.—regla ; the pa lace of the kings still stood by the Forum.
—ven i t in astra, i .e . , became a god.—Romanus , 44 , w . 5 .
mal e, ha rdly compare ma le forte , v. 36 .—vel10 t , 6 5 , IV . 2 .
95 . men t em ; not an imum , courage, but men tem, i .e . , 0 0 n
silium, craft .”(Paley.) —t0 110 , away with.
—Con sus , usuallyca lled the Equestrian Nep tune , appears to have been a god of the
under-world. Ouhis festival , Aug. 21 , the Roman youths seized
upon the Sabine virgins who were come to see the games of the
festiva l, and made them their wives . Cures was the chief town of
the Sabin es, and most of the virgins were from that town .- The
address of Mars to Romulus ends at the word Cons o . sua ,
101 . fe t e , for the most p art, i .e . , most of them.—ra p ta , 547 ,
111 .—manum , 50 , 1 . 3 .
—p rop in qua , i .e . , with rela tives
di c tam, app ointed for this purpose .—mea nurus , Hersilia , wife
2 78 LAT IN READER .
of Romulus. 110 0 0 0mmun e, They had not all children , but
they were a ll captives a like .
”(Paley.)
106 . n on ul tra , no longer ; len te p ie , quietlyfa i thful .
1 14. limus , a curved horn , used in the cava lry.— 0 amp 1. for
c ampum ; see 47 , VIII .—sen t iren t , 6 1 , 1 .
—v1.r1s , dative 0 0 111.
e t in c om, 51 , 1 . note . d i am, in app . with Ka l en da e. qua
p rim a , whichfirst, i .e . , on tha t occa sion , witnessed this action .
( Bba liw S ab in a : the Sabines were fabled to be descended
from the Lacedaamon ians, of whom (Eba lus was an ancien t king.
130 . The S a li i (Hb. 149) were a body of priests who carried
the sacred shields, an c ili a ; the story of their origin is related
below ; Mamurius was a name of Mars, upon whom the Salii
ca lled. n emori s tagn oque ; tbe grove and lake of Diana at
Aricia ; it is still called the Lake ofNemi ; the nymph was Egeria ;
see note to v. 54. op era ta , devoted to the service.
135 . Hippolytus was the son of Theseus, king of Athens. By
a n artifice of his stepmother he was dashed to p ieces by his own
horses, but was restored to life by E sculap ius, and transferred to
Ar iciu, where he was worshipped under the n ame Virbius .
tabella ; this refers to the custom, when in danger, of vowing a
gift to some god, and a fter recovery or preservation , con secrating
pictures representing the danger . The same custom still exists in
Ita ly. Among sucb offerings to the Diana ofAricia , were lighted
torches brought bywomen . R egn a ; the priest of this sanctuary,
ca lled Rex N emorens is , was a fugitive slave , who must obta in
his place by atta cking and killing his predecessor . Camen a :
these were nymphs of a founta in , possessing oracular powers they
were afterwards identified with the Greek Muses.
149. 3 0 , etc. ; tha t the more vigorous should not have a ll the
p ower.—a quum, 5 47 , IV .
—vin a en1sa que fa n a ; these
were common offerings to the gods .- a qu1s, 54 , VI .
— n o t er
rere , 58 , iii. l . Pious and Faunus were old Italian gods of
n a ture . numen uu'umque , 46 .
163 . sin e vi , un less forced. The supreme god is too awful to
be approached at once by a morta l. The in tervention of inferior
deities is necessary to extort the required secret . Yet even theyare reluctant to employ the poten t spells which will bring him
from the sky, and on ly do so because they cannot help them
selves.
”(Paley.) —a dh ib e t 0 , 58 , iii . end .
—qua agrees with
art s . The Aven tine was the southernmost of the seven hills of
Rome , famous for a temple ofDiana .— n iger, da rk ; a ter is black ;
280 LAT IN READER .
gian ts, but the Aloidse, Otus and Ephialtes, that piled Pelion upon
Ossa .—J
'
ovi , 51 , VIII . note .
277 . The goat was sacred to Vejovis : Ovid identifies it with the
goat withwhose milk the infan t Zeuswas n ourished by the nymphs
in Crete . vegra ndia and ves ca . These illustrations have
not been happily selected . There can be no doubt that ‘ve ’does
possess the force of a negative in certain words , such as vecors'
and ‘vesenne ;
’ but ‘vegra n dis'and ‘
vescus ’ have been
quoted by the old grammarian s as examples ofwords to which the
particle in question commun icates a double meaning ; the former
being either n ot large’or very large the latter, either little
ea ting,
’small ,
’ weak,’ delica te ,
’or much eating.
’(Ramsay.)
284. The winged borse Pegasus sprang from the blood of the
Gorgon Medusa , when her head wa s cut ofi’
byPerseus.—connect
c ervi ce with p rosi luis se , s an guin e with resp er‘. a qua s ;
the foun ta in Hip pocrene (founta in of the horse) at the foot of
Moun t Helicon , sacred to the Muses , was caused by a stroke of the
hoof ofPegasus .- subter s idera , 5 6 , i. 3.
294. Gn osi d a , from Gnossus, a city of Crete , the birthplace of
Ariadne , daughter ofMinos, king ofCrete . She had forsaken her
home with Theseus , but was abandon ed by him on the island of
Naxos, and discovered there by Dionysus (Bacchus) .
§ 47 , v.- 0 0 n;iuge , 54 , we should say, had exchanged her
fa ithless husbandfor,&c .—quee , Ariadne ; she had saved Theseus
from the labyrinth, by giving him a clew ofm m bywhich to
trace his way.— 1egen da , to be gathered, so tra ced ba ck.
— 1110 ,
Theseus .— Lib er , a Roman divin ity identified with Bacchus.
dep ex os crin ibus , stra ight-h
'
a ired to distinguish them from
the tribes of East Africa , who had woolly hair .
”( Pa ley.)
307 . Thesen , 1 0 , 10.— 0 ausa rela te mea eat , myformer
condition is renewed.- nu11a = n on .
— ln la crimas meas, as
causing my tea rs.
322 . fa111 depends on d ign a ; the usual con struction would be
ques full er, 5 6 5 , IV. 1 .
— aud.iba t = audieb a t, 3 3 , 111 . 3.
voc abula , a n ame Libera was the female goddess correspondingto Liber ; usua llyiden tified with Proserpine (Hb. 65) sin t, se .
ut , depending on fa c iam .—0 oron a , 50 , 1 . 3.
— 111a ( Venus) ,ao. dedi t — i lla
'
(v. i .e . , c oron a .
335 . Ann a Perenn a (p er ann os ) is the goddess of the re
volving year, especia lly conn ected with the changing moon ; for
which reason her fest ival came appropriately on the full-moon
NOT ES ovm . 281
( Ides) of the first mon th of the year. This festival was held in
the fields n orth of the city, n ear the p resen t citywa lls .—gen1a10 ,
merry ; from gen ius , the sp irit that was born with each ma n .
a dven a , because the Thybris (T iber) rose in Etruria . Bub
Jove , in the op en a ir Jupiter was origina lly the god of the Sky,
a nd in many expressions this primitive mean ing is preserved.
Sun t quibus a11quibus , by ana logy with 6 7 , 1 . 1 , note ; we
should expect the subj . after it by 6 5 , IV . 2 .—suma n t , 5 6 6 , 1 .
cya thos ; the cyathus was a measure of about one-third gill.
345 . Nestor and the Sibyl both reached a great age . p er
c a lic es suos , a s fa r as the number of cup s could ef ect ii .ja c ta n t manus , i .e . , gesticulate .
—p os ito , la id aside, or, as
Paley thinks, p la ced in the middle . duras , awkwa rd . cul ta ,
well-dressed or bed izened. vo lgi , 1 0 , 9.
356 . p rop os i to meo , a ccording to my p la n .—E n ew, 50 ,
1 1 1 . (Hb. On his way from Troy to Ita ly, E neas was en ter
ta ined a t Carthage by Queen Dido and her sister Ann a . Dido
lo ved him ; and, when he left, ki lled herself: This is Virgil’s
story ; here Ovid takes up the ta le . m eri t is used the first
t ime for the flame of love , the second for material fire . 0 0m
p osi tus , a technica l expression , like interred. tumuli in mar
more , i .e . , on the marble tomb.
362 . ip s i sui ; 7 8 , 11 . 5 .—p 0 t ! tur ; this form of the third
c onj . frequen tly occurs in poetry ; the shorten ing of a long syl
lable is ca lled Systble.—sp re tum, sc . esse ; Iarbas had been a
rival of E neas for the hive of Dido . Elissa was another name
ofDido . rep puli t ; 1 6 is short , but is frequen tly lengthen ed bythe figure ca lled Diastble, in which case the following con sonant‘
i s sometimes doubled. 0 11m , sometimes . rege ; the an cients
ca lled the queen-bee , Icing.
369. Three years had passed. Tertia for the third time ;a rea , the threshing
-floor ; nud an das , to be bared of the chafl'
lncus , the wine va t . — liba ta s , poured out , i .e . , fa lling ; a nd
( are touched by) the ha ir fa lling from her head, as she
leans over.—il lis , 5 1 , V . p ede a qua , in stra ight course
p es is the sheet , or rope , that fas ten s the sa il, and sets it to the
wind ; this means , then , before the wind.
379 . Cosyra , Pa n tella ria , is an island half-way between Sicily
and Africa ; Melita , Ma lta , is further East .—opun ,
50 , 1 . 4.
—qua n tula oumque ; see foot of T . 6 .
— servasset , 6 8 , 1 .
Pygmalion was king ofTyre , brother ofDido and An na .—ex 1110 ,
282 LAT IN READER .
dative after p aranda .—p erosus , 5 38 , 1 . 2 . quovi s , from
quivis , a nywhatsoever.
393. The Crathis was a river in the southern part of Italy
Ca rb asa ; this word is femin in e in the singular, and neuter in the
plural (heterogeneous , 1 4 ,
406 . The reading of this lin e is doubtfii l ; we have followed
Merkel’s edition of 1853 ; in 1841 he gave a t and vi : for a n t and
his , which is a lso Pa ley’s reading ; probably vot is is abl . , and hi s
dat . after p osc i t , referring to ha ben is .— exsu1 , 47 , 1 11 . end .
lumin e for oculos , by metonymy ; pup p is for n avis , by
synecdoche, a1i quam ; some ground , i .e . , even though in
the grave. For it was thought the grea test of misfortunes to be
unburied, if one wa s lost at sea .
”(Paley.) Laurentum was a
town on the coast of La tium, about sixteen miles from Rome , so
called from its laurel groves ; bere E n eas had come from Car
thage , and was founding his new kingdom, having married
Lavin ia , daughter of King La tinus .
415 . A cha tg ; we should expect ah by 5 6 , IV . Achates was
the fa ithful follower of JEn eas.— sus t in et , is able. ven ire t ,
5 6 0 , 3 ; 5 7 .— E n eas , se . mira tur .
423. Cythere ius ; E n eas was son of Venus, one of whose
n ames wa s Cytherea . tui 1 9 , 1 11 . quam , § 48 , 111 . second
n ote ; 52 , VI . ; 7 0 . c omi tes ; E n eas had brought with
him the Penates, or household gods, and established their worshipat his new city, Lavinium.
—mora s ; he tarried in Carthage ,
when the gods bad directed him to go‘
to Italy. d e morte , ao.
D idus .— c red.ib il i , neut . , an excep tion to § 47 , Iv . ( 1 ) n ote ;
she (Dido) was braver tha n could have been believed , as was shown
by her dea th. E neas had visited the in fern al
regions , and had there seen the shade ofDido .—ra ti o , a p lan or
design .
435 . memores , sc . n os .- tib i and El issa , dat . after d e
b emus .— n i l n on , every thing ; a litotes .
—p a ra tus , 52 , IV .
end .
449. ex a c tum , thought out, agrees with quid aga t:. —squa1en t i , 25 , 1 . note .
459. Numicius, a small river n ear Lavin ium ; the river god was
represen ted with horns . S i dbn is , 44,1 . 3 . Amn e p er
en n e ; this is given as one deriva tion of the n ame An na Peren n a ;the form of the abla tive in e from adject ives in is is sa id to be
p eculia r to Ovid .
”(Pa ley.)
284 LAT IN READER .
‘A
sanguin e , i .e . , of gladiators. rasa aren a ; the space of the
amphitheatre was spread with sand for the gladiatorial combats .
—belli c a ; the Grecian Pallas Athen a , with whom Min erva wasidentified , was also a warlike goddess . s ta n tes : the threads
( tel a ) of the warp were suspended vert ica lly ; ra dio , the shuttle ;
p e c ti n e , the reed, by which the loose (rarum ) work is pressed
compactly together. Q ui lmsis , etc . ; i .e . , the fullers, the
importan ce of whose occupation will be understood, when we
remember that the Roman s, until a very late period, wore woollen
garmen ts exclusively.
”(Ramsay) quisquis , etc . i .e . , the
dyers . vin cula. p la n ta , straps for shoes or sanda ls.- in vi ta
P a ll a de : in vi te M in erva was a common expression , to denote
con tra ry to on e’s n a tura l bent .—si t , 6 1 , 2 .
— ’
c hius was , in
Homer, the name of the artist who made the shield ofAjax .
543 . m an ibus , in the ha nds , i .e . , in skill in handicraft .
Epéus was the one who con structed the famous wooden horse at
Troy. t b ea ; Phoebus Apollo was god of healing, as well as
his son E sculap ius. c ensu tra n da te ; this refers to the poor
pay of teachers. c a lum , burin or engraver’s tool : carved gems
and cameos were common in an cien t th es . uris ; encaustic
pain ting, the art of burning in the colors, was a favorite one
among the an cients, but is n ow lost . mania ; the sculptor
seems to give life and softness to the hard marble .
553. Mount Caelius was south-east of the Palatine ; the temple
here mentioned was probably on its n orthern sIOpe . c a p it
habere , i .e . , it was dedicated on her birthday, March 18.
c a p itis : the myth represen ts Athena to have sprung armed from
the head of Zeus. The Falisci were the inhabitants ofFalerii , an
Etruscan city captured by Camillus, 394. It was customaryfor the Romans to adopt the deities of conquered nations ; the
o ld spelling c ap t a ( litera p risc a ) should support this deriva
tion .— hab e t ; this passage is doubtful and obscure ; probably
Min erva is subj . c a p it is pmn as , cap ital pun ishment.—a gida ;
the aegis of Athen a was a goat-skin mantle with a Medusa’s head,
worn usua lly over her breast .
567 . Bumma e quin que , the last of thefive ; this was the Tubilustrium, or ceremony of purifying trumpets , the inven tion ofwind
in strumen ts being attributed to Min erva . B io, the sun p ress i t ,
entered. The sign Aries wa s supposed to be the ram tha t carried
Phrixus and Helle. tos t is , p arched . tri p odas : the tripod was
a three -legged stool, upon which the priestess ofApollo at De lphi
NOT E S OVID . 2 85
sat to deliver oracles.—sort e , lot ; frequen tlyused for oracle.
c orrup tus : this is a play upon the word ; the messenger was
corrupted (bribed) , as well as the seeds, v. 57 1 .—Phrixus and
Belle were children of Athamas , who were persecuted by their
stepmo ther Ino , and fled , swimming upon the golden-fleeced ram.
Helle lost her hold, and was drown ed, giving her n ame to the
Hellespon t ( sea ofHelle ) Phrixus reached Colchis in safety with
the ram, and consecra ted its fleece . The expedition of the Argo
nauts , under Jason , had for its object to get the golden fleece .
578 . Comp iilérun t ; the e of the penult in this form is fre
quen tly shortened by the figure ca lled Systble.—ma ter : their
mother was Nephele , cloud.— dra 0 0 n i gen am ( from gign o , p ro
duce) Thebes was founded by Cadmus , who slew a dragon , and
sowed its teeth, from which sprang up armed men , the ancestors
of the Thebans (Hb.
588 . n omin a a quas , Hellesp ont.—ut = quas i , as if .—ju11 0
tam , se . 0 am .
599 . Janus , the god of opening,represen ted with two faces , as
looking both ways , towards the future and the past. From him
the mon th January was n amed , the opening of the year.w—Lun a ;
the mon ths were originally cycles of the moon .
V I R G I L.
PuBLIUs VERG ILIUS M1 3 0 ( a lso spelled Virgilius) wasborn a t Man tua , 79, and died in 1 9. He was the greatest
of the Roman poe ts, a nd obta ined grea t popularity in his ownlife, being favored a nd protected by Augustus. H is works
do not possess much originality, but grea t fin ish and beauty.His first publica tion was the Bucolics, con sisting of ten
Eclogues, or pastora l Dialogues a nd Idyls. Next, the Geor
gics,”in four Books, sa id to have been written in order to
ca ll a tten tion to agriculture, which had been neglected during
the civil wars. His grea t Ep ic, the JEne id, was written ,
but had not received its fin ishing touches, when its an thor
died.
The passage here given is taken from the fourth book of
the Georgics, which trea ts of the care of Bees
286 LAT IN READER .
1 . T amp a , 11 beautiful and sacred valley in Thessaly, where
the River Penéus breaks through between Mounts Olympus and
Ossa , in to the E gean Sea . The form is a Greek n eut . plur .
fama , se . es t —ex tremi, 47 , VIII .—Thymbra us , a common
epithet of Apollo , derived from the n ame of a river in the Troad,
where he had a temp le .— 0 a lum sp era re ; i .e . , being the son of
a god, he might hope for immortality.— te ma t t e , a lthough thou
art mymother.
17 thal amo sub ; this position of the preposition after the
verb is calledAna strbphe ; so c an c ircum below. The Mi lesian
wool was of veryfine quality. A re thus a , nymph of a foun ta in
in Sicily.
26 . P en ei, a dissyllable , by the figure called Synterésis .
37 . t ons is man telia vfll is , towels with sham n ap s , 54 , 11 .
Fa n che a was a district in Arabia , the coun try producing frankin
cense.—M a on i i Lydian . Oceanus was in some theogon ies
the paren t of all the gods .—c en tum agrees with nymphas .
Vesta wa s goddess of the hearth.— summum teot i ; for the more
usual summum te c tum .
47 The Carpathian Sea was that part of the E gean south-west
of Asia Min or .—p isc ibus forms with b ip edum equorum , an
Hendiadys ( 81: 612 dvotv, one through two) that is , a compound
idea expressed by two n oun s ; fishes and two-legged horses mean s
horses wi th two legs andfishes’ta ils . met i tur ; passes over in
measured courses.— Ema thia , a di strict of Macedon ia ; Pa llen e
is a promon tory projecting southward in to the E gean .—Nereus,
god of the calm sea .
60. c ircum hmc , aga inst these. The story here told of Pro
teus is like those ofFaunus, Fasti , v. 161 , fi’
.
77 . cri n ibus , 54, v1 . p lurim a agrees with un da ; many a .
in la t ebris, 5 6 , 1 . 1 , note. hausera t , had occup ied orp assed
over.—a d limum belongs with c oqueb a n t .
97 . Cujus , Proteus. quon iam is used here in its primitive
mean ing (quom 1am) , when now.— n am quis quisn am, who ,
p ray— vi mu1ta , a rden tes, and fren dens , express the epilepsy
which betoken ed insp iration .
1 14 . N on nul lius , 6 ; the parts of a compound word are
separated bythe figure called Tmes is. Orpheus, a renowned singer
ofearly times, who mourn ed inconsolably for his wife Eurydice .
haudqua quam oh meri tum qua lifies mis erab i lis .—ui P a t a re
s is ten t ; there is an E llip sis here ; he invokes this vengea nce [and
288 LAT IN READER .
the civil wa r, he came near losing his lands, but receivedthem back by the favor of Caesa r Octavianus, afterwards the
emperor Augustus. A less fortun a te neighbor, Melibceus,
passes by, and en ters in to conversa tion with him.
2 . aven a , oa ten straw ; put by synecdoche for the p ipe whichwas
made of it .—Notice the emphasis of tuand n os .
17 p rmdioere, 57 , IV . end. qui den s , wha t god, not qui s ,who the god is .
— hui c n os tra , i .e . , Man tua .—p a.rv1s , dat . ; it
could also be cum p a rvis ; see 51 , 1 . first note .
29 . Eman cipa ted slaves shaved their beards, which before theyhad suffered to grow.
— P eouli ; the property of a slave ( of courseon ly nomin a lly his) was ca lled p eculium .
39 . a b erat, 8 0 ; last par. but on e .— juven em ; Octavianus
was at this time twen ty-two . submi t tite , ra ise or rea r .
quamvi s , to wha tever degree 6 1 , 2 , n ote.— omn i a , all the
arable land ; a good deal of the coun try about Man tua is stony,
and a good dea l marshy.— i n sueta p abul a ; here Meliba eus con
trasts the security ofT ityrus’s flock with the exposures ofhis own .
54. qua refers to sasp as as it has a lways done.— florem,
s2 , 1v .—an t e quam, a ca se of tmesis.
— The Arar
was a river of Gaul , n ow the Sa one , the Tigris, ofMesopotamia .
The Parthians lived in Persia . G erma n i ; the country, is put
here for the inhabitan t .— l ab a tur, 6 2 , 1 1 . 1 .
65. Al t os is after the an alogy of 2 . Gre ta is
usually taken a s the name of the island ; but probably it would be
better to consider it as mean ing chal k, and limiting rap idum ,
a lter the ana logy of adjectives of fulness ; rap id a nd turbid with
earth ; the Oxus or Oaxes run s in to the Caspian . p ost = p os t
ha o ; a11qu0 t , only a f ew.
80. p o teras , 5 9 , IV . note a t end.—p ress i la c tls e ase l .
C. Asin ius Pollio, an emin ent poet and ora tor, was con
sul 40, the year in which a reconciliation was brought‘about , largely by his means, between Octavianus andAn tony.This peace, with the h0pe it ex cited of tranquill ity and p ros
perity in future, was the occasion ofVirgil’s Fourth Eclogue ,
in which certa in vague prophecies are also commemora ted.
It has been a favorite theory of many, tha t the imagery ofthis Eclogue was imita ted by Virgil from the Hebrew
prophets, especia lly Isa iah ch. 11 1 .
NOTES PLAUTUS . 289
1 8 10 0 116 03 ; bucolic or pas toral poetry was carried to its
greatest perfection by the Sicilian Theocritus . Cummi ; the
Cuma an Sibyl had sold to king T arquin the Proud the books
conta ining the fa te of Rome ; they were carefully preserved and
consulted on importan t occasions . magnus sa c lornm ordo
i .e . , a grea t year ; a n ew cycle , which should repeat all tha t
had taken place before , and which therefore should commence
with the rule of Saturn , in whose former reign all had been peace
ful and happy, as described in this .Eclogue .—V irgo ; Astraea ,
goddess ofjustice . n asc en t i puero , a t his birth ; this probablyrefers to the young son of Pollio , born in this year .
—ferre a ,
se . gen s ; the iron age should give way to a n ew golden
age .
” Luc in a , goddess of birth. A p o llo ; the Sibyl had
declared tha t the age ofApollo was the la st ; Lucina was iden tified
with Dia na , sister of Apollo , hence the possessive tuus .— a deo
is used to emphasize to ; inib i t , sc . cursum .- Ille , i .e . , puer .
26. simul , sc. a tque .
32. The tls , a sea -nymph, mother of Achilles ; here put for the
sea .—T iphys was p ilot of the Argon autic expedi tion ; all these
heroic even ts are to be repeated. a d Trojan , 55 , 11 1. 2 , end.
—P a rcm, the Latin name for the Fates.
48. hon ores , 52 , n .—c onvex o ; referring to the vault of
heaven . T arrasqu6 ; que is not long before tr (5 7 8 , 1 . note
at end) , but by Caasura .— smc lo , 54 , 1 .
—Linn s was an old
hard, associa ted with Orpheus. quamvi s here et iams i .
Pan , god of nature , the inven tor of the p ipe .—cortot , 5 9 ,
W . 1. - tu16mn t , Systole.—men sa , 54 , m .
P L AU T U S.
T . Ma ccms PLAUTUS was born at Sarsina , in Umbria ,254, came to Rome, and obta ined great popularity as a
writer of comedies he died a t the age of seven ty. He wrote
a la rge number of plays, twen ty of which are now ex tan t ;
they were transla ted from the Greek writers of the New
Comedy, or what we should ca ll comedy of society, and depict
the manners of the Greeks of his day with much life and
humor.
290 LAT IN READER .
The following extrac t is from the Amphitruo. In the
absence ofAmt mo in war, Jupiter visits his wife Alcmena,in the form of her husband, sta tioning Mercury outside as
guard, in the form of Amphitruo’s slave Sosia . Mean time
the real Sosia returns, the war being triumphan tly ended,
and finds his double standing guard at the ga te of the house .
For the metre, see end of 82 . In the comic metres, very
frequent substitutions are permitted ; thus the first foot of the
first verse is a dactyl, ih’lit h5 the sixth foot , a spondée , a n ew ;
in the next verse the fifth foot is an anapwst , vIdE’h60 . In
trochaic , like iambic measure , the foot makes a metre ; the accents
mark the first syllable of each metre , where the ictus should fill.
1 7 4 . 5 . A lcumen a A lcmen a : the insertion or substitution
ofuoccurs in several Greekwords employed by the comic writers.
S et sed .— a dls , 1 1 , 1 . 2 .
—hoc n oct is , 52 , Iv . ; 5 0 ,
n ., a t this time of n ight. - Nulla s t , 1 , end.—hoc , as he.
Q uon , top of p . 2 .—Illic , an old form for 1110 .
‘8. The second foot is t meam ; final m appears to have been
nearly silen t in common speech, so tha t the uis short even before
two con sonan ts . p a ll ium , a garment worn by the Greeks for
the Roman toga . detex ere , stea l . den te: pmriun t ; his teeth
a re itchingfor me ( eager to get hold of me) . v. 7 conta ins the
tribrachs, miser! and 1116115 116 . Ob s ecro for heaven's sake.
The two lines beginning Cla re are aside .
17 heri (yesterday) quod , etc . a substantive clause , subject of{a c tum esse .
—nudos , i.e . , sp o lia tos .—Q uin c t ns ( thcfifl h) ,
a common Roman name. oingitur, he is girding himself.22 . Non feret , he sha ll not rep ort. va pul et , an active verb
with a passive meaning, 35 , 1 1 . end.
1 7 5 . 1 . e l se 37 , v.—In p ro in , the two syllables are scanned
as one. esuri en tibn s , 3 6 , IV . hau haud . trac tim
tangere , stroke ( ironical) .—fa c imus : this line is corrupt .
10. mi n im 111, a wonder if not I sup p ose.—mursen am : the
lamper-eel was a great favorite with the Romans , and was boned,
afte r being beaten with a rod .— n1tro , here = ap age, away
Olet homo ; he pretends to kn ow by the smell that somebody is
near , I m en a man . ma lo , 51 , vn .—sup ers ti tiosns , a
soothsayer. domes , soften them.
2 92 LAT IN READER .
23. vim, 50 , IV. 5.—ut ma tre n a tum fuera t , pure as it
came fmm the vina —mtra sun t = m1rum est , see note to
p . 175.—med = me .
1 80 . 3. Mura to , 5 54 , x . note.—p etasum ; this was a hat
with a brim.—an , $71 , 11 . end.
—V ivo fit ; tha t is done to me
a live whichwill never be done afier my death ; i .e., the tmagin ea ,
or images of the ancestors were carried in the funeral of a n oble ,
but of course a slave could n ot have them, nor even an ignoble
person ; nowMercury acts as his imago .
quod faxi t Jup p iter , may Jup iter grant ii ; a slave on gaininghis liberty had his head shaved, and put on the pneus , or cap.
T E R E N CE .
P . TERENTIUS AFER (the Afri ca n ) was born at Carthage,
1 95 ; became a slave in Rome ; and, when manumitted
by his master, di stinguished himself bywriting comedies,
like those of Plautus, tran sla ted from the Greek. He died
159. His plays are more finished, but less witty, thanthose of P lautus.
The Heautontimorumenos (self-ton nen tor) is an old man,
Menedemus, who blames himself for harsh treatment of his
son, and, to quiet his remorse, keeps hard at work in his gar
den . Here he is accosted by a neighbor, Chromes. This p layis transla ted from the Greek of Menander, the most emin ent
writer of the New Comedy.
For the metro , see 8 2 , there are the same irregularities
a s in the trochaic septenarius .
1 8 1 . 1 . nup er a dmc dum, very recent .—2 . In de a deo , from
just this cause.—3 . re i, i .e . , n o t i ti a , a cqua inta nce.
—5 . quod
relates to vic in i ta s ; 47 , Iv .— tu p rop inqua p arte ami
c i t ta , [neighborhood] which I hold next of kin to friendship .
8 . res tua , your circumsta nces .—v
'idere , second person .
13. s iet = si t —14. tut e ; the to is intensive .—ome in ; the
verbs given in 54, 1 11 . frequently govern the acc . in the earlywriters.—20. fla t , se . a sew h —21 . Opera , 50 , 11.
NOT ES cms no . 293
189 . 1 . Home sum , etc . ; this is the famous line that brought
down'
the house ,”as we are told.
—fa oto , 54 , VII . first note .
fa c e ; this form is frequent in the old writers ; see 33 , 111 . 2 .
S i quid , etc . , if it is a n annoyance to you, 1 um sorry.
Laborie , 50 , 111 . 2 .—hos , i .e . ras tros . meum, my char
a cter , or actions .—c lam me , 5 5 6 , 1 1 . 3.
—an imnm , obj . of
tra c ta re.
27 . li c ere ; sp em is usually followed by the fut . infin . , 6 7 ,
1 11 . 2 .- ta n tisp er dum , so long as .
183 . 1 . me ( a c ere depends on dignum ; an exception to 6 5 ,
IV. 1 .-is tn c a n t ic , a t your age.
—bem after glori am.
adeo res redi i t , ma tters came to this p a ss . regem , sc . P er
samm : many en terprising Greeks took service with the king of
Persia .
20 . quo len iren t ; quo , in the sense of a t , is usually join edwith
a comparative 64, the ea rly writers frequen tly vary from
this.—mea sonus c ausa , 46 , 3.
—vest ian t , 6 0 , 3.—his ,
54, 111 .—ma lo quovi s , 54, IV .
—usquo strengthens dum ,
just so long as.- i lli , for his sake.
184 snmp tum ex erc eren t , work out their acp enses . ln
l cri p si : put up a notice tha t it was for sale .
13 . qua n ti , 54, x1 . 1 . qua est a quam : se . e a credere ;
in those things in which one ought to trust a fa ther .
20 . Di onysia ; the great festival of Dionysus or Bacchus.
pepulerim, 6 3 , 11 . S icc ine : sic with n e encli tic and the ih
tensive i.
CI CE R O.
M. TULLIUS Cl c s n o was born 106, a t Arpinum, and
was murdered by order of the triumvirs, Octavianus (Au
gustus ) , Antony, and Lepidus, 43, on his own esta te ,
about half way between Rome and Naples. He is the most
eminent name in Roman litera ture,— the greatest orator, and
the most voluminous and pleasing writer on philosophy. H is
Letters to his Family and Friends (Ad Fami li a res) , to hisfriend Atticus, and to his brother Q uin tus, are very numerous
(855 in a ll) and are by far the most va luable and interestingdocuments we have as to the personal history of the time.
294 LAT IN READER.
Cicero had been Consul in the year 63 ; when the
Sena te, under his lead, crushed the conspiracy of Ca tiline , bywha t was considered an illega l and violent stretch of power.
This action was made the ground of bitte r calumny and 0p
position among the popular party, led by Clodine, who suc
ceeded, five years la ter (D.C. in driving Cicero in to ex ile ;
from which, however, he was recalled the following year.
The passage from Velleius Pa terculus, an historian of the
time ofAugustus and Tiberius, gives the circumstances of his
banishmen t.
1 85 . P er idem tempus ; 58 .—n ob i] i s : Clodine be
longed to the proud pa trician gen s Cl audia , of which name
Clodius was a corruption . a d p leb em tra ns isse t : no pa trician
could hold the office of Tribune of the Plebs, which gave most prac
tical power to a demagogue Clodius was, therefore , adopted as son
by a man of p lebeian family, muchyounger than himself, and elected
tribune .— in demn a tum : in his consulship , Cicero had put to
death the accomplices ofCa tilin e without trial .— a qua , 54 , VI . ;
ln terdioeretur is used impersona lly. Caesar and Pompeywere
at this time omn ipoten t in the state . dividen do agro , 7 3 , 111 .
note ; this was a commission appoin ted in pursuan ce of an agrarian
law carried by Caesar in his con sulship , 59 .—Idem, i .e . ,
Cicero . ut , when . Numi dic i ; Q . c ilius Mete llus, the
same who fought against Jugurtha , was driven into ex ile ( B .C.
in consequence of his opposition to the tribune Saturninus ;but was restored the following year.
The first Letter (Ad Fam. XIV. 4) was written to his wife,Teren tia , from Brundisium, a port in south-ea stern Italy, fromwhich the passage was usually made in to Greece . Cicero
was now on his way through Macedon ia into Asia Minor.
1 86 . 4. Quod, 52 , IV .— render but.
17 c ap i t is : the c a put was the civil standing, or rights of
citizen ship (Hb. 5 —legis imp rob iss ima : the law which
threatened confiscation and ex ile to any on e within four hundred
miles ofRome ,who should receive Cicero under his roof. p ra
eta rat , 6 5 , 1 11 . gra t ia n reform is tomake a requita l ; st a tim
hab ere, tofeel gratitude.
2 96 LAT IN READER .
The letter to Quin tus Cicero, a younger brother, was
written a t Thessa lon ica .
188 . 4. puc t ol , slaves .—miserim , 57 , 1 , l st rem. 64 , 111 .
consul a tum ; referring to the great act of his con sulship , the
defeat of Catilin e’s consp iracy. eripueri t , 57
, 1 . end .
flen s p rofic isc ens , etc . , the chiastic order, the corresponding
nominative cases standing respectivelyfirst and last.
20. a morte : suicide was the refuge of many emin en t men of
antiquity ; Cicero seems to have thought seriously of it , but with
the same vacilla tion of purpose that he showed in every thing.
p rwsldlo fa isse t , referring here to his profession of advoca te ;
he had even proposed on ce to defend his worst enemy Catiline
( see foot-note ) .
1 89 . 5 . quid, quod : wha t [sha ll I say to this] tha t , &c.
s ap ien t iorem quam va llen , because old enough to feel his
father’s loss .
34. ali quid p ra s idii , object of l a turam . n ostri , obj . gen .
after miseri c ordi am : p ityfor me wi ll bring some help .
1 9 0 . 16. p ostul ab it , § 49 , 1 . 2d, n ote .—umquam , and words
of this class ( see list in T able may follow comparatives, be
cause there is a n egative idea imp lied, which in similar construe
tions the Fren ch expresses by the n egative , que j ama is .
23. p ermuta tion e , n egotiating a bill of excha nge. quibus
d eb es , your creditors , whom Quin tus must satisfy out of his own
or his son’s bowels ,
” flesh, or , as we should say, hide.
”— ex
a t axi a ; these were sums appropriated to Quin tus as propraetorof Asia .
—An tonius and p i0 were credi tors of Quin tus .
Crassus , the triumvir , whowas afterwards killed in Asia ; Galidia s ,a stanch friend ofCicero .
33. Horten sius was the leading lawyer in Rome , n ext to Cicero ,and a few years
°
older . Cicero a t this time expresses a good dea l
of suspicion of his false and unfriendly dealings. He was, however, a true friend ; subsequen tly, and especially after his death,
Cicero speaks of him with warm regard and honor .
1 9 1 1 . oc cultabis : the future here is nearly equiva lent to the
imperative , as frequen tly in English.—e o , abl. of cause , 54
, 1 .
P omp on lum : T . Pomponius At ticus, Cicero’s most in timMe
friend . versus : some verses in ridi cule of Hortensius seem to
have been fastened ( co lla tus ) upon Qui ntus ; he is by all means
NOT ES CICERO . 297
to make friends with him. a di l i ta tem : the oflice of a dile had
reference to the care of public buildings and games (Hb.
9. M essa la was a prominent public man of the day, father of
the distinguished general of the tim0 of Augustus . op tima
fa ct is , the best deeds.
19. R e liqua , object of scribere .—1ta ut , so
In 57 Cicero re turned from exile, and en tered Rome,
September 4 ; shortly afie r, he wrote this letter to his friendAtticus (Att. IV. who was then in Epirus.
27 cui rela tes to subject of fui t .—rec te , safely.—me ip sum ,
67 , v .—observan t ia , resp ect, i .e . , for his opin ion ; he had
followed the advice ofAtt icus and others in leavingmthe city rather
than resisting his enemies, a s coun selled by Lucullus.
1 9 2 . 6 . quem dimi s ero ; if I once have you ba ck, i t wi ll seem
that I have never lost you. suavi ta t ls and temp oris both limit
fruc tus .
13. re famil iari , private property.
24. lex es t la ta for his return ) this is the techn ical
expression for bringing in a bill.—n a ta lis co lon i a Brundisium
was founded as a colony on the day of which this was the ann i
versary. S a ln t is ; the temple ofSalus, near the house ofAtticus.
—wta tum a tque ordinum ; the Roman citizen s were classed by
age into jun iores and sen i ores (Hb. 125) The orders were
the ranks in the Sta te , the Senate , the Equestrian order, &c . ;
the c omi t ia cen turia ta were the great Roman assembly, presideiiover by the consul (Hb.
35 . n omen c l a tori ; a slave , whose business it was to whisper
to his master the n ames of persons theymet .
1 9 3 2 . The p orta Cap en a was the south-eastern gate , at which
the pri ncipal road, vi a A p p ia , ended.
8 . ea b iduo , two days a fter .— a d the a trum ; this was the
time of the great In di R oman i , held in the theatre . mea
Op e ra ; because his arrival had filled the city with strangers .
14 . d ec em erem , should give my votefor i t .
16 . con sul a t es , men who had been consul : theywere called
upon for their vote first . quad n ega ren t , 6 3 , in exact
n ess n ega ren t does not express the reason , but the fact of giving
it ; but the subjunctive is often used in such cases . ageretur,
298 LAT IN READER .
negotia tions should be entbed in to . dederun t , sc . c on ti on em ;a con d o could not properly be he ld by a priva te citizen .
27 . a lterum se , a second self . quam s it , 6 6 , 1 .- l ex
consula ris , lawp roposed by a consul ; tha t of Messina (who was
a tribune ) was tribnn i t ia . do domo : Cicero’s house had been
destroyed, and the site occup ied by a sacred building ; the pontifices
(Eh . 143) had yet to decide whether the consecration had been
removed ( 51 an stul eri n t religi on en ) and the demand restored.
1 9 4 . 2 . sup erflc iem , the bui lding, for the loss ofwhich he was
to be compensated. demo li en tur loc abun t , they will
clea r a sp a ce, giving the contract in their name.
TULL IA, the daughter of Cicero, had been married duringhis con sulship to P iso, a young ma n of the best family andcharacter, who died just before Cicero
’s return from ex ile.
It was on her twen ty-second birthday that she met her fa thera t Brundisium, as told in the letter to Atticus. The follow
ing year she ma rried Furia s Crassipes, a lso of a patrician
house but was not long after divorced. At the age of twen tyn ine she was married aga in to Dolabella, a rich and handsome
profliga te several yea rs younger than herself, a partisan
and friend of Ce sar, for which reason Cicero had sought the
a lliance . Her life with him was very wretched ; and theyagreed to a separa tion shortly before the birth of her child,
which wa s in January, 45. The following mon th she
died a t her father’s house in Tusculum, leaving a son , Len
tulus, who seems to have died in childhood. Mea nwhile Cicero
had put away his wife Teren tia , on some misunderstandingbecause of mismanagement in business affa irs, which caused
him much anger and mortification he was on no good terms
with his brother, or his son , then a young man of twen ty,who was grea tly vexed at an unfortuna te second marriage of
his fa ther’s ; so that his household was quite broken up. He
was living in strict solitude on a little island, As tnra , belonging to one of his esta tes ; and here he received many lettersof consola tion from his friends, among which this from
the eminen t lawyer, Ser. Sulpicius Rufus, is the most in teresting tha t remains.
goo -LAT IN READER .
’
13 ad remp nbli c am , in public afia irs .
22 . an te ; i .e . , before we return to Rome ; Cicero begins to
acquiesce in the n ew order of things, and to desire to enter public
life again . un ius , i .s . , Cwsar .
27 denbera t lon is , 54 , 1 1 . end (requiremen t)
P L I NY.
C. Cn cmms Pm s Ss cnxn ns ( theYounger) was a na
tive of Comum ( Como) , in Northern Ita ly, and a nephewof the
elder Pliny, the distinguished n atura list. He was born
61 or 62, and became prominen t as a public man in the pros
perous reign of Trajan . He has left a few ora tions, and a
large collection of letters, which, as Meriva le says, gives
the fullest and fa irest picture we possess of a Roman gen tle
man ; nor indeed does any other of the ancien ts come so near
as its writer to our conception of the gentleman in mind,
breeding, and position .
”The year of his dea th is not known .
The first three letters are addressed to the historian
Tac itus. The first requires no exp la na tion ; the other two
are in an swer to his inquiries in regard to the famous crupe
tion of Vesuvius, A.D . 79, in which Herculaneum and
Pompeii were destroyed, and the elder P liny perished.
1 9 9 . 6 . in Tuscul an o , on my Tusculan esta te.—jam in fin e ,
when just nea r the end .— n o p ere a t , that my ha ste may be
satisfied .—p re sen e , when I meet you.
12 . p a tria , i .e . , Comum. mun i c ip ia , fellow-townsman .
pm tex ta tus ; the boy wore the toya p raetexta un til about sixteen
(H b. E ti am ; there was no Latin word for yes .
Mediolanum, Mila n , was a lready the chief town ofNorthern Italy.
qui refers to vos , implied in vestra .
20. hab ita t ion es , lodging ; viad c a , travelling wp enses ; mer
codihue , income.
2 0 0 1 amb ituc orrump eretur , bemisusedfor p rivateudva n
tage : referring to corrupt misappropriation of the funds ; this he
proposes to obviate by giving the con trol of the fimds to the
paren ts , requiring them at the same time to con tribute. religio .
solemn obligation .
NOT ES— PL INY . 30 1:
18 E we , these circumstances . rep eten da , traced back, i .e . ,
rep ea ted .— illn c , to Comum ; hin c , from Rome . e a logo , on
this condition . n ihil a liud oertnm ; i.e . , there is no bargain
made.
31 avun culus was a mother’s brother ; p a tmus , a father’s
brother .
2 0 ] o 2 . Q n amvis here takes the subjun ctive , although it ex
presses a fact ; see 6 1 , 2 , n ote .— ut p opuli, se . vi c turi ; like
p eop les a nd cities a lways destined to live an adverb or conjunction like ut is often repea ted where the English would have a nd.
ee tem i taa : it so happen s that the book in which Tacitus
narrated these even ts is lost , so that it is Pliny’s own writings
that have preserved their memory.
9. Misenum was a promontory west of Naples, just beyondBaiae ; it was an importan t n aval sta tion . N onum , se . a n te ;
the use of the accusative of time when in this connection is found
also in T acitus : we should expect N on o . Usus , e tc . : this
senten ce describes the way in which he had passed his time ; he
had walked in the sun , then taken a cold ba th and a lun cheon .
V esuvium : there was an old tradit ion , men tioned by Yitru
vius , tha t there had been eruptions here in former times.
p inus , the dark , spreadi ng Italian p in e . A commen tator gives
another simile hujus forma est similis ma chin aa illin s, quam
manu ten en tes solem a n obis a rcere so lemus ; qua in lingua
n ostri Son n en schz’
rm e t in ga llica,p a ra sol voca tur.
”
24. Liburn i c a , a swift , light vessel, or yacht .- Egred.ieb a tur
the former reading of this p assage was , Egredieba tur domo,a ccep it codicillos . Retin ae cla ss iarii immin en ti p ericulo ex
territi (n am villa ea subjaceba t, n ec ulla n isi n avibus fuga) ut se
tan to discrimine eriperet oraban t—Retin a being held to be the
n ame of an estate in danger . But a tradition wa s preserved , that
a woman named Retin a ( or Rectin a ) , wife ofBassus , had perishedin this erup tion . Rectin a is now taken to be the name of a wo
man ; and T asci ( the a ccepted reading in place of Classiarii) tobe that ofher husband : understand wife or widow.
30 . max imc , sc . a n imo .— am<n ni tas : the shore n ear Vesu
vius had many pleasant villas .
2 0 2 . 1 . quo p rOp ius [eo ] c alidior ; 54 , v. end .
c ed eren t appears to come under the principle of 5 9 , W . 3 .
rui n a , from 11 10 , falle n masses the heaving of the earth and
30 2 LAT IN READER .
eruption of the mounta in caused new shoals and shores.—P ortes
fortun a juva t , a maxim from Terence . S tabia was a village
beyond Pompeii , n ear the modern Castelammare.
7 . era t , sc. P omp on i a nus . diremp tus , etc . , sep a ra ted by
an intervening bay. cum cresc ere t , when it should increase ;
this is of the n ature of a future Protasis 5 9 , W . taking
the imperfect ten se because it depends upon con tul era t , 5 7 .
c ertus fuga , resolved onflight. secun diss imo , se. ven to .
23. me a tus a n ima , the p assage of his brea th, breathing heavily,
or snoring.—di a t a , bed-room.
— i t a surrex era t , i .e . , had be
come sofil led.
33. Sub dlo , in the op en a ir. quamquam qualifies levinm .
2 0 3 . 1 1 . c a ligin e , vap or . atoma oho : this word, mean ing
gullet or stoma ch, is in this passage rendered lungs by most com
menta tors. metum , inflamed .— di es the light did not return
till the third day.
19 . me , subject of p ersecutum esse ; omn l a is its object .
a liud , 22 , 1 .
25 . te , subject of cup ere . qua s agrees with me tus and
casus .
32 . p er mul tos dies , 5 5 , 1 . 1 . Camp an i a : after the anal
ogy of 5 5 , m . 3 . inva lui t : in often strengthens the meaning
of a verb, as in this case ; with nou’
ns, participles, and adject ives
it has a negative force , as inva lidus , weak.
2 0 4 . 1 . sn rgeb am , i .e . , already.— ex c i ta turus , sc . eam .
con sta n t i am and imp rud en t iam , strength of mind and thought
lessness. c orri p i t , rep roves.
12. di es , daylight.—quodque , etc . , a habit which in a p an ic
takes the p la ce ofjudgment vulgus is subject of p re fert , etc .
tec ta ,52 , 11 . 1 .
—sp iritus , genitive after di scurs ibus .—m p ta
agrees with nub es .
32 . ut c on sul eremus , substan tive clause , object of c ommissuros .
— n ostra , sc . sa l a d , 51 , IV . Ca p re as ; the island of
Capri . M isen i limits id undertood, an teceden t of quod ; tha t
p a rt which p roj ects into the sea ; these places are n ot far from
twenty-five miles from Vesuvius.
2 0 5 . 7 . torren t is modo , 54, 1 1 .—terra , 51 , v . rolling
a long up on the ground .
9 . stra in, sc . n os .—audires , 60 , 1 .
304 LAT IN READER.
TRAJAN is the noblest and most heroic name of the Roman
emp ire . He was second in the list of the five good em
perors,”whose reigns cover n ear a cen tury of wha t has been
ca lled the period of grea test happiness to the human race.
He was a brave soldier, and a huma ne a nd sagacious sta tes
man . His reign was from 98 to 1 17 . This le tter seems
to have been written ha stily, under the press of his grea t
public ca res. For the Christians he probably on ly felt an im
pa tien t con tempt, curiously con trasting with P liny’s anx ious
scruples ; and the.policy he enjoins, excepting his injunction
to disregard all anonymous cha rges, seems coldly ha rsh. a nd
quite unworthy of his genera lly wise a nd firm admin istra tion .
2 0 8 . 4. in un i versum c on s t i tui , la id down as a genera l rule.
—quas i c ert am formam, a sure app lica tion as i twere. P ess imi
ex emp li , etc . Trajan compares his own mild governmen t with
the tyrann ies of T iberius and his successors.
T A CI T U S.
C. CORNELIUS TACITUS, the grea test historian of an ti
quity, is a lso the grea test n ame in Roman litera ture after
Cicero. His style belongs to wha t is ca lled the Silver Age,— tha t 18, the earlier times of the empire. He was a friend
of P liny and died, probably, not long after him, in the
reign of T rajan . The subject of his Ann als and Histories 18
the period of the ea rlier emperors,— a time of treachery, sus
picion , a nd in trigue , of licentiousness and grea t cruelty. His
temper seems often harsh a nd con temptuous, perhaps morose ,
in dea ling with the grea t crimes a nd the ba se men tha t suc
ceeded the fa ll of the Republic ; but he has left a few p ictures
of pure and noble virtue. H is la nguage, a s in describing the
great conflagra tion of the time of Nero , will be found here
and there difficult a nd obscure ; but gra ndly p icturesque and
powerful when one masters its sense , and with a sombre
pa thos which perhaps no other historian has had in likedegree.
NOT E S TACIT US . 305
NERO (L. Domitius Ahenobarbus Claudius) was the sixth
emperor, by adoption one of the Caesa rs, reign ing from A.D . 54
to 68. He was a boy of fifteen on coming to power,— a
handsome , popular, amiable boy ; but he became , la te r, the
most extraordina ry compound of profligacy, van ity, and
cruelty tha t even the history of the Emp ire shows. Tha t the
Roman Sta te still a Republic in name —should have eu
dured for fourteen yea rs wha t it is charity to ca ll the insane
freaks and ca prices of this sickly a nd weak-minded youth, is
pa rtly ex pla ined by the name of Caesa r, which he inherited,
a nd by the deep horror left on men’s minds by the cen tury of
the Civil Wa rs ; pa rtly by the remorseless cruelty of the
Roman temper a nd man ners. T he n a rra tive of T a c itus
ra ther softens tha n magn ifies the popula r suspic ions as to his
guilt in the ma tter of the grea t conflagra tion .
This pa ssage is taken from the Fifteen th Book of the An
n als, ch. 38—44.
2 0 9 . 5 . p ri n c ep s , p rince a title given in early times to the
leader of the Sen a te ; it was that bywhich the emperor wa s chiefly
known in Rome ; abroad, he was known chiefly as commander of
the a rmies, imp era tor.— c irc i : the Circus Max imus, where the
great games were held, was in a long n arrow level , in a va lley
tha t ran n orthwestwardly towards the river , between the Pa la tine
and Aven tine . The fire began a t the foot of Moun t Coelius, a t
the upper end , where the wooden galleries of the Circus gave the
flames full play.—mu.n 1men t is ,fire-p roofwal ls notice tha t vel
connects domus and temp la , a s being obstructions of similar
nature 43 , 3) whi le aut separates them from al iud mores .
et obn ox i a urb e : e t , both, corresponds to -que below ; obn ox i a ,
exp osed ; a rti s ( from arms ) n arrow ; en ormibus ( e n orma , out
of rule) , irregula r .
20 . lamen t a p ars ; all these n omin atives are subj . of im
p edi eb a n t .— fess a a t aa (Ritter has fess i a vo ) those worn
with yea rs , or help less in childhood , a ta t e.being abl . of cause ,
and pueri t i a the gen . limiting wtas .— il lis quoque , these too,
i .e . , the n ext streets ( p roxima ) .
2 1 0 . 4. vi c tus : this gen itive limits fortun ia , ha ving lost a ll
their store, even of da ily food. quamvis p a ten te efiuglo , no
20
30 6 LAT IN READER .
ma tter how op en the way of escap e. crebris min is, by rea son of ,
&c . esse s ib i auc torem, tha t theywere acting under orders .
1 1 . An tium (Anzio) , on the coast , thirty-five miles from Rome ,
was a favorite residence of Nero .—mo numen ta A grip pw : the
Splendid structures and gardens of Agrippa , min ister and son -in
law of Augustus, were in the Campus Martins , outside the city a s
then built ; the Pan theon , n ow standing, belonged to them .
Nero’s garden s ( of the Vatican ) were beyond the Tiber, n ear
where St. Peter’s church n ow stands .
— tern o s nummo s , i .e . ,
three sesterces the modius , or twelve cen ts a peck . dome st ic am
s cwn am, a stage in his own house.
27 a pud imas Esqui li a s , n ear where the Coliseum now stands,
about ha lf a mile n orth of where it first broke out .— The second
fire is shown by in script ion s to have lasted three days ; the en tire
confiagra tion con tinued seven or n in e days .
2 1 1 . 1 . T igellinus was a favorite freedman ofNero , n otorious
for his corruption and ex tortion .— 0 0 gn 0men tum , a later form
for c ogn omen .
10 . han d p erin de , not so much.—Avern 0 : Lake Avernus is
n ear Naples, more than a hundred miles from Rome , separa ted
from the T iber by bays and rocky headlands .— squa1e nta
’
, ba rren
or dusty.—gign en di s a qui s : da t . after humi dum ,
— c on isus :
the more common form of sp elling is c on n i sus .
26. urbis qua domui sup ere ra n t , wha t of the city rema in ed
after the p a lace was built Bitter omits d omui .—G a l li c a in c en
di a : the citywas burn ed by the Gauls 389 ; after their retreat ,
it was rebuilt in grea t haste , and very irregularly.
2 1 2 . 1 . fln ivi t , limited orfixed — d 0mibus a n t in suli s : the
d omus was a complete edifice , or man sion , owned and occupied
by a single proprietor ; the in sul a a block of ten emen ts, bounded
by streets or a lleys on each side . These in sul a were often built
to a great height , the law ofAugustus restricted them to seven ty
feet ,— and swarmed with the poorer population of the city.
ut i que e t ut , following d e stin ab a t .— c ert a sui p a rt e , in
certa in p a rts ( sui is a qua , subj . of fluere t : of the pub
lic aqueducts , which were very numerous and fin ely con structed ;
some of them brought wa ter from a distan ce of sixty miles .
custod es , sc . cra n t z guards were sta tion ed for this purpose .
c ommun i on e p ari etum commun ibus p ari et ibus ; abl . after
ambiren tur.
PRINCIPAL DATES OF ROMAN HISTORY.
Founding of Rome ( common da te)The Kings expelled : Rome a Republic
Rome taken and burn ed by the Gauls
Samn ite Wars : conquest of Ita ly .
First Pun ic War : Regulus Victory of DuiliusSecond Pun ic Wa r : Han n ibal ; Sc ip io
Third Pun ic War
Carthage destroyed ; Corin th taken
Numan t ia taken ; T i . Gracchus tribune
Tribun eship of C. Gra cchus
War with Jugurtha
Cimbri defea ted byMarius
CivilWar : Marius and Sulla
Dictatorship of Sulla
Dea th of Sertorius
Consulship of Cicero : Catiline’s ConspxracyTriumvira te of Caesar , Pompey, and Crassus
Caesar in Gaul : Cicero’s Ex ile .
CivilWar : Caesar an d Pompey .
Battle of Pharsa lus : Pompey defeated and murdered
Julius Caesar perpetual Dicta tor
Caesar murdered
Battle of Philipp i : Brutus and Cassius sla in
Ba ttle of Actium : An tony defea ted
Cwsar Octavianus (Augustus) , first EmperorT iberius
Ca ligula
Claudius
Nero ( la st of the Jul1an house ) .
Galba
Otho , Vitellius, Vespasian
T itus
Domitian ( last of the Twelve Caesars)Nerva
TrajanHadrian
An ton inus Pius
Marcus Aurelius
Commodus ,—beg1nmng of the Decline
INDEX
ALLEN’S MANUAL LATIN GRAMMAR ,
W i r a PARALLEL Rsrs a sncs s TO Axnnsws AND S'
t on na nn ,Bunmozt s
(Mos e ts’e Hummus, AND Ma nvro .
Torro . A. a 8. BULmoNs. Ham . Ma nn a .
ALPHABET .
PRONUNCIAT ION . 6—12QUANT ITY 15—22
INFLECT ION . 25, 261 . Defin ition .
2. Root and Stem.
3. Noun&Verbforms . 32 , 194
GENDER.
1 . Na t . and Grammat.2 . Rules.3. Common Gender.
4 . Ep icene .
CASE .
DECLENSION.
1 . Five Declensions.
11 . General Rules.
Fmsr Dscns o .
1 . Gender.
2 . Termination ai .
5 . Greek Nouns. 44, 45SECOND DECLENSION. 45—471 . Term. 0 3 , ou.
2 . Femin ines . 39, a , c.3. Locative in i .
°
4. Gen . in i = i1. 37 , o . 1 .5 . Voc . in i .
6 . Gen . p l. 11m . 4)7 . Deus . 6)8 . Nouns in er.
9 . Neuters in n a .
10. Names in en s .
811m . To'
r ro .
THIRD DECLENSION .
1 . Vowel-Stems .
1 . Term. a l. a r, e r.
1.
3. Abl. neut . in e .
4. Gen . pl . um, ium.
6 . v ia .
6. Greek Names11. Liquid Stems .
1 . Stems m n .
2 . Neuters.3. Stems in t ar.
4 . Femin ines.
In . Mute Stems.
1 . Labial .
2 .
3.
4. Peculiar.
Greek N0 11118 .
N . Rules of Gen der.
1 2 FOURTH Dscmmso .
1 . Femin ines.
2 . domus .
3 . Da t . , abl . ubus.
4. Verb- stems .
1 3 . FIFTH DECLEN SION.
1 . Plura l wanting.
2 . Gender of di es .
3 . T erm. ies .
1 4. Innnoum n Noun s .
I . Sing . wanting.
2 . Nom.
3. One or two ca ses .
4. Indeclinable .
5 . Heteroclites .
6. Variable.
7. Double Inflection .
1 5 .
1 6 . Aa c'
nvns .
I . l st a nd 2d Declen .
1 1 . 3 dDeclens ion.
l . Vowel Stems .
2 . Consonan t Stems.
1 7 . COMPARISON.
1 . Gen eral Rule .
1 . Adj . in er.
2 . $11e -limus .
3. Adj . in -dicus ,&c.
INDEX.
79, 82
BULLIONB. m a x im
Tome .
1 . Presen t .
2 . Future .
1v . Infin itive.
1 . As'Object of Verb.
2 . Subj . Accusa tive .
3 . Indeclinable Nc 1m.
2 5 . Pa nrxc l rms .
1 . 1 . Present .
2 . Future , &c .
3 . Gerundive .
1 1 . Use (2 Mea ning.
2 6 . GERUND SUPINE .
1 . Ger Gerundive .
1 1 . Supme . 1 . Form .
2 . Meaning.
2 7 . Tsusss.
1 . Present.
1 . Descrip tion .
2 . Con tinued Action .
3 . Circumstan ces.
11 1 . Perfect1 . Narra t1on .
2 . As Pluperfect .3 . Perf. Defin ite .
Perf. Subjun ctive .
IV . Future.
v . P rim. (2 Seconda ry.
VI. Perfect Stem.
Classification .
28 . PERSONAL END INGS .2 9 . 1 . e a se , to be.
1 1 . ab ess e , a desse .
1 11 . p o sse .
IV. p ro desse .
3 0 . CONJUGAT ION .
1 . Cha ract . Vowel .II . Perf. Sup ine .
1 11 . 3d Conjuga tion .
IV . Perfect Stem.
3 1 . ACT IVE Vows .
3 2 . Pa ssw s. VOICE .
3 3 . RULES 0 11 CONJ.
1 . Stems .
1 1 . In tion .
1 . Im'fii
c
rf. Subj .2 . Pa ssive Tenses.3 . Imperat . Pass.
INDEX.
144
145, 1 .
11.
111 0 , VI .
151 (b)
BULLIONS .
266
1080- 861087
281 ( end)
567
197
466
468
469, 1 .
id. 1 1 .
T0 2 10 .
1 11 . Sync. of v s .
2 . l rreg. Impera t .
3. Old Forms .
34. Foams os Cosm o .
1 . Principal Pa rts.
11 . Part . m n a .
do . as Adjective .
3 5 . DEPONENT Vanes.
1 . 1 . Participles .
2 do . in dus.
3 . Neut . or Reflective .
4 . Of l st Conjugation5 . Act . Pass . forms.
6 . Used as Passives .
7 . Perf. part . do .
u. Neuter Pass ives .
Neutral do .
36 . DERIVAT IVE VERBS .1 . Inchoatives .
11 . Intensives .
Frequentatives.IV . Desideratives .
37. IRREGULAR Va nes.
1 . vo lo .
11 . n o lo .
11 1 . ma l o .
IV . fero .
V . edo .
VI . e o .
V11 . fa c io , 110 .
VIII . queo , n agn a o .
3 8 . DEFECT IVE Vanes .
1 . Preteritive .
1 1 . a i o .
1 11 . in quam.
1v . fa ri .
V . s alve , &c.
3 9 . IMPERSONAL VERBS .1 . With subj. infin .
2 . acc . gen .
3 . Subj . clause .
4 . p luit , &c .
5 . Pas . ofNeut . Verbs.40 . PERIPHRAST IC FORMS .
1 . With part . in rue .
II . Gerundive .
41 . ADVERBS .
1 . Form ci: Comp a rison .
INDEX.
164- 177
Duamon e.
315- 320
441- 458
1111 1111 11.
272 , 282
332 , 11 .
MADVIG .
8110 11 . Torre .
n . Of Sp eci a lMea n ing.
1 . e t iam . quoque.
2 . nun c , j am .
3 . c erto , c ert o.
4 . p rimum, p rimc .
5 . n a qui dem.
6 . Two Negatives.
42 . PREPOSITIONS .
1 . With Accusative .
II . Abla tive .
111 . acc . or abl.xv . Special Mea ning.
43 . CONJUNc'n oNs .
1 e t,-
que , a tque.
2. sed , verum, a t .
3. a n t , ve l, sive .
4 . n am, en im.
5 . ergo , igitm'
, &c .
6 . qui a , quod , &c .
7 . qunm ( cum ) .8. &c .
9 . a tque ( a o ) .10. aut em, en im, &c .
1 1 . n amque , n eque , &c.
FORMAT ION OF WORDS .
I . Nounsfrom Nouns .
1 . In um, e tum.
2 . Diminutives.
3. Pa tronymics .
11 . Noun sfrom Adi .1 11 . Nounsfrom Verbs.
1 . In tor, n i x .
io , na .
men , men tum.
Actis .from Nouns.
ens , a c eus .
ion s , i lis .
o sus , len tus.
H<
oo
tx')
FromProperNames.Locals.
A(Ij s .from Verbs .
- idus .
h
p
mg
d
a
o
p
mma
4 118 , b il is .
? 4
INDEX.
A. a 8. Ba on s .
191
198, I (d)191 , R . 6 1083
1
Hs n xn .
587, 4
Ma nn a .
128, 1 .
p
a
wn
QQQtH
508—600530- 548
538
54M 45
546—548549- 554
515—5295 17 , 518520 , 521
525 , 526
560—572560 , 562
563, 564
570, 57 1
572
573, 574
575-581
555- 559
555
556
558
557
601 , 602
8m . Torre .
50 . GEN IT IVE .
I . S abj ective.
In Predicate .
1 . Limiting a Phrase
For Neut . Adjrctwe .
Neut . of Possessive .
2 . Of Quality.
C9
53
h4
=
FF
Cb
5 .
6 .
(Abla t ive .)For Appomtive .
Of Specification .
P a rtitive.
Nouns , &c .
Numera ls, &c .
Neuters .
Adverbs.
(ex with abl .)Obj ective.
With Nouns .
Possessives .
Adje . of Quality.
Verbals.
s imi lis , &c .
(Use ofPrepositions . )Obj ect of Verbs .
Of Memory, &c .
(Accusat ive .)Aecusing, &c .
(d e with abl .)Of Pity, &c.
in teres t réfert .
(Abl. fem . of poss .)Plen ty, Want , &c .
p o t ion
Adverbs.
5 1 . DAT IVE.
I .
IHL
Words of Likeness .
Use of Preposit ions .
d a t . c om. 0 1: in com.
Use of p ro .
Ethical Da tive.
Indirect Obj ect.Use of a d .
or Da t . (in poetry) .d on o , &c .
Verbs ofFavor , &c.(Adjectives , &c .
Imp ers . Passives.
Wi th acc . of Thing.
ENDEXL
BULLIONS . HABKN.
384, 11 . 1
INDEX.
Tome . BULLIONS . Ha n a n . Ms nvm.
IV . Tra nsit . (spec . sig.)V. Comp . of Prep os.
c ircum , &c .
Prep . repea ted.
v1 . Of Possession .
Names. R. 1
V II . Qf'
Purp ose.
vm . With Gerundive.
With Passives .
52 . Accusa '
rxvs .
I . Tra ns itives .
Neuters .
Of T asting, &c :Cogna te Accusative .
n . Comp ounds .
1 . Of Motion .
2 . With c ircum , &c.
1 11 . Seconda ry Obj ect .1 . Asking Teaching.
Passive .
Abl w. Prep .
2 . Active Compounds.
3 . In Apposition .
IV . Neut. Pron ouns, (20 .
Greek Accusa tive .
Passive (reflective )V . Exclama tion s
.
V I . Subj . of Infin .
53 . VOCAT IVE .
Nomin ative in appos
54. ABLA'
I‘IVE .
1 . Cause, Means , &c.Motive Object .
c ausa and gra t i i .
p er, and Op era.
11 . Mann er Qua lity.
Use of 0 11m.
Accompan iment .11 1 . utor, &c . 419, 1 .l v . d ignus , &c .
V . Comp a ra tive.
Use of p lus , &c .
Degree ofDifferenceVI . Sep a ra tion , &c .
Prepositions.
V11 . Opus usus .
Neut . Particip le .
V111 . P a rticip . of Origin .
10
81101 .
1 .
2 .
T0 2 10 .
Use of Prepositions .
. Price.
Gen . of Price .
Of Adjectives .
Of No nusx . Abla tive Absolute.
N . Subject Predica teIn Ap 0 8 . w. phra se .
Used dverbially55 . T 1 11 1 : AND PLACE .
I . Time, When , (20 .
Use of p o s t , &c .
1 . Prepositions .
2 .
1 1 .
5 .
IV .
Abl . of Dura tionExtent of Sp a ce.
Gen . of Mea sure .
Acc. or abl. of Dist.Rela tions of P la ce
Whe nce .
Whither.
(Preposition s .
Where (Loca tive .)In i (gen .
In e (abl .d om i , &c .
Possessive 1n agreem.
Prepo sit ion .
Abl . a s Locative.
In Poetry.
Way by which.
5 6 . Pn nro srn ozss .
1 . Government.
1 . in and sub .
in with abl.
2 . sup er.
3 . sub ter.
4 . Day of Mon th.
a n te d iem.
With Preposition .
5 . t enus , gen .
abl .
11 . Adverbs a s Prep os .
1 . p rid i e , &c .
2 . p a l am .
3 . c lam .
Prepositions as Adverbs.
1 11 . P rep os . with quam.
IV . Abl. of Agent (ab .)
INDEX.
Bnnmo ns . KARE N .
5
Ma nvm
277, O.
12 mn sx.
T orre . A. 85 8. Bnm on s . m a n s . Ms nvw
cum, when . 263 , R. 2 1244 5 18 , 11 . 358
dum, d o n ec , &c . 1238, 1241 521 360
6 3 . CAUSE on REASON.
1 . Conjun ctions .
n on quo . 11 . 3
11 . Relat ive clauses.
1 11 . 0 11m c ausa l.
64. PURPOSE 489
1 . Relatwes . 497
1 1 . With quo . 497
11 1 . Verbs of fearing. 492, 4 376 b.
IV . ut omitted. 493, 2 370, O.
v . Purpose . 411 ,6 5 . CONSEQ . on RESULT .
1 . Rela tive or ut .11 . qui n . R. 10
Equiva len t express.
11 1 . quominus . 262 , R. 91v. Relative clauses.
1 . W ith d ign a s , &c . 501 , 11 . 363, b.
2 . Genera l expression s 501 , l 365
3 . After quam . 501 , IV.
6 6 . INTERMED . CLAUSES .
1 . Gen era l Sta temen t. 266 1
1 1 . After Subjunctives.6 7 . OBLIQ UA .
1 . Indirect Questions .
Note . n esc io quis .
n esc io an .
2 . Indirect Quota tions.
Condition a l Clauses.
Subject omitted.
11 . Subordinate clauses.
Note : Indicative .
1 . Imperatives.2 . Questions.
11 1 . fore&futurum esse .
Verbs of hop ing, &c.N . 1 . Impers. use of Pass.
2 . Infin . 269, N.
v . Comparisons in Or.06 8 . W1srms COMMANDS
1 . Tenses of Subjunct. 351
1 1 . Verbs of Wishing. 552, 1 1 . 38911 1 . Verbs of Command. 390
6 9 . RELATIVE Cm vsns. 362- 8
TOP IC.
70 . Sunsum vn On usns .
1 . Verbs ofMo tive , &c .
1 1 . Existence .
1 11 . Sa tisfa ction
IV . quod with Indic .
7 1 . (211118 1 10 118 .
1 . num ,-n a , &c .
1 1 . Double questions.
7 2 . PART ICIPLES .
1 . Equiva lent to clause .
2 . Em hasiz . an a ction .
3. Per pa rt. for active .
7 3 . G ERUND G ERUNDIVE .
I . Nomin ative .
II. Gen it ive .
With c aus a , &c.Without c aus a .
Object of diff. num.
III . Da tive .
Functions ofmagistr.
IV . Accusative .
V . Abla tive .
74 . SUPINE.
I . Former Supine .
1 1 . La tter Sup ine .
INDEX.
A. &S. Bunmon s. Ha n a n .
559- 562
13
v m .