Latest progress in PMT development VLVnT11 in October, 2011 Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. Electron Tube Division Yuji Hotta
Mar 16, 2016
Latest progressin PMT development
VLVnT11 in October, 2011
Hamamatsu Photonics K.K.Electron Tube Division
Yuji Hotta
1. Profile of Hamamatsu2. 3 inch PMT Development for KM3NeT3. 12 inch PMT Development
ContentsContents
1. Profile of Hamamatsu
Hamamatsu is a name of a city.HONDA, YAMAHA and SUZUKI(famous motor cycle companies) are located in the same area.
Population : 818K (as of October 1, 2011)
KAWAI
ROLAND
Where we are locatedWhere we are located
JAPAN
Japanese Standard MAP
EuropeUSA
(Subsidiaries) (Subsidiaries)
Global Network of Global Network of HamamatsuHamamatsu
Established : Sept 29, 1953Employees : 4,167 (Group)(As of Jun 2011)Net Sales : \91B (€ 830M)(FY2010)
Electron Tube DivisionElectron Tube DivisionSolid Sate DivisionSolid Sate Division Systems DivisionSystems Division
Laser GroupLaser GroupCentral Research LabCentral Research Lab
Hamamatsu Photonics K.K.Hamamatsu Photonics K.K.
2. 3 inch PMT Development for KM3NeT
Requirements for KM3NeTRequirements for KM3NeTQuantum Efficiency at 404 nm : 32% min.Inhomogenity of cathode response : 10% max.Supply Voltage : 1400 V max.Gain : 5E+06Dark count rate at 15 degree C : 3 kHz max.Transit Time Spread : 2 ns max. (sigma) => 4.7 ns max. (FWHM)
Peak to valley ratio : 3.0 min.Length : 105 mm max.Effective area : 72 mm diameter min.Convex input window : 198 mm radius
Price : CheapProduction capability : High
Hamamatsu 3 inch PMTsHamamatsu 3 inch PMTsR6233 R6091
Hamamatsu 3 inch PMTsHamamatsu 3 inch PMTsParameter Requiremen
tR6233 R6091
QE 32% min. at 404 nm
30% typ. at peak
26% typ. at peak
Gain 5 x 106 2.7 x 105 typ. 5 x 106 typ.TTS (FWHM) 4.7 ns max. 12.2 ns typ. 2 ns typ.
Effective area(Diameter)
72 mm min. 70 mm min. 65 mm min.
Length 105 mm max. 87 mm +/- 1 mm
137 mm +/- 2mm
Price Cheap Cheap Not CheapMass
ProductionPossible Possible Not Possible
Need to improve!
Important!
3 inch PMT Development3 inch PMT DevelopmentR6233-01 (Standard) R6233-01 MOD
Number of Dynode Stages8 Stages => 10 Stages
Window ShapeFlat => Concave-Convex
Outer : R198
R6233-01 MOD Test ResultR6233-01 MOD Test Result
TTS => slow
Effective area => smallGain => low
Effective area => large
New 3 inch PMT DevelopmentNew 3 inch PMT Development
Electrodes need to be changed.Shape of Glass bulb needs to be changed.
PMT has to be cheap and has to be suitable for mass production.
TTS => fastGain => high
3 inch PMT Development3 inch PMT DevelopmentR6233-01 (Standard) R6233-01 MOD R12199 (New!)
New 3 inch PMT DevelopmentNew 3 inch PMT Development80 mm +/-2 mm
97 m
m +
/-2 m
m
Type Number : R12199Window Shape : Concave-ConvexWindow Material : Borosilicate GlassPhotocathode Material : BialkaliNumber of Dynode Stages : 10Outer Diameter : 80 mmLength : 97 mm
R12199 Quantum EfficiencyR12199 Quantum Efficiency
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
300 350 400 450 500 550 600
Wavelength [nm]
QE
[%]
Sample-1Sample-2Sample-3Sample-4Sample-5
Need to improve!Preliminary
0102030405060708090
100110
-45 -40 -35 -30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45Position [mm]
Relat
ive O
utpu
t [%
]
Cathode UniformityAnode Uniformity
Light Wavelength : 400 nmLight Spot : 1 mmSupply Voltage : 1000 VDivider: Standard
X-Axis
77.4 mm
BOTTOM
LEFT RIGHT
TOP
< TOP VIEW >
Dy1
Dy2
R12199 Uniformity (X-Axis)R12199 Uniformity (X-Axis)Preliminary
R12199 Uniformity (Y-Axis)R12199 Uniformity (Y-Axis)
0102030405060708090
100
-45 -40 -35 -30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45Position [mm]
Relat
ive O
utpu
t [%
]
Cathode UniformityAnode Uniformity
Light Wavelength : 400 nmLight Spot : 1 mmSupply Voltage : 1000 VDivider: Standard
Y-Axis
74.3 mm
BOTTOM
LEFT RIGHT
TOP
< TOP VIEW >
Dy1
Dy2
Preliminary
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
0 500 1000 1500 2000
Channel
Cou
nts
Peak to Valley Ratio : 3.1Supply Voltage : Gain = 5E+06
R12199 Pulse Height R12199 Pulse Height DistributionDistribution Preliminary
R12199 Transit Time SpreadR12199 Transit Time Spread
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
30 40 50 60 70
Time [ns]
Cou
nts
FWHM :3.6 nsSupply Voltage : Gain = 5E+06
Preliminary
1
10
750 1000 1250 1500
Supply Voltage [V]
Tim
e [n
s]
Rise TimeFall TimePulse Width
R12199 Time ResponseR12199 Time ResponsePreliminary
1250 V
3.6 ns 3.3 ns
6.2 ns5.4 ns
7.2 ns6.0 ns
R12199 CharacteristicsR12199 CharacteristicsParameter Requirement R12199
QE 32% min. at 404 nm
22 - 23% at peak
Gain 5 x 106 2 - 5 x 106
TTS (FWHM) 4.7 ns max. 3.5 – 4.5 nsEffective area(Diameter)
72 mm min. 74 mm.
P/V ratio 3 min. 3Dark Count 3000 max. To be measured
Length 105 mm max. 97 mm +/- 1 mmPrice Cheap Cheap
Mass Production Possible Possible
Preliminary
R12199 DevelopmentR12199 Development
-We are now trying to find optimal production condition for R12199 (New 3 inch PMT).
- Samples will be available soon.
Tentative Delivery ScheduleTentative Delivery ScheduleProduction and Delivery Plan of 3-inch PMT for KM3NeT Date: Apr.27.2011
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Q1 Q2Q3 Q4Q1 Q2 Q3Q4 Q1Q2Q3 Q4Q1 Q2Q3Q4 Q1Q2 Q3 Q4Q1 Q2Q3 Q4
Delivery
1st Year
2,000/M1,000/M4,200/M
2nd Year
4,200/M
MaterialsAdditional Equipment-1 (Welding Machine, Activation Bench)
Additional Equipment-2 (Evaporation, DC Measurement Setup)
12,000
Production (Employment of New Workers -> Training -> Skill up
4,200/M
50,400314,400
4,200/M
7th Year4th Year
Subtotal: 50,400
3rd Year
4,200/M
50,400 50,400 50,400
5th Year 6th Year
4,200/M
50,400Total:
3. Development of 12 inch PMT
8 inch 10 inch
13 inch
20 inch
Large Format PMTLarge Format PMT LineupLineupWe have 13” Between 10” and 20”.It has Metal Flange (special part).Limited production rate & higher cost !!It’s necessary to have a similar sizeof PMT with conventional structurefor less cost and mass-production.=> 12-inch PMT was developed !!
Metal Flange
26
10 inchR7081
12 inchR11780Φ253 mm
12-inch PMT has larger effective area ratio.
Φ305 mm
RoundRoundShapeShapeMushrooMushroo
mmShapeShape
Higher Pressure-resistanceHigher Pressure-resistance
Φ220 mm
Φ280 mm
Comparison of Dimension Comparison of Dimension between 10-inch and 12-inch PMTbetween 10-inch and 12-inch PMT
27
Diff.=33 mm
Diff.=25 mm
Comparison betweenR11780 & R7081Effective Area: 1.62Price: less than 1.5“Price per unit area”is lower than R7081.
Items R1178012-inch PMT
R708110-inch PMT
Diameter 305 mm 253 mmEffective Area 280 mm min. 220 mm min.Effective Area Ratio 84.3% 74.6%Tube Length 385 mm 300 mmDynodes LF/10-stage LF/10-stage
GAIN 1.0E+07 at2000V
1.0E+07 at 1500V
T.T.S. (FWHM) 2.7 ns 2.9 ( 3.4 ) nsP/V Ratio 3.0 2.5 ( 2.8 )
Dark Counts 10,000 cps 7,000 cps
Comparison of Comparison of CharacteristicsCharacteristics
28
R11780 Ebb & Dark R11780 Ebb & Dark CountsCounts
Samples: 43 tubesHistogram of Dark Counts
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
~2.5 ~5.0 ~7.5 ~10.0 ~12.5 ~15.0 ~17.5 ~20.0 20~
Dark Counts [kcps]
Num
ver
of T
ubes
[pc
s]
Histogram of Ebb for Gain of 1E+07
02468
10121416
~160
0~1
700
~180
0~1
900
~200
0~2
100
~220
0~2
300
~240
0~2
500
Ebb for Gain of 1E+07 [V]
Num
ber
of T
ubes
[pc
s]
Dark Counts at Ebb (1E+07)
Average: 10.6 kcpsSTDEV: 5.6 kcpsMin.: 2.0 kcps
Max.: 30.5 kcps
Ebb for Gain of 1E+07
Average: 1890 VSTDEV: 157 VMin.: 1660 VMax.: 2320 V
Percentage of these tubescould be reduced in future.
2000V
10 kcps
29
R11780 TTS & PV R11780 TTS & PV RatioRatio
Histogram of PV Ratio
0
5
10
15
20
~1.5 ~2.0 ~2.5 ~3.0 ~3.5 ~4.0 ~4.5
PV Ratio at Ebb
Num
ver
of T
ubes
[pc
s]
Histogram of TTS
0
5
10
15
20
25
~2.2 ~2.4 ~2.6 ~2.8 ~3.0 ~3.2 ~3.4
TTS [ns]
Num
ber
of T
ubes
[pc
s]
PV Ratio at Ebb (1E+07)
Average: 3.00STDEV: 0.48Min.: 1.70Max.: 3.90
TTS at Ebb (1E+07)Average: 2.70 nsSTDEV: 0.16 nsMin.: 2.35 nsMax.: 3.13 ns
Samples: 43 tubes
2.7 ns
3.0
30
R11780 QE Transition
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
0 10 20 30 40Serial Number
QE
at 3
80 n
m [%
]R11780 QE R11780 QE ImprovementImprovement
High QE Trials
StandardLow QE was observed at the beginning of trial production.Improvement effort was made from Apr.2011.We called it High QE trials. As a result, QE becomes better.
31
R11780 QE I mprovement
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
300 350 400 450 500 550 600Wavelength [nm]
QE
[%]
R11780 QE R11780 QE CURVESCURVES
High QE Trials
Standard
Average QE at 380 nmHQE Trials : 30.7 % (27 tubes)Standard : 22.8 % (10 tubes)
32
R11780 Further R11780 Further ImprovementImprovement
QE has to be improved further. R7081-HQE select : QE = 32 % min. at 380nm R11780-HQE Trials: QE = 30.7 % ave. at 380nm
After Pulse is larger than our expectation. R11780 standard : 10% (0.1~16u sec) R11780-HQE Trials : 15% (0.1~16u sec) R7081: 2% (0.1~16u sec) Those characteristics can be improvedwith suitable production conditioning,especially in the activation process.
33
High QE Bialkali PhotocathodeHigh QE Bialkali Photocathode
Definition of SBA/UBA
R9880New TO-8 typeMetal Package
R7600/R89001 inch SquareMetal Package
Min. Typ.
Photocathode(suffix) Available Products
Ultra Bialkali"UBA" (-200) 38% 43% R7600/R8900
(Metal Package PMT)
QE at peakwavelength
Super Bialkali"SBA"
(-100/-110)32% 35%
R7600/R8900/R9880(Metal Package PMT)
1-1/8"-5"Glass Bulb types
R11780 with 17” Glass R11780 with 17” Glass SphereSphere
R1178012-inch PMT
Some spacefor divider
17-inchGlass Sphere
Transit Time Spread
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
10 20 30 40 50
Time [nsec]
Cou
nts
TTS (FWHM)2.70 ns typ.
at 2000V
Pulse Height Distribution
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
0 500 1000 1500 2000
Channel
Cou
nts
P/V Ratio3.0 typicalat 2000V
R11780 PHD and TTSR11780 PHD and TTS
Dark Counts10K cps typ.
TTS (FWHM)2.7 ns typ.
P/V ratio 3.0 typ.
Prime features of R11780
R11780 Cathode Uniformity
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
-90 -75 -60 -45 -30 -15 0 15 30 45 60 75 90Position Angle [degree]
Rela
tive
Out
put
[%]
X- AXISY- AXI S
Spot Dia. : 5 [mm]Wavelength : 410 [nm]
Supply Voltage : 150 [V]
q
Spot Light
PMT
R11780 Anode Uniformity
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
-90 -75 -60 -45 -30 -15 0 15 30 45 60 75 90Position Angle [degree]
Rela
tive
Out
put
[%]
X- AXISY- AXIS
Spot Dia. : 5 [mm]Wavelength : 410 [nm]
Supply Voltage : 1920 [V]
R11780 R11780 UniformityUniformity
R11780 Waveform (Rise R11780 Waveform (Rise Time)Time)
RISE TIME: 4 nsTransit Time: 70 nsSupply Voltage: 2000V
1.0E+04
1.0E+05
1.0E+06
1.0E+07
1.0E+08
1000 1250 1500 1750 2000 2250 2500SUPPLY VOLTAGE [V]
GAIN
R11780 Gain vs R11780 Gain vs VoltageVoltage
1E+07 at 2000V