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Introduction
A good discussion will try to arrive at a solution that shows
balance. You need to demonstrate yourunderstandingof the issue
frommore thanoneperspectivealone.Theconclusionat theendshould
indicateafiltrationofthemorerelevantissuesandrecommendationsforpolicies/changesthatcanbemadeinthecurrentsystem.Givenbelowareafewsampletopicsalongwithpointerstowardswhatkindofconclusionscanbedrawnfromthediscussion.
Shouldweallowincurablydiseasedpersonstoliveornot?
ShouldCapitalpunishmentbeabolished?
Whatisdesirablelovemarriageorarrangedmarriage?
IsScienceacurseoraboon?
Seniority,NotMerit,MustBeTheCriterionForPromotions
AreReservationsInJobsJustified?
WhatformofDemocracyisbetterparliamentaryorpresidential?
Shouldweallowincurablydiseasedpersonstoliveornot?
PointsInFavour:
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Ifwefeelsadtokillevenananimalorabird,howcanourconscienceallowustokillafellowhumanbeingjustbecauseheisincurablyill?Moreoverhehasdonenoharmtosocietyandhisillnessisnotbecauseofhisfault.Therefore,wemustprovidehimpropertreatmentandallowhimtoliveaslongasnaturehaswilledit
God has gifted us life. So, he alone has the right to take it
back. No human being has a right tointerfere inHisschemeof
things.Onceon thisearth,everymanhasa right to liveas longasGoddoes
not want him to die.Therefore,the reasoning that just because a man
is suffering from
anincurabledisease,heshouldbeputtodeathisuntenableandbeyondreason
Itisnotalwaysthecasethatincurablydiseasedpersonsspreadcontagiousdiseasesassomemightargue.
Even in those rare cases where it may be true, these persons are
not real health
hazardsbecauseitismedicallyestablishednowthatallincurablediseasesarenotcontagious.However,asaprecautionarymeasure,we
should open separate hospitals or isolationwards for persons
sufferingfromincurablecontagiousdiseasesandthusquarantinethem.
Killing an incurably diseased person will put an end to research
work in medical science. Evenotherwise, suffering people have been
the subject of research work quite less. Now new vistas ofprogress
have been opened in medical sciences and alternative medicine like
Acupuncture,Acupressure, Reiki Pranik healing, Touch therapy,
Herbal therapy, Diet therapy, etc. hold a ray
ofhopeforthesocalledincurablydiseasedpersons.So,whysnatchlifefromthem?
Pointsagainst:
Thisworld isgovernedbyDarwin's survival of the fittest
principle.An incurablydiseasedperson isweakandhasnovaluewhatsoever
to thesociety.Moreover,hehasnomeansto live.Therefore,
itwouldbeinthefitnessofthingstokillhimevenagainsthiswish.
Anincurablydiseasedpersonisthecauseofconstantworrytohisfamily,hisdemandsareunendingandnotwithstandingthebestpossibleattention,careandtreatmentgiventohim,healwaysremainsdissatisfied
and disgruntled. This adversely affects peace of mind and comfort
of the
familymembers.Therefore,thebestwayoutofsuchasituationistoputanendtohislife.
Thesedayswearesaddledwith theresponsibilityof
reducingourburgeoningpopulation.Themanydiseasedpersonsconstituteagoodpart
of it.Evenotherwise their contribution to
societybeingnilandburdengreat,itwouldbejustifiedandreasonablenottoallowthemtodragontheiragonizinglife.
Conclusion:Defininggrayareasissomethingwhichanyamountoflegislationcanneverachieve.Ourpoliciesneedtoensure
that thegroupofpeople takingadecision to terminate the life
isdoingso in thebest interestof
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ShouldCapitalpunishmentbeabolished?
thepatientandsociety.
InFavourOfAbolition:
Manissupposedtobearationalanimal.Butcanarationalbeingkillamanforaman?No.Becauseitwouldbesavageandbarbarous.Besides,bykillingamurdererthedeadcannotbebroughtbacktolife,norwouldheorhis
familybecompensated.So,
instead,weshouldreformthekiller,makehimrealizehissinandfollowavirtuouslife.
Ifwekillthemurderer,histroublesareover.Buthisfamilyismadetosufferfornofaultoftheirs.Weshould
insteadgivehimsomeotherpunishment,say, forexample, life
imprisonmentsothathehasto face his own conscience and repent for
what he has done. Alongside, he should be
givenpsychologicaltreatmentandanopportunitytoleadanormalcitizen'slife.
Instances are many where instead of being given capital
punishment to even hardened
criminals,theywerejustimprisonedorputinareformatorywiththeresultthattheyrealizedandregrettedtheirwrongdoings,theirtermsofsentenceswerereducedasareward.Suchactsenabledthemtoservetheirinnocentfamiliesandtheyeventurnedtowardssocialwork.Thisshowstheircapitalpunishmentisnottheonlyremedytotakecareofcriminals.
Weobservetodaythat
inspiteofcapitalpunishmentbeingverymuchthereonthestatute,heinouscrimes
are not decreasing. It goes to show that capital punishment is no
deterrent for
criminals.Therefore,wemustthinkofchangingthemethodofpunishment.Over30countriesintheworldhaveabolished
capital punishment but none has reported any increase in crime.
Therefore, deathpunishmentisnotjustifiedfromanyangle.
Thereasoncapitalpunishmentshouldbeabolished isbasedon the fact
thatsometimes
judgmentsgowrong,and,consequently,innocentpeoplearehanged.Thisisbecauseofthelegalisticjugglingofclever
lawyers.Evenotherwise instancesarenot
rarewhencorruptpoliceofficialsarebroughtoverthrough money and
political power to file patently cooked up charge sheets in the
court andmagistrates in turn passdoubtful judgments. Theonlyway to
preclude thepossibility of error is toabolish capital punishment
itself. Benefit of Doubt is an important point of law and rightly
sobecauselawholdsthat99guiltycangounpunishedbutevenoneinnocentshouldnotbepunished.InthesamespiritourSupremeCourthasheld
thatdeathpenaltyshouldbeawardedonly in rarestoftherarecases.
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Wehavenoright todestroywhatwecannotcreate. It is
forGodtogiveortakeone's life.Mercy ishigher
inhiseyesthanpunishment. It isbarbaroustoholdthedoctrineoftoothfor
toothandlimbfor limb.Great soul like JesusChrist even say If aman
slaps you on one cheek, show him
theothercheekalso.OurownMahatmaGandhi
forgavethepersonwhostabbedhimandwouldsurelyhavepardonedNathuramGodsewhokilledhim.NehruignoredthepleaofseveraltrueGandhiansforGodse'slifebysaying,Thelawwillhaveitscourse.But
isn't it true,asCharlesDickenssaid,thatthelawisanidiot?
AgainstAbolition:
Thetimeisnotyetripetoabolishcapitalpunishment.Thereisnoletupincrimes.Capitalpunishmentisaneffectivedeterrentforwouldbeoffendersandmurderers.Thosewhoarguethatdespitecapitalpunishment
being there on the statute book crime in on the increase fail to
understand that it isbecause of our faulty justice delivery
systemwhere justice delayed is justice denied, and not
theotherwayround.
Therearecertainkindsofhardenedcriminalswhoarebeyondreform.Itisfutiletoteachthemsanity.Killing
others has become their second nature and they have dozens of
murder cases
pendingagainstthem.Itwouldonlybeforthegoodofsocietythattheyaresenttothegallowsandthustheircareerincrimeisstopped.
Ifamurderer isnotput todeathbut insteadallowedto liveon,he is
temptedtorepeat thecrime infuture. It often happens that murderers
set at large through police connivance or legal trickery
oflawyersindulgeinmoreheinouscrimesforfunorcontractkillingsuntiltheyarecaughtandkilled.
In some Muslim countries like Pakistan, Iran, Dubai, etc. where
laws are rigid and even pettycriminalsareawardedharshpunishments,
crime is rare.Similarly inFascist countrieswheredeathpenalty is
awarded for negligence of duty or other offences, efficiency and
honesty are found
inabundance.JawaharlalNehruoncefavoredcapitalpunishmentforblackmarketeersaswell.Idonotwanttoharmthemeanest
insectbut
itwouldgivemethegreatestpleasuresofallblackmarketeersarehungupbythenecktilldeath.
Punishmentmustbeproportional to thecrime.Onewho takesa
life,shouldpay for
itwithhisownlife.Thatalonecanhaveadeterrenteffectonthecriminals.Itisbothethicallyandpracticallywrongtoshowanyleniencytohardboiledcriminals.Wewouldbeexcusingorplacatingcriminalsonlyatourownperil
because then theywould feel emboldened to commit further crime.
Therefore, though
'aneyeforaneye'and'atoothforatooth'appearsbrutalbutitisthedemandoftruejustice.
Amurderenotonlykillsahumanbeingbutalsomakesthelifeofhisvictim'sdependantsmiserable,because
inmost suchcases their breadwinner is snatched from themand in
someextremecases
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Whatisdesirablelovemarriageorarrangedmarriage?
theymight go after the blood of themurderer andmight kill them.
Therefore, it is advisable that
amurdererisputtodeathbythearmofthelawitself.
Crime is contagious. Hence quick dispensation of justice and
award of capital punishment
tohardenedcriminals,astheydoitinPakistan,Bangladeshandinsomeothercountries,cansurelynipthiscontagioninthebudandprovehelpfulinimprovingthelawandordersituationinourcountry.
Conclusion:What crimes are amongst the rarest of the rare?
Definitions of crime are subjective. Human life
isinvaluableboththevictim'sandthemurderer's.Societyneedsdeterrentstocrime.Thebestpolicywouldbetodetercrimewiththelowestpossibleharmtomembersofsociety.
InFavourOfLoveMarriage:
YoungpeopleshouldbeallowedtochoosetheirownpartnersbecausenaturehassomadethemthatuponreachingtheageofconsentyoungboysandgirlsfeelnaturallyattractedtowardsthememberofoppositesexwhomtheyfindtobeMr.RightorMissRightforthemselves.
Inarrangedmarriages,parentsarenotinapositiontoknowthegirlwellenoughthatis,theymaynotbeawareofherpersonality
traits. Inarrangedmarriages,wegenerallyget toknowabout the
familybackground and outward appearance of the girl or the boy,
their educational attainments, careerplans, etc. and in the case of
girls, their interest and proficiency in household affairs
cooking,knitting, tailoring, etc. But success or failure of married
life depends on the basic
temperament,natureandcompatibilityorotherwiseof
thepartner.Therefore, tomakemarriageasuccess,youngmen and women
should be supported in selecting partners of their choice suiting
each other'stemperament.
Thepresumption that love isblindandhenceayounggirl orboywill
justpickup forahusbandorwife, the firstboyorgirl theycomeacrosswhen
theyaregrownup isnot
justified.Wecannotsaywithcertaintythatayoungboyorgirlwillnottakeallaspectsintoconsiderationbeforeembarkingonaloveaffair.TheyarenotRomeoandJulietofourBollywoodvarietywhoconverttheirfirstloveaffairinto
amarriage. Now we have the concept of dating gaining currency in
which a youngman
getsengagedtohisgirlfriendonlywhenhehasfullyunderstoodherandthesameisthecasewithyounggirlswhonowfeelmoreconfidenttospeaktheirmindinmatrimonialmatters.Duringtheircourtship,theygetenoughopportunitytostudyeachotherandcaneasilybreakofftherelationshipifeithersideisnotfoundtobeasexpected.
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Lovemarriagemay have its defects as well, but wemust admit that
it has come to stay.
Todayeducationalfacilitieshavespreadandareeasilyandequallyavailabletogirls,too.Besides,therearegreateremploymentopportunitiesforgirlsthaninthepast.Thesetogetherensurethatthereismoreintermingling
ofmembers of the opposite sex and the parental influence is
diminishing.
Therefore,boysandgirlsaregettingmorefreeinthechoiceoftheirspouses.Inthesecircumstances,
itwouldbebetterfortheelderstotakeiteasyandnottocomeinthewayoftheirchildren'shappiness.Yes,of
course, they can still play the role of marriage counsellers than
that of matchmakers.
Youngpeople,ontheirpart,woulddowellgenerallytorespectthewishesoftheirelderswhiledecidingtogosteadywiththeirboyorgirlfriend.
Love is themain factor thatbinds two
individuals.Saintsandpoetsalikehavepraised
it.Thereforelovemarriageshavemorechancesof successbecause there
ispremaritalunderstandingbetweenthewouldbe couples.More often,
unpleasant consequences arise onlywhen love is obstructed orthe
period of courtship is very short. If love is given way to and the
latter is taken care of, lovemarriagessucceedandnothingelse.
InFavourOfArrangedMarriages:
Themuchtalkedofunderstandinginlovemarriagesisnotsoeasytohavewhenthetwomeetforthefirst
time because love takes place at first sight and not after due
deliberation. Moreover,
lovemarriagesmainlyresultindivorceorarethecauseofquarrelswithparentsandthusunpleasantnessin
relationships. As against them, arrangedmarriages are based onmore
solid foundations. Here,experienced people have theirway and they
naturally choose a partnerwho is sure to
provemorefaithful,devoted,matureandwithpredictable.
Parents aremore rational,mature and experienced to deal with
suchmatters and they are alwayscapableofselectingsuitable
lifepartners for theirchildren.Lovesbeingblind,youngpeopleusuallydo
not give a thought to the suitability and compability of their
love. They generally lack
soundjudgementandarecarriedawaybypassion.
Inarrangedmarriages,boysandgirlsareweighedintheirtotality.Theirfamilybackground,character,temperament,compability,allaretakenintoconsideration,formarriageissupposedtobeaunionoftwo
families and not just two individuals. Naturally, girls coming from
families which cherishharmonious relationships are more likely to
make better wives than those coming from
brokenhomes.Thelattermayhavetheirownpsychologicalproblems.
AllthisnewfoundloveforlovemarriagesisbecauseoftheinfluenceofWesternfilmsandcultureonour
life.Whether loveorarrangedone,marriage
isagambleeitherway.Evenmuchtrumpeted love
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IsScienceacurseoraboon?
marriageshavebeenseentobefounderingontherockofreality.Hadn'tourfathers,grandfathersandtheir
forefathersallenjoyedarrangedmarriages?Isourcultureorsocietyanytheworsefor
it?Ifwecompareboth loveandarrangedmarriageswe find that chancesof
success in the latter aremuchmore for they are finalized after due
consideration of various aspects of a happy and
successfulmarriedlife.
Conclusion:Whatisimportantinmarriageislove,whetheritdevelopsbeforeorafterthemarriage.
ScienceIsaCurse:
Scientific inventions in the field of military technology and
hardware have brought about massdestruction.Previously, only
armieswould fight on the front and even unarmed or sleeping
soldierswere not killed, not to speak of civilians. But today,
chemical, biological and nuclearweapons, asalsomissiles and
aircrafts, have extended the area of conflict right into the heart
of the opposingcountries. The entire industrial civilization
infrastructure can destroyed in a fraction of a second.Remember
thesavageryofWorldWar
IIwhenHiroshimaandNagasakiwerecompletelywipedout,its
citizensphysicallymaimedandmentally deformed?Also rememberwhat
happened inVietnam,IraqandAfghanistan?
Can we ever forget the avoidable destruction of human lives
caused by leakage in the
ChernobylnuclearplantintheformerUSSRandbymethylisocynate(MIC)gasleakageinBhopal(India)afewyearsback?Aren'tthousandsofpeopledyinginroad,railandairaccidentstoday,mostlybecauseofhumanfailureinanticipatingdisastersordeliberatesabotagebyterrorists?
Those who regard science as a boon would say the
industrialization and automation have
madeproductiononamassscalepossibleand lessstrenuous,but they fail
to realize that
ithascreatedlargescaleunemployment.Besides,theimmigrationofruralworkerstowardsindustrialcentersinthecitieshasadverselyaffectedourjointfamilysystem,nottospeakofthepsychologicalproblemsanddiseasesithasspawnedinthecitybasedvillageworkerswhoareuprootedfromtheirmoorings.
Man in his quest for socalled science aided advancement and
urbanization has destroyed hugejungle tracts thuscausingharm
toecologicalbalance.Toxicgasesandbiologicallynondegradablewastematerial
from factoriesarecausingair andwaterpollution,blaring
loudspeakerscreatenoisepollution so much so that even out Supreme
Court have to step in to order closure / shifting offactories in
and around Delhi and to fix permissible decibel limit for fire
crackers during Dipawali
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celebrations.
Grantedthatsciencehasenabledusto fightdiseasesmoreeffectivelyand
leadamorehealthy lifebutmoreandmore deadly diseases, unknown to our
forefathers, are affecting us today.Moreoversideeffects of several
medicines are more dangerous than the cure, and wrong medication
/diagnosis may render us permanently incapacitated. The recent
report that Dolly, the
artificiallycreatedsheepissufferingfromT.B.,isaneyeopenerforthedefendersofscience.
Today cheap, easy and mechanical transport, scooters, cars,
buses, trains and aeroplanes,
hasreduceddistancesforusbutthepollutionitcausescannotbeoverlooked.Besides,ourdependenceonthemhasmadeuslame.Notonlythis,otherluxuriesandcomfortsofmodernsciencehavemadeussosoftthatwedonotwanttodophysicalworkandthussufferfromseveralailmentsandposturediseases.
Science has taught us to conquer the moon and stars but failed
to ennoble man himself. Whilemachines have been humanized,man has
beenmechanized and dehumanized.
StarfordWingfieldhasrightlysaidinhismonumentalbook'HistoryofBritishCivilization',thetroublewithscienceisthatithas
improvedthecircumstancesofmanbutnot themanhimself.Sowhat is
thefunof
improvingtheoutersurroundingsofmanifhehimselfisnotbettered?
ScienceIsaBoon:
Science is always a boon for mankind. Ever sinceman's appearance
on the planet Earth he
hasendeavouredtoconquertheforcesofnaturetoleadahappylife.Scienceandcivilizationareoneandthe
same. A civilized nation is one which has achieved scientific
progress. We call the
Africannationsuncivilizedtheyarenotversedinthewaysofscience.
Fastmeansoftransportlikeaeroplanes,andtrainshavemadetheworldaglobalvillage.Telephone,TV
and satellite communications, as also, Internet, have made it
possible to get the
latestinformationfromanywhereintheworldinnotime.Thishashelpedinthespreadofeducationthroughsatellites
and TV networks. Satellite photography has enabled us to explore
new areas of
mineraldepositsandearlywarningsfromsatellitepicturesofanimpendingcyclonemakeitpossibletotakecountermeasures.
Science has given us newmedicines to fight diseases and increase
the span of life.
Radiologicalprogress,ECG,CTScan,MRI,etc.helpusindetectinganddiagnosingsevereailments.Transplantsurgeryandmicrosurgeryhaveshownhope
for thehopeless.Now thehumangenomeproject
hassucceededinmappinggenesofthehumanbodywhichholdsthehopeofidentifyingculpritgenesforman'sdiseasesandreplacingthem.
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Fromcradletogravemanhavetastedthefruitsofscience:aCaesarianoperationbringshimintotheworld,anelectriccrematoriumdisposeshimoffandinbetweenhiselectric
lightsandfans,washingmachines,fridgesandothergadgetsensurethathelivesacomfortablelife.
Whileourforefathershadtolivealifefullofhardships,we,becauseofscienceleadaluxuriousandcomfortable
life.Even thepoorcanavailof fast transport,bioengineered
food,avarietyofmodernentertainmentandthelike.Testtubebabieshavelongbecomeadreamcometruefortheissuelesscouples.Deadlydiseases
likecancerandAIDSaregoing tobecompletelycontrolled in the
future.DifferentvaccineshavealreadybeendevelopedforeradicationofHepatitisB,Smallpox,Polio,etc.
Agriculture and farming have been revolutionized by science. Big
dams to channelise water anddistribute it to the desert have turned
arid areas into greenery. Isotopes have helped improve thequality
of seeds, which not only increased food production but also caused
resistance to
plantdisease.Crossbreedingofanimalsandpoultrytoohasincreasedyield.Biotechnologyhasmadeusselfsufficient,evensurplus,infoodproduction.
Oureducationsystemhasbeenrevolutionizedwiththehelpofscienceandtechnology.Gonearethedays
of yorewhenman could rest contentedwith learning of only humanities
teaching of
scienceandtechnologyhasopenednewvistasbeforehim.Hehasmorejobopportunities.Notonlythis,heismoreandmoreincommandovertheforcesofnatureandwiththeaidofscienceandtechnologyheis
using his resources for mankind. With great strides in paper and
printing technology and theknowledgeexplosion in general,
evenanaverageperson is able to get theneeded
informationandcanexercisehisrightofchoiceinourdemocraticpolity.
Electronics and computers have changedour thinkingand living
radically, computerizedmachineryturns out productsmuch faster and
of better quality. Computers have replacedmanual
labourwithbetterperformanceandelectronicshasmadeitpossibleforthehandicappedtoleadanormallife.
Itmightsoundironicbutitisafactthatbecauseofthermonuclearweaponswithcolossaldestructivepower
in their armoury, the two superpowers, theUSand the erstwhileUSSR,
could not go
towarfearingMAD(MutualAssuredDestruction)andlivedwithententeduringthecoldwarera.Eventoday,post
December 13 attack on our Parliament and not withstanding warning
of using nuclear
power,bothIndiaandPakistanaredesistingfromcarryingouttheirthreatbecauseofthenuclearpressure.
Conclusion:Sustainable development will allow us to benefit from
science, yet help pass the planet to the
nextgenerationinthesameshapethatweinheriteditin.
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Seniority,NotMerit,MustBeTheCriterionForPromotions
InFavourOfSeniority:
Entryinajobcanbeonmerit,forthatisanobjectivecriterionforastart,butonceapersonjoinsanoffice,
his actual experiencealonemust count in allowinghis promotions.
This experienceenableshim to gain true knowledge of the practical
working of his office. We cannot deny the fact thatseniority makes
a man proportionately experienced while mere merit takes into
consideration onlybookishknowledge.
Bymeritwegenerallymeansecuringhighmarksinwrittenexaminationsandintelligentlyconvincingtheexaminerortheinterviewer.Butthefactisthatevendufferscansecurehighmarksbycramminga
few important answers and get through the interview by chance or
recommendation. On thecontrary, only practical experience can give
us the true knowledge of theory and practice of
aparticularline.
Fromour own experience in Indiawe find that our old systemof
hereditary practice of a
particulartradeorprofessionenablesyoungboys
togainmuchmoreexperience than today'snewly recruitedyoungmenwho are
given higher position, salary and status. An ordinarymistry working
under
anengineerknowsmoreabouttheintricaciesofamachinethanthemeritoriousengineer.Itwouldbeinthe
fitnessof things, forus, therefore, togivehigher ranksandsalaries
to thehumblemistriesandmake new recruits work under them as
apprentices, so as to bring about quick industrialdevelopment.
There being no absolute and infallible test for computing one's
merit on the basis of an objectivecriterion,
thesystemofpromotionbymeritallows
forsubjectiveassessmentbysuperiorsand thusleads to
favoritismandcorruption.On
thecontrary,senioritybeingquiteobvious,promotionsbasedonitleavesnoscopeforcorruptionorfavoritism.
Wemustseetoitthatevenapeonafteranumberofyearsismadeajuniorofficer,thenaseniorandeventuallyheadof
thedepartment,provided,ofcourse,hehasgainedsufficientknowledge
throughexperience. This system operates in some advanced western
countries quite successfully for itoffersincentivetooldhands.
InFavourOfMerit:
Promotionsinofficesandfactoriesshouldbebasedonmeritalone,for,
itseniorityweretobegivenweightage inpromotingonetohigherposts
,everyTom,DickandHarrywhohasput
inaspecifiedyearsofservicewouldstartclaimingpromotionsjustbecauseofhisdurationinservice.Canwegrant
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AreReservationsInJobsJustified?
promotionstoapeonwhodustsbooksandcarriesfiles ina
librarywithoutevencaringtoreadtheircontents?Can his senioritymake
himmore able or capable? The fact is that only time applied
inuseful purposes has educative value. In this respect, we have the
shining example of
GangadharYadav,agardenerinhisearly20'satIIM,Lucknow.Hesoinvolvedhimselfindoingsomeextraworkin
the office there, that in the year 2000 a visiting Vice President
of a reputed multinational
gotimpressedwithhimandofferedhimthejobofSalesExecutive!
Thegreatestprogressinnationsoftheworldhasbeenachievedwherepromotionsandhonourshavegone
to the meritorious alone. Here we have the most spectacular case of
China and the formerSoviet Union. In China, they followed Confucian
teachings since ancient times and recruited
theirgovernmentofficersaccordinglyonthebasisofacompetition.TodayweknowwhereChinastands!In
the case of the Soviet Union too, their greatest progress in
science and technology wasmadepossiblebyencouragementgiven
tomerit.That iswhy theycouldput firstSputnik in
theorbitandbuildahugemilitaryindustrialcomplex.Anordinaryfactoryworkercouldhopetobecomeamanageroneday.
Granted thatpeoplewithseniorityaresometimesmoreknowledgeable
thannew
recruitswhocomeonthebasisofexaminationsandcompetitionsbuttheyareexceptions.Majorityofthemdonotmakeanyseriousattempttoknoworlearnmoreanddobetter.However,thefewwhoimprovethemselvesdogetanopportunityforpromotions,onthebasisofbothmeritandseniority.
The requirements of the present day make old people outdated,
because of rapid technologicaladvancement in
factoriesandnewworkculture.Therefore, ifmeritalone is taken
intoconsiderationwhile promoting, the knowledge of the latest
devices and design can be meaningfully tested in
acandidatewhokeepshimselfabreastofthem.
We now witness worldwide skill upgrading, computerization,
government downsizing,
moremechanizationandautomation.Whatdoesitindicate?Onlythatwearemovingtowardsmeritocracya
kind of governmentwhere all jobs is available on the basis ofmerit
and academic qualificationsalone. In such a situation, seniority is
bound to be left irrelevant and onlymerit as proved
throughtechnicalandpracticalknowledgewillcount.
Conclusion:LoyaltyandGeniusbothneed tobe rewarded.Policyneeds
toensure that thereareexceptions for thecareer paths of exceptional
people, without making so many exceptions that it gets converted
into arule.
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No,TheyAren't:
Thevery ideaof providing reservations toany segmentof
thepopulation is basedonnegatives.
Itallowsforpreferentialtreatmentwithoutathoughtbeinggiventothecaliberoreligibilityaspect.Justabout
any individual from the reserved castes scheduled castes, scheduled
tribes and
backwardcastescangetaGovernmentjoboradmissioninaneducationalinstitutiononamuchlowereligibilitycriterion
for percentage of marks and a higher age. This lowering of standard
breeds inefficiency,discourages the really meritorious and negates
the very concept of quality of opportunity.
49.5percentreservationmeansthathalftheadministrativemachineryhasinbuiltinefficiency,whileArticle335
of our Constitution lays down that reservation should be consistent
with the maintenance ofefficiencyofadministration.
Byrejectingpeopleofhighercompetencefromgeneralcategoryandacceptingthereservedcategorywith
lower competence, the reservation policy acts as a disincentive to
the meritorious and
morecapable.Thusinhibitshealthygrowthordevelopmentofanindividual.Suchbrilliantstudents,victimsof
unfair favouritism of our reservation policy, get frustrated and
leave for foreign countries whichfavourmerit alone. This braindrain
adversely affects the intellectual capability of our country.
Notonly this, the system of reservation, says Justice Chinnappa
Reddy, has in many
casesparadoxicallygeneratedaspiritofselfdenigrationeachcommunityofcastecompetingtobemorebackwardthanothers.
Private enterprises, being interested in efficiency alone, do
not follow the retrograde policy ofreservation.Their sole
criterionof selectingpeople ismerit andability todeliver
thegoods.This
iswhytheyaredoingextremelywell.But,oflate,demandsforintroducingreservationsinprivatesectorhasbeen
raised insome influentialquarters.Should
thiscomeabout,Godsavewhateverefficiencywestillhaveinatleastafewsegmentsofouradministrationandeconomy.
It is a shame that in this computer and space agewe, by
institutionalizing our reservation
policy,admitthatweareadecadentsocietybasedoncaste.Whatimagedoesitconveyintheinternationalfield?Can
casteismbedoneawaywith by having caste based
reservations?Shouldwenot
followeconomiccriterioninsteadsothatonlyafewfamiliesdonotbenefitperpetuallybythisunfairpolicy?Thecriterionofcreamy
layer ispatentlyhumbug, for it issoapplied thateven
thosewithsufficientmeans and standing in society succeed in getting
the benefit of reservation. All this breedsdiscontent and occasions
social unrest. Therefore, the sooner we do away with reservations
thebetterforthenation.
Reservationsweresupposedtobeaninterimarrangementfor10yearsasperourconstitutionsothatthelowcastepeoplecouldcomeupsocially.Butencouragedbyourshortsightedpoliticianswiththeirsights
fixed on this sizeable votebank, its beneficiaries have formed it
into a habit to claim
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reservation as a matter of right. Instead of striving hard to
excel, they seek the shortcut ofreservationsandthevestedpolitical
interestsperpetuateit.ThisviciouscirclecanbebrokenbytheGovernment
by having a firm cutoff year for reservations and spreading
education among
thedepressedclassesonaprioritybasis.Butcanwedosobyassigninglowprioritytoeducationwithamere4percentbudgetallocationforit?
Instead of facilitating spatial growth of education and
development among the depressed
classes,reservationshavespawnedanewelitistgroupamere5percentamongthem,whichhascorneredallthebenefitsmeantfor22.5percent.Thesameisgoingtobethefateofthemostbackwardsamongbackwardclasses.
A further reservation of 27 percent to the other backward
classes has aggravated the employmentproblemand has formed caste
animosities and hatred. This retrograde step is not going to do
anygood to thenation. In thenameofsocial justice,an injusticeof
theworst type isbeingperpetratedbecause of the accident of birth in
a higher caste.Moreover, the argument that since the
newreservedcategorieshavesufferedinjusticethroughcenturiesatthehandsofuppercastepeople,thelatter
should atone for that, is beyond comprehension. How could a young
boy or girl be heldresponsible and guilty for an alleged crime
supposed to have been committed by his or
herforefathers?Twowrongsdonotmakeoneright?
Theonlyhopeofthechildrenofordinaryfamiliesforabetterfutureisthrougheducationandopentoallcompetitiveexamination.Thishasbeenshatteredbytheadditional27percentjobquotaforotherBackward
Class (BC) candidates following acceptance of theMandal Commission
Report. That iswhy they resorted
toagitationandevenselfimmolation,but tonoavail. Ithas further
fracturedourcasteriddensociety.Theauthorof
theMandalCommissionReporthimselfadmits that
thesystemfollowedbytheCommissionincompilingthelistisunscientific.
It is reallydamaging to thenationasawhole that insteadof
tacklingourpopulationproblemlargelydue to the illiterate, backward
and superstitious people of backward classes, we give them
thelollipop of reservations! In spite of theirwretchedness and
poverty they producemore children
andmakethelifeoftheseinnocentsmoremiserablethantheirs.Therefore,ifatallreservationsaretobegiventheymustbelinkedwithadoptionoffamilyplanningmethods.Thiswillprovetobeaneffectivedeterrentagainstpopulationexplosionandwillalsobenefittheseclassesthemselves.
Yes,TheyAre:
Theobnoxiouscastesystemmighthaveservedsomepurposewhen
itoriginatedcenturiesagobutnowit
isahindrancetooursocialprogress.Theclaimof
theapologistsofcastesystemthatcastewaschangeableaccordingtomeritandcompetenceoftheindividualandwasnotstrictlyhereditaryis
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disapprovedby thestoryofKarna in theMahabharatwho
inspiteofbeingequal toorevenmore invalour,skill,warfareandcharity
than theKshatriyaswasmade tosufferhumiliation
forbeingaSutPutra(SonofaShudra)tillhisdeath.AgainwehavethestoryofEklavya,alowborn.Dronacharya,theteacherofArjun,thegreatarcheroftheepicMahabharat,demandedhisthumbasGurudakshina(Fee),
even though he had refused to teach him archery fearing that he
might surpass. Thuscenturies of oppression and untouchability
cannot be undone in just a few years of honest
andsincereefforts.Therefore,themakersofourConstitutionstipulatedreservationforscheduledcastesandtribesforaperiodoftenyearsbutithadtobeextendedagainandagainbecausetheycouldnotcomeup
insuchashort time. It isonly fairand just to reservesomeseats for
thesedeprivedandoppressed people, who could not enter even temples
and educational institutions. The question ofany inefficiency
creeping in or harmor injustice being done to others does not arise
because one,theseclasses toomust
fulfillcertainbasicminimumeducationalor technicalqualification,and,
too,somestateslikeTamilNadu,AndhraPradeshandKarnatakahaveover50percentreservationsyettheirefficiencyissecondtonone.Again,nohueandcryofloweringefficiencyorstandardsisraisedwhen
a son of a rich father gets admission in a technical or
professional course in spite of
lowermarks.Thenwhythesedoublestandards?
Our constitution
laysdownequalityamongequalsandnotamongunequals.Through
thepolicyofreservation, our depressed and backward class people are
sought to be brought to the status ofequalitywithothers. It is
reallyshameful foramoderncivilizedsociety likeours
thatevenafter55years of independence, a scheduled caste barat party
is not allowed to go through a Rajputdominated village near Agra,
young lovers belonging to higher lower caste are hanged in
villagepanchayatsinbroaddaylightwithoutawhimperofprotest!Hence,reservationisanaffirmativeactiontobringaboutsocioeconomicbettermentoftheseclassesandmust,therefore,continue.
Being a Welfare State, we owe it to the weaker sections to
ensure their wellbeing throughgovernmental action.Their economic
backwardness, poor state of education and social deprivationare all
due to our society which even at this late hour should not prevent
their upliftment. It
isbecauseofthisoppressive,humiliatingandtorturouscastesystemandresultantdeprivationthathasled
thousands of scheduled castes people (From Dr. Ambedkar to Ramraj
now Uditraj) to getconverted enmasse into other religions. Resort
to such conversions as a means of escape
fromcastebasedoppressionisashameontheentiresociety.
IftheBrahminscanworkaspujarisandactasagentsofGodforallauspiciousoccasionslikebirths,marriages,deaths,
etc. as a birthright,why should theHindu society not view some
reservation forbackwardclasspeoplewithcharityandgenerosity.
Even now the total reservation is only 49.5 percent for about
76.5 per cent of the populationwhileover 50per cent seats are
available for about 23.5 per cent candidatesof higher
castes.Besides,
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WhatformofDemocracyisbetterparliamentaryorpresidential?
truesocial justicecancomewithapriceandreservationsare theprices
thatareprivilegedclassesshouldbewillingtopaysothattheaccidentofbirthisnomoreusedagainsttheirlowbornbrethren.
MahatmaGandhioncesaid,Swarajformemeansfreedomforthemeanestforourcountrymen.Iamnot
interested in freeing Indiamerely from theEnglishyoke. Iambentupon
freeing India
fromanyyokewhatsoever.ItgoestoprovethatFatheroftheNationwouldensureindividualfreedomforoneandall.Butcansuchfreedombepossiblefortheexploitedandoppressedweakersections?
The depressed and backward class people cannot fare well in an
open competition because ofcenturies of suppression and
deprivation, and, hence, they cannot develop themselves. In
thismodern age of knowledge explosion through mass media, they may
get alienated from the mainstream of our society. This can generate
dangerous consequences for the nation as a
whole.Therefore,toavoidsuchaneventuality,weshouldacceptourdowntroddenbrethrenwithanopenarmandgivethemahelpinghandinrealizingtheirpotential.Thiswayonlywecanachieveourcommondestiny,fordidn'tourancientseersproclaimedSarveBhawantuSukhinahmaKashchidduhkhbhagbhavet.(Letallbehappy,letnoonebemiserable).
Conclusion:Inequalitieswillalwaysexist.Societywillalwaystrytosetright
theseinequalities
insomeways.Policycheckshereshouldbetoseeifthesolutionisworkinginthelongtermornot.
Parliamentary:
IndiaadoptedtheParliamentaryformofdemocracyaftergettingIndependencein1947becauseIndiahadbeenfamiliarwithitsworkingduringthedaysoftheBritishrule.Sincethen13generalelectionshavebeenheldtotheLokSabhaonthebasisofuniversaladult
franchise,andbarringafewviolentincidentsduring thepolls,
therehasbeenpeaceful transitionof authority fromonepolitical party
tothe other. Moreover, while in a parliamentary democracy, the
Executive is responsible to
thelegislatureandtherefore,theoppositionalwayskeepsitalert.Foritalwayslivesintheshadowofacomingdefeat.AsLaskipointsout,inaPresidentialdemocracythePresidentdoesnothavetofearanyoppositionbecausehe
isnot responsible to the legislature. It
canmakehimautocratic.HenceEsmeincallsthesystemautocratic,irresponsibleanddangerous.So,woulditbeadvisableforustohandover
thedestinyofourvastcountrywithabundantresourcesandpopulation to
thewhimsandcapricesofadictatorialPresident?
Sincethemajoritypartyoramajoritycoalitionofseveralpartiescomestopower
inaParliamentary
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democracy, there is bound to be cooperation and harmony between
the Executive and
theLegislature.Itensureseasyimplementationofplansandpoliciesoftherulingpartyforitcanhaveitsownway,nomatterwhattheoppositionpartiesintheLokSabhasay.InthePresidentialform,onthecontrary,
thesystemof separationofpowersbetween
theExecutiveandLegislatureoften leads
toconflict:moreso,ifthesetwowingsofthegovernmentarecontrolledbydifferentparties.Thisleadstodelay,confusionandprocrastination.Therefore,
it
isadvisableforustocontinuewiththepresentsystemwhichhasunityofresponsibility,directionandpower.
It is alwayspossible to removea failedPrimeMinister and
replacehimwithanewcompetentandacceptable individualasper
thewishesof thepeople.Thishappened in theUnitedKingdomduringWorld
War II when Chamberlain proved to be a timid Prime Minister and
Churchill replaced
himwithoutanycommutationtakingplace.ButaPresidentcannotbethusremovedbeforetheexpiryofhis
tenure except by an extremely difficult process of Impeachment.
Thus this system being rigiddoes not mould itself easily to abusing
circumstances. Therefore, there is no point in having
aPresidentialdemocracywhereevenapersonanongratahastobetoleratedfortheremainingtenureofhisoffice.
BrycemaintainsthattheParliamentaryformofGovernmentsecuresswiftnessindecisionandvigorin
action because cabinet can easily get the measures it deems
essential passed through theLegislature. In the Presidential form,
inordinate delay is caused in arriving at decisions, for
theLegislatureistobeconvincedofmajorpolicydecisions.
Powercorrupts,AbsolutepowercorruptsabsolutelysaysLordActon.Thisappliestothepositionofa
President vested with the entire administration and absolute power
who might on his own
takedrasticactionathomeandinforeignpolicyandbringaboutgreatsufferingtothepeople.Weshouldtherefore,
maintain the status quo of Parliamentary Government,
notwithstanding its
shortcomingsandfaults,whichhasseveralheadstosolvenationalproblemsintheformofthecabinet.
Parliamentarydemocracysuitsusbecauseherepersons fit
tobemembersof
theExecutivemakeknowntheirsagacity,politicalacumen,graspandcommonsense,andthePrimeministerwillalwaysbe
one who has undergone a long and strenuous period of political
apprenticeship. This state
ofaffairsdoesnotobtaininaPresidentialdemocracyintheUnitedStatesanypersonwithoutadequatepoliticalexperiencecanhopetobecomethePresident.Heveryoftencomesfromobscurityandgoesintoobscurityagainafterhistermofofficeisoverandheis'aleapinthedark.'
If the ruling party fails to deliver and carry the majority with
it in a Parliamentary democracy, theoppositionmore thanmerely
exposing its drawbacks, loopholes and blunders, tries to step into
hisshoeswithoutnecessarilyhaving to force theritualofa
freshelection.A fixed tenureofoffice
foraPresidentdoesnotmakethispossibleinaPresidentialdemocracy.
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IndiahasbeenthemoststablenationofAfroAsia.Themain
factorcontributing
toourstabilityhasbeentheholdingofperiodicgeneralelections.Governmentseekstocorrespondtothedesiresoftheelectorate.MembersoftheLegislaturewhorepresentprevailingtendenciesandopinionofthenationapprisethecabinetofthem.Cabinetortherulingpartycanignoreorbrushasidethemonlyatitsownperil.Presidentialdemocracy,ontheotherhand,hasnothingmuchtocareforashiftinpublicopinionbecause
the fixed term of office of the President makes him secure in
office for the
stipulatednumberofyears.Thismaymakehimunresponsivetothewishesofthepeopleandruleasadictator.
Presidential:
The time has come for us to switch over to the government of
experts, as the Presidentialgovernment is called instead of the
government of amateurs or theParliamentary democracy.
ThePresidentisauthorizedtoappointthemembersofhiscabinetirrespectiveofpartyaffiliation.Hecaneven
obtain the services of nonparty experts. A Prime Minister, on the
other hand, is bound
toappointonlymembersofhispartyorofpartiessupportinghim.Andhehastotakeintoconsiderationtheir
caste, region, religion and their following, notwithstanding their
otherwise unsuitability for thepost. In India, we have had, in the
past and have even today, several persons as ministers
notbecauseoftheirintrinsicqualitybutduetoparochialconsiderations.
Presidentialsystemensures that thePresidenthasanational
image.Hedoesnotbelong to
thisorthatgrouporfactionintheLegislature.Sinceheiselectedforafixedtermofoffice,stabilityisinbuiltin
this form of government because he is not dependant on the vagaries
of the Legislature. InParliamentaryGovernment,on theotherhand,
thePrimeMinisterhas topleasebothhispartymenand the opposition to
continue in office. The instability of this form of government
becomesmoreobviouswhenasinglepartydoesnotholdamajorityintheLegislatureandacoalitiongovernmentisformed,aswasthecaseinFrancepriortotheinaugurationofthe5threpublic,andinIndiaduring
theJanataParty rule (1977 80),National FrontGovernments in 198991
and in 199698. TheBJP ledcoalition government had to resign in just
13 days and 13 months respectively and the
NDAGovernmenthadtoputupwiththetantrumsofthisorthatcoalitionpartner.
In a Presidential democracy, the Legislature is less likely to
be dominated by party spirit and theindividual members can vote
independently on the issues presented to them, as the fate of
thegovernmentdoesnotdependonthem.ThisphenomenonissomuchinevidenceintheclassiccaseofUnitedStatesthatthetwomainpartiestheRepublicanandtheDemocraticarecalled
'samewinein different bottles'. Contrary to this the Parliamentary
system intensifies the spirit of party andkeeps
italwaysontheboilsaysLordBryce.Even if thereareno important
issuesofpolicybeforethenation,therearealwaystheofficestobefought,foronepartyholdsthem,theotherdesiresthemand
the conflict is unending for immediately after defeat, the beaten
party begins its campaign to
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dislodge the victors.While theopposition
criticizesGovernmentpolicy regardlessof itsmerits, theruling party
avoids putting unpopular measure, however important they may be,
and resorts
topopulismignoringtheneedofthenation.Don'twewitnessthishappeninghereinIndia?Should,then,westillcontinuewiththisirresponsiblestateofaffairs?
The fusionof executiveand legislative functions
inaparliamentarydemocracy
likeourshasmadethecabinetusurpthefunctionsofparliament,fortheUnionLegislatureisnowinsessionforabout3monthsinoneyearwhileduringPt.JawaharlalNehru'stimeitusedtobeinsessionformorethan4months.Moreover,rulebyordinancetendstobypasstheauthorityofParliament.InthePresidentialsystem,ontheotherhand,thereisseparationoftheExecutiveandtheLegislature.Hence,nowingcanusurpthepowersoftheother.Thisensuresthatnolegislationisenactedinhasteorwithout,indepthdeliberation.
In a presidential democracy, a continuous and consistent homeand
foreign policy can be followedbecause the chief executive enjoys
security of tenure and cannot be easily removed. This fact
isestablishedbytheRooseveltianerainUSA.Contrarytothis,
inaparliamentarydemocracy,thereisno continuity or consistency of
policies because of instability of Government. A new
cabinetmayevenreversethepolicyfollowedbyitspredecessor.
Inapresidentialsystem,bureaucraticappointmentsaremadebythepresident,andinsomecases,withtheapprovalofthelegislature.Theyareresponsiblefortheiractsofomissionandcommission.In
the Parliamentary Government, on the other hand, there is a fixed
tenure for bureaucrats whothriveunder thecloakofministerial
responsibility. In
India,wewitnessanoverbureaucratizationoftheentireadministration,whichcausesredtapeandavoidabledelay.Bureaucracyevenhijacks
thewellmeantpoliciesofthegovernment.
With a multiplicity of political parties spawned due to
personality clash of egoistic leaders andhelplessnessofeven anti
defection law, floorcrossing and horsetrading have become the norm
inour parliamentary practices. The
politicianbureaucratbusinessmancriminal nexus has debased
theparliamentaryinstitution,interferedwiththejudiciary,createdlawandorderproblemsandencouragedterrorismandseparationonawiderscale.Evenviolence
insidethe legislaturehasbought
themintodisrepute.Insteadofbeingagovernmentbydiscussion,parliamentarydemocracyhasdescendedtothelowlevelofpandemoniumandbedlaminthehousesofthelegislature.
Low calibre, casteist and communal elements, able to exploit the
illiterate and poor masses aconsiderable vote bank, get elected to
the legislatures. Thus with their immense bargaining
powertheyareabletogetministerialberths?Theresult?JumbocabinetsunmanageableinStateslikeU.Pand
Bihar whereministers have practically no work to do in some cases
but are a burden on
theExchequer.Thuswearecaughtinaviciouscircleofallrounddeterioration.Itis,therefore,hightime
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2012|LegalNotice()|Terms()
thatweabandon theParliamentary systemandadopt thePresidential
democracywhereministerialpostsneednotbegiven toelected
representatives, thecandidate ismore important than the
partyand,hence,corruption,inefficiency,vestedinterestsandparalyzinginterferencefrompoliticianscanbeeasilyremoved.
Conclusion:Theformofgovernmentisspecifictoaculturalandsocialcontext.Aspectsthataidefficientgovernmentneedtobereinforced,irrespectiveoftheformofgovernment.
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